' Asn+y s.

. tvl"h:7t"- ,roA^^EJ-r1 elenr,e-i6 ,fr ne\\ead- 0.6 A^*/4nTs.rnr*s

" 4Gr WtzoptZ od;oEt- ;a V"l&*l't"\,ll>sle,*s ao.fr.;,.r1z. ocr.ctb,.tl.no
a ' ,*I ty. z o*,A
c'.,',A ,d"!.4 bo,do*&cttr
ha,-z,r--&,,atX n^lu."46 ff,'V
n^luai-76 w",{a;} ;
7oi-rL 'd"!;
atl diz.&o;r o' . Jhe r,a&^\or, wf-,,1tc o..A;^toru*,
+.-tJ + :;
oz-i1ro u-a&* te i/5
-1 -"h:,:fL k n \,tu^,e.no.
tr=Lo4_' 1** (tl \
a l^)
'tno-
?l^r.& o.n Z on i .+".
l;-qturt- ahtr",,.l beye.'ratairt
fi.o.e.q tr,.oo Hg,a*.* e\enqnof- ,n d- an &ra,€o
hldtontc. lrd,n"en-t
0
L.E+E;+aL r-b^Y"Af a"cei.',.A
)
anq de,t-trrf. ,h
d " t-- <- r -\^o
^ c., .^
|-l*'-
tl
t-D( A
-- .{
-U- "raN*A dt@'l
E Fcatd 'reee',*eN \
eL..na.-f
-;vr4
Eo e-" -d
EFoll =:-

n
{e''e \ = -t't ad*67a. kffittc- A"rtu')' -+7Wrc-
j,\^,at
.'. Aabw,',tz \Zn
4sa
b.tsW-te o

'. Etr-,nr '* Eo t':)*.r._lnduta

nr cLnnrni{'; ah e'
A R"Aizf-fu.ldal Aec.trc&
Y **+ 6? . . . e,;)kat[/,4,a,")
e,{)k- ;lu q ;iM
EFr,ut -- Eoe4A- + "-P
-\€"-DxAat" 1
* ed- J
=ToJoU+ "lA*+
rvu,a -1tai?,Aa5e
o;::lrSrscc**
 N-Eurnne^q Lrr..tsAK Annny- DNrprrn Anytrytoc 1t,!.0sfrtel.$.
A*r ooo7 I tde.ifiiil" ele.,ne,rb iJ.-fid^{,
*WbAe o.n&. e"J, o;rc, "\ +
|,t D,-rrToerrr
ftfe&ive yV.aae-
Anrav.
L2 Sea =
t-reiV +e4T n fc"r-'lY
'Areae- L1,, =- Aae 17 '
lFJl
AF =- t e)b))@L*utF) = I
,n= I .n= I "ivQr)

