HERBALISM FOR BEGINNERS

A Beginners Guide to Herbal Remedies

and Medicine. Discover the Common
Herbs and Spices You Can Grow At
Home.

Arin Gladstar
© Copyright 2020 by Arin Gladstar
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 Table of Contents
Chapter 1: The Wonderful World of Herbalism
Chapter 2: Benefits of Common Herbs
Chapter 3: Healthy and Effective Herbs and What We Know About
Them
Aloe Vera (Aloe Vera)
Burdock (Arctium minus)
Calendula (Calendula officinalis)
Chickweed (Stellaria media)
Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale)
Echinacea (Echinacea purpurea)
Elder (Sambucus nigra)
Marshmallow (Althaea officinalis)
Mullein (Verbascum Thapsus)
Nettle (Urtica dioica)
Oats (Avena sativa)
Peppermint (Mentha piperita)
Plantain (Plantago major)
Red Clover (Trifolium pretense)
Valerian (Valeriana officinalis)
Yarrow (Achillea millefolium)
Chapter 4: Medicinal Preparations to Make With Your Herbs
Herbal Teas
Syrups
 Herbal Oils
Salves
Tinctures
Herbal Pills
Baths
Poultices
Compress
Chapter 5: Culinary Uses of Common Herbs
Burdock and Carrot Stir Fry
Calendula Scones
Chickweed Pesto
Dandelion With Lemon and Garlic
Elder Berry Muffins
Marshmallow Soup
Nettle Soup
Oat Pancakes
Peppermint Watermelon Salad
Plantain and Egg Skillet
Chapter 6: Your Herbal Medicine Cabinet
Tips to Get You Started on Filling Up Your Herbal Medicine Cabinet
Chapter 7 : Herbal Medication First Aid Kit
Cuts and Scrapes
Calendula and Plantain Salve
Burns
Aloe and Calendula Salve
Upset Stomach
Marshmallow and Peppermint Tea
Muscle Aches
Calendula, Chickweed, and Elder flower Oil
Sore throat, Cough, Colds, Upper Respiratory Tract Infections
Marshmallow, Burdock, and Peppermint Lozenges
Anxiety, Sleep, Stress
Valerian and Oatstraw Pills
Allergic Reactions or Itchy Skin
Dandelion and Plantain Salve
 Chapter 1: The Wonderful World of Herbalism

