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Homework 2 - Chemistry

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Anh Phạm Hoàng
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50 views

Homework 2 - Chemistry

Uploaded by

Anh Phạm Hoàng
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Homework 2

1) Explain the difference between


(a) random and systematic error.
(b) constant and proportional error.
(c) absolute and relative error.
(d) Mean, median and standard deviation.
(a) Random error causes data to be scattered more or less symmetrically around a mean
value while systematic error causes the mean of a data set to differ from the accepted
value.
(b) Constant errors are independent of the measured value, while proportional errors
depend directly on it. Constant errors affect small and large measurements equally in
absolute terms, whereas proportional errors have a greater absolute effect on larger
measurements.
(c) The absolute error of a measurement is the difference between the measured value and
the true value while the relative error is the absolute error divided by the true value.
(d) Mean and median measure central tendency; standard deviation measures data
dispersion around the mean.
2) Describe at least three systematic errors that might occur while weighing a solid on
an analytical balance.
(1) The analytical balance is miscalibrated.
(2) After weighing an empty vial, fingerprints are placed on the vial while adding
sample to the vial.
(3) A hygroscopic sample absorbs water from the atmosphere while placing it in a
weighing vial.
3) Describe at least three ways in which a systematic error might occur while using a
pipet to transfer a known volume of liquid.
(1) The pipet is miscalibrated and holds a slightly different volume of liquid than the
indicated volume.
(2) The user repetitively reads the volume marking on the pipet from an angle rather
than at eye level.
(3) The inner surfaces of the pipet are contaminated.
4) 1) A method of analysis yields masses of gold that are low by 0.4 mg. Calculate the
percent relative error caused by this result if the mass of gold in the sample is:
(a) 500 mg
(b) 250 mg.
(a) (– 0.4 mg/500 mg) × 100% = – 0.08%
(b) (– 0.4 mg/250 mg) × 100% = – 0.16%
2) The method described in #1 is to be used for the analysis of ores that assay about
1.2% gold. What minimum sample mass should be taken if the relative error
resulting from a 0.4-mg loss is not to exceed
(a) -0.1%?
(b) -0.4%?
(a) First determine how much gold is needed to achieve the desired relative error.
(– 0.4 mg/– 0.1%) × 100% = 400 mg gold
Then determine how much ore is needed to yield the required amount of gold.
(400 mg/1.2%) × 100% = 33,000 mg ore or 33 g ore
(b) First determine how much gold is needed to achieve the desired relative error.
(– 0.4 mg/– 0.4%) × 100% = 100 mg gold
Then determine how much ore is needed to yield the required amount of gold.
(100 mg/1.2%) × 100% = 8333 mg ore or 8.3 g ore
5) A calibration curve for the analysis of a protein is established using five calibration
standards and found to yield a straight line over the range of 0 to 20µg of protein.
The equation of the calibration curve when the corrected absorbance is plotted
versus the mass of protein in the sample is given by:
Y = 0.01630 x + 0.0047

Find the quantity of protein for a sample that gives a measured absorbance of 0.264
when a blank has an absorbance of 0.095.

The correct absorbance:


Y = Asample - Ablank
Y = 0.264 - 0.095 = 0.169
We have:
Y = 0.01630 x + 0.0047
0.169 = 0.01630x + 0.0047
x ≈ 10.08 (µg)
The quantity of protein in the sample is approximately 10.08 micrograms (µg).
6) Potassium can be determined by flame emission spectrometry (flame photometry) using
a lithium internal standard. The following data were obtained for standard solutions of
KCl and an unknown containing a constant, known amount of LiCl as the internal
standard. All the intensities were corrected for background by subtracting the intensity
of a blank.

(a) Plot the K emission intensity vs. the concentration of K, and determine the linearity
from the regression statistics.
(b) Plot the ratio of the K intensity to the Li intensity vs. the concentration of K, and
compare the resulting linearity to that in part (a). Why does the internal standard
improve linearity?
(c) Calculate the concentration of K in the unknown.

(a)

The linearity from the regression statistics: K = 5.6113x + 12.647


(b)
The regression of ratio of K to Li intensity = 0.9422x + 0.2537
When using the intensity ratio, the R2 score is 0.999, indicating a nearly perfect linear
connection. This suggests that linearity is greatly enhanced by the internal standard,
increasing the measurement's accuracy.
47.3
(c) Ratio of K intensity to Li intensity for the unknown sample = ≈ 5.198
9.1
Having the regression of ratio of K to Li intensity = 0.9422x + 0.2537
Ratio - 0.254 5.198 - 0.2537
 x= = ≈ 5.25 (ppm).
0.942 0.9422

Therefore, the concentration of K in the unknown is 5.25 (ppm).

7) The method of standard addition was used to determine nitrite in a soil sample. A
1.00-mL portion of the sample was mixed with 24.00 mL of a colorimetric reagent,
and the nitrite was converted to a colored product that produced a blank-corrected
absorbance of 0.300. To 50.00 mL of the original sample, 1.00 mL of a standard
solution of 1.00 x 10-3 M nitrite was added. The same color-forming procedure was
followed, and the new absorbance was 0.530. What was the concentration of nitrite
in the original undiluted sample?
We apply the equation as follows:

Where:
1 sample + 24 ml reagent  the blank-corrected absorbance of reaction solution = 0.3
50 ml sample + 1 ml of a standard solution of 1.00 x 10-3 M nitrite, take 1 ml of the
mixture + 24 ml reagent  the blank-corrected absorbance of reaction solution = 0.53
50 10 -3
Xf = X i x , Sf =
51 51
51 Xi 0.3
= Xi = 2.49 x 10-5 M
50 Xi+10 - 3 0.53

Hence, the concentration of nitrite in sample = 2.49 x 10-5 M

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