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Lecture#06

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9 views

Lecture#06

Uploaded by

maryamsaleem272006
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Operations of Computer Computer Systems

Memory Unit

By Ammara Gillani
Understand why memory is
required

Learning
Objectives
Identify different types of
memory
Storage Units BIT
Bit is the smallest unit of
Triangular Bits difference memory
Bit is abbreviated as
Binary Digit
Bit can be 1 or 0
so memory is a space in
computer which stores
information in the form of
0 and 1.

Memory Space Limitations


Bit
KB
MB
GB
TB
ZB
Memory
Memory is a important part of Computer.
Without memory there would be no computer.
It is used for storing both Instrcutions executed and Data.
The CPU accesses each location in the memory by using a technique
number called as Memory Address.
Memory helps to save Data.
User can save Information, data, programs etc.
These Insruction we can save in memory with the help of CPU.
Memory Types
There are two types of memory

Primary Memory Secondary Memory

Volatile Memory Non-Volatile Memory

Random Access Read Only


Memory(RAM) Memory(ROM)
Primary Memory
Primary memory is a computer’s memory that is accessed Types of Random Access Memory (RAM):
first or directly by a processor or computer.
It enables a processor to access ongoing execution apps
and services temporarily saved in a specified memory.
In primary memory contents lost when we turn off our DRAM (Dynamic RAM)
Computer.
Primary memory loads all running programmes, including
the basic operating system (OS), user interface, and any
user-installed and running software utility, as soon as a
computer boots up. SRAM (Static RAM)
When a programme or application is launched in the
main memory, it interacts with the system processor to
complete all application-specific tasks.
DRAM (DYNAMIC RAM)
DRAM is widely used as the main memory in computers and other devices
Stores each bit of memory in capacitor in an integrated circuit.
Real capacitors leak charge so capacitors need to be refreshed periodically.
Simple structure (1 capacitor and 1 transistor per bit) so it has very high density.

SRAM (Static RAM)


Often used in smaller amounts for cache memory in CPUs, where speed is crucial.
Semi conductor memory
Uses flip flop to store each bit of memory so does not need to be periodically refreshed.
Fast and consumes low power.
Expensive and has complex structure(6 transitors) so not used for high capacity
applications.
Secondary Storage
Types of Read Only Memory (ROM):
Secondary storage is necessary for
longer term storage of files and data.
It is non-volatile, meaning data is PROM (Programmable ROM)
retained when power is lost.
It is generally much higher capacity than
main memory and can therefore store EROM (Erasable ROM)
large quantities of files.
Secondary storage includes magnetic
devices (HDD), solid-state drives (SSD),
EEPROM (Electric Erasable
optical media (CDs and DVDs), and Programmable ROM)
cloud storage.
PROM (Programmable Read Only
Memory)
Programmed to record the information using a facility PROM - programmer.

Once the information is recorded it cannot be changed

PROM is used in applications where the data needs to remain unchanged,

such as hardware settings or device configurations.

Once programmed, the data in a PROM chip is locked in permanently.


EPROM (Erasable Programmable
Read Only Memory)
Information can be erased and chip can reprogrammed to record

different information using PROM programmer.

Information is erased using UV(Ultravoilet) radiations


EEPROM (Electrically Erasable
Programmable Read Only
Memory)
Memory is erased by electrical signals
Provides easy means to store temporary or permamnet information
in the form of ROM memory.
EEPROM is just like a flash memory.
Flash Memory is a special types of EEPROM that can be erased and
repogrammed in blocks instead of one byte at a time.
Cache Memory
Cache memory is a tiny sort of volatile computer memory that stores frequently used
computer programmes, applications, and data and offers high-speed data access to a
CPU.
The cache is temporary memory storage that enables data retrieval to be simpler and
more efficient.
It is the fastest memory in a computer, typically built into the motherboard and directly
integrated with the processor or primary random access memory (RAM).
Cache memory decreases the average time it takes to access data from the Main
memory.
The cache is a smaller and speedier memory that stores duplicates of data from
frequently accessed central memory locations.
A CPU has several caches that store instructions and data.

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