For thousands of
years, people from all cultures have been using plants for their medicinal
properties. Long before the modern medicines that we are familiar with,
which only emerged in the 20th century, families would often create their own
remedies from plants grown in their gardens or foraged in the wild, and
would consult local herbalists for advice on the correct preparations and
doses. In fact, many of our modern pharmaceuticals are based on herbal
preparations that have been used throughout history.
Unfortunately, today many people are not aware of the healing properties of
plants and how they can be used. Although certain herbal preparations, like
tea, can be widely found, not many people can identify why we drink tea
from peppermint leaves, or what health benefits a tea from this particular
herb may have.
Slowly, modern people are starting to rediscover the herbs that our ancestors
were so familiar with and becoming familiar again with their healing
properties and the important part that they can play in our lives today. If you
are curious about how you can boost your immune system, relieve the pain of
arthritis, and calm eczema right from your garden, then this book is for you.
Herbalism is the practice of using preparations from plants to treat common
ailments, alleviate their symptoms, and even preventing the development of
chronic conditions. There is also a sort of satisfaction in knowing where your
remedies come from and taking control of your own wellness from growing
the herbs through to preparing the herbal remedies. It is appealing to think
that all of the medicines that are going into or onto your family’s bodies have
been created by your own knowledge of herbs.
In this book, Easy Herbalism, we will introduce you to 16 of the most
common medicinal herbs that have been used for hundreds of years. We will
discuss how to identify these herbs in the wild, talk about how they were used
by our ancestors, and explain how to create medicinal preparations that can
be used in the herbal first aid kit, including when and how to use them. Of
the herbs that are listed in this book, you have probably heard of all of them
before, others you might not be as familiar with. You may even have some
of these herbs growing in your yard as weeds right now and not even know
it.
Once you have become more familiar with the herbs listed in this book and
have tried out some of the recipes included for creating your own herbal teas,
oils, salves, tinctures, poultices, and more, you will find yourself reaching for
these remedies more often, and increasing your overall wellness by
incorporating them into your daily life. There are many recipes and
suggestions included in this book, but once you have a grasp of the properties
of each herb, you will feel comfortable creating your own blends based on
what you have on hand and what properties you are looking to utilize.
There is so much to learn about herbs and what they can do for us. The herbs
and recipes in this book are a great way to get started, but they are only the
tip of the iceberg. Herbalism is more about acquiring knowledge and using
this knowledge with some intuition to create the best preparations and
mixtures for your needs.
 Chapter 2: Benefits of Common Herbs
Not all herbs have the same benefits, and there are quite a few different ways
that herbal preparations can act on the body. Before we learn more about the
individual herbs, their properties, and how to create herbal medicines, it is
important to understand how medications can work on the body. In this way,
it will be possible to match the symptoms with the herbs that are needed for
the specific issue.
It is important to note that most herbs will have several of the properties
listed below, and there may be more than one herb that can work on an issue
in the body. If we can understand how they work, then it will be possible to
substitute different herbs when needed due to supply or taste. For example,
two of the herbs that we will discuss, aloe vera and calendula, both work well
when used on sunburn, but choosing which herb to use may depend
somewhat on the other properties of the herb.
ANTIBACTERIAL – Anything that kills bacteria or stops the growth of
bacteria in the body.
ANTIDIABETIC – A substance that helps to control the level of glucose
(sugar) in the body.
ANTIFUNGAL – A drug that fights fungal infections, usually on the skin,
scalp, or nails.
ANTIINFLAMMATORY – Something that reduces inflammation or
swelling, which often also helps to reduce pain.
ANTIOXIDANT – Fights free radicals in the body. If free radical levels
become too high, they can be linked to diseases such as diabetes, heart
disease, and some cancers.
ANTIPROLIFERATIVE – Inhibits the growth of cells.
ANTIPRURITIC – Relieves itching caused by insect bites, sunburns, allergic
reactions, eczema, psoriasis, and other causes.
ANTISEPTIC – An agent that prevents the growth of microorganisms that
can cause disease by either limiting their activity or by destroying
them.
ANTISPASMODIC – Relieves or suppresses involuntary muscle spasms.
ANTIULCERATIVE – Medications that block acid production, acid
secretion, and prevent the formulation and healing of ulcers.
ANXIOLYTIC – Used to treat the symptoms of anxiety or stress, has a
calming effect.
APHRODISIAC – An agent that can increase sexual desire.
ASTRINGENT – A substance that shrinks or constricts body tissues. Can
reduce inflammation topically (on the skin).
CARMINATIVE – Any agent that has the ability to prevent or relieves gas
and griping.
DECONGESTANT – Something that is used to relieve congestion,
specifically of the nasal passages.
DEMULCENT – An agent that relieves irritation of mucous membranes by
forming a protective film.
DIAPHORETIC – An agent that causes or encourages sweating.
DIGESTIVE – Used for its effect on the gastrointestinal system. Aids in
gastrointestinal mobility, the breakdown of food, or the reduction of
indigestion.
DIURETIC – A substance that increases the removal of water and salt from
the body by increasing the as urine.
EMOLLIENT – An agent that softens the skin or moisturizes.
EXPECTORANT – Increase bronchial secretions and increase mucus flow so
that they can be removed more easily through coughing.
GALACTAGOGUE – An agent that increases the production of milk.
LAXATIVE – Anything that stimulates or causes the evacuation of the
bowels and reduction of constipation.
MUCOLYTIC – An agent that thins mucus. This makes the mucus easier to
cough up because it is less sticky. Generally, these agents are used to
treat respiratory conditions.
MUSCLE RELAXANT – An agent that is used to relieve the symptoms of
muscle spasms and can relax muscles that have been overworked.
NERVINE – An agent that can calm nervous tension, nourish the nervous
system, and can act as a sedative to the nervous system.
SEDATIVE – An agent that has the ability to promote a calm mood, or to
induce sleep.
In addition to the different ways that the herbs can act on the body, there are
different ways that the herbs can be applied to the body. With herbal
medications, there are two main routes:
INGESTED – Medication taken orally, either as food, a pill, syrup, or tea,
etc.
TOPICAL – Medication applied directly to the skin as a salve, compress,
etc.
 Chapter 3: Healthy and Effective Herbs and What
We Know About Them
To get you started off with using herbs, there are a few common plants that
are endlessly useful in your herbal first aid kit, and some of them may even
be growing in your garden already. This book will focus on the following 16
herbs:

