Chapter 4

Mathematical Functions, Characters, and

Strings

1
Outline
1. Java Class Library
2. Class Math
3. Character Data Type
4. Class String
5. printf Statement

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1. Java Class Library
• A class library is a collection of classes that we use
when developing programs
• The Java standard class library is part of any Java
development environment
• The library classes are not part of the Java language
per se, but we rely on them heavily
• Various library classes we've already used in our
programs, such as System, Scanner, and Random

• Other class libraries can be obtained through third

party vendors, or you can create them yourself
• Classes must be imported into the program

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Packages
• The classes of the Java standard class library are
organized into packages

• Some of the packages in the standard class library are:

Package Purpose

java.lang General support (Character, Math, System, Number, …)

java.util Utilities (Date, Random, Calendar, …)
java.applet Creating applets for the web
java.awt Graphics and graphical user interfaces
javax.swing Additional graphics capabilities
java.net Network communication
javax.xml.parsers XML document processing

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import Declaration
• When you want to use a class from a package, you
could use its fully qualified name
java.util.Scanner

• Or you can import the class, and then use just the
class name
import java.util.Scanner;

• To import all classes in a particular package, you

can use the * wildcard character
import java.util.*; // wildcard

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import Declaration

• All classes of the java.lang package are

imported automatically into all programs

• It's as if all programs contain the following line:

import java.lang.*;

• That's why we didn't have to import the System or

String classes explicitly in earlier programs

• The Scanner class, on the other hand, is part of

the java.util package, and therefore must be
imported

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 2. Class Math
• The Math class is part of the java.lang package
• The Math class contains methods (called class methods)
that perform various mathematical functions:

 PI constant
 E (base of natural logarithms) constant
 Trigonometric Methods
 Exponent Methods
 Rounding Methods
 min, max, abs, and random Methods

• Methods in the Math class are called static methods

• Static methods can be invoked through the class name –
no object of the Math class is needed
Double value = Math.cos(90) + Math.sqrt(delta);

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Example
import java.util.Scanner;
public class Quadratic
{
public static void main (String[] args)
{
int a, b, c; // ax^2 + bx + c
double discriminant, root1, root2;
Scanner scan = new Scanner (System.in);

System.out.print ("Enter the coefficient of x squared: ");

a = scan.nextInt();
System.out.print ("Enter the coefficient of x: ");
b = scan.nextInt();
System.out.print ("Enter the constant: ");
c = scan.nextInt();

// Use quadratic formula to compute the roots.

discriminant = Math.pow(b, 2) - (4 * a * c);

root1 = ((-1 * b) + Math.sqrt(discriminant)) / (2 * a);
root2 = ((-1 * b) - Math.sqrt(discriminant)) / (2 * a);

System.out.println ("Root #1: " + root1);

System.out.println ("Root #2: " + root2);
}
} 8
 Example
Output:

Enter the coefficient of x squared: 3

Enter the coefficient of x: 8
Enter the constant: 4
Root #1: -0.6666666666666666
Root #2: -2.0

Enter the coefficient of x squared: 2

Enter the coefficient of x: 4
Enter the constant: 8
Root #1: NaN
Root #2: NaN

NaN indicates undefined root due to square root of negative

value (sqrt of b^2-4ac)
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 Trigonometric Methods

Examples:
• sin(double a)
Math.sin(0) returns 0.0
• cos(double a)
Math.sin(Math.PI/6) returns 0.5
• tan(double a) Math.sin(Math.PI/2) returns 1.0
• acos(double a) Math.cos(0) returns 1.0
• asin(double a) Math.cos(Math.PI/2) returns 0
• atan(double a) Math.cos(Math.PI/6) returns 0.866

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 Exponent Methods

• exp(double a) Examples:
Returns e raised to the power of a.
Math.exp(1) returns 2.71
• log(double a)
Math.log(2.71) returns 1.0
Returns the natural logarithm of a.
Math.pow(2,3) returns 8.0
• log10(double a) Math.pow(3,2) returns 9.0
Returns the 10-based logarithm of a. Math.pow(3.5,2.5) returns
• pow(double a, double b) 22.91765
Returns a raised to the power of b. Math.sqrt(4) returns 2.0
Math.sqrt(10.5) returns 3.24
• sqrt(double a)
Returns the square root of a.

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Rounding Methods
• double ceil(double x)
x is rounded up to its nearest integer. This integer is returned as
a double value.
• double floor(double x)
x is rounded down to its nearest integer. This integer is returned
as a double value.
• double rint(double x)
x is rounded to its nearest integer. If x is equally close to two
integers, the even one is returned as a double.
• int round(float x)
returns (int)Math.floor(x+0.5)
• long round(double x)
returns (long)Math.floor(x+0.5)

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Rounding Methods Examples
Math.ceil(2.1) returns 3.0
Math.ceil(2.0) returns 2.0
Math.ceil(-2.0) returns –2.0
Math.ceil(-2.1) returns -2.0
Math.floor(2.1) returns 2.0
Math.floor(2.0) returns 2.0
Math.floor(-2.0) returns –2.0
Math.floor(-2.1) returns -3.0
Math.rint(2.1) returns 2.0
Math.rint(2.0) returns 2.0
Math.rint(-2.0) returns –2.0
Math.rint(-2.1) returns -2.0
Math.rint(2.5) returns 2.0 //returns even value as double
Math.rint(-2.5) returns -2.0
Math.round(2.6f) returns 3 //round returns integers
Math.round(2.0) returns 2
Math.round(-2.0f) returns -2
Math.round(-2.6) returns -3
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Min(), max(), and abs()

Examples:
• max(a,b)and min(a,b)
Returns the maximum or
Math.max(2,3) returns 3
minimum of two parameters.
Math.max(2.5,3) returns 3.0
• abs(a) Math.min(2.5,3.6) returns 2.5
Returns the absolute value of the Math.abs(-2) returns 2
parameter. Math.abs(-2.1) returns 2.1

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Method random()
Generates a random double value greater than or equal to 0.0 and
less than 1.0 (0.0 <= Math.random() < 1.0)

Examples:

Returns a random integer

(int)(Math.random() * 10)
between 0 and 9.

50 + (int)(Math.random() * 50) Returns a random integer

between 50 and 99.

In general,

Returns a random number between

a + Math.random() * b
a and a + b, excluding a + b.

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Generating Random Characters

Each character has a unique Unicode between 0 and FFFF in

hexadecimal (65535 in decimal).

To generate a random character is to generate a random integer

between 0 and 65535 using the following expression:

(int)(Math.random() * (65535 + 1))

Note:
Since 0.0 <= Math.random() <1.0, you have to add 1 to 65535

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Generating Random Characters
Lowercase letter: The Unicode for lowercase letters are consecutive
integers starting from the Unicode for 'a', 'b', 'c', ..., and 'z'.

The Unicode for 'a' is (int)'a'

A random integer between (int)'a' and (int)'z‘ is
(int)((int)'a'+ Math.random()*((int)'z'-(int)'a'+1)

So, a random lowercase letter is:

(char)('a' + Math.random() * ('z' - 'a' + 1))

To generalize, a random character between any two characters ch1 and

ch2 with ch1 < ch2 can be generated as follows:

(char)(ch1 + Math.random() * (ch2 – ch1 + 1))

See Appendix B, page 1266, for character set order.

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Class RandomCharacter
// RandomCharacter.java: Generate random characters
public class RandomCharacter {
/** Generate a random character between ch1 and ch2 */
public static char getRandomCharacter(char ch1, char ch2) {
return (char)(ch1 + Math.random() * (ch2 - ch1 + 1)); }

/** Generate a random lowercase letter */

public static char getRandomLowerCaseLetter() {
return getRandomCharacter('a', 'z'); }

/** Generate a random uppercase letter */

public static char getRandomUpperCaseLetter() {
return getRandomCharacter('A', 'Z'); }

/** Generate a random digit character */

public static char getRandomDigitCharacter() {
return getRandomCharacter('0', '9'); }

/** Generate a random character */

public static char getRandomCharacter() {
return getRandomCharacter('\u0000', '\uFFFF'); }
} 18 18
Class RandomCharacter
// Test class RandomCharacters
// class RandomCharacters methods are all static
public class TestRandomCharacters
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.print("A random character between 'a' and 'z' is: ");
System.out.println(RandomCharacter.getRandomLowerCaseLetter());

System.out.print("A random character between 'A' and 'Z' is: ");

System.out.println(RandomCharacter.getRandomUpperCaseLetter());

System.out.print("A random character between '0' and '9' is: ");

System.out.println(RandomCharacter.getRandomDigitCharacter());

System.out.print("A random character between 'g' and 'm' is: ");

System.out.println(RandomCharacter.getRandomCharacter('g', 'm'));

System.out.print("A random character between '3' and '7' is: ");

System.out.println(RandomCharacter.getRandomCharacter('3', '7'));

System.out.print("A random character between '!' and '*' is: ");

System.out.println(RandomCharacter.getRandomCharacter('!', '*'));
}
}
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3. Character Data Type

Stop and Record…

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3. Character Data Type
A char variable stores a single character.
Character literals are delimited by single quotes:
'a' 'X' '7' '$' ',' '\n' '\t'

Example declarations:
char topGrade = 'A';
char terminator = ';', separator = ' ';

Note the distinction between a primitive char variable, which

holds only one character, and a String object, which can
hold multiple characters.

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Character Type - Revisited
char letter = 'A'; Four hexadecimal digits.

char numChar = '4';

char letter = '\u0041'; //Unicode for A
char numChar = '\u0034'; //Unicode for character 4

NOTE: The increment and decrement operators can also be used on char
variables to get the next or preceding Unicode character. For example, the
following statements display character b.
char ch = 'c';
ch = ch + 1;
System.out.println(ch); //prints character d
ch = ch - 2;
System.out.println(ch); //prints character b

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ASCII Code in Decimal

Characters Code Value in Decimal Unicode Value

'0' to '9' 48 to 57 \u0030 to \u0039

'A' to 'Z' 65 to 90 \u0041 to \u005A
'a' to 'z' 97 to 122 \u0061 to \u007A
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Casting char Type

int i = 'a'; //Same as int i = (int)'a'; which is 97

char ch = 97; //Same as char ch = (char)97; which is 'a'

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Comparing char Type

if (ch >= 'A' && ch <= 'Z')

System.out.println(ch + " is an uppercase letter");
else if (ch >= 'a' && ch <= 'z')
System.out.println(ch + " is a lowercase letter");
else if (ch >= '0' && ch <= '9')
System.out.println(ch + " is a numeric character");

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Class Character Methods

Method Description

isDigit(ch) Returns true i f the specified character is a digit.

isLetter(ch) Returns true i f the specified character is a letter.
isLetterOrDigit(ch) Returns true i f the specified character is a letter or digit .
isLowerCase(ch) Returns true i f the specified character is a lowercase let ter.
isUpperCase(ch) Returns true i f the specified character is an uppercase letter.
toLowerCase(ch) Returns the lowercase of th e specified character.
toUpperCase(ch) Returns the uppercase of th e specified character.

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Class Character Methods
Character ch1 = new Character('b'); //object NOT char type
Character ch2 = new Character(‘9'); //object NOT char type

Character.isLowerCase(ch1) returns true

Character.isLetterOrDigit(ch1) returns true
Character.isDigit(ch1) returns false
Character.isDigit(ch2) returns true
Character.toUpperCase(ch1) returns B

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Class Character Test
// Class Character Test
import java.util.Scanner;
public class CharacterTest
{
public static void main (String[] args)
{
Character ch1 = new Character('b'); //object NOT char type
Character ch2 = new Character('9'); //object NOT char type

System.out.println(Character.isLowerCase(ch1)); //returns true

System.out.println(Character.isLetterOrDigit(ch1)); //returns true
System.out.println(Character.isDigit(ch1)); //returns false
System.out.println(Character.isDigit(ch2)); //returns true
System.out.println(Character.toUpperCase(ch1)); //returns B

char ch3 = 'R'; // char type variable

char ch4 = '7'; // char type variable
char ch5 = '*'; // char type variable

System.out.println(Character.isLowerCase(ch3)); //returns false

System.out.println(Character.isLetterOrDigit(ch5)); //returns false
System.out.println(Character.isDigit(ch4)); //returns true
System.out.println(Character.isDigit(ch5)); //returns false
System.out.println(Character.toLowerCase(ch3)); //returns r
}
}
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Escape Sequences
Description Escape Sequence Unicode
Backspace \b \u0008
Tab \t \u0009
Linefeed \n \u000A
Carriage return \r \u000D
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Backslash \\ \u005C
Single Quote \' \u0027
Double Quote \" \u0022

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 4. Class String
• To create a String object, we need to declare a variables
of type String:
String title = "Java Software Solutions";

• Each string literal (enclosed in double quotes) represents

a String object

• Once a String object has been created, neither its value

nor its length can be changed. Thus, String objects are
immutable

• The String type is not a primitive type. It is a class type

and known as a object or reference type.

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 String Methods

• However, several methods of the String class return

new String objects that are modified versions of the
original string

• A String object is a sequence of characters (known as

Single-Dimensional Array).
String courseName = "CS 2301";
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
C S 2 3 0 1

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String Index Values
• It is occasionally helpful to refer to a particular character
within a string

• This can be done by specifying the character's numeric

index (position)

• The indexes begin at zero in each string

• In the string "Hello", the character 'H' is at index 0
and the 'o' is at index 4

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Getting Characters from a String

String message = "Welcome to Java";

char ch = message.charAt(0);
System.out.println("The first character in message is “ + ch);

String message = "Welcome to Java";

int messageLength = message.length();
System.out.println("The length of message is " + messageLength);

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String Concatenation
// Three strings are concatenated
String message = "Welcome " + "to " + "Java";

// String Chapter is concatenated with number 2

String s = "Chapter" + 2; // s becomes Chapter2

// String Supplement is concatenated with character B

String s1 = "Supplement" + 'B'; // s1 becomes SupplementB

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Example
public class StringMutation
{
// Prints a string and various mutations of it.
public static void main (String[] args)
{
String phrase = "Change is inevitable";
String mutation1, mutation2, mutation3, mutation4;

System.out.println ("Original string: \"" + phrase + "\"");

System.out.println ("Length of string: " + phrase.length());

mutation1 = phrase.concat(", except from vending machines.");

mutation2 = mutation1.toUpperCase();
mutation3 = mutation2.replace ('E', 'X');
mutation4 = mutation3.substring (3, 30); //excluding position 30
System.out.println ("Mutation #1: " + mutation1);
System.out.println ("Mutation #2: " + mutation2);
System.out.println ("Mutation #3: " + mutation3);
System.out.println ("Mutation #4: " + mutation4);

System.out.println ("Mutated length: " + mutation4.length());

}
} 35
Example
Output:

Original string: "Change is inevitable"

Length of string: 20
Mutation #1: Change is inevitable, except from vending machines.
Mutation #2: CHANGE IS INEVITABLE, EXCEPT FROM VENDING MACHINES.
Mutation #3: CHANGX IS INXVITABLX, XXCXPT FROM VXNDING MACHINXS.
Mutation #4: NGX IS INXVITABLX, XXCXPT F
Mutated length: 27

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Other String Methods
String S1 = "Welcome";
String S2 = new String(char[]);
S2 = " Hello! ";
char ch = S1.charAt(index);
int length = S1.length();
int index = S1.indexOf(ch);
int index = S1.lastIndexOf(ch);
boolean b = S1.equals(S2);
boolean b = S1.equalsIgnoreCase(S2);
boolean b = S1.startsWith(S2);
Boolean b = S1.endsWith(S2);
String S = S1.toUpperCase();
String S = S2.toLowerCase();
String S = S2.substring(i); //from position i to last position
String S = S2.substring(i,j); //excluding j position
String S = S2.replace(ch1,ch2);
String S = S2.trim(); //returns "Hello!", no spaces
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Reading Strings

Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);

System.out.print("Enter three words separated by spaces: ");
String s1 = input.next();
String s2 = input.next();
String s3 = input.next();
System.out.println(“First word is " + s1);
System.out.println(“Second word is " + s2);
System.out.println(“Third word is " + s3);

Note: If we use
String s1 = input.nextLine();
s1 contains all typed characters until we press the "Enter" key.

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Reading Characters

//Characters are read as strings

Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);

System.out.print("Enter a character: ");
String s = input.nextLine(); //must press the Enter key
char ch = s.charAt(0);
System.out.println("The entered character is " + ch);

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Comparing Strings
Method Description

equals(s1) Returns true if this string is equal to string s1.

equalsIgnoreCase(s1) Returns true if this string is equal to string s1; it is case insensitive.
compareTo(s1) Returns an integer greater than 0, equal to 0, or less than 0 to indicate whether
this string is greater than, equal to, or less than s1.
compareToIgnoreCase(s1) Same as compareTo except that the comparison is case insensitive.
startsWith(prefix) Returns true if this string starts with the specified prefix.
endsWith(suffix) Returns true if this string ends with the specified suffix.

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Obtaining Substrings
Method Description

substring(beginIndex) Returns this string’s substring that begins with the character at the specified
beginIndex and extends to the end of the string, as shown in Figure 4.2.

substring(beginIndex, Returns this string’s substring that begins at the specified beginIndex and
endIndex) extends to the character at index endIndex – 1, as shown in Figure 9.6.
Note that the character at endIndex is not part of the substring.

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 indexOf() method
Method Description

indexOf(ch) Returns the index of the first occurrence of ch in the string. Returns -1 if not
matched.
indexOf(ch, fromIndex) Returns the index of the first occurrence of ch after fromIndex in the string.
Returns -1 if not matched.
indexOf(s) Returns the index of the first occurrence of string s in this string. Returns -1 if
not matched.
indexOf(s, fromIndex) Returns the index of the first occurrence of string s in this string after
fromIndex. Returns -1 if not matched.
lastIndexOf(ch) Returns the index of the last occurrence of ch in the string. Returns -1 if not
matched.
lastIndexOf(ch, Returns the index of the last occurrence of ch before fromIndex in this
fromIndex) string. Returns -1 if not matched.
lastIndexOf(s) Returns the index of the last occurrence of string s. Returns -1 if not matched.
lastIndexOf(s, Returns the index of the last occurrence of string s before fromIndex.
fromIndex) Returns -1 if not matched.

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Conversion of Strings/Numbers

You can convert strings of digits to numbers:

String intString = “123”;
int intValue = Integer.parseInt(intString);

String doubleString = “123.456”;

double doubleValue = Double.parseDouble(doubleString);

You can convert numbers to strings:

int number = 123456;
String s = "" + number; //gives "123456"

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5. printf() Statement
Use the printf statement.

System.out.printf(format, items);

Where format is a string that may consist of substrings and

format specifiers.

A format specifier specifies how an item should be displayed.

An item may be a numeric value, character, boolean value, or a

string.

Each specifier begins with a percent (%) sign.

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 Frequently-Used Specifiers
Specifier Output Example .
%b a boolean value true or false
%c a character 'a'
%d a decimal integer 200
%f a floating-point number 45.4600000
%e a standard scientific notation 4.556000e+01
%s a string "Java is cool"

int count = 5;
items
double amount = 45.56;
System.out.printf("count is %d and amount is %f", count, amount);

Output: count is 5 and amount is 45.5600000

Homework: Type and run program FormatDemo, listing 4.6, page 148. It shows
how to display tabulated outputs using printf() statement.
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End of Chapter 4

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