Transmission Line Workshop

Transmission Line Workshop

MMSIM 13.1
September 2013

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Overview
This workshop describes the use model of the new rfTLineLib followed by four examples
demonstrating how to use them to simulate transmission line circuits.

This application note is organized as follows:

- Introduce the update to the rfTlineLib.

- An example showing fifth order Chebyshev filter composed of parallel coupled

transmission lines and its measurements.

- An example showing stub matching network measurements.

- An example showing eye diagrams of a lossy circuit from time domain simulation.

- An example showing the broad-side coupled lines simulation.

For more details about the modeling approach and use model, please refer to Transmission
Line Documentation [1].

To prepare for the workshop:

Action P-1: cd ./rfworkshop.

Action P-2: virtuoso&.

Action P-3: In the CIW window, select Tools — Library Manager….

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Introduction to rfTlineLib
In February’s EAP, new twelve cells are added to rfTLineLib, including parameterized
N-conductor transmission line and ones that have discontinuity effects. Stackup editor is
updated, having more flexibility and a new color scheme. The rfTlineLib has 18 cells and
they are categorized as follows:

TransmissionLines: containing ―mlin‖, ―slin‖, ―mclin‖, ―sclin‖, ―maclin‖ and ―nclin‖.

Discontinuities: containing ―mtee‖, ―mbend‖, ―mbend2‖, ―mcorn‖, ―mcros‖, ―mstep‖, ―mcurve‖,

―mloceff‖, ―stee‖, ―sbend‖, ―sbend2‖, ―scros‖, ―sstep‖, ―scurve‖ and ―sloceff‖.

Behavioral: ―tlinp‖ and ―clin‖.

In addition, ―stackup‖ is not categorized. It defines shared substrate and conductor

parameters and is referenced by all other models. Each design that includes transmission
line models must have at least one stackup instance defined somewhere in the hierarchy
because the models use the layer information specified in the stackup instance. The
stackup cell has an interactive, graphical interface that allows you to configure your own
lines as well as edit layer parameters.

The legacy cells such as microstrip are moved to category ―Obsolete‖ and are no longer
recommended for use.

rfTlineLib is shown in the following figure.

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We are now ready to go through the examples.

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Example1: Fifth Order Chebyshev Band-pass Filter

This section contains a brief description of passive filters followed by three labs. Lab1
demonstrates a fifth order Chebyshev band-pass filter design with behavioral transmission
line models, this gives you a quick start of the design. Then you can turn to use the
practical modesl, this is demonstrated in lab2. Lab3 shows how discontinuities affect the
simulation results.

Passive filters working in the microwave frequency range are commonly used in wireless
applications. One relies on transmission line-based filter architectures when lumped
component dimensions become comparable to the wavelength of the signal.

Parallel-coupled transmission line filters are frequently used in such designs.

Parallel-coupled filters offer advantages, such as reduced size, over end-coupled designs[4].
Our example shows a band-pass filter example and illustrates how our new transmission
line models can be used in such designs. The circuit presented here is a fifth order
Chebyshev filter whose mid-band frequency is 10GHz and passband ripple is about 0.1dB.

In lab1, we will use behavioral transmission line models, this will let us quickly estimate the
design.

Action 1-1: In the Library Manager window, open the schematic view of the
bandpassFilterIdeal in the library TransmissionLineWorkshop. The schematic
window appears.

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Action 1-2: In this lab, clin and tlinp model are used, clin is the ideal coupled transmission
line model. We specify the even and odd-mode characteristic impedance,
even and odd-mode electrical length as well as the reference frequency
shown below. Tlinp is the lossy transmission line model, it is used as the
interface in this example.

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Action 1-3: In the Virtuoso Schematic Editing window, Check and Save the schematic and
select Launch — ADE L.

Action 1-4: Choose Session — Load State in the Virtuoso Analog Design Environment
window, select Cellview in Load State Option and load state ―SP‖. The ADE
window looks like this, make sure the settings are same as those described in
the following steps.

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Action 1-5: In the Virtuoso Analog Design Environment window, select Analyses —
Choose.

Action 1-6: In the Choosing Analyses window, select sp in the Analysis field of the
window.

Action 1-7: In the S-Parameter Analysis window, in the Ports field, click Select. Then, in the
Virtuoso Schematic Editing window, in order, select the port cells. Then, while the
cursor is in the schematic window, click the ESC key.

