BASIC CONCEPTS

IN STATISTICS
 STATISTICS
It is a branch of mathematics concerned with:

Collection of Data

Classification of Data

Analysis of Data

Interpretation of Data
 DATA
Data are the individual pieces of factual information
that are collected, analyzed, and summarized for the
purpose of analysis.

Examples:
▪ The number of supporters for each presidential candidate.
▪ Amount of household incomes per family.
▪ The number of tourist per month.
▪ Monthly sales of different cosmetics brand.
 PRIMARY DATA SECONDARY DATA
Secondary data is the data
These are the data which
which has already been collected
are raw, original, and extracted
directly from the official and reused again for some valid
purpose.
sources.

These data are collected from:

These data are collected from:
▪ Books
▪ Surveys
▪ Newspapers
▪ Questionnaires
▪ Records from different
▪ Interview
private/government agencies.
▪ Previous studies
TYPES OF DATA
NOMINAL DATA

Example:
▪ Languages (Filipino, German, English, French, etc)
▪ Country (America, Philipines, Japan, Korea, USA, etc)
▪ Gender (Male, Female)

Image Ref: https://www.chi2innovations.com/blog/discover-data-blog-series/data-types-101/

 ORDINAL DATA

Example:
OPINION SOCIOECONOMIC
TIME OF DAY
❑ Agree STATUS
❑ Mostly Agree ❑ Lower Class
❑ Morning ❑ Middle Class
❑ Neutral
❑ Noon ❑ Upper Class
❑ Mostly Disagree
❑ Night
❑ Disagree

Image Ref: https://www.chi2innovations.com/blog/discover-data-blog-series/data-types-101/

 INTERVAL DATA

Note: Interval Data can be negative.

Example:
Year (1865, 1966, 2022)
IQ (80, 100, 120)

Image Ref: https://www.chi2innovations.com/blog/discover-data-blog-series/data-types-101/

 RATIO DATA

Note: Ratio data cannot be negative

Example:
Age (18, 19, 20, 21)
Distance (10m, 25m, 50m, 100m)
Weight (10 kg, 30 kg, 50 kg)

Image Ref: https://www.chi2innovations.com/blog/discover-data-blog-series/data-types-101/

 VARIABLES
QUALITATIVE VARIABLES QUANTITATIVE VARIABLES

• Categorical Variables • It can be counted or measured , and

given a numerical value
• It is descriptive and is expressed in
terms of language rather than • “how many”, “how much”, or how
numerical values. often”.

Example: Example:
Language Height
Nationality Weight
Gender Size
 Types of Quantitative Variable
DISCRETE VARIABLE CONTINUOUS VARIABLE
• Counted but not measures. • Measured but not counted.
• The values cannot be divided. • The values can be subdivided.
• It has limited number of possible • Has infinite number of possible
values. values.

Example: Examples:
• The number of customers who • The weight of newborn babies
bought different items.
• The daily wind speed
• The numbers of computers in each
department. • The temperature of a freezer.
 TWO KIND OF STATISTICS
Descriptive Inferential
The branch of statistics that The branch that interprets
involves the collection, organization, and draws conclusion from the data.
summarization, and presentation of
data. It allows you to make
predictions from the data.
Describes data,

Example:
Example:
• There is a relationship between
• Eight out of ten COVID patients are eating process food.
asymptomatic.
• Economic growth in the country is
• The average grade of female expected to return to above 6% in
students in mathematics is 90. 2023.
Reference: https://www.simplypsychology.org/sampling.html
Methods of selecting samples

01 PROBABILITY SAMPLING

Each individual is chosen entirely by chance and each member of the

population has a known or equal chances of being included in the sample.

02 NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING

This is a sampling technique where samples are gathered in process

that does not give all the individuals in the population equal chances of
being selected.
Methods of selecting samples
01 PROBABILITY SAMPLING

SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING

A sample is chosen in a manner that every subject has an equal
chance of being selected.

Example:
The researcher want to select a simple random sample of 1000
employees of a social media marketing company. You assign a
number to every employee in the company database from 1 to 1000,
and use a random number generator to select 100 numbers.
Methods of selecting samples
01 PROBABILITY SAMPLING

SYSTEMATIC RANDOM SAMPLING

Systematic sampling is similar to simple random sampling, but it is
usually slightly easier to conduct. Every member of the population is listed
with a number, but instead of randomly generating numbers, individuals
are chosen at regular intervals.

Example:
All employees of the company are listed in alphabetical order. From
the first 10 numbers, you randomly select a starting point: number 6.
From number 6 onwards, every 10th person on the list is selected (6,
16, 26, 36, and so on), and you end up with a sample of 100 people.
Methods of selecting samples
01 PROBABILITY SAMPLING

STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING

A sample is chosen from a population with non-overlapping sub-
populations or strata and then taking a sample from each stratum.

Example:
The company has 800 female employees and 200 male
employees. The researcher wants to ensure that the sample reflects
the gender balance of the company, so you sort the population into
two strata based on gender. Then you use random sampling on each
group, selecting 80 women and 20 men, which gives you a
representative sample of 100 people.
Methods of selecting samples
01 PROBABILITY SAMPLING

CLUSTERED RANDOM SAMPLING

Cluster sampling also involves dividing the population into subgroups,
but each subgroup should have similar characteristics to the whole
sample. Instead of sampling individuals from each subgroup, you
randomly select entire subgroups.
Example:
The company has offices in 10 cities across the country (all
with roughly the same number of employees in similar roles). You
don’t have the capacity to travel to every office to collect your
data, so you use random sampling to select 3 offices – these are
your clusters.
Methods of selecting samples
02 NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING

HAPHAZARD/CONVENIENCE SAMPLING

The process is by selecting samples is based on the only data

available.
Example:
You are researching opinions about student support services in your
university, so after each of your classes, you ask your fellow students to
complete a survey on the topic. This is a convenient way to gather data,
but as you only surveyed students taking the same classes as you at the
same level, the sample is not representative of all the students at your
university.
Methods of selecting samples
02 NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING

PURPOSIVE SAMPLING

The process is by selecting sample members are only on the

basis of the researcher’s knowledge and judgment.

Example:
The researcher want to know more about the opinions and
experiences of disabled students at your university, so you purposefully
select a number of students with different support needs in order to
gather a varied range of data on their experiences with student services.