tofu
?- !:"'.,
*71"t'Y) =, "i,r* "iY
n r eiN'r

ejtl t - s*oLr_
Af d St^nltL
*Vlz._..._

Y- Sr*r. obaen'w''C'-na
'hJ
wtchea'fo'5 .fint ona"- LLe-
<oannouy5
l. 46
L. Jheae a^e 1 'rna.n t't'( , -z) hiA"
(^'l \"Le '
*. .,,oi-th xrl^1 amA 'nXat Ur
3. Jv,e A;Ae LJ'e * ^dk--
ibE
^l',i-' tJ" l.e"d Aeraaa/kb '
l,f lV "ncteabeb,
S'J.e
90 ChaPter 3 ArraYs
source, from (3-1), is
fields; thus' the pattern of
constant r) of the radiation
constalt and is given bY ,/ (3-2)
AF=1"
fu"l"t^fo: thi' of onlY one Point sogrce' Sh.i {:il
where AF is the arraY il"n-#tt"" as unitY, but as el"t::l:
;;';;;GTuyru",ol^T,^(]?",'H:f,.:ffi#:;'il;#.J;;;ac"ountror
each with.
are added to tne irraY'
the aIr'rv' "*"";';"6t*t'ed by their element currents'
"r"lJi"o,"
"Hlili!:'l{iifi
radialors ifu Hff{i:ft i;,':;:irtr,1"",r3#ll5i;'#
forrirr^Y vraw "' *'- -rtropic
eIEItr€nN ru teggft.-g
has isotropic
factor for this receivigglarraj
is,theD.the:"T.:i*"#rituderadiator
and p!a(e shift
:':J";
[*diiln:*#r:ij*:i"**lfJ.."H:':]i""'ryffi
/t, " '}i
{/0,
[#;|.r'rb"W in shown
"t,- ',-.'o T":. . , )Ez + "'..
. / (3-3)
AF : /odfr * Irei& + Irdh
the eleinent locations
or
*r.r. E/,A,-.' ' ' are the phases
" "*iHr'?tuiZ" iy'*""tty-relative to the co-
ehases 91:1^m::T:c.fll15
For conleniel^cl;
o, r, ' ' ' '
phase of the^'..,".,.
wave o,ti*tnl atthe nth element leads the
i" that is, the
"rf-i",
;;#il; at the oriein bY, 6' ' y'cao
te aPPlied to any geometry'
l+L".:,p*''i"; "t'i'ing
;" t:-:) i: ""--'Y.,f"i::1 iil t*,ri,i arraY factor' it-is much
il;;;,"io-,*d or Pioceeding with a to understand the basic
simPl,e t"';"; aIT:
."t" i"tir""r:'e to consider
rhis tfrr.rgn examples oi two-.eleln€1|
u"i*io, of arrays. :,i::"":pI#:,;I".',J";ilil ilom *," transnining
;i;;;* sracines. al!nlr-airj;,r,1"1313,Sffi
point of view Permits inferel
#l?#;;G in'p"ction.

y-'x{':#{;I:i';:;;,:;;i'l:;:,::!,ffi::r&;;y:l*"

'**#ift fl Uril**g#rl;-;+:-*ffi+'sl**1ffi

t,gff*'lt*rt****t**;'"'*"l*l'nsr.,

'**'m*1:gf*i3$#f$;r'l53g'lg1;15;i5
:,g;5fl*'g*fi
'3J-r*'-f+,t*i,l*f*,fg'ffiffi
',lJH'J;ff :*:",#1:l#H-lf"*ffiif:::H'1"1
 3.1 The Array Factor for Linear Arrays 91

,
I Add: double

--------z
Cancel: zero

(a) Inspection m6thod.

(b) Polar plot of the airay factor (c) 3D polar panem.

.(0) = cos[Qt2) cos 4.

(d) Gmmetsy for pattem calculation using rays.

Ilgure 3.3 Two isotropic point sources with idetrtical amplitude and phase curents, and
spaced one-half wavelength apart (Example 3-1).

We can also calculate lhe array factor exactly. If we use phases conesPonding to the Path
leogth differences shown in Fig. 3-3d in (3-3), the aray factor is I

/7 \
AF = 7e-]/e@2r.,|o + letP@nt I o = 2 cosl picos ef : (3-4)
\z /
The distance between the elements is tl = N},so PtllT = rl2 and (3-4) becomes

AF = z- ---\2 -- a)
"*/1"r, I
i (3-s)

i
Nomali?ing the array factor for a maximum value of unity gives i

*,(;.*, ,(0) = (3-6)

This is maximum for 0: zrl2 sine cos[(n/2)'0] : 1 ana zero fot 0 = 0 since cos[(z/2)'1]
= 0. This result agrees with the inspection method that leads to Fig. 3-3D.
92 ChaPter3 ArraYs

Ampllndes Opposite
Two Isotropic Point Sources with ldenttcal -anil
;;;; iPtced one-Half wavelensth Apart (Fle' 3-a)
;";
be determined
the goss featues of the pattem can
If we consider tle afiay to be transmitting' from- each noint source to a point on
bv inspection as shown in Fig' s;:ThJp"-ti-l"ngrtrs
tte r-uxis are the same. Brrt tht;;ft;Jri; is
t[0 out-of-ph"t o'ith t"tpttt to theinright
source; thus, waves arriving
tt Ot i-'tit are 18ff-out-of-phase and equal am-
"t;i"T;
il,i#,;;;1;;i_",g j,":11-5;,.ffi [l;'#}*ffi ;l,-l
jtr",'tr",,'9ffi
"y"T""l:
["*h"ff;:[;::F:::ffi,il; #,n" .r:-a""""",1t" *iu"". t o^ ,r," reft sowcebyarrive
360'
th" right source
tn" agnt sou'filiffi
at the location of
tr'1 pn"*
"I.Y1YI fot
is an in-phase con-
from the excitation lag). This
(1g0. ftom the distance t -aTao; Iew
hil;""# *:;r;" wa,e'"u"re;
aaa f;; netd' giviog a retative maximum' Fromof these
;; Fig' 34b'
to that
Dattem values, the p"tt#cirii" rr.*i;'a, vria-g a plot similar
3-4c has the shape of a
"rrtir"polar i;;-;;;;;'snowJinrig'
ihe ttrree-dimensional
*lill-J"rut"
dumbbell.
and Fig' 3-3d as
tn" array factor exactly using (3-3)

AF = -le-t\\d/2r..'o + leig<dt2'-"' - a ri,(e f *' O) (3-7)

Using d = ),/2 and lormalizing' we have

(3-8)
I@): ..(;*',)
result as with the inspection method (see Fig' 34b)'
Plotting this Pattern, we obtain the same

,
I
I

lCancel

A.dd: -2

(a) Inspection method.

magd$de (c) 3-D polar panem

(b) Polar plot of the array factor
'
= I sin[(rtn) cos 0]l'
!^Ol
and opposite phases' and
Flgure $4 Two isotropic Point souces with identical amplitudes
^rpi."a
*avelengih apart (Exampte 3-2)'
"""-f,"ff
 3.1 The Array Factor for Linear Arrays 93

Two Isotropic Polnt Sources wlth Identical Amplitudes and 90'

Out-of-Phasq and Spaced a Quarter-Wawlength Apart (FIS. 3'5)

waves leaving the left source of the transmitting aray in Fig. 3-5 and traveling_ in the
+z-direction ioiu" the right source delayed by 90' due to the quarter-wavelength path.
"t
But the excitation of the righl source lags the left source by 90o so waves in the +z-dilection
are in step and add in the far field. For *ur"r lgnying the right-hand source and traveling in
the -Z-direction, the phase at the location of rhe left source is 180' with respect to the wave
from the left soutce (90. from the path difference and 90" ftom the excitation). See Fig. 3-
50. At angles betwe;n 0 = 0. (+idirection) and 186e (-z-direction), there is a smooth
pattem vaiiation from 2 (perfect addition) to 0 (perfect cancellation). This pattern is shown
in Fig. 3-5c and is the so-called cardi oid pattern.It is used frequently in the area oJ acoustics
for iicrophone pattems. The response is strong in the diroction of the microphone input
and weaLin the direction where the speakers are aimed to reduce feedback'
using these excitations in (3-3) and Fig. 3-3d we can calculate the array factor expression
as follows:
7e-ll,n)eBkirz\ ux
@' 0 o
AF.= le-Jq@tzt +
d* o- nal + ellp(dtz) @' o-tt4tl
= e-lfut4tle-ilqgr2t

: e-iirt4) r*"(ff*', -il) (3-e)

Substituting d = .tr/4 and normalizing give

f, (cos ,-r)] (3-10)
f(0) = cos[7

I
a^ b-Jant
<---f,---->
(a) Anay coafiguration.

-j{n/2) -i(tu2)
/e c'tu0)
Cancel /
.-----eoo -
/- --
cjo /
e -i$n)
(r) Inspection method.
-

(c) Polar plot of the aray factor (d) 3-D polar pattem.
/(0) = costfr/a)(cos 0 - 1)1.

trtgure $5Ttvo isotropic point sources with identical amplitudes and the right element
{afoing th" left by 90", and spaced a quarter-wavelenglh apart (Example 3'3)' This pattern
shape is called a cardioid Pattem'
94 Chapter3 ArraYs

This function has a maximum value of unity for 0:tr,7N7fot0=90",and0for0= 180''

This agrees with the Pattem of Fig. 3-5c obtained by inspection.

Two ldentical Isotropic Point Sources SPaced One Wavelength Apart

(Fie. i-6)

Since the curreDts afe in-phase, the fields of each element add perfectly (i.e., double) in the
+.r-directions. Also, sincathe phase lag of the freld ftom one element is 36(f (one wavelength
additional path lengl.h) with respect to the other, their effects add perfectly in the fur field
in the tz-directions. However, with the one-wavelength spacing there are directions of per-
fect cancellation as indicated in Fig. 3-60. To determine these directions, we reason as follows.
For perfect caucellation, the waves from the two souices must be 180' out-of-phase. This
meaos a path leagth difference of one-half wavelength. Since the path length difference as a
function of 0 is A cos 0 (see Fig. 3-3c), we solve for the values of 0 such that

*j I
,rcose: or cos o= -l--
-2 (3-11)

The solutions are 6ff and 12tr. By fitling in smooth variations between the maxima and zeros
indicated in Fig. 3-60, the pattem of Fig. 3{c results.
The exact array factor calculation parallels that of Example 3-1 except that with d = '\ in
(34),

ar:z*.(ej"*e) = 2 cos(a cos 0) (3-12)

1 Ia
<-L-------->
-z
(c) Alray coafiguration.

(r) lnspection mcthod

(c) Polar ptqt of aray factor nagBitude lr(0) = I cos(z coso )1.

Ilgure &6 Two isotropic point sources with identical amplitude and Phase culTeots, and
spaced oue wavelength apart (Example 3-4).
 t-ow-' t71'
T, Avleao''..to' Loc*-Ionl op r-lua"r-'
''B*
' l. -f" tr;d l'c^hbo' 6l '"t.-,lt'
S*, d! =o Yl,=,: t*rn-
+'rir-
+WLcaear-):
c61e1 :yr# _il+^
=- c&-tLhLffi -P\
0,61
'1-t'2'3

2. oF [r|47trrrrn" (5'" L=O

Loc.crfro^t
9*, L?
Q :-o . V .\
= 6^61r-- ry\=2"'ri-
2- lo=%t ' lo,o*,

\ aueff= L,.lt(

c6o.,q - )-"(^-il t '/ tr\=Q, l,L'

ur&\
o,n
n: dLhe-^r-?) 4-=o ,-=*W)
3, 3dg ?o,,.JT xGxs .ky Sja"Vlr__=_ AF = 0.7o-[
I r

gt = o-7o1 o.u,q * "rlb_

-+l-311
?
C+ I !-l'311 ; ntY =- L2-l82-
2_tq" =

^Td*nr1=+),1s2- )
6%= @ry+ryo
by.= ulL*r(LLX?-?\
+ 1VContnw..y [rl*r<rr"n . Loc*Tonl of Fr<sy frhnroc. uoBE-

- = Ll 61*-'3aakJr' *nf *"'tu.7'\.n.t.,t{)

^r-Y
t =ps+t}:':l,_
Ig2-to+
+ Lc,6oe+P = x@-s*t)T

.: os = ca4lLrLJ(2s+D* -Pl
L%td

tt*sT nrr'@(
r'nse- S':y
.{
F,or*vv f = 4o.{
$nf =o.{,ahe.q Z:r?[
E_ b_

*2-
I
nlrf + 3f
-:- -2-
xVl^ _"rt
''o*?
ilo=Ve
a +P =- ,*
i e65oF

ur=*'fu1i, 4)
Ga".tzrpo^15
<Ytu..rqeho,til- r n
f. NuuS r,ohe.') l.q.,na-.nffi, LO,J
$A7=O
2. lYlaai.rn,,"rrt qerrfuS wt-en,7 Ae,1..,o--.,e.",offt
4 "t =O fe.-]
3. 3&ey"i4 ry - o.7o7 fi_ ,JE _ts1t oh
AlVz-

t' 1*-n/.ay ."r% t-be (? ) arl.r-ned:d

4of
,t ie 9;$[ - t ]
5 F,zt* ...".-ra_ [J," u&nn,r_ =D.{ n Y=LnL-
L WovJ = L(o,q-a1)
 1

g?\oeaswe Arrny
- A'r" .r\a?<\.rq^ AvryV a-A onr-,tr d*rerW
+ "\nar*t i,5
k',q"aA,: O.-- 10"
5,,-! = O ) +-* drtr $t,rn --o:.
,. RA- eele +p =o
1' =
o '

'To #LAfr &tt csqd.bm

y -" o*A s =ff10"
'JV,-rt **W V*AaAn onn^X f"az erc.h$i"cr '**"lA 6
u
fu,rne to "U d,'*qa't6
A='orl q-t--1"L3^"'
Tl.e ,s1eafrs1 ilsk*o * e|'o-odfA
's rys+{A6ol 3-Lffi
P=o
X le-^d.xd.
';!=,nV
,n=1,L,3 <2 h o-r;l
ty= Rd-c&e s@d
ze,aw-
1\e 'rr:r'-,-i.'?no\ iS dU..r&eA ato-n-$",a afi'6 ie- O=E 6L lSf
' (f
= A&c&e +pl = o KL+V=o nL 7=-A
-1urr, 'oro"
W o=wf y=-KL
tY
= Rd-Gae -)
l- 1+ d= V/- ., r- i.n o=E-O=tBoo
7- f+ A-- -V 'n--l/Ls 'wur". i''t o-ozrzd. nD'/27d
3. UU ,.ahuq 4<V/z- at'oiA
fdE;Z u"bc-
l' a- $oua- eLe...'te.aY erA,,,t^7 e-& yne anr'.tr aiF..
lea|n
e)e.ne.al6 ylaceA froi,,s o d^,*o*ce '&, ayoat"o-J.
"r*W
tsiE1 ,r,laxi.tw {ws
i y-ff6,"* ?*!"-%r:tr f:!"s=so
'n .[6 an6tv6
ii Beo.,.,ai#E- l+e Q=ryr_)
.] rraaxi.rrra-
V Tlil,e&oiftr
I
5,t-. P=-nA = -T
+ = -rr: rsDo

or= 265a(l-%) = ct-t(r;il= a,sll-s)

<l
=lrz, 3)
n '.l ea4|y) = tf
=L LA =-1f
Cr54

=! ,*a(-Y) =
t?fi

o,q =eb4 (>nfu) = csit|-rft)= coi(t -r-"-)

.rtt--Otl ,)_
qrn:o O.rrt = cb) (l)= B
-
*n=! O<q = uyt(-D=tilf

ot, = cd>^ (,
- - r-r:1) = r*-,(\ | - rA_L), = cd(r
-rrNd/ - \ -,2\
ztr./
a 31' "fft
++P6'^ > 2-lo.^-oa)

a" --hN+ =3,4-

4 d6'
Scerl",rrntq ftxmy.
lVrL ,maxi,,rtut rt't ,rdr^t*- ,b +" V g"\e-ffA, t.n a.n arnalO
6'-
ooCd< ao< Ed).

Y=
R&ren?lr=u"o P, -YQrorro

.: Lf = n{-(caa-cre,)
b"fr/..Li"Uh"
UJ A,.Tae.nce b{noeenz
T"ffr*,u Tk*
V* d,e*ne6l/, *-r" ",*or;,**.* aoAi^ta- ca,,tbc ft";' hd. w
o*l deawrA d'-e&'.,n.
 "ff",fi)
\_. -ll-,aee ',,+;\iod( r,oittr Ayact*,y'6Qr
fuvacc,5 L<tcee-o
I

ahe at-o"-6 Zaxy5 -'-ll-,e €2. citattc.o L-'$,a*'l 4 "'ch

Ttac'A
cvLtbiAe e-tc'ona''r,t'v6 tr'rttf/ tof-'.t^z {t--i 4 cr\ten eb-r,p.*t-
*''t<rxi5'
i6 z" trtst &= '?'/- d';A 4f , x-u.ll6 --
,*'

Ll - L, rl-.'l-1
=Kt2-
-t
,-trr
kr-
b#=+d=
^ td-cbe 2- r ;)"^"o,
,2t.leo +
= 7E-o L-t t cas (<A,6o\ = )E..-fcs"(r$cse)
N,^trr rir n-
7y
r -+ c<{J ce") =D
% A/.araa, :- anll ;a"'so{A'
o.n = cz5-l(gl
wJ-)
314 ARBAYS: LINEAB, PLANAR, AND CIBCULAR

6.4.1 Broadside Array

As a result of the criteria for broadside radiation given by (6-18a), the aray factor for
this form of the array reduces to

(AF) : 1 [.* (]ra...r)-l (6-3 8)

-N
L-{-F4l
which for a small spacing between the elements (d << i.) can be approximated by
-l
[.'" ({0, .", o)
tAFr"--l+l (6-38a)

[ (]r'r'"'e) l
The radiation intensity can be written as

,. r^ r2
1-''"
(fo"*')1' :l-;
f sinizl12
Y161:ftAF),1'= l--ff I z )I ro-:st

1 1* )-l
z : Lkrl"oro
2
(6-39a)

The directivity can be obtained using (6-32) where U-o* of (6-39) is eqtial to unity
(U*o^ : 1) and it occurs at 0 - 90" . The average value Us of the intensity reduces lo

I lf"l.inrZrlr
u'- *P,*t:;J, I , )sinad{)
. -2

:; t^"I " !i :"":') |..'.,,, (6-40)

| -]

By making a chzrnge of variable, that is,

'kd'o'o

Z: -kdcos0 (6-40a)
2
N
dZ : --kd sin? d0 (6-40b)

(6-40) can be written as

I f -Nt,r ) f sinZl2 1 StNL,t 2 f ,inZl)

U"_- I l--l dZ- I l- I dZ (6-41)
Nk,l JvrnLZ ) Nkdl-r,,t ,LZ )
 N-ELEMENT LINEAR ARRAY: DIRECTIVIry 315

For a large array (Nkd/2 + large), (6-41) can be approximated by extendrng the
limits to infinity. That is,

I f FNr'/ r['inZl' I f-o f 'in7l r,

uo: r,tk,t r, _ Nk,t J * l, )
(6_4rr)
J_r,..,. l;)
Since

l_:lYl'rtZ:,, (6-4 r b)

(6-41a) reduces to jr
uo> , (6-41c)
utrr
The directivity of (6-32) can now be written as

o":ff ., Yj! -r, (f) (6-42)

Using
L: (N _ t)d (6-43)

where L is the overall length of the array, (6-42) can be expressed as

D,=2N (1) =,(,.;) (f) (6-44)

which for a lalge aray (L >> d) reduces to

, ,, (i) ,(, -:) (i) ' . ' '(i) (6-44a)

Example 6.3
Given a linear, broadside, uniform array of 10 isotropic elements (N : 10) with a separation
of )"14(d: .1./4) bctwecn the elements, find the directivity of the array.
Solution: Using (6 44tr'1

/.,\
D -)N (1):S
\l /
(dimcnsit-rnle.') I0log n'5r:6.9q dB

6.4.2 Ordinary End-Fire Array

For an end-fire array, with the maximum radiation in tl.re 06:0" direction, the array
factor is given by

(6-4s)
316 ARRAYS: LINEAR, PLANAB, AND CIRCULAB

which, for a small spacing between the elements (d << f), can be approximated by

tAFr":l[,i,f]*r,"",,-,,lI r6-4s1"

L r\-r""*-l,l=l
L2 I _r

The coresponding radiation intensity can be written as

-.l '
['tnl{1.i,.o,'r-,,.l - --)
uru - riAr,,r'- - LY'] b-40
l-{-----------l
- t) I
[ 7fr'ltcosd -1

N
Z - ;kd(cos7 - 1) (6-46a)

whose maximurn value is unity ( Un,o* : 1) and it occurs at 6 : 0". The avcrage ruluc
of the racliation intensity is given by

t r), - ltin l{ta"'ota - r'1-l'

t", -
* J, 'u[^' I -f-] - l) l'inn'ru'rt'
L ;k/(co'd i
['inINt.t,.or, ,,'] l'
_t [.]_-ff't) ----- rr sino tto 16-47)
'"J" I
2
- lt |
t ,krlrcoso l
By letting
N
7 : 1) (6-41a)
-kd(cos) -
47 : -!ta rine ao (6-47b)

(6-47) can bc written as

: , S-N^r lsinrztf' ,, - , INkt lsinrzll' ,,,

,,. -
""--Nk',l J,, I z )"'-NktJ,, I z )"'
(6-48)

For a large artay (Nkd -+ large), (6-48) can be approximated by extending the
limits to inflnity. That is,

I lsinrZrl" I f- f inrZ)l]
uo
rNt"t
- Nu Jo l;) az =
N*a Jo l;) o, (6-48:rt
 N-Fl EMENTLINEAB ARBAY: DIRECTIVITY 317

Using (6-41b) reduces (6-48a) to

Us- (6-48b)

and the directivity to

U.o* 2N k,l :4N / d'\
Do-
Us = n lt/
(6-4e)

Another form of (6-49), using (6-43), is

D1- 4N (i) : ^(' . ;) (i) (6-49a)

which for a large array (L >> d) reduces to

Do- 4N(i) :-('-' :) (f)'t' -(i) (6-49b)

Itshould be noted that the directivity of the end-fire array, as given by $-a9)-
(6-49b), is twice that for the broadside array as given by (6-aD-6-44a).

Example 6,4
Given a Iinear', end-fire, unifornr array of l0 elements (N - 10) with a separation of Ll4((l :
)"/4) between the elements, find the directivity of the array factor. This array is identical to
the broadside array of Exa:rplc 6.3.
SoLitlon: Using (6-49)

/ d\
: 4N I : I 10 (dimensionless) : l0logro(10) : 10 dB
\)/ -
Du

This value for the directivity (Do : 10) is approxitnate, based on the validity of (6-48a).
However, it compares vely favorably with the value of D0 : 10.05 obtained by nltmerically
integrating (6-45) using the DIRECTIVITY computer program of Chapter 2.

6.4.3 Hansen-Woodyard End-FireArray

For an end-fire array with improved directivity (Hansen-Woodyard designs) and rtax-
imum radiation in the 00:0' direction, the radiation intensity (for sma11 spacing
between the elements, d << ).) is given by (6-31)-(6-31b). The maximum radiation
intensity is unity (U,,,u* : 1), and the average radiation intensity is given by (6-34)
where q and u are defined, respectively, by (6-29a) and (6-34a). Using (6-29a), (6-34a),
(6-35), and (6-37), the r adiation intensity of (6-34) reduces to

u,: #Grl;* 1-, ,,,,] : 0.871

Nkd
(6-s0)