In the Sweep Variable field, select Frequency.

In the Sweep Range field, select Start-Stop, set Start to 8GHz and Stop to
12GHz, set Sweep Type to Linear, select Step Size to 10MHz.

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Action 1-8: Click OK, in ADE window, Choose Simulation — Netlist and Run to start the
simulation or click the green icon in the Virtuoso Analog Design Environment
window.

Action 1-9: In the Virtuoso Analog Design Environment window, select Results — Direct Plot
— Main Form…

Action 1-10: In the Direct Plot Form window, set Plotting Mode to Append. In the Analysis
field,select SP. In the Plot Type field, select Rectangular, in the Modifier field,
select dB20. Click S11 and S21.

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From the simulation results, pass-band roughly centers around 10GHz which meets our
specification, and S11 is low enough in the whole range of the pass-band.

Action 1-11: Close the plot window as well as schematic window.

Next, in lab2, we will use practical transmission line models.

The filter is constructed on a substrate with a relative dielectric constant of 12.9 and
thickness of 0.7mm. Conductor thickness is 0.2mm. Six sections of coupled line are
assembled, containing 5 resonators which account for the order of the filter. The design
procedures and realizations are widely discussed in literature[2] [3], in this example, the
physical characteristic of the transmission models are as follows[2], each stage represents a
section of coupled line. Stage 4-6 have the same physical characteristic as stage 3-1
because of the symmetry.

Table 2 physical characteristic[2]

Stage W (um) S (um) L (um)

1 385 161 2852

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2 575 540 2772

3 595 730 2750

4 595 730 2750

5 575 540 2772

6 385 161 2852

Action 1-12: In the Library Manager window, open the schematic view of the bandpassFilter in
the library TransmissionLineWorkshop. The schematic window appears.

Action 1-13: Select the stackup instance by placing the mouse cursor over it and clicking
the left mouse button. Then in the Virtuoso Schematic Editor select Edit
—Properties — Objects.

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Action 1-14: In the popped up property editor window, click the ―Click to Edit Models‖
button, stackup editor opens.

Action 1-15: Click ―Materials‖ tab to edit layer information. Click first row in the left form,
set Model Name to GaAs, Type to const. On the right side, set Dielectric
constant to 12.9, Loss tangent (tand) to 0.002, the form looks like this:

Click second row to edit conductor layer. Set the Type to const, on the right
side, select smooth and set conductivity to 5.78e7. The form looks like this:

Once everything is done here, the layer models are available to use in the Stackup form.

Action 1-16: Click ―Stackup‖ tab to edit configurations.

In this EAP, the stackup editor has more flexibility, for example, the thickness
can be set as a variable or an expression and when if you want to input a
number , you can input in combine with the unit like 100u instead of 1e-4.

In this lab, we need three layers, the bottom layer is the reference, set its
name as ―ground‖, set its ―thickness‖ as a variable, t1 and select its ―Model‖
as copper in the drop down list.

Configure the thickness of the dielectric and top signal layer as (7*t1) and
(2*t1), respectively. The stackup editor looks like this:

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Action 1-17: Click OK to save the settings of the stackup instance, all the parameters are
filled in and you can check them in the property editor window.

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Action 1-18: Click OK to close the property editor window.

Action 1-19: Click mclin0 and open its property editor window.

Action 1-20: Check the ―Browse and select stackup instance‖ box, a window that lists
available stackup instances in the current schematic pops up.

Action 1-21: The first item is selected by default, so just click OK to use it. Note the
stackup is not restricted to be in the same schematic as the transmission line
models, you can put it anywhere in the hierarchy, but under such condition,
you cannot browse and select it and you have to manually input its full path
instead, for example, I0.stackup0.

Action 1-22: Check the ―Browse and select signal layer‖ box, a window that lists available
signal layers of the selected stackup instance pops up. If you put the stackup
instance somewhere else in the hierarchy as stated in Action1-10, you cannot
browse and select the layer, you have to manually input the signal layer.

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Action 1-23: The first item is selected by default, so just click OK to use it.

Action 1-24: Set the physical size by variables:

We have finished mclin0, now we are going to set other sections of the coupled lines.

Action 1-25: follow the same steps as above to set mclin1:

Action 1-26: follow the same steps as above to set mclin2:

The filter is symmetric, so we set mclin3 the same parameters as mclin2, set
mclin4 the same parameters as mclin1 set mclin5 the same parameters as
mclin0.