Aloe Vera (Aloe Vera)

Burdock (Arctium minus)
Calendula (Calendula officinalis)
Chickweed (Stellaria media)
Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale)
Echinacea (Echinacea purpurea)
Elderflower (Sambucus nigra)
Marshmallow (Althaea officinalis)
Mullein (Verbascum Thapsus)
Nettle (Urtica dioica)
Oats (Avena sativa)
Peppermint (Mentha piperita)
Plantain (Plantago major)
Red Clover (Trifolium pretense)
Valerian (Valeriana officinalis)
Yarrow (Achillea millefolium)
From this small group of herbs, it is possible to soothe burns, calm insect
bites and allergic reactions, reduce fever, ease sore muscles, and help with
many other common ailments.
After the discussion of the herbs and how they can help, we will discuss the
different ways to prepare these herbs for use. Not every herb can be prepared
the same way, and it is important to understand the properties of each herb so
that their medicinal benefits may be maximized, and any potential
contraindications are minimized.
There are many ways to use medicinal herbs, and we will outline and give
recipes for some of the more common ways to prepare medicinal herbal
preparations, including:

Teas – infusions and decoctions of fresh or dried herbs.

Syrups – herbs cooked into a sweet syrup with sugar or honey
Oils – oils that are infused with herbs
Salves – preparations made with herbs, oil, and beeswax used
for topical purposes
Tinctures – herbal infusion in alcohol
Pills – a herbal paste made into pills, or powdered herbs added
to gelatin capsules
Poultices – herbs applied directly to the skin
Compresses – herbal infusions applied to the skin
Each of these will be discussed, and by the end of this book, you will be
confident in using your new herbal medicine knowledge.
Finally, we will touch on your herbal medicine cabinet, and give some ideas
and recipes to include in your herbal first aid kit.
Aloe Vera (Aloe Vera)
Properties: Antipruritic, Digestive, Laxative, Skincare.
Common Uses: Digestive, Skin irritations (especially burns), Skincare.
Common Preparations: Salve, Directly on skin, Juice
Contraindications: Caution should be used when taking the gel orally. There
is a chance that ingesting Aloe vera could cause abnormal heart
rhythm or kidney problems in those with pre-existing heart or kidney
issues. It may also lower blood sugar levels in diabetics. Ingestion
may also negatively interact with prescription drugs used to treat
clots, diabetes, heart disease, potassium-lowering agents, and
diuretics. Topically, there is a rare potential for an allergic reaction or
contact dermatitis. Do not take internally if pregnant.
Plant parts used: Gel from inside leaves.
Possible Side Effects
When harvesting the gel from an aloe vera plant, especially for internal use,
be sure to use only the white/clear gel inside the leaf and none of the leaf
pulp or any yellow liquid latex from inside the leaf, which can be toxic or
irritating to those with a latex allergy.
Plant Identification
 Aloe vera is commonly grown
as a houseplant, though it can be grown outdoors in warmer climates. It is a
succulent with thick, dark green leaves growing directly from the ground, and
is actually related to lilies and asparagus. When the leaves are cut, they are
full of a gel-like substance, which is the useable part of the plant. The plant
will typically have between 15-30 leaves, and each one will grow up to 12
inches long, and 3-4 inches wide.
An aloe vera plant will produce a spiky yellow cone-shaped flower when it
reaches about 4 years of age. However, it is possible that indoor aloe vera
plants will flower less frequently or not at all. The blooms appear in early
spring and can last through the summer.
To harvest the gel, cut a leaf from the aloe plant, cutting close to the base of
the plant, and leave the leaf to sit for about an hour. Wash and dry the leaf,
and fillet by cutting up the two sides. Scrape off the white or clear gel with a
spoon or knife, ensuring that none of the rind or yellow liquid is included.
The gel can be stored in the refrigerator for future use and used as-is or added
to a salve, juice, or another recipe.
Historical Uses
The gel from the Aloe vera plant has been used medicinally for thousands of
years and is widely acknowledged as a topical agent for the relief of sunburn
and skin irritations.
Digestive
The gel can be consumed (see contraindications above) when mixed with
water or juice. The common preparation is to add two teaspoons of the clear
aloe vera gel to a glass of water or fruit juice and drink before meals in order
to reduce the severity of digestive problems. Alternatively, the aloe water or
juice can be drunk after meals as a gentle remedy for heartburn. The juice is
also very high in vitamin C and can help to lower blood sugar.
Laxative
The aloe vera juice has been shown to have the ability to act as a laxative to
