THERMODYNAMICS

The System and the Surroundings: A system is the part of universe which is
under observations and remaining part of the universe is surroundings.
The universe = The system + The surroundings
Types of the System –
1. Open System - In an open system, there is exchange of energy and matter
between system and surroundings
2. Closed System- In a closed system, there is no exchange of matter, but
exchange of energy is possible between system and the surroundings
3. Isolated System-- In an isolated system, there is no exchange of energy or
matter between the system and the surroundings.
Macroscopic properties: properties which are derived from bulk behavior of
matter.
An extensive property is a property whose value depends on the quantity or
size of matter present in the system.
For example, mass, volume, internal energy, enthalpy, heat capacity, etc.
Intensive property is a property which does not depend on the quantity or size
of matter present is known as intensive properties.
For example temperature, density, pressure etc.
The State of the System It is the condition of existence of a system whose
macroscopic properties have certain values.
State variables are the measurable parameters which describes state of a
system.
Eg. Pressure (p), volume (V), and temperature (T )
State functions are the properties of a system which depend upon the initial
and fina state of a system but not the path followed by the system. Eg. Internal
energy, enthalpy, entropy etc.,
Adiabatic process – a process in which no transfer of heat between the system
and surroundings. (q=0)
Internal Energy (U) - “The sum of all types of energy associated to the
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system i.e. the total energy of the system other than those resulting from its
position.
The internal energy, U of the system can be changed, when
1. Heat passes into or out of the system,
2. Work is done on or by the system,
3. Matter enters or leaves the system.
If U1 is the initial internal energy of a system and U 2 be the final internal energy
of system, then
U = U2 - U1
First law of thermodynamics- The energy of an isolated system is constant.
It is commonly stated as the law of conservation of energy i.e., energy can
neither be created nor be destroyed.
Mathematical expression of first law of thermodynamics: ∆U = q + w
NOTE: if q is positive, when heat is transferred from the surroundings to the
system and q is negative when heat is transferred from system to the
surroundings. w is +ve when work is done on the system and –ve when work is
done by the system.
APPLICATIONS
1. Work - i.e., pressure-volume work.
W = pex . (–∆V) = – pex ∆V = – pex (Vf – Vi )
Free expansion: Expansion of a gas in vacuum (pex = 0) is called free
expansion.
No work is done during free expansion of an ideal gas whether the process is
reversible or irreversible.
∆U = q + w can be expressed for isothermal irreversible and reversible changes
as follows:
1. for isothermal irreversible change
q = – w = pex (Vf – Vi )
2. for isothermal reversible change

3. For adiabatic change, q = 0,

∆U = wad
Enthalpy, H- It is sum of internal energy and pressure-volume work.
H = U + PV
∆H = ∆U + p∆V
Since, ∆H = qp , heat absorbed by the system at constant pressure.
At constant volume (∆V = 0), ∆U = qV, heat content of a system at constant
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volume
Let us consider a reaction involving gases. If VA is the total volume of the
gaseous reactants, VB is the total volume of the gaseous products, nA is the
number of moles of gaseous reactants and nB is the number of moles of gaseous
products, all at constant pressure and temperature, then using the ideal gas law,
we write,
pVA = nART and pVB = nBRT
Thus, pVB – pVA = nBRT – nART = (nB–nA)RT
or p (VB – VA) = (nB – nA) RT
or p ∆V = ∆ngRT
Here, ∆ng refers to the number of moles of gaseous products minus the number
of moles of gaseous reactants.
∆H = ∆U + ∆ngRT
NOTE: ∆(H = U + PV )
∆H = ∆U + P∆V + V∆P
but ∆U = q + w = q - P∆V
∆H = q - P∆V + P∆V+ V∆P = q + V∆P
At constant pressure, V∆P =0
∆H = qp
∆H = qp, heat content of a system at constant pressure
Molar Heat Capacity (C) - it is the quantity of heat needed to raise the
temperature of one mole by one degree Celsius (or one Kelvin).
Specific heat, also called specific heat capacity (c) is the quantity of heat
required to raise the temperature of one unit mass of a substance by one degree
Celsius (or one Kelvin).
q, quantity of heat required to raise the temperatures of a sample,
then q = c x m x ∆T = C ∆T
The relationship between Cp and CV for an ideal gas
To show Cp - Cv = R
Let the heat capacity, C is denoted by CV at constant volume and at constant
pressure, by Cp .
for heat, q at constant volume as qV = Cv ∆T = ∆U
at constant pressure as qp = Cp ∆T = ∆H
For a mole of an ideal gas, ∆H = ∆U + ∆ (pV )
= ∆U + ∆ (RT )
= ∆U + R∆T
∆H = ∆U + R ∆T
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On putting the values of ∆H and ∆U, we have

Cp ∆T = Cv ∆T + R ∆T
or Cp = Cv + R
or Cp - Cv = R

MEASUREMENT OF ∆U AND ∆H: Both can be measure in Bomb calorimeter.