Action 1-27: mlin0 and mlin1 are single lines whose characteristic impedance is 50 Ohms.
They have the same parameters and share same models as those mclin
instances, the property looks like this:

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Action 1-28: In the Virtuoso Schematic Editing window, Check and Save the schematic and
select Launch — ADE L.

Action 1-29: Choose Session — Load State in the Virtuoso Analog Design Environment
window, select Cellview in Load State Option and load state ―SP‖. The ADE
window looks like this, make sure the settings are same as those described in
the following steps.

The variables are set according to table2. Set t1 to 100u.

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Action 1-30: In the Virtuoso Analog Design Environment window, select Analyses —
Choose.

Action 1-31: In the Choosing Analyses window, select sp in the Analysis field of the
window.

Action 1-32: In the S-Parameter Analysis window, in the Ports field, click Select. Then, in the
Virtuoso Schematic Editing window, in order, select the port cells. Then, while the
cursor is in the schematic window, click the ESC key.

In the Sweep Variable field, select Frequency.

In the Sweep Range field, select Start-Stop, set Start to 8GHz and Stop to
12GHz, set Sweep Type to Linear, select Step Size to 10MHz.

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Action 1-33: Click OK, in ADE window, Choose Simulation — Netlist and Run to start the
simulation or click the green icon in the Virtuoso Analog Design Environment
window.

For the first time, you will find EM solver status information printed in the log file:

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This information will be cached and next time you run the simulation, the
simulator will automatically use it, greatly improving the performance.

Action 1-34: In the Virtuoso Analog Design Environment window, select Results — Direct Plot
— Main Form….

Action 1-35: In the Direct Plot Form window, set Plotting Mode to Append. In the Analysis field,
select SP. In the Plot Type field, select Rectangular, in the Modifier field, select
dB20. Click S11 and S21.

From the simulation results, pass-band roughly centers around 10GHz which meets our
specification, and S11 is low enough in the whole range of the pass-band.

Action 1-36: Close the plot window as well as schematic window.

The following lab uses the same design except that it adds the step instances which will
introduce discontinuities effects.

Action 1-37: In the Library Manager window, open the schematic view of the
bandpassFilterStep in the library TransmissionLineWorkshop. The schematic

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window appears.

Action 1-38: The dimensions of the lines are the same as in lab1. Note discontinuities are
illustrated by a separate symbol on the schematic, in this example, a mstep is
inserted in between the stages of the filter. It has zero length and detects the
widths from its neighboring lines automatically which greatly simplifies the
setup and avoids potential errors.

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Action 1-39: In the Virtuoso Schematic Editing window, Check and Save the schematic and
select Launch — ADE L.

Action 1-40: Follow the steps in lab1 to get the simulation results shown below.

From the simulation results, pass-band roughly centers around 10GHz which
meets our specification, and S11 is low enough in the whole range of the
pass-band.

Now we are going to calculate the center frequency of the pass-band.

|S21| at 10GHz is -637m dBm, we use the following formulas to get the center
frequency of the passband.

Fc = ( FH + FL ) / 2

where FH is the upper frequency at which

|S21| at FH = |S21| at 10GHz – 0.2dB

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Similarly FL is the lower frequency at which

|S21| at FL = |S21| at 10GHz – 0.2dB

Here 0.2dB is roughly the ripple.

In the example,

FH = 10.76676GHz

FL = 9.27937GHz

So Fc = ( FH + FL ) / 2 = 10.023GHz

In lab1, the center frequency can be obtained in the same way:

Fc = 10.037GHz

which is a little different from the result here due the effects of the steps.

Action 1-41: Close the plot window as well as schematic window.

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Example2: single stub matching

This example contains four labs. Lab1 demonstrates a single stub matching design with
transmission lines. Lab2, lab3 and lab4 use a tee model, a cross model and a bend model,
respectively, to show the various discontinuity effects.

Problem: A 50Ω transmission line is connected to an antenna with load impedance ZL = 25

- j50 Ω. Design a single stub matching network that matches the load to the transmission
line. [6]

Single stub tuning[5]

In terms of the single stub matching method, our goal is to find the lengths of the two lines,
which are ls and d in above figure.

After the calculation[6], we have

d = 0.063λ ls = 0.09λ,

By converting them to electrical lengths, we can get physical lengths of the transmission
lines, listed in the table below.

