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Lecture 3-1

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Lecture 3-1

Uploaded by

Bitthal Bharadwaj
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Coordinate systems and

datum Projection
systems

Dr. Pawan Kumar Gautam


M.Sc. NET. Ph.D. (Geology)
Datums and Projections:
How to fit a globe onto a
2-dimensional surface
Geoid
GEOID

 Hypothetical surface  A geoid a almost the


of the earth that same as means sea
concede with sea level level.
in everywhere.
Important point
 India mean elevation is 160 m (525 ft) and is taken from Mumbai High
 India Highest elevation Kannchenjunga 8586 m (28,169 ft)
 India Lowest elevation :Kuttanad, Kerala -2 m (-7 ft)
Mean Sea Level
 Mean sea level is an average surface level of one or more among Earth coastal
bodies of water from which height such as elevation may be measured.

 NASA measures sea level around the globe using satellite. The JASON-3 Satellite
use radio wave and other instruments to measure the height of the ocean surface-
also known as sea level. It does this for the entire Earth every 10 days, studying
how global sea level is changing over time.

 In the United Sates and its territories, local mean sea level is determined by taking
hourly measurements of sea levels over a period of 19 years at various locations and
then averaging all of the measurement, The 19 year period is called a Metonic
cycle.
Geoid: the true 3-D shape of the earth considered as a mean sea level
extended continuously through the continents.

Approximates mean sea level

WGS 84 Geoid defines geoid heights for the entire earth


Sphere

Erath is considered as sphere, when we have to do some mathematical


calculation.

When we have to present it for small scale maps (1:50,00,000)


Ellipsoid
Ellipsoid
Also referred to as Spheroid, although Earth is
not a sphere but is bulging at the equator and
flattened at the poles

Flattening is about 21.5 km difference


between polar radius and equatorial radius
Ellipsoid
Spheroid
The Earth is not a perfect sphere
and gravity is not uniform
Definitions
 In geodesy, a reference ellipsoid is a mathematically-defined surface that approximates the geoid, the truer
figure of the Earth (mean sea level)
Datum
TWO TYPE OF DATUM

 HORIZONTAL DATUM
 VERTICAL DATUM
Geodetic datum
A geodetic datum is a reference from which measurements are made. In surveying
and geodesy, a datum is a set of reference points on the Earth's surface against which
position measurements are made and (often) an associated model of the shape of the
Earth (reference ellipsoid) to define a geographic coordinate system.
Geocentric datums
In the last 15 years, satellite data has provided
geodesists with new measurements to define the best
earth-fitting spheroid, which relates coordinates to the
earth's center of mass.

An earth-centered, or geocentric, datum uses the earth's


center of mass as the origin. The most recently
developed and widely used datum is WGS 1984. It
serves as the framework for locational measurement
worldwide.
Local datums
A local datum aligns its spheroid to closely fit the
earth's surface in a particular area.

This point is known as the origin point of the datum.

The coordinates of the origin point are fixed, and all


other points are calculated from it.
The coordinate system origin of a local datum is not at
the center of the earth. The center of the spheroid of a
local datum is offset from the earth's center. NAD 1927
and the European Datum of 1950 (ED 1950) are local
datums.

NAD 1927 is designed to fit North America reasonably


well, while ED 1950 was created for use in Europe.
Because a local datum aligns its spheroid so closely to a
particular area on the earth's surface, it's not suitable for
use outside the area for which it was designed.
Datum
Datum Spheroid Region of use

Canada, US, Atlantic/Pacific Islands,


NAD 27 Clark 1866
Central America

NAD 83 GRS 1980 Canada, US, Central America

WGS 84 WGS 84 Worldwide

GPS is based on WGS 84 system


GRS 1980 and WGS 84 define the earth’s shape by measuring and
triangulating from an outside perspective, origin is earth’s center of mass
WGS 84

❑The World Geodetic System of 1984 (ESPG 4326) is the


reference system used by satellites and GPS.

❑Satellite images are generally provided in UTM projection


and WGS 84 datum.

❑This standard is now replacing most local grids and


coordinate systems.
Map Projection
A map projection is a method for converting the earth’s 3-D surface to a two-
dimensional plane surface, in part or in its entirety.

Cylinderical

Map
Projection

Conical Plane
The earth is “projected” from an imaginary light
source in its center onto a surface, typically a plate,
cone, or cylinder.

Planar or
azimuthal Conic Cylindrical
Cylinder
Cylindrical projections used for entire world.

Mercator projections are cylindrical projections – they have straight parallels


Cylindrical
projection

Distances only true


along equator
Cone
Conical projections can only represent one hemisphere often used to
represent areas with east-west extent (US)
Planner
A planar projection is also called
an azimuthal projection. In
azimuthal projections, directions
from a central point are
preserved, and the great circles
through the central point are
represented by straight lines on
the map.

Azimuthal projections result in


eccentric circles.
Used for perspective views of
hemispheres
Distances true along equator and
parallels

Specific purpose of maintaining equal area


Useful for areas extending equally in all
directions from center (Asia, Atlantic
Ocean)
Pseudocylindrical:
Used for world maps
Straight and parallel
latitude lines, equally
spaced meridians
Other meridians are
curves

Scale only true along


standard parallel of
40:44 N and 40:44 S

Robinson is compromise
between conformality,
equivalence and
equidistance
Coordinate
System
Geographic Projected
Coordinate Coordinate
System System

Coordinate
System
Example of India
WGS 1984 UTM Zone 42 datum
WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43 datum
WGS 1984 UTM Zone 44 datum
WGS 1984 UTM Zone 45 datum
WGS 1984 UTM Zone 46 datum
WGS 1984 UTM Zone 47 datum
Thankyou

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