Designing of 3 two-way Slabs:

1) Slabs supported on four sides:

i) Durability considerations:
Exposure classification: A2
Minimum fc = 25 MPa
Minimum aggregate size = 10 mm
For standard framework: required cover = 30 mm
ii) Fire resistance:
Occupancy: warehouse
Stories = 5
FRL = 120/120/120
Insulation: minimum thickness = 120 mm
Adequacy: Minimum 𝑎𝑠 = 20 𝑚𝑚
iii) Capacity reduction factors:
Bending without axial tension or compression:
13×𝑘𝑢0
∅𝑏 = 1.24 −
12
Shear and torsion:
∅𝑣 = 0.7
• Basic Assumptions:
𝐷𝐿𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑒𝑟 = 4 𝐾𝑃𝑎 , 𝐿𝐿 = 12 𝐾𝑝𝑎
 𝐸𝑠 = 2 × 105 𝑀𝑃𝑎 , 𝑓𝑦𝑠 = 500 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐴𝑑𝑜𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑐 = 32 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐸𝑐 = 30100 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 𝑙𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 𝑙𝑦
Calculating the internal forces: using simplified method for 2-way slabs
supported on 4 sides: (6.10.3)
Assumption for thickness: 200 mm
Load combination:
1.2 × 𝐷𝐿 + 1.5 × 𝐿𝐿 =
1.2(400 + 0.2 × 2500) + 1.5 × 1200 =
𝑘𝑔
2880 ⁄ 2 = 28.8 𝐾𝑃𝑎
𝑚
𝑙𝑦
Panel 𝑙𝑥 𝑙𝑥 𝛽𝑥 M (KN-m/m)
𝑙𝑥
𝑀𝑥∗+ = 𝛽𝑥 × 𝐹𝑑 × 𝐿2𝑥 = 0.035 × 28.8 × 52 = 25.20
Mid
𝑀𝑦∗+ = 𝛽𝑦 × 𝐹𝑑 × 𝐿2𝑥 = 0.028 × 28.8 × 5.52 = 24.40
𝛽𝑥 = 0.035 𝑀𝑥∗− = 1.33 × 𝑀𝑥∗ = 1.33 × 25.20 = 33.51
P1 5 5.5 1.1 𝛽𝑦 = 0.028 cont
𝑅𝐶 = 3.75 × 4.12 𝑀𝑦∗− = 1.33 × 𝑀𝑦∗ = 1.33 × 24.40 = 32.45
𝑀𝑥∗− = 0.5 × 𝑀𝑥∗ = 0.5 × 25.20 = 12.60
discont
𝑀𝑦∗− = 0.5 × 𝑀𝑦∗ = 0.5 × 24.40 = 12.20
𝑀𝑥∗+ = 𝛽𝑥 × 𝐹𝑑 × 𝐿2𝑥 = 0.041 × 28.8 × 5.52 = 35.7
Mid
𝑀𝑦∗+ = 𝛽𝑦 × 𝐹𝑑 × 𝐿2𝑥 = 0.035 × 28.8 × 62 = 36.3
𝛽𝑥 = 0.041 𝑀𝑥∗− = 1.33 × 𝑀𝑥∗ = 1.33 × 35.70 = 47.50
P2 5.5 6 1.1 𝛽𝑦 = 0.035 cont
𝑅𝐶 = 4.12 × 4.50 𝑀𝑦∗− = 1.33 × 𝑀𝑦∗ = 1.33 × 36.30 = 48.30
𝑀𝑥∗− = 0.5 × 𝑀𝑥∗ = 1.33 × 35.7 = 17.75
discont
𝑀𝑦∗− = 0.5 × 𝑀𝑦∗ = 1.33 × 30.5 = 18.15
Mid 𝑀𝑥∗+ = 𝛽𝑥 × 𝐹𝑑 × 𝐿2𝑥 = 0.028 × 28.8 × 5.52 = 24.40
𝑀𝑦∗+ = 𝛽𝑦 × 𝐹𝑑 × 𝐿2𝑥 = 0.024 × 28.8 × 62 = 24.90
𝛽𝑥 = 0.028 cont 𝑀𝑥∗− = 1.33 × 𝑀𝑥∗ = 1.33 × 24.40 = 32.45
P3 5.5 6 1.1 𝛽𝑦 = 0.024
𝑅𝐶 = 4.31 × 5.32 𝑀𝑦∗− = 1.33 × 𝑀𝑦∗ = 1.33 × 24.90 = 33.11
discont 𝑀𝑥∗− = 0.5 × 𝑀𝑥∗ = 0.5 × 35.7 = 12.20
𝑀𝑦∗− = 0.5 × 𝑀𝑦∗ = 0.5 × 30.5 = 12.45

The above figures are shown on the plan (#01), but since on some supports there are different moments
on each side, either that support should be reinforced for the maximum moment or the moments off
that support should be redistributed (6.103.2). Using KANI method picture #02 is the redistributed state
of internal forces:
Now, having the internal forces of the slabs, strips are designed (for 1 meter of width:
𝑀∗ 38000
𝑀𝑛 = = = 44706 𝑁 − 𝑚
∅ 0.85
𝑥 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: 𝑑 = 20 − 3 − 0.6 = 16.4 𝑐𝑚
𝑦 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: 𝑑 = 20 − 3 − 1.2 − 0.6 = 15.2 𝑐𝑚
→ 𝑎0 = 0.2 × 15.2 = 3.04 𝑐𝑚
𝛼2 = 0.85 − 0.0015 × 32 = 0.80
𝛾 = 0.97 − 0.0025 × 32 = 0.89
44706
𝐴𝑠0 = = 0.0006526 𝑚2
500 × 106 × 0.137
500000000 × 0.0006526
𝑎1 = = 0.0127 𝑚 →
1 × 0.8 × 32000000
44706
𝐴𝑠1 = = 0.00061388 𝑚2
0.0127
500 × 106 × (0.152 − 2 )
𝑈𝑆𝐸 ∅12 @ 15 𝑐𝑚 → 𝐴𝑠 = 0.000678 𝑐𝑚2 𝑂𝐾
𝐷 2 𝑓𝑐𝑡,𝑓
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.19 × ( ) ×𝑏×𝑑 =
𝑑 𝑓𝑦𝑠

200 2 0.6 × √32

0.19 × ( ) × 1000 × 152 = 339 𝑚𝑚2 < 678 𝑚𝑚2 𝑂𝐾
152 500
500000000 × 0.000678
𝑎1 = = 0.0132 𝑚
1 × 0.8 × 32000000
𝑎 0.0132
𝑎 = 𝛾 × 𝑘𝑢 × 𝑑 → 𝑘𝑢 = = = 0.097 > 0.36 𝑂𝐾
𝛾 × 𝑑 0.89 × 0.152
Check for capacity factor:
𝑥
𝑘𝑢0 = → 𝑥 = 𝑘𝑢 × 𝑑 → ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: 𝑑0 = 𝑑 → 𝑘𝑢0 = 𝑘𝑢 = 0.097
𝑑0
𝑘𝑢0
∅ = 1.24 − 13 × < 0.85 → ∅ = 0.85 𝑂𝐾
12
(Design for shear, deflection, crack and vibration was skipped)
 2) Slabs supported on columns:
Durability and fire resistance are the same as previous section, thus:

• Basic Assumptions:
𝐷𝐿𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑒𝑟 = 4 𝐾𝑃𝑎 , 𝐿𝐿 = 12 𝐾𝑝𝑎
𝐸𝑠 = 2 × 105 𝑀𝑃𝑎 , 𝑓𝑦𝑠 = 500 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐴𝑑𝑜𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑐 = 42 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐸𝑐 = 32800 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 𝑙𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 𝑙𝑦
Calculating the internal forces: using simplified method for 2-way slabs
supported on 4 sides: (6.10.4)
Assumption for thickness: 200 mm
Load combination:
1.2 × 𝐷𝐿 + 1.5 × 𝐿𝐿 =
1.2(400 + 0.2 × 2500) + 1.5 × 1200 =
𝑘𝑔
2880 ⁄ 2 = 28.8 𝐾𝑃𝑎
𝑚
Design strips are shown in picture below:
 𝐿𝑢 𝑀0

strip span 𝐹𝑑 𝐿1 𝐿 𝐹𝑑 × 𝐿1 × 𝐿2𝑢

Facror
𝐿 − 0.7 × ∑ 𝑎 =
8

1 28.8 3 6 5.65 345 KN-m 0.25 , 0.50 , 0.75

S1 2 28.8 3 6 5.65 345 KN-m 0.65 , 0.35 , 0.65

3 28.8 3 6 5.65 345 KN-m 0.75 , 0.5 , 0.25

1 28.8 6 6 5.65 690 KN-m 0.425 , 0.425 , 0.70

S2 2 28.8 6 6 5.65 690 KN-m 0.65 , 0.35 , 0.65

3 28.8 6 6 5.65 690 KN-m 0.70 , 0.425 , 0.425

1 28.8 6 6 5.65 690 KN-m 0.425 , 0.425 , 0.70

S3 2 28.8 6 6 5.65 690 KN-m 0.65 , 0.35 , 0.65

3 28.8 6 6 5.65 690 KN-m 0.70 , 0.425 , 0.425

1 28.8 3 6 5.65 345 KN-m 0.25 , 0.50 , 0.75

S4 2 28.8 3 6 5.65 345 KN-m 0.65 , 0.35 , 0.65

3 28.8 3 6 5.65 345 KN-m 0.75 , 0.5 , 0.25

Calculating of 𝛼𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛽1 for beams and walls:

𝐸𝑐𝑏 × 𝐼𝑏
𝛼𝑓 = , 𝐸𝑐𝑏 = 𝐸𝑐𝑠
𝐸𝑐𝑠 × 𝐼𝑠
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 1 & 2 & 3 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 1:
𝑏𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚−𝑒𝑓𝑓 (8.8.2) = 𝑏𝑤 + 0.1 × 𝑎 = 𝑏𝑤 + 0.1 × (0.7 × 𝐿) = 0.5 + 0.1 × 0.7 × 6 = 0.92 𝑚

𝐼𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 = 699109 𝑐𝑚4

𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 2 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 3:
𝑏𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚−𝑒𝑓𝑓 (8.8.2) = 𝑏𝑤 + 0.2 × 𝑎 = 𝑏𝑤 + 0.2 × (0.7 × 𝐿) = 0.3 + 0.2 × 0.7 × 6 = 1.14 𝑚

𝐼𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 103569468 𝑐𝑚4

For slab of s1 & s4:
𝑏 × ℎ3
𝑏 = 300 → 𝐼𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 = = 675000 𝑐𝑚4
12
For slab of s2 & s3:
𝑏 × ℎ3
𝑏 = 600 → 𝐼𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 = = 1350000 𝑐𝑚4
12
𝐸𝑐𝑏 × 𝐼𝑏 699109
𝛼𝑓(𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 1 2 3) = = = 1.036
𝐸𝑐𝑠 × 𝐼𝑠 675000
𝐸𝑐𝑏 × 𝐼𝑏 103569468 𝑙2 𝑙2
𝛼𝑓(𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙) = = = 76.71 → 𝛼𝑓 >1 → 𝛼𝑓 =1
𝐸𝑐𝑠 × 𝐼𝑠 1350000 𝑙1 𝑙1

For edge wall within s2:

𝑥 𝑥3 × 𝑦
𝐶 = ∑ (1 − 0.63 ) × =
𝑦 3
30 303 × 300 30 303 × 64
(1 − 0.63 × )× + (1 − 0.63 × ) × = 2935800 𝑐𝑚4
300 3 64 3
𝐸𝑐𝑏 × 𝐶 2935800
𝛽1 = = = 1.087
2 × 𝐸𝑐𝑠 × 𝐼 2 × 1350000
 M Column M Middle
Column strip strip
𝑙2 Rev
strip span place 𝑀0 𝑙1 𝑙2 𝛼𝑓 𝛼𝑓 × 𝛽1 strip
𝑙1 Factor
factor

