IMRAD
IMRAD
By:
GUARTE, KIVEN R.
OVIEDO, MHARSHEEN U.
REGOYA, CEYLEN JHON B.
October 2024
ii
APPROVAL SHEET
NAME OF ADVISER
Research Adviser
ABSTRACT
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE i
APPROVAL SHEET ii
ABSTRACT iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS iv
INTRODUCTION Page
Definitions of Terms 13
METHOD
Research Design 14
Research Subject 14
Research Instrument 14
Level of >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 18
Significant >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 19
Conclusions 16
v
Recommendations 16
REFERENCES
Hinlayagan, K.R., 2018. A path analysis of customer loyalty of home grown coffee
Muller, J. (2018). The evolution of food delivery services in the digital age. Journal of
Lim, H., Widdows, R. and Park, J., 2006. M-loyalty: winning strategies for
Lu, Y., Zhang, L. and Wang, B., 2009. A multidimensional and hierarchical model of
Gupta, V. (2022). How the consumer's attitude and behavioral intentions are
Hong, L. M. (2021). Perceived risk on online store image towards purchase intention.
MDPI. (2020). Perceived risk and consumer behavior in online food delivery.
Sustainability
Zhao, Y., Zheng, X., & Zhou, W. (2022). Online food delivery: A systematic synthesis
of literature and a framework development. Food Policy, 103, 102049.
INTRODUCTION
A food delivery service allows customers to order meals from restaurants via
online platforms or apps, delivering food directly to their homes. Its popularity is
technological advancements and rising demand have attracted both restaurants and
smartphone app market, a large number of online food delivery start-ups have
emerged and the resident consumers have established a growing appetite for these
(Lim, Widdows, & Park, 2006; zer, Argan, M, & Argan, 2013). In food delivery
services, mobile apps are becoming a powerful way for business of all sizes to reach
potential customers (Cho et al., 2018). This demand reflects a shift in consumer
behavior, where convenience plays a key role in dining choices (Lim et al., 2006; Lu
et al., 2009). However, this convenience comes with perceived risks, making it
satisfaction and loyalty (Gupta, 2022). Prioritizing customer satisfaction is vital for
The food delivery industry faces several significant risks. Financial risks, such
as fluctuating delivery costs, can threaten profitability. Additionally, losses from order
ensuring timely deliveries and maintaining food quality, with delays potentially
further complexity. Customer satisfaction risks are critical; cold or poorly packaged
food can lead to negative reviews and diminished loyalty. Increasing expectations for
timeliness mean delays can frustrate customers (MDPI, 2020). Privacy and security
risks also arise from collecting personal information, making data protection essential
to maintain trust (Lim, Widdows, and Park, 2006). Additionally, market risks require
Zhang, and Wang, 2009). Addressing these risks is crucial for building sustainable
value convenience, variety, and time savings, making it essential for businesses to
streamline the ordering process and offer diverse menu options (MDPI, 2020).
can drive repeat usage (Gupta, 2022). Enhancing service quality—such as ensuring
timely deliveries and food safety—can significantly boost customer satisfaction and
willingness to pay more (Hong, 2021). Positive experiences build trust and
encourage repeat business. Addressing perceived risks related to food quality and
data security can further motivate customer engagement (Lim, Widdows, and Park,
ongoing spending in the competitive food delivery market (Lu, Zhang, and Wang,
2009).
The relationship between perceived risks in online food delivery services and
effectively address these risks through improved service quality and transparency,
customers are more likely to trust the service and exhibit a greater willingness to pay
for enhanced offerings. Thus, minimizing perceived risks can lead to increased
2021).
This study examines perceived risks in online food delivery services in Davao
City, Philippines, where the interplay of technology, consumer behavior, and local
culture provides a unique context for understanding risks like financial, time, privacy,
and psychological concerns (Hong, 2021). As demand for food delivery increases,
understanding these risks is essential for building trust and encouraging repeat
business.
The rise of online food delivery services has significantly transformed dining
habits, particularly in urban areas like Davao City. This convenience is driven by
diverse meal options (Muller, 2018). However, alongside this convenience, perceived
play a crucial role in shaping consumer behavior and their willingness to pay for
through which individuals are exposed to information, capturing their attention and
on understanding the factors that shape consumer perception (Gassler et al., 2019).