ENTHALPY CHANGE OF A REACTION or REACTION ENTHALPY ( ∆rH)

The enthalpy change during a reaction is called the reaction enthalpy. The
enthalpy change of a chemical reaction, is given by the symbol ∆rH
∆rH = (sum of enthalpies of products) – (sum of enthalpies of reactants)

(Here symbol Σ (sigma) is used for summation and a i and bi are the
stoichiometric coefficients of the products and reactants respectively in the
balanced chemical equation. For example, for the reaction
CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g) →CO2 (g) + 2H2O (l)

Standard enthalpy of reactions--- The standard enthalpy of reaction is the

enthalpy change for a reaction when all the participating substances are in their
standard states.
The standard state of a substance at a specified temperature is its pure form at
1 bar.
Standard conditions are denoted by adding the superscript Ө to the symbol ∆H,
e.g., ∆HӨ
Enthalpy changes during phase transformations-
Phase transformations involve energy changes.
(i) Enthalpy of fusion or molar enthalpy of fusion, ∆fusHӨ – It is the enthalpy
change when 1 mol of solid substance is changed into liquid substance.
(ii) Enthalpy of vaporization or molar enthalpy of vaporization, ∆vapHӨ
It is the enthalpy change when 1 mol of liquid substance is changed into vapour.
(iii) Enthalpy of sublimation or molar enthalpy of sublimation ∆subHӨ
It is the enthalpy change when 1 mol of liquid substance is changed into vapour
Standard enthalpy of formation- The standard enthalpy change for the
formation of one mole of a compound from its elements in their most stable
states of aggregation (also known as reference states) is called Standard Molar
Enthalpy of Formation. Its symbol is ∆fHӨ.
The reference state of an element is its most stable state of aggregation at 25°C
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and 1 bar pressure.

Note-It is important to note that a standard molar enthalpy of formation, ∆ fHӨ, is
just a special case of ∆rHӨ,, where one mole of a compound is formed from its
constituent elements, as in the above three equations, where 1 mol of each,
water, methane and ethanol is formed.
When enthalpy of formation is given, then
the following general equation can be used for the enthalpy change calculation.
where a and b represent the coefficients of the products and reactants in the
balanced equation. Let us apply the above equation for decomposition of
calcium carbonate. Here, coefficients ‘a’ and ‘b’ are 1 each.

Thus, the decomposition of CaCO 3 (s) is an endothermic process and you have to
heat it for getting the desired products.
Hess’s Law of Constant Heat Summation- enthalpy change for a reaction is
the same whether it occurs in one step or in a series of steps.
Standard enthalpy of combustion (symbol: ∆cHӨ)
Standard enthalpy of combustion is defined as the enthalpy change per mole (or
per unit amount) of a substance, when it completely burnt in presence of oxygen
and all the reactants and products being in their standard states at the specified
temperature.
Enthalpy of atomization (symbol: ∆aHӨ) It is the enthalpy change on
breaking one mole of bonds completely to obtain atoms in the gas phase.
Bond Enthalpy (symbol: ∆bondHӨ) Energy is required to break a bond and
energy is released when a bond is formed.
∆rHo = ∆bondHӨ (Reactants) - ∆bondHӨ (Products)
Lattice Enthalpy-- The lattice enthalpy of an ionic compound is the enthalpy
change when one mole of an ionic compound dissociates into its ions in gaseous
state. (or) it is the enthalpy change when two oppositely charged ions are
brought together to form 1 mole of ionic substance.

Since it is impossible to determine lattice enthalpies directly by experiment, we

use an indirect method where we construct an enthalpy diagram called a Born-
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Haber Cycle
Let us now calculate the lattice enthalpy of Na +Cl–(s) by following steps given
below :
1. Na(s)→Na(g) , sublimation of sodium metal, ∆subHӨ =108.4 kJ/ mol
2. Na(g)→Na+(g)+e−1(g) , the ionization of sodium atoms, ionization
enthalpy ∆iHӨ = 496 kJ/ mol
3. ½ Cl 2 (g) → Cl(g), the dissociation of chlorine, the reaction enthalpy
is half the bond dissociation enthalpy. ½ ∆bondHӨ = 121 kJ/ mol
 4. Cl(g) + e−1(g)→Cl(g) electron gained by chlorine atoms. The electron
gain enthalpy,
∆egHӨ = –348.6 kJ/ mol.
5. Na+ (g) + Cl− (g)→ Na+Cl− (s)
The sequence of steps is shown in Fig. 6.9, and is known as a Born-Haber cycle.
The importance of the cycle is that, the sum of the enthalpy changes round a
cycle is zero.
Applying Hess’s law, we get,
∆latticeHӨ = 411.2 +108.4 +121+ 496 − 348.6
∆latticeHӨ = +788kJ
for NaCl(s)→ Na+ (g) + Cl− (g)

Second law of thermodynamics OR SPONTANEITY of the system.--

SPONTANEITY of the system A process which occurs by itself under set of
conditions however pressure may be applied.
A spontaneous process is an irreversible process and may only be reversed by
some external agency.
What is the driving force of spontaneously occurring changes?
- Ability of the system to attain a system of lower energy.
- Ability of the system to attain a system of more randomness or more
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disorder.

Entropy ---It is the property of the system which measures the degree of
randomness or disorder in the system. The greater the disorder in an isolated
system, the higher is the entropy.
S is related with q and T for a reversible reaction as :
Second law of thermodynamics The entropy of the universe always increases
for every spontaneous change.
The total entropy change (∆S total ) for the system and surroundings of a
spontaneous process is given by

When a system is in equilibrium, the entropy is maximum, and the change in

entropy, ∆S = 0.
Entropy for a spontaneous process increases till it reaches maximum and at
equilibrium the change in entropy is zero.
Gibbs energy and spontaneity
Gibbs energy It is the maximum amount of energy available to the system
during the process that can be converted into useful work.
Mathematically, the Gibbs energy or Gibbs function, G, as
G = H - TS
Gibbs function, G is an extensive property and a state function. The change in
Gibbs energy for the system, ∆Gsys can be written as
∆Gsys = ∆Hsys −T∆Ssys −Ssys ∆T
At constant temperature, ∆T = 0
∆Gsys = ∆Hsys −T∆Ssys OR ∆G = ∆H −T ∆S
Thus, Gibbs energy change = enthalpy change – temperature × entropy change,
To show that ∆Gsystem = -T∆Stotal
We know, ∆Stotal = ∆Ssys + ∆Ssurr
If the system is in thermal equilibrium with the surrounding, then the
temperature of the surrounding is same as that of the system. Also, increase in
enthalpy of the surrounding is equal to decrease in the enthalpy of the system.
Therefore, entropy change of surroundings,
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Rearranging the above equation:

T∆Stotal = T∆Ssys – ∆Hsys
-T∆Stotal = -T∆Ssys + ∆Hsys = ∆Gsystem therefore, ∆Gsystem = -T∆Stotal

NOTE:
(i) If ∆G is negative (< 0), the process is spontaneous.
(ii) If ∆G is positive (> 0), the process is non spontaneous.
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON SPONTANEITY OF REACTION

∆G = ∆H −T ∆S
Enthalpy driven reaction: In exothermic reaction, when the magnitude of ∆H
> T∆S (if –ve) , then ∆G is negative. Such reactions are called enthalpy driven
reaction.
Entropy driven reaction: In endothermic reaction, when the magnitude of ∆S
> ∆H (if +ve) , then ∆G is negative.

GIBBS ENERGY CHANGE AND EQUILIBRIUM

rG0 = - 2.303RT logK

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 THERMOCHEMISTRY
Question 6.1:
Choose the correct answer. A thermodynamic state function is a quantity
(i) used to determine heat changes
(ii) whose value is independent of path
(iii) used to determine pressure volume work
(iv) whose value depends on temperature only.
(ii) is correct.
Question 6.2:
For the process to occur under adiabatic conditions, the correct condition
is:
(i) ΔT = 0
(ii) Δp = 0
(iii) q = 0
(iv) w = 0
q = 0. Therefore, alternative (iii) is correct.
Question 6.3:
The enthalpies of all elements in their standard states are:
(i) unity
(ii) zero
(iii) < 0
(iv) different for each element
(ii) is correct.
Question 6.4:
ΔUθof combustion of methane is – X kJ mol–1. The value of ΔHθ is
(i) = ΔUθ
(ii) > ΔUθ
(iii) < ΔUθ
(iv) = 0
Since ΔHθ = ΔUθ + ΔngRT and ΔUθ = –X kJ mol–1,

⇒ ΔHθ < ΔUθ

ΔHθ = (–X) + ΔngRT.
Therefore, alternative (iii) is correct.
Question 6.5:
The enthalpy of combustion of methane, graphite and dihydrogen at 298 K
are, –890.3 kJ mol–1 –393.5 kJ mol–1, and –285.8 kJ mol–1 respectively.
Enthalpy of formation of CH4(g) will be
(i) –74.8 kJ mol–1 (ii) –52.27 kJ mol–1
(iii) +74.8 kJ mol –1
(iv) +52.26 kJ mol–1.
According to the question,
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Thus, the desired equation is the one that represents the formation of CH 4
(g) i.e.,
 Enthalpy of formation of CH4(g) = –74.8 kJ mol–1
Hence, alternative (i) is correct.
Question 6.6:
A reaction, A + B → C + D + q is found to have a positive entropy change.
The reaction will be
(i) possible at high temperature
(ii) possible only at low temperature
(iii) not possible at any temperature
(iv) possible at any temperature
For a reaction to be spontaneous, ΔG should be negative.
ΔG = ΔH – TΔS
According to the question, for the given reaction,
ΔS = positive

⇒ ΔG = negative
ΔH = negative (since heat is evolved)

Therefore, the reaction is spontaneous at any temperature.

Hence, alternative (iv) is correct.
Question 6.7:
In a process, 701 J of heat is absorbed by a system and 394 J of work is
done by the system. What is the change in internal energy for the process?
According to the first law of thermodynamics,
ΔU = q + W (i)
Where,
ΔU = change in internal energy for a process
q = heat
W = work
Given,
q = + 701 J (Since heat is absorbed)
W = –394 J (Since work is done by the system)
Substituting the values in expression (i), we get
ΔU = 701 J + (–394 J)
ΔU = 307 J
Hence, the change in internal energy for the given process is 307 J.
Question 6.8:
The reaction of cyanamide, NH2CN(s), with dioxygen was carried out in a
bomb calorimeter, and ΔU was found to be –742.7 kJ mol–1 at 298 K.
Calculate enthalpy change for the reaction at 298 K.

Enthalpy change for a reaction (ΔH) is given by the expression,

ΔH = ΔU + ΔngRT
Where,
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ΔU = change in internal energy

Δng = change in number of moles
For the given reaction,
Δng = ∑ng (products) – ∑ng (reactants)
= (2 – 2.5) moles
Δng = –0.5 moles
And,
ΔU = –742.7 kJ mol–1
T = 298 K
R = 8.314 × 10–3 kJ mol–1 K–1
Substituting the values in the expression of ΔH:
 ΔH = (–742.7 kJ mol–1) + (–0.5 mol) (298 K) (8.314 × 10–3 kJ mol–1 K–1)
= –742.7 – 1.2
ΔH = –743.9 kJ mol–1
Question 6.9:
Calculate the number of kJ of heat necessary to raise the temperature of
60.0 g of aluminium from 35°C to 55°C. Molar heat capacity of Al is 24 J
mol–1 K–1.
From the expression of heat (q),
q = m. c. ΔT
Where,
c = molar heat capacity
m = mass of substance
ΔT = change in temperature
Substituting the values in the expression of q:

q = 1066.7 J
q = 1.07 kJ
Question 6.10:
Calculate the enthalpy change on freezing of 1.0 mol of water at 10.0°C to
ice at –10.0°C. ΔfusH = 6.03 kJ mol–1 at 0°C.
Cp[H2O(l)] = 75.3 J mol–1 K–1
Cp[H2O(s)] = 36.8 J mol–1 K–1
Total enthalpy change involved in the transformation is the sum of the
following changes:
(a) Energy change involved in the transformation of 1 mol of water at 10°C
to 1 mol of water at 0°C.
(b) Energy change involved in the transformation of 1 mol of water at 0° to
1 mol of ice at 0°C.
(c) Energy change involved in the transformation of 1 mol of ice at 0°C to
1 mol of ice at –10°C.

= (75.3 J mol–1 K–1) (0 – 10)K + (–6.03 × 10 3 J mol–1) + (36.8 J mol–1 K–1) (–10
– 0)K
= –753 J mol–1 – 6030 J mol–1 – 368 J mol–1
= –7151 J mol–1
= –7.151 kJ mol–1
Hence, the enthalpy change involved in the transformation is –7.151 kJ
mol–1.
Question 6.11:
Enthalpy of combustion of carbon to CO 2 is –393.5 kJ mol–1. Calculate the
heat released upon formation of 35.2 g of CO 2 from carbon and dioxygen
gas.
Formation of CO2 from carbon and dioxygen gas can be represented as:
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(1 mole = 44 g)
Heat released on formation of 44 g CO2 = –393.5 kJ mol–1
Heat released on formation of 35.2 g CO2

= –314.8 kJ mol–1
Question 6.12:
 Enthalpies of formation of CO(g), CO2(g), N2O(g) and N2O4(g) are –110 kJ mol–1, –
393 kJ mol–1, 81 kJ mol–1 and 9.7 kJ mol–1 respectively. Find the value of ΔrH
for the reaction:
N2O4(g) + 3CO(g) N2O(g) + 3CO2(g)
ΔrH for a reaction is defined as the difference between ΔfH value of
products and ΔfH value of reactants.

For the given reaction,

N2O4(g) + 3CO(g) N2O(g) + 3CO2(g)

Substituting the values of ΔfH for N2O, CO2, N2O4, and CO from the
question, we get:

Hence, the value of ΔrH for the reaction is .

Question 6.13:
Given
; ΔrHθ = –92.4 kJ mol–1
What is the standard enthalpy of formation of NH 3 gas?
Standard enthalpy of formation of a compound is the change in enthalpy
that takes place during the formation of 1 mole of a substance in its
standard form from its constituent elements in their standard state.
Re-writing the given equation for 1 mole of NH 3(g),

Standard enthalpy of formation of NH3(g)

= ½ ΔrHθ
= ½ (–92.4 kJ mol–1)
= –46.2 kJ mol–1
Question 6.14:
Calculate the standard enthalpy of formation of CH 3OH(l) from the following
data:

CH3OH(l) + O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) ; ΔrHθ = –726 kJ mol–1

C(g) + O2(g) CO2(g) ; ΔcHθ = –393 kJ mol–1

H2(g) + O2(g) H2O(l) ; ΔfHθ = –286 kJ mol–1.

The reaction that takes place during the formation of CH 3OH (l) can be
written as:
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C(s) + 2H2O(g) + O2(g) CH3OH(l) (1)

The reaction (1) can be obtained from the given reactions by following the
algebraic calculations as:
Equation (ii) + 2 × equation (iii) – equation (i)
ΔfHθ [CH3OH(l)] = ΔcHθ + 2ΔfHθ [H2O(l)] – ΔrHθ
= (–393 kJ mol–1) + 2(–286 kJ mol–1) – (–726 kJ mol–1)
= (–393 – 572 + 726) kJ mol–1
ΔfHθ [CH3OH(l)] = –239 kJ mol–1
Question 6.15:
Calculate the enthalpy change for the process
CCl4(g) → C(g) + 4Cl(g)
 and calculate bond enthalpy of C–Cl in CCl 4(g).
ΔvapHθ (CCl4) = 30.5 kJ mol–1.
ΔfHθ (CCl4) = –135.5 kJ mol–1.
ΔaHθ (C) = 715.0 kJ mol–1, where ΔaHθ is enthalpy of atomisation
ΔaHθ (Cl2) = 242 kJ mol–1
The chemical equations implying to the given values of enthalpies are:
ΔvapHθ = 30.5 kJ mol–1
ΔaHθ = 715.0 kJ mol–1
ΔaHθ = 242 kJ mol–1
ΔfH = –135.5 kJ mol–1
Enthalpy change for the given process can be
calculated using the following algebraic calculations as:
Equation (ii) + 2 × Equation (iii) – Equation (i) – Equation (iv)
ΔH = ΔaHθ(C) + 2ΔaHθ (Cl2) – ΔvapHθ – ΔfH
= (715.0 kJ mol–1) + 2(242 kJ mol–1) – (30.5 kJ mol–1) – (–135.5 kJ mol–1)
ΔH = 1304 kJ mol–1
Bond enthalpy of C–Cl bond in CCl4 (g)

= 326 kJ mol–1
Question 6.16:
For an isolated system, ΔU = 0, what will be ΔS?
ΔS will be positive i.e., greater than zero
Since ΔU = 0, ΔS will be positive and the reaction will be spontaneous.
Question 6.17:
For the reaction at 298 K,
2A + B → C
ΔH = 400 kJ mol–1 and ΔS = 0.2 kJ K–1 mol–1
At what temperature will the reaction become spontaneous considering ΔH
and ΔS to be constant over the temperature range?
From the expression,
ΔG = ΔH – TΔS
Assuming the reaction at equilibrium, ΔT for the reaction would be:

(ΔG = 0 at equilibrium)

T = 2000 K
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For the reaction to be spontaneous, ΔG must be negative. Hence, for the

given reaction to be spontaneous, T should be greater than 2000 K.
Question 6.18:
For the reaction,
2Cl(g) → Cl2(g), what are the signs of ΔH and ΔS ?
ΔH and ΔS are negative
The given reaction represents the formation of chlorine molecule from
chlorine atoms. Here, bond formation is taking place. Therefore, energy is
being released. Hence, ΔH is negative.
 Also, two moles of atoms have more randomness than one mole of a
molecule. Since spontaneity is decreased, ΔS is negative for the given
reaction.
Question 6.19:
For the reaction
2A(g) + B(g) → 2D(g)
ΔUθ = –10.5 kJ and ΔSθ= –44.1 JK–1.
Calculate ΔGθ for the reaction, and predict whether the reaction may occur
spontaneously.
For the given reaction,
2 A(g) + B(g) → 2D(g)
Δng = 2 – (3)
= –1 mole
Substituting the value of ΔUθ in the expression of ΔH:
ΔHθ = ΔUθ + ΔngRT
= (–10.5 kJ) – (–1) (8.314 × 10–3 kJ K–1 mol–1) (298 K)
= –10.5 kJ – 2.48 kJ
ΔHθ = –12.98 kJ
Substituting the values of ΔHθ and ΔSθ in the expression of ΔGθ:
ΔGθ = ΔHθ – TΔSθ
= –12.98 kJ – (298 K) (–44.1 J K–1)
= –12.98 kJ + 13.14 kJ
ΔGθ = + 0.16 kJ
Since ΔGθ for the reaction is positive, the reaction will not occur
spontaneously.
Question 6.20:
The equilibrium constant for a reaction is 10. What will be the value of
ΔGθ? R = 8.314 JK–1mol–1 T = 300 K.
From the expression,
ΔGθ = –2.303 RT logKeq
ΔGθ for the reaction,
= (2.303) (8.314 JK–1 mol–1) (300 K) log10
= –5744.14 Jmol–1
= –5.744 kJ mol–1
Question 6.21:
Comment on the thermodynamic stability of NO(g), given

N2(g) + O2(g) → NO(g) ; ΔrHθ = 90 kJ mol–1

NO(g) + O2(g) → NO2(g) : ΔrHθ= –74 kJ mol–1

The positive value of ΔrH indicates that heat is absorbed during the
formation of NO(g). This means that NO(g) has higher energy than the
reactants (N2 and O2). Hence, NO(g) is unstable.
The negative value of ΔrH indicates that heat is evolved during the
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formation of NO2(g) from NO(g) and O2(g). The product, NO2(g) is stabilized with
minimum energy.
Hence, unstable NO(g) changes to unstable NO2(g).
Question 6.22:
Calculate the entropy change in surroundings when 1.00 mol of H 2O(l) is
formed under standard conditions. ΔfHθ = –286 kJ mol–1.
It is given that 286 kJ mol–1 of heat is evolved on the formation of 1 mol of
H2O(l). Thus, an equal amount of heat will be absorbed by the surroundings.
qsurr = +286 kJ mol–1

Entropy change (ΔSsurr) for the surroundings =

ΔSsurr = 959.73 J mol–1 K–1

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