Table2 electrical length and physical characteristic

Electrical length W ( um ) L ( um )

d part 22.68 73 654

ls part 32.4 73 934

Now we are ready to run the simulation.

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Action 2-1: open the schematic view of the singleStubMatching in the library
TransmissionLineWorkshop.

Action 2-2: Select stackup0, open the stackup, set the dielectric parameters as follows:

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Set the conductor parameters as follows:

Action 2-3: Click Apply and return to Stackup tab, make sure it looks like this:

Action 2-4: Click OK to save and close stackup editor, and click OK to close stackup
property editor window.

Action 2-5: In the schematic, mlin0 represents the main signal line, mlin1 is the
transmission line whose length is d and mlin2 is the shorted stub. We have
got the physical sizes of mlin1 and mlin2, mli0 has the save width as these
lines and its characteristic impedance is 50 Ohms. Its property looks like this:

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parameters of mlin0

parameters of mlin1

parameters of mlin2

Action 2-6: In the Virtuoso Schematic Editing window, Check and Save the schematic
and select Launch — ADE L.

Action 2-7: Choose Session — Load State in the Virtuoso Analog Design Environment
window, select Cellview in Load State Option and load state ―SP‖. The ADE

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window looks like this, make sure the settings are same as those described in
the following steps.

In the Virtuoso Analog Design Environment window, select Analyses —

Choose…

Action 2-8: In the Choosing Analyses window, chose sp in the Analysis field..

Action 2-9: In the S-Parameter Analysis window, in the Ports field, click Select. In the
Virtuoso Schematic Editing window, select the port cells and then press ESC
key.

In the Sweep Variable field, select Frequency. In the Sweep Range field, select
Start-Stop, set Start to 0GHz and Stop to 20GHz, set Sweep Type to Linear,
Step Size to 10MHz.

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Action 2-10: Click OK, in ADE window, Choose Simulation — Netlist and Run to start the
simulation or click the green icon in the Virtuoso Analog Design Environment
window.

Action 2-11: In the Virtuoso Analog Design Environment window, select Results — Direct
Plot — Main Form….

Action 2-12: In the Direct Plot Form window, set Plotting Mode to Append. In the Analysis
field, select SP. In the Plot Type field, select Rectangular, in the Modifier field,

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select dB20. Click S11, S12, S21 and S22.

Check the simulation results, the matching around 10GHz at both ports of the
matching network is good.

In next lab, a tee model is used in the circuit.

Action 2-13: Open the schematic view of the singleStubMatchingTee in the library
TransmissionLineWorkshop.

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Action 2-14: All the design parameters are the same as in lab1, mtee doesn’t have any
parameters. Inserting the mtee instance will introduce some small effects due
to the discontinuities.

Action 2-15: In the Virtuoso Schematic Editing window, Check and Save the schematic
and select Launch — ADE L.

Action 2-16: Follow the same steps as in lab1 to get simulation results shown below:

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Comparing the results without the mtee instance, S11 gets worse and S22
gets better, in order to make both matching conditions meet the requirements,
you need to re-adjust the dimensions of the lines and the stub.

In next lab, we are going to use a cross instance instead of the tee instance and check out
its impact on the simulation results.

Action 2-17: open the schematic view of the singleStubMatchingCross in the library
TransmissionLineWorkshop.

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Action 2-18: With this configuration, two stub parts are in parallel, we have to recalculate
the dimensions so that the matching condition can be met. For example, keep
mlin2 and mlin3 having the same dimensions.

mlin2 and mlin3 parameters:

Action 2-19: In the Virtuoso Schematic Editing window, Check and Save the schematic
and select Launch — ADE L.

Action 2-20: follow the same steps as in lab1 to get simulation results shown below:

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In next lab, we are going to insert a bend instance and check out its impact on the
simulation results.

Action 2-21: open the schematic view of the singleStubMatchingBend in the library
TransmissionLineWorkshop.

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Action 2-22: With the help of the bend, two lines are connected in an angled form. Let’s
keep the sum of the lengths equal to the length of mlin1 in Action 2-1. For
example:

Parameters of mlin4:

Parameters of mlin3:

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Action 2-23: In the Virtuoso Schematic Editing window, Check and Save the schematic
and select Launch — ADE L.

Action 2-24: follow the same steps as in lab1 to get simulation results shown below:

The matching gets worse because of the bent connection especially for S11.
In order to make the matching conditions meet the requirement, you need to
re-adjust the dimensions of the lines and the stub.

Action 2-25: Close the plot window as well as schematic window.

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Example3: Eye diagram from a time domain simulation.

This example contains three labs. Lab1 uses a single line model and runs transient
analysis with the lines that have different physical characteristics; the eye diagrams are
checked after the simulation to show how lossy transmission lines affect the eye diagram.
Lab2 uses a coupled line and analyzes the effect of line spacing on the eye. Lab3 will show
the eye diagram of transmission line that suffers from multiple aggressors.

Time domain transmission line models in SpectreRF use state-of-the-art algorithms and
highly efficient simulation performance.

Action 3-1: In the Library Manager window, open the schematic view of the
eyeDiagramSingleLine in the library TransmissionLineWorkshop. The schematic
window appears.

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Action 3-2: Select the stackup instance, open the stackup editor as described in
Action1-2 and Action1-3 and set the dielectric parameters as follows:

Action 3-3: Set the conductor parameters as follow:

Action 3-4: Click Apply and return to Stackup tab, make sure it looks like this:

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Action 3-5: Click OK to save and close stackup editor, and click OK to close stackup
property editor window.

Action 3-6: Check the schematic, V0 is a prbs source(Pseudo Random Binary Sequence),
a feature of vsource. We will study simulation results by looking at eye
diagrams. Make sure the vsource is set as follows:

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Note, this new prbs source is a IC616 feature.

Action 3-7: Set mlin0 as follow:

Action 3-8: In the Virtuoso Schematic Editing window, Check and Save the schematic

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and select Launch — ADE L.

Action 3-9: Choose Session — Load State in the Virtuoso Analog Design Environment
window, select Cellview in Load State Option and load state ―Lab1_Tran‖. The
ADE window looks like this, make sure the settings are the same as those
described in the following steps.

In the Virtuoso Analog Design Environment window, select Analyses —

Choose…

Action 3-10: In the Choosing Analyses window, choose tran in the Analysis field of the
window.

Action 3-11: In the tran Analysis window, set Stop Time to 10ns, set Accuracy Defaults to
conservative. Click OK to save the settings.

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Action 3-12: In ADE window, Choose Simulation — Netlist and Run to start the simulation or
click the green icon in the Virtuoso Analog Design Environment window.

After the simulation finishes, the eye diagram will pops up automatically, otherwise you can
plot it manually following the steps through Action 3-13 to Action 3-17.

Action 3-13: In the Virtuoso Analog Design Environment window, select Results — Direct Plot
— Main Form….

Action 3-14: In the Direct Plot Form window, set Plotting Mode to Append. In the Function
field, select Voltage. Click output net(net2) in the schematic. The output
waveform window pops up.

Action 3-15: In the waveform window, choose Measurement — Eye Diagram to open eye
diagram assistant.

Action 3-16: Select signal in the waveform window, it will appear in the Signal/Expr Names
section of the assistant. Set start 0, stop 10n. Choose Plot Mode as New

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Window, set Period 200p as we want to see two transitions in the eye
diagram.

Action 3-17: Click Plot Eye, the diagram will appear in a new window.

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Now repeat the above steps with a noisy prbs source whose noise is characterized by the
random jitter, the source is shown below:

And we get the eye diagram:

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Next we will make the line lossier and see how the eye diagram will be affected.

Action 3-18: in the schematic, set the mlin as follow.

Action 3-19: Remove the random jitter in the prbs source and repeat steps through Action
3-8 to Action 3-17, the eye diagram greatly deteriorated comparing to
previous one due to line losses.

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In the next Lab, we use a coupled line instead of the single line, as we make the lines get
closer, we can see the eye diagrams get worse.

Action 3-20: In the Library Manager window, open the schematic view of the
eyeDiagramCoupledLine in the library TransmissionLineWorkshop. The
schematic window appears.

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Action 3-21: In the schematic, open the property editor of mclin0, set the spacing to 100u.

Action 3-22: In the Virtuoso Schematic Editing window, Check and Save the schematic
and select Launch — ADE L.

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Action 3-23: Choose Session — Load State in the Virtuoso Analog Design Environment
window, select Cellview in Load State Option and load state ―Lab2_tran‖.

Action 3-24: Repeat the steps in lab1, the eye diagram looks like this:

In the next lab, we will show the eye diagram of transmission line that suffers from multiple
aggressors.

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Action 3-25: In the Library Manager window, open the schematic view of the
eyeDiagramMultipleLine in the library TransmissionLineWorkshop. The
schematic window appears.

Action 3-26: The design parameters are the same as above, now we will add two
aggressors, V1 and V2, each of which has a little delay time with respect to
V0, as follows:

Property window of V1:

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Property window of V2:

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By checking the eye diagram, we can learn the effects of the time offsets
relative to that of the victim channel.

Action 3-27: Set the nclin0 as follows:

Action 3-28: In the Virtuoso Schematic Editing window, Check and Save the schematic
and select Launch — ADE L.

Action 3-29: Choose Session — Load State in the Virtuoso Analog Design Environment
window, select Cellview in Load State Option and load state ―Lab3_tran‖.

Action 3-30: Follow the same steps as above to get the simulation results shown below:

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Action 3-31: Close the plot window as well as schematic window.

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Example4: Simulating broad-side coupled lines.

In this example, we will consider the coupled lines on multiple layers. For more details and
limitations, please refer to Transmission Line Documentation[1].

Action 4-1: In the Library Manager window, open the schematic view of the
broadSideCoupledLines in the library TransmissionLineWorkshop. The
schematic window appears.

Action 4-2: Select the stackup instance, open the stackup editor and set the material
parameters as follows:

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Action 4-3: Click Apply and return to Stackup tab, we will use a two-layer configuration, it
looks as follows:

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Action 4-4: Click OK to save and close stackup editor, and click OK to close stackup
property editor window.

Action 4-5: Check the schematic, nclin0 is the N-conductor model. Now open the
property editor window, and click ―Browse and select signal layer(s)‖, a
window having available layers list in it pops up.

Select top1 while holding the shift key to select both of them.

Then click OK, the property window should look like this:

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Action 4-6: In the Virtuoso Schematic Editing window, Check and Save the schematic
and select Launch — ADE L.

Action 4-7: Choose Session — Load State in the Virtuoso Analog Design Environment
window, select Cellview in Load State Option and load state ―SP‖. The ADE
window looks like this. Make sure the settings are same as those described in
the following steps.

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In the Virtuoso Analog Design Environment window, select Analyses —

Choose.

Action 4-8: In the Choosing Analyses window, choose sp in the Analysis field of the
window.

Action 4-9: In the sp Analysis window, set it as follows:

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Action 4-10: In ADE window, Choose Simulation — Netlist and Run to start the simulation or
click the green icon in the Virtuoso Analog Design Environment window.

Action 4-11: Click OK, in ADE window, Choose Simulation — Netlist and Run to start the
simulation or click the green icon in the Virtuoso Analog Design Environment
window.

Action 4-12: In the Virtuoso Analog Design Environment window, select Results — Direct Plot

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— Main Form, set Plotting Mode to Append. In the Analysis field, select SP. In
the Plot Type field, select Rectangular, in the Modifier field, select dB20. Select
―4‖ and ―1‖ in the drop-down menu, then click ―S‖:

S21 and S31 can be obtained in the same way.

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S21 is the near-end crosstalk and S41 is the far-end crosstalk.

Action 4-13: Close the plot window as well as schematic window.

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Conclusion:
In this workshop, we describe the new rfTlineLib and four examples where transmission
line models are typically used. There are both frequency domain and time domain
simulations.

The step by step instructions of how to run the simulations are presented, aiming to help
the users become familiar with the new models.

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References
[1] Transmission Line Documentation.

[2] JIA-SHENG HONG M.J.LANCASTER, ―Microstrip Filters For RF Microwave

Applications‖, John Wiley & Sons, Inc 2001, pp.127-130.

[3] Jolly Rajendran, Rakesh Peter and K.P.Soman, ―Design and Optimization of Band Pass
Filter For Software Defined Ratio Telescope‖, International Journal of Information and
Electronics Engineering, Vol. 2, No. 4, July 2012.

[4] SEYMOUR B. COHN, ―Parallel-Coupled Transmission-Line-Resonator Fitlers‖ IRE

TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES, 1958.

[5] Single-Stub Tuning Lecture, accessed on October 2012

http://whites.sdsmt.edu/classes/ee481/notes/481Lecture8.pdf

[6] Single-Stub Matching, Georgia Institute of Technology, accessed on October 2012

http://users.ece.gatech.edu/~etentze/3065_Single_stub_Matching_2006.pdf

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