With the widespread accessibility of technology and the internet, a growing number
of consumers are increasingly turning to online food delivery apps (OFDAs) for their
dining needs (Chen et al., 2009; Gupta et al., 2019). While these platforms provide
ease of access, they also introduce various risks that can adversely affect customer
enhance their offerings and cultivate consumer trust (Hong, 2021). A consumer's
documented in marketing literature, dating back to Bauer's work in 1960. Javadi et al.
(2012) noted that consumers often base purchasing decisions on the perceived risks
involved.
specifically focusing on Davao City remain sparse, often generalizing findings without
considering the unique cultural and socio-economic contexts of the area (MDPI,
2020). This study aims to bridge this gap by examining the distinct perceptions of
consumers in Davao City, thereby providing valuable insights for both businesses
The aim of the study is to evaluate the Perceived Risk in Online Food
Delivery Service in Davao City and the intention to reuse. Specifically it sought to
1. To measure the level of perceived risk in Online Food Delivery Services in Davao
a. Financial Risk;
b. Time Risk;
c. Privacy Risk;
d. Performance Risk;
e. Psychological Risk.
The null hypothesis was tested at 0.05 level of significance stated as follow
delivery services in Davao City and the intention to reuse when analyzed according
to profile of respondents.
The exploration of perceived risk in online food delivery services is crucial for
Davao region, revealing that perceived risks significantly impact consumer trust and
loyalty. This insight is particularly relevant as it emphasizes the necessity for online
Lim, Widdows, and Park (2006) examined loyalty strategies in mobile services,
transactions, can deter consumer engagement. Their findings suggest that service
loyalty, a principle that is directly applicable to the online food delivery sector where
reliability and quality are paramount. Lu, Zhang, and Wang (2009) developed a
behavioral intentions in online food delivery applications. The study finds that
increased perceived risks correlate with a diminished willingness to pay more for
quality. Hong (2021) investigates the impact of perceived risk on purchase intentions
consumer engagement. Kumar and Bajaj (2016) stated that consumers concern with
credit card transaction and extra charge on delivery. Moreover, Ariff et al. (2014)
state that Malaysian online shoppers really take seriously on financial risk to avoid
financial loss. Another risk that consumer may face during purchase online is product
performance risk. Based on Kumar and Bajaj (2016) product performance risk can be
identified by product quality, the function of the product, problem happen for that
product and product performance can meet expectation. Indeed, this risk can occur
among consumers due to the product is do not meet their expectation (Ariff et al.,
2014). Asawa and Kumar (2016) stated that consumer considers time as one of the
risk. In other words, the customers do not want to waste their time for making a bad
due to their personal information will be misused by other third parties. Zhang et al.
(2012) also shared the same finding that consumers concern about their
information been disclosure by online retailers to other parties. Taking this into
account, privacy risk in this study defined as the probability for consumers feels
angry due to online retailers use their personal information without permission and
proper ways. According to Kumar and Bajaj (2016) stated that consumers may feel
sad due to product purchasing from online. While Zheng et al. (2012) stated that
consumers feel frustration because of the product purchased does not meet
expectation which caused their self-esteem been loss. In result, the definition of
psychological risk in this study as a possibility for consumers scares self-image and
self-concept will be lost and the products may not suit for their image due to the
product purchased (Asawa & Kumar, 2016; Riaz & Riaz 2018). Social risk can
happen when individuals scare the product purchased may result in blameful
ness from friends (Asawa & Kumar, 2016; Zheng et al., 2012; Singh, 2018).
Therefore, the social risk is defined as the probability of consumer loss their identity
and status among social group due to decision making for products or services
(Zheng et al., 2012). Another factor that customers fear to shop online is delivery as
stated by Tanadi et al. (2015). Tanadi et al., (2015) further added that customers
want their product been arrived timely has been promised by the seller and receive
the product in good condition. Consumers feel important towards after-sale services
traditional stores and online stores (Zhang et al., 2012; Singh, Hussein & Dahlan
2018). Therefore, after-sale risk in this study is defined as the probability for
consumer’s concern toward risk issues after they received the product (Zhang et
al., 2012).
overview of perceived risk and its implications for consumer behavior in online food
delivery contexts. The study emphasizes that a nuanced understanding of these risks
Theoretical Framework
This study on perceived risk in online food delivery services in Davao City and
Theory and the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). Perceived Risk Theory posits that
various risks, including financial, time, privacy, performance, and psychological risks.
Understanding these perceived risks is essential for evaluating their impact on
consumers' willingness to pay a premium for food delivery services (Gupta, 2022).
(Ajzen, 1991). This theory facilitates an exploration of how consumer attitudes toward
perceived risks, along with social influences and perceived control over the
interplay between consumer attitudes toward perceived risks and their willingness to
pay more for online food delivery services. Furthermore, these theories will guide the
understanding consumer behavior within the context of online food delivery (Man &
MODERATING
VARIABLE
Demographic Factors
education level)
Figure 1. Conceptual Framework Showing the Variable and Indicator of the Study
This study on perceived risk in online food delivery services in Davao City
applications:
essential for businesses seeking to enhance user experience and effectively tailor
their services.
Enhancing Service Quality: The findings will provide actionable guidance for
service providers in identifying and addressing specific areas of concern that impact
Informing Marketing Strategies: This study emphasizes the necessity for tailored
marketing strategies that resonate with local consumer perceptions. Such insights
existing literature by focusing specifically on the context of Davao City, a locality that
has not been extensively studied in relation to online food delivery services. The
findings may also serve as a framework for similar investigations in other emerging
markets.
Policy Implications: The insights derived from this study can assist policymakers
In summary, this study aspires to enhance both the academic understanding and
practical applications within the domain of online food delivery, ultimately benefiting
Definition of Terms
For better understanding, the following terms are defined operationally and
conceptually
various dimensions:
hidden fees.
Time Risk: Anxiety regarding delays in delivery or extended waiting periods that may
disrupt plans.
Privacy Risk: Worries related to the security of personal and payment information
Performance Risk: Apprehensions about the quality and accuracy of the food
Willingness to Pay More: The readiness of consumers to incur higher costs for
Online Food Delivery Services: Digital platforms that facilitate the ordering of meals
Service Quality: The degree to which online food delivery services meet customer
Consumer Behavior: The study of how individuals make decisions to spend their
Consumer Trust: The belief that a service provider is reliable and will meet
consumer expectations, which is crucial for fostering loyalty and repeat business.
METHOD
This chapter delineates the research methods that were used by the
researchers in undertaking this study. This chapter also describes every
component involved in conducting the study, which includes the selection of
participants, the process of data collection and analysis, the used sampling
technique, and the statistical treatment of data. Finally, this chapter provides a
comprehensive explanation of the data collection method adopted in this study.
Research Design
This study will adopt a quantitative research design, facilitating the systematic
collection and statistical analysis of numerical data. The primary aim is to investigate
perceived risks associated with online food delivery services in Davao City and their
A survey research design will be utilized, as it allows for the efficient gathering of
data from a large sample, enabling the examination of diverse perceptions, attitudes,
Research Subjects
The study will focus on consumers in Davao City who have used online food
delivery services. The target sample size will be approximately 400 respondents,
will be individuals aged 18 and older, as this demographic is likely to have relevant
Research Instrument
disagreement with specific statements related to each perceived risk. This format will
analysis.
The scale used to interpret the response of the respondents is presented
below:
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gathering of data:
1. Seek Permission to Conduct the Study. Letter of Permission will send to
for such activity prior to the distribution of surveys, so that customers would
analysis.
Mean. It was used to measure the level of service quality on food delivery in
Davao City.
Person r. This was used in the study to determine the level of service quality
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). This was used in the study in identifying the
significance difference in the level of service quality on food delivery in Davao City
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Result and
Conclusions
Recommendations
Recommendation
REFERENCES (arrange in alphabetical order) follow Harvard Format
Appendix A
DATE
NAME OF ADVISER
Faculty, CHE
The University of Mindanao
Davao City
Greetings!
In this regard, we humbly request you to be our Adviser. We believe that you
could help us a lot in this endeavor.
Respectfully,
Noted by:
Conforme:
NAME OF ADVISER
Research Adviser
College of Hospitality Education
2nd Floor, HRM Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082)297-7024
Appendix B
APPENDIX C
A Questionnaire on
TITLE OF STUDY
Dear Respondents:
The questionnaire is composed of two (2) parts. The first part covers
the level of service convenience, and the second part is the level of
satisfaction among food delivery service customers.
Thank you.
Profile of Respondents
5 – Very High
4- High
3- Moderate
2 - Low
1 – Very Low
1.1 5 4 3 2 1
1.2 5 4 3 2 1
2.1 5 4 3 2 1
2.2 5 4 3 2 1
Source:
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URL:
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