relieve constipation.
Skincare
The most widely recognized use for aloe vera is for skincare applications and
is universally used for the care of sunburn. The gel is frequently used alone
or incorporated into a salve as a face or hair moisturizer, which is especially
recommended for dry, damaged, sensitive, or irritated skin or hair. It makes a
particularly moisturizing overnight mask that can be used up to twice a week
for extremely dry skin – apply the gel directly to the skin and leave
overnight. Wash off in the morning with warm water. The aloe vera can
also be used as a serum as part of your daily skin care regimen. Once the gel
is extracted from the aloe leaves, add a little distilled water to reduce some of
the stickiness from the gel and store it in a pump-top bottle to prevent
contamination. Using aloe vera topically may help to reduce the appearance
of dark spots and pigmentation. As will all skin preparations, it is important
to test for allergic reactions when using aloe vera gel directly on the skin to
ensure that there is no redness, rash, or irritation which could indicate an
allergic reaction.
For the healing of sunburn, insect bites, or other skin irritations, a salve can
be prepared ahead of time, or a leaf can be cut directly from the plant and the
gel applied to the affected area. The gel soothes the skin, cooling it and
speeding up the healing of sunburn as well as other types of burns. It will
also soothe and speed healing of insect bites and other skin irritations.
Aloe vera salve can also be used as a personal lubricant and can be used in
breastfeeding mothers to soothe sore nipples as an alternative to lanolin-
based creams if a vegan option is preferred. If using the salve as a nipple
cream, ensure that it is wiped off before nursing, as it does not taste great,
and the baby may reject feeding.
Other Uses
Pure aloe gel, diluted aloe gel, or prepared salve can be applied to the hair
before styling for smooth, shiny hair to reduce frizz and dandruff, and
prevent hair loss. A mixture of aloe vera gel with water can also be used as a
mouthwash to reduce dental plaque and to relieve bleeding or swollen gums.
Dosages:
Aloe vera gel mixed with juice or water: up to three cups per day.
Salve or pure aloe gel: Apply as needed.
Some folklore about aloe vera:
- Superstition states that if you grow aloe vera in the house, it will
prevent household accidents, particularly burns.
- Another superstition suggests that aloe plants hung over doors of the
house will bring luck and drive away evil.
- It is said that Queen Cleopatra used aloe in her beauty routine.
Burdock (Arctium minus)
Properties: Antiinflammatory, Antioxidant, Decongestant, Diuretic,
Expectorant.
Common Uses: Skin care issues, Digestive aid, Diuretic, Cough and Cold,
Liver issues, high blood pressure.
Common Preparations: Tea, oil, tincture, pills, poultice, compress
Contraindications: Do not take internally if you are dehydrated or if you are
taking any diuretic medication. Do not use externally if allergic to
chrysanthemums or daisies. Do not take if pregnant, trying to become
pregnant. Do not give to children under 12.
Burdock is considered safe to eat, but it is recommended not to
gather from the wild, and to only gather or purchase from a reputable
source as the burdock plant very closely resembles belladonna and
nightshade plants which are very highly toxic, and these plants often
grow close together.
Plant parts used: Root, seeds. Do not use the leaves internally.
Possible Side Effects
Burdock root may be associated with slow blood clotting and may increase
the risk of bleeding in those with bleeding disorders.
Plant Identification
Burdock, also known as Gobo, grows around the world in wooded areas, and
the plant is related to sunflowers and Daisies. The root is the part of the plant
that is most often used, and it grows quite large, a two to three foot tuber, that
has a woody, brown skin with white and fibrous flesh. The plant can grow up
to four or five feet tall and has a stiff stem with a reddish color to it. Leaves
are large and shaped like hearts with hairs on the undersides. Leaf edges can
be wavy or can be toothed.
The plant is biannual, meaning that it takes two years to reach full maturity
and flower. During the first year, the plant will remain as a rosette of leaves
close to the ground. In the second year, a three to seven foot tall stalk will
grow from the center of the leaf rosette and will grow purple flowers in July
through October of the second year. The roots can be gathered from two-
year-old plants in early spring, or from one-year-old plants in autumn.
Leaves can be gathered throughout the year and used as needed. Flowers
bloom in late summer, and fruits ripen in autumn. Collect the fruits when
they are dry and stick to your clothing, then shake out the seeds. Lay seeds,
roots, and leaves flat to dry.

