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Principles of Flight Avex

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166 views

Principles of Flight Avex

Uploaded by

stephenvarga09
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Aviation Exam Review Notes

Principles Of Flight
Stephen Varga

Subsonic Aerodynamics

Angle of attack at CL MAX is always decreased with trailing edge flaps extended.

Slats increases AoA for CL MAX.

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What is lift?

- Lift is the total aerodynamic force, perpendicular to the undisturbed airflow. It is


created when the flow direction of a mass of air is changed by an aerofoil.
- L = ½ p V2(s)(CL)

How does coefficient of lift change?

- For example: With acceleration to cruise speed, coefficient of lift must decrease to
balance the equation in maintaining straight and level flight.

What will not change during straight and level flight with constant airspeed indication?

- Dynamic pressure. Dynamic pressure is converted into IAS reading of the ASI
(Air speed indicator)

2
Swept Wing Characteristics of Center of Pressure

Cl compared to Cd is much greater for conventional aerofoils. Typically 10:1 at 4 degrees


angle of attack.

The position of the Aerodynamic Center (AC) is independent of the position of the Center of
Pressure (CP)

Aspect Ratio of a Wing = (wingspan)2 / wingarea

Wingtip vortices are a result of spanwise flow from high static pressure air below the wing
mixing with low static pressure above the wing. The high static pressure spills into the low
pressure air in the wingtip area creating wingtip vortices. The strength of the vortex is
proportional to the aircraft weight, speed, type of wing and configuration.

Speed brakes, or spoilers, are aerodynamic surfaces on the wings of modern airplanes that
significantly increase parasite drag and helps the aircraft loose energy quickly and descent
rate during various phases of flight. When extending spoilers, angle of attacked is
unaffected and the margin to stall is unaffected.

3
Pitching moment of a Positive Camber aerofoil when AoA is 0 would be negative.

The relative thickness of a wing section is the ratio of maximum thickness to chord length.

4
The coefficient of drag Cd is the ratio of drag pressure to dynamic pressure. It is the drag
force experience by an object moving through a fluid (like air) to the dynamic pressure of
that fluid. The dynamic pressure is a measure of kinetic energy of the fluid flow. It can
characterize how aerodyunamically streamlined or draggy an object is in a given fluid.

The center of pressure (CP) of an aerofoil section is the point on the chord line through
which the resultant of all aerodynamic forces act.

5
High Speed Aerodynamics

6
A shockwave induced separation will have no noticeable effect on a T-Tail stabilizer.

- The T-tail configuration places the stabilizer and elevator high above the turbulent
airflow generated by the wing.

Average speed of sound near the ground

- 340 m/s
- 1224 km/h
- 661 kts

Sound passes through air by compressing and expanding distance between air molecules,
transmitting energy to neighbouring molecules. In warmer air, molecules move faster and
thus transmit sound energy quicker than cold air. The speed of sound ONLY varies with
temperature. As temperature increases so does the speed of sound.

LSS = 38.95 x √Absolute temperature (kelvin)

The movement of the aerodynamic center of the wing when it accelerates into the
transonic range causes an increase in static longitudinal stability (pitches down)

Aileron deflection only partly affects the pressure distribution in transonic flight compared
to subsonic flight

- Since pressure distribution is only affected if the deflection happens ahead of a


shockwave. Movement of a surface behind the shockwave will not influence the
pressure distribution.

Compressibility effects are significantly influenced by Mach Number, (the ratio of the speed
of an object to the speed of sound in the surrounding medium). Compressibility effects
become significant as an aircraft approaches and exceeds certain Mach numbers, typically
Mach 0.4 and higher. At these speeds, air can no longer be incompressible and shock
waves and variations in pressure distribution occur.

7
8
Transonic speed region starts around 0.75 (Mcrit) to 1.2

In high subsonic speed regions, the streamlines ahead of the wing change direction closer
to the leading edge, resulting in an increased Mach number for the low-speed stall. This
greater acceleration and pressure drop around the leading edge causes the stall speed to
increase at a higher altitude.

Wave Drag

- A result from shockwaves forming on a surface. Vortex generators help the flow
through the shockwave with must less separation and decreased wave drag.

When airflow passes through a normal shockwave

- Air temperature increases due to increased compression


- Mach Number decrease because the airflow speed drops from supersonic to
subsonic
- The total pressure decreases as energy is lost due to the sho waves irreversible
nature.

9
Swept wings increase the effective chord

- Sweep makes the effective chord longer so its ratio of chord to thickness is higher,
which delays the shockwave formation.

Larger nose radius reduces the speed difference of the airflow on the upper surface and
thus reduces shock wave intensity and flow separation.

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