St -86.25 1 1 -86.25 0.00

1 Mid +172.50 5.65 3 1.036 0.55 0 0.76 0.7 120.75 51.75

end -258.75 0.82 0.82 -212.18 -46.58

St -224.25 0.82 0.82 -183.89 -40.37

1 2 Mid +120.75 5.62 3 1.036 0.55 0 0.76 0.7 84.53 36.23

end -224.25 0.82 0.82 -183.89 -40.37

St -258.75 0.82 0.82 -212.18 -46.58

3 Mid +172.50 5.62 3 1.036 0.55 0 0.76 0.7 120.75 51.75

end -86.25 1 1 -86.25 0.00

St -293.25 0.89 0.89 -260.99 -32.26

1 Mid +293.25 5.65 6 0 0 1.087 0.6 0.6 175.95 117.30

end -483.00 0.75 0.75 -362.25 -120.75

St -448.50 0.75 0.75 -336.38 -112.13

2 2 Mid +241.50 5.65 6 0 0 0 0.6 0.6 144.90 96.60

end -448.50 0.75 0.75 -336.38 -112.13

St -483.00 0.75 0.75 -362.25 -120.75

3 Mid +293.50 5.65 6 0 0 1.087 0.6 0.6 176.10 117.40

end -293.50 0.89 0.89 -261.22 -32.29

St -293.25 0.89 0.89 -260.99 -32.26

1 Mid +293.25 5.65 6 0 0 1.087 0.6 0.6 175.95 117.30

3 end -483.00 0.75 0.75 -362.25 -120.75

St -448.50 0.76 0.76 -340.86 -107.64

2 5.65 6 76.71 1 0
Mid +241.50 0.77 0.7 169.05 72.45
 end -448.50 0.76 0.76 -340.86 -107.64

St -483.00 0.75 0.75 -362.25 -120.75

3 Mid +293.50 5.65 6 0 0 1.087 0.6 0.6 176.10 117.40

end -293.50 0.89 0.89 -261.22 -32.29

St -86.25 1 1 -86.25 0.00

1 Mid +172.50 5.65 3 0 0 0 0.6 0.6 103.50 69.00

end -258.75 0.75 0.75 -194.06 -64.69

St -224.25 0.75 0.75 -168.19 -56.06

4 2 Mid +120.75 5.65 3 0 0 0 0.6 0.6 72.45 48.30

end -224.25 0.75 0.75 -168.19 -56.06

St -258.75 0.75 0.75 -194.06 -64.69

3 Mid +172.50 5.65 3 0 0 0 0.6 0.6 103.50 69.00

end -86.25 1 1 -86.25 0.00

The above amounts for column bending moments are are allocated to corresponding areas on plan. In
addition, the amounts for middle stripes are proportionally divided among adjacent middle strips (in
proportion to the width of middle strips) which means each middle stripe took shares from 2 adjacent
column strip. The sum of these 2 shares is the ultimate bending moment of middle stripes. Then, the
moments of 2 sides of each column with different bending moment were balanced by considering the
greater amount for both sides. The final amounts of bending moments are shown in the picture below:
(only for X direction, and left half of the floor as the floor is symmetrical)
Assumption 1: USE N12@150mm with no compressive reinforceent:

(Direction X, design of the 3rd column stirrup from top, width=3 m)

3
𝐴𝑠 = ( + 1) × 0.00011304 = 0.002374 𝑚2
0.15
𝐷 = 0.30 𝑚

𝑑 = 0.3 − 0.03 − 0.01 − 0.012 − 0.006 = 0.242 𝑚

𝑓𝑐 = 40 𝑀𝑝𝑎 , 𝐸𝑐 = 32800 𝑀𝑝𝑎 , 𝑓𝑦𝑠′ = 500 𝑀𝑃𝑎 , 𝐸𝑠 = 2 × 106

𝛼 = 0.85 − 0.0015 × 𝑓𝑐 = 0.85 − 0.0015 × 40 = 0.79

𝛾 = 0.97 − 0.0025 × 𝑓𝑐 = 0.97 − 0.0025 × 40 = 0.87

𝑇 = 𝐶𝑐 → 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1:

𝐴𝑠 × 𝑓𝑦 0.002374 × 500
𝐴𝑠 × 𝑓𝑦 = 𝑎 × 𝑏 × 𝛼 × 𝑓𝑐 → 𝑎 = = = 0.0125 𝑚
𝑏 × 𝛼 × 𝑓𝑐 3 × 0.79 × 40
 𝑎
𝑎 = 0.0125 → 𝑘𝑢 = = 0.058 , 𝑥 = 𝑘𝑢 × 𝑑 = 0.0121
𝛾×𝑑
𝑘𝑢
∅ = 1.24 − 13 × = 1.17 → ∅ = 0.85
12
𝑎
∅ × 𝑀𝑛 = ∅ × 𝐴𝑠 × 𝑓𝑦 × (𝑑 − )
2
0.0125
= 0.85 × 0.002374 × 500 × 106 × (0.242 − )
2
= 237 𝐾𝑁 − 𝑚

• Check for ku:

𝑘𝑢 < 0.36 → 0.058 < 0.36
• Check for minimum As:
𝐷 2 𝑓𝑐𝑡.𝑓
0.24 × ( ) × ×𝑏×𝑑
𝑑 𝑓𝑦
0.3 2 0.6 × √40
= 0.24 × ( ) × × 3000 × 242
0.242 500
= 2032 𝑚𝑚2 < 2374 𝑚𝑚2
• Check for max As:
𝜌′ = 0
𝛾 × 𝛼 × 𝑓𝑐 0.003
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ( )=
𝑓𝑦 0.003 + 𝜀𝑡.𝑚𝑖𝑛
0.87 × 0.79 × 40 0.003
( ) = 0.0206
500 0.003 + 0.005
𝜌𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 ≤ 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 𝜌′ →
0.002374 < (0.0206 + 0) = 0.0206
• 𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑘 𝑖𝑓 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑦𝑒𝑖𝑙𝑑
𝑑−𝑥
𝜀𝑠 = 0.003 × = 0.057
𝑥
Now that the assumed mesh is enough to resist against a bending moment of 273
KN-m, wherever on floor a bending moment greater than that is imposed the slab
should be design for the difference of that moment and 273 and doubly tensile
bars should be added to mesh at that area. To save time, this procedure has been
skipped.
Shear design:
thickness: 300 mm
Load combination:
1.2 × 𝐷𝐿 + 1.5 × 𝐿𝐿 =
1.2(400 + 0.3 × 2500) + 1.5 × 1200 =
𝑘𝑔
3200 ⁄ 2 = 32 𝐾𝑃𝑎
𝑚
I) Design for direct shear: the direct shear across the width of strip should
be designed according to shear design section for beams (8.2). However,
all the shear force should be resisted by concrete so that no shear
reinforcement across the floor is needed.

To determine the shear force, each span of a strip (column or middle)

with its ultimate moments are taken out and using static equation the shear
forces are calculated for example for the second column strip from above and
for its first span (width=3 m):

𝑉𝐿 = 242 𝐾𝑁 , 𝑉𝑅 = 276 𝐾𝑁

𝑑𝑔 = 10 𝑚𝑚 , 𝑑𝑣 = 0.9 × 𝑑 = 0.217
200 200
𝑘𝑣 (𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑚𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑑 8.2.4.3) = = = 0.15
1000 + 1.3 × 𝑑𝑣 1000 + 1.3 × 217

∅ × 𝑉𝑢𝑐 = 0.7 × 0.15 × 3000 × 217 × √40 = 431 𝐾𝑁

> 276 𝑂𝐾(𝑛𝑜 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑑)
 II) Design for punch:
The punch shear will be evaluated for the column located at bottom left
corner (A-4) and the column B-2.
For column B-2:
According to 6.10.4.5 the unbalanced Moment for interior spans shall
not be taken less than:
0.06 × [(1.2 × 𝐺 + 0.75 × 𝑄) × 𝐿1 × 𝐿20 − 1.2 × 𝐺 × 𝐿1 × (𝐿′0 )2 ]
𝑀∗ = 0.06 × [(1.2 × 6.5 + 0.75 × 12) × 6 × 5.652
− 1.2 × 6.5 × 6 × (5.65)2 ] = 115 𝐾𝑁 − 𝑚
𝑉 ∗ = (36 − 0.52 ) × 32 = 2 × 362 = 1144 𝐾𝑁
242
𝑑0𝑚 = 242 𝑚𝑚 , 𝑎 = 500 + × 2 = 742 𝑚𝑚
2

𝑢 = (500 + 242) × 2 = 2968 𝑚𝑚 , 𝛽ℎ = 1

Assumption 1: no shear head is used

2
𝑓𝑐𝑣 = 0.17 (1 + ) √𝑓𝑐 < 0.34√𝑓𝑐 → 𝑓𝑐𝑣 = max(3.22 , 2.15) = 2.15
𝛽ℎ

𝑉𝑢0 = 𝑢 × 𝑑0𝑚 × (𝑓𝑐𝑣 + 0) = 2968 × 242 × 2.15 = 1544 𝐾𝑁

𝑉0𝑚
∅ × 𝑉𝑢 = ∅ × =
𝑢 × 𝑀∗
1+
8 × 𝑉 ∗ × 𝑎 × 𝑑0𝑚
1544
0.7 × = 895 𝐾𝑁
2.968 × 115
1+
8 × 1144 × 0.742 × 0.242
The Vu0 is less than V* so the assumption 1 should change:

Using shear head: (closed fitments or steel arms):

𝑉𝑢0 = 𝑢 × 𝑑0𝑚 × (0.5 × √𝑓𝑐 + 0) < 0.2 × 𝑢 × 𝑑0𝑚 × 𝑓𝑐

𝑉𝑢0 = 2968 × 242 × (0.5 × √40 + 0) = 2271 𝐾𝑁 N

𝑉0𝑚 2271
∅ × 𝑉𝑢 = ∅ × ∗ = 0.7 ×
𝑢×𝑀 2.968 × 115
1+ ∗ 1 +
8 × 𝑉 × 𝑎 × 𝑑0𝑚 8 × 1144 × 0.742 × 0.242
= 1324 𝐾𝑁

Here, as t is shown above, the ultimate shear strength of the slab at the face of
support using shear head (1324 KN) is more than the V* (1144), so using drop
panel is not necessary, and the shear head itself shall be designed, but to show
what should be done if even using a shear head doesn’t make the Vu enough to
resist the V*, we assume the amount of V* is double (V*=2288 KN) so using drop
panel is necessary, now to design drop panel:

𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ∶ 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑣𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝 𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 = 450 𝑚𝑚

→ 𝑑0𝑚 = 392 𝑚𝑚

If no shear head is used:

𝑉𝑢0 = 𝑢 × 𝑑0𝑚 × (𝑓𝑐𝑣 + 0) = 2968 × 392 × 2.15 = 2500 𝐾𝑁

𝑉0𝑚
∅ × 𝑉𝑢 = ∅ × =
𝑢 × 𝑀∗
1+
8 × 𝑉 ∗ × 𝑎 × 𝑑0𝑚
2500
0.7 × = 1644 𝐾𝑁
2.968 × 115
1+
8 × 2288 × 0.742 × 0.392
Thus, shear head shall be used:

𝑉𝑢0 = 2968 × 392 × (0.5 × √40 + 0) = 3679 𝐾𝑁 N

𝑉0𝑚 3679
∅ × 𝑉𝑢 = ∅ × ∗ = 0.7 ×
𝑢×𝑀 2.968 × 115
1+ 1+
8 × 𝑉 ∗ × 𝑎 × 𝑑0𝑚 8 × 2288 × 0.742 × 0.392
= 2420 𝐾𝑁 > 2288 𝐾𝑁
As shown above, using a drop panel with total depth of 450mm gives an ultimate
shear resistance of 2420 KN which is more than assumed shear force 2288 KN.
Now to determine the length and width of the drop panel, the ultimate shear
force of slab at the end of drop panel is calculated (in other words, where drop
panel and/or the shear head ends, only concrete itself has to resist the assumed
shear force V*=2288, which means d0m should be equal to the d0m of the slab)

Calculating the dimensions of the drop panel:

𝑢 × 𝑑0𝑚 × (𝑓𝑐𝑣 + 0)
2288000 = ∅ × →
𝑢 × 𝑀∗
1+
8 × 𝑉 ∗ × 𝑎 × 𝑑0𝑚
𝑢 × 242 × 2.15
22880000 = 0.7 × →
𝑢 × 115 × 1000
1+
8 × 2288 × 742 × 242
364.21 × 𝑢
2288000 =
1 + 0.00003499 × 𝑢
→ 2288000 + 80.05 × 𝑢 = 364.21 × 𝑢 → 𝑢 = 8051 𝑚𝑚

The value of u calculated above is the critical perimeter of a section in which the
slab merely is enough to resist the V*. By dividing the u by 4 the length of drop
panel is calculated.

𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝 𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙: 2000 × 2000 × 450 𝑚𝑚

Now, the design of shear head is done according to the real value of shear force
(V*=1144 KN)

The shear head shall be designed for the difference shear force between the
ultimate strength of slab without shear head and with shear head:
∗
𝑉𝑠ℎ𝑟 = 𝑉𝑢, 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 − 𝑉𝑢, 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑

∗
𝑉𝑠ℎ𝑟 = 1324 − 895 = 429 𝐾𝑁
Calculating where the shear head should end: (similar to calculating where the
drop panel should end)

𝑢 × 𝑑0𝑚 × (𝑓𝑐𝑣 + 0)
1144000 = ∅ × →
𝑢 × 𝑀∗
1+
8 × 𝑉 ∗ × 𝑎 × 𝑑0𝑚
𝑢 × 242 × 2.15
1144000 = 0.7 × →
𝑢 × 115000
1+
8 × 1144 × 742 × 242
1144000 + 80.05 × 𝑢 = 364.21 × 𝑢 → 𝑢 = 4026 𝑚𝑚
4026 − 4 × 500 506
= 506 𝑚𝑚 → 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = + 242 = 600 𝑚𝑚
4 √2
a) Design with closed fitments:
∗
𝐴𝑣 𝑉𝑠ℎ𝑟 429000
= = = 2.87
𝑠 𝑑𝑣 × 𝑓𝑦 × cot(𝜃𝑣 ) 217 × 500 × cot(36)

𝑠 = 150 → 𝐴𝑣 = 430 𝑚𝑚2

→ 𝑎𝑡 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑎𝑟𝑚: 𝑈𝑠𝑒 1 × 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑖𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑁10 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 2 𝑙𝑒𝑔𝑠 @150

→ 𝐴𝑣 = 628 𝑚𝑚2 > 430

b) Design with steel arm:

The plastic bending moment for steel arm:
Since the experiments show that the share of steel arm from Vu is half, it
shall be designed for 0.5XVu
𝑙𝑣 = 𝑎𝑟𝑚 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑟ℎ = 600 𝑚𝑚
𝑐1 = 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑚 = 500 𝑚𝑚
ℎ𝑣 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑚 = 180 𝑚𝑚
𝐸𝑠 × 𝐼𝑠
𝛼𝑣 = > 0.15
𝐸𝑐 × 𝐼𝑐
 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: 𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝐼𝑃𝐸180
𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐼𝑐 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑠:
𝑎 𝑐𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑎 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑐2 + 𝑑
= 724 𝑚𝑚. 𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑚𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑡 𝑚𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑏𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑

𝑏 × ℎ3
𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑙𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐼𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑦 𝑏𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑠 0.5 × ,
12
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑏 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒:

724 × 3003
𝐼𝑐 = 0.5 × = 8145 × 105
12
𝐸𝑠 × 𝐼𝑠 2 × 200000 × 1320 × 104
𝛼𝑣 = = = 0.19 > 0.15
𝐸𝑐 × 𝐼𝑐 32800 × 8145 × 105
𝑉𝑈 𝑐1
𝑀𝑝∗ = [ℎ𝑉 + 𝛼𝑣 × (𝑙𝑣 − )] =
∅×2×𝑛 2
1144000 500
[180 + 0.19 × (600 − )] = 39.16 𝐾𝑁 − 𝑚
0.9 × 8 2
𝑀𝑝−𝐼𝑃𝐸180 = 𝑍 × 𝑓𝑦 = 166 × 2400 = 39.84 𝐾𝑁 − 𝑚 > 39.16 𝑂𝐾