The flowers are small and pink with a sweet fragrance, sitting on top of a
seed ball. When the flowers dry, the seed balls turn brown and will stick to
everything. In fact, the hooks on the burrs of burdock are reportedly the
shape that inspired Velcro.
It is the root of burdock, which is made into tea and can be taken hot or cold.
The root is harvested from the plant, sliced thinly, and then laid flat to dry
completely. Once dried, the root is pulverized, and can then be used to make
tea, salve, compress, and other preparations.
Historical Uses
Burdock root has a long history of use as a blood purifier, diaphoretic
(increases sweating), and a diuretic. The root of the plant is linked with the
ability to stimulate bile production and to regenerate cells of the liver.
Antiinflammatory
Burdock root has been shown to help in lowering blood pressure and opening
blood vessels to improve blood flow. In cases of osteoarthritis, or even
general aches and pains, the anti-inflammatory properties of the burdock root
in the form of a salve or a compress can provide relief.
Antioxidant
Although they are not conclusive, there are some studies that suggest that the
root of the burdock plant may contain some antioxidant properties which may
help to prevent cancer cells from growing and mutating and even prevent
some cancer cells from spreading. There are also some studies that suggest
that the seeds of the burdock plant may also inhibit some cancers. More
study is needed to confirm these claims, so it is best to consult with your
healthcare provider before using burdock for this purpose.
Decongestant and Expectorant
Burdock root tea can be taken for relief of many respiratory issues. A tea
made from burdock root can help to relieve the symptoms of coughs and
colds as it is a decongestant as well as an expectorant that can clear the
sinuses and lungs. Burdock does contain vitamin C as well, so it is likely is
able to aid in boosting the immune system to fight off a cold.
Digestive Issues
When taken as a tea, burdock root can help to remove toxins from the blood,
purifying it. It also acts as a digestive aid, strengthening and toning the
stomach, and calming indigestion.

Diuretic
Diuretic agents promote urination and sweating and help to eliminate excess
water weight. The tea made from decocting burdock root has been used to
detoxify the liver for centuries, and can help reverse liver damage caused by
alcohol consumption
Skincare
Burdock is commonly used for skincare issues, such as relieving bruises and
inflammation. A poultice of the leaves can be used on the affected area as
needed. For acne or eczema, a salve or compress can be applied to the
affected area. The root also contains antioxidants, which fight free radicals
and combat the signs of aging, such as wrinkles. For chronic skin diseases,
use a tincture of the dried seeds to heal the skin from the inside out.
Other Uses
As well as its medicinal properties, Burdock root is also eaten as a vegetable
in many cultures. In order to prepare the root for cooking, the outer layer
must be peeled as it is quite bitter. The inner layer of the fresh root has a
texture similar to a potato. Some popular preparations of burdock root
include pickling the peeled root in vinegar, or slicing the roots into thin
rounds, and then coating with olive oil and salt and roasting for about 25
minutes, flipping halfway through so both sides are browned.
Some use the tea or a tincture of burdock root to improve hair and scalp
health, relieve dandruff, improve hair follicles to prevent hair loss, and
improve hair thickness.
Dosages:
Tea: Up to three cups per day
Tincture 10-15 drops two to three times per day
Poultice: Apply twice per day, or as needed
Some folklore about Burdock:
- It is said that the inventor of Velcro, George de Mestral, got the idea
for Velcro after removing dry burdock fruit from his dog’s fur.
- Burdock has been used in several cultures to ward off negativity and
for general protection.
- Some cultures consider burdock root to be an aphrodisiac.
Calendula (Calendula officinalis)
Properties: Antimicrobial, Antiