UFMFQA-15-2

Stress Analysis Lecture 9

Stress Transformation 2 : Mohr’s circle, 3D analaysis
of stress
Last week…

 x  y  x  y
 x   cos 2   xy sin 2
2 2
 x  y  x  y
 y   cos 2   xy sin 2
2 2
 x  y
 xy   sin 2   xy cos 2
2
Principal Stresses
• The previous equations are combined to
yield parametric equations for a circle,

 x   ave 2   x2y  R 2
where
2
 x  y  x  y 
 ave  R      xy
2
2  2 

• Principal stresses occur on the principal

planes of stress with zero shearing stresses.
2
 x  y  x  y 
 max, min       xy
2
2  2 
2 xy
tan 2 p 
 x  y
Note : defines two angles separated by 90o
Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress 1

X and Y are defined as above- for Point X

pay attention to the convention used for
the shear sign.

• For a known state of plane stress  x ,  y , xy

plot the points X and Y and construct the
circle centered at C.
2
 x  y  x  y 
 ave  R      xy
2
2  2 
Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress 2

• The principal stresses are obtained at A and B.

 max, min   ave  R

2 xy
tan 2 p 
 x  y

The direction of rotation of Ox to Oa is

the same as CX to CA.
Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress 3
• With Mohr’s circle uniquely defined, the
state of stress at other axes orientations
may be depicted.

• For the state of stress at an angle  with

respect to the xy axes, construct a new
diameter X’Y’ at an angle 2 with respect
to XY.

• Normal and shear stresses are obtained

from the coordinates X’Y’.
Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress 4

• Mohr’s circle for centric axial loading:

P P
x  ,  y   xy  0  x   y   xy 
A 2A

Y( 0,0)

σx
X(σx, 0)
Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress 5
• Mohr’s circle for torsional loading:

Tc Tc
 x   y  0  xy  x y   xy  0
J J

Y(0, τxy)
τxy

τxy X(0, -τxy)

Example 1 For the state of plane stress shown, determine (a)
the principal planes and the principal stresses, (b)
the stress components exerted on the element
obtained by rotating the given element counter-
clockwise through 30°.
Example 1 For the state of plane stress shown, determine (a)
the principal planes and the principal stresses, (b)
the stress components exerted on the element
obtained by rotating the given element counter-
clockwise through 30°.
General State of Stress 1
• The most general state of stress at a point may
be represented by 6 components,
 x , y , z normal stresses
 xy ,  yz ,  zx shearing stresses
(Note :  xy   yx ,  yz   zy ,  zx   xz )
General State of Stress 2
• Consider the general 3D state of stress at a point and
the transformation of stress from element rotation

• State of stress at Q defined by:  x , y , z , xy , yz , zx

• Consider tetrahedron with face perpendicular to the
line QN with direction cosines: x ,  y , z
(coordinates of unit vector on line ON)
• The requirement  Fn  0 leads to,
 n   x2x   y 2y   z 2z
 2 xyx y  2 yz  y z  2 zxz x

• Form of equation guarantees that an element

orientation can be found such that
 n   a2a   bb2   cc2
These are the principal axes and principal planes
and the normal stresses are the principal stresses.
3D to 2D

σy σy σz
τxy τzy τzy
σx σz σx
Application of Mohr’s Circle to the 3D Analysis of Stress 1

• Transformation of stress for an element • The three circles represent the

rotated around a principal axis may be normal and shearing stresses for
represented by Mohr’s circle. rotation around each principal axis.
• Points A, B, and C represent the • Radius of the largest circle yields the
principal stresses on the principal planes maximum shearing stress.
(shearing stress is zero) 1
 max   max   min
2
Application of Mohr’s Circle to the 3D Analysis of Stress 2

• In the case of plane stress, the axis

perpendicular to the plane of stress is a
principal axis (shearing stress equal zero).
• If the points A and B (representing the
principal planes) are on opposite sides of
the origin, then
a) the corresponding principal stresses
are the maximum and minimum
normal stresses for the element
b) the maximum shearing stress for the
element is equal to the maximum “in-
plane” shearing stress

c) planes of maximum shearing stress are

at 45o to the principal planes.
Application of Mohr’s Circle to the 3D Analysis of Stress 3

• If A and B are on the same side of the

origin (i.e., have the same sign), then

a) the circle defining max, min, and

max for the element is not the circle
corresponding to transformations within
the plane of stress

b) maximum shearing stress ( out-of-

plane) for the element is equal to half
of the maximum stress-
c) planes of maximum shearing stress are at
45 degrees to the plane of stress
Problem 1

For the state of plane stress shown, (a) construct Mohr’s circle,
determine (b) the principal planes, (c) the principal stresses, (d) the
maximum shearing stress and the corresponding normal stress.
Problem 2

For the state of stress shown, determine the maximum shearing stress when (a)
σy=40 MPa, (b) σy=120 MPa. (Hint: Consider both in-plane and out-of-plane
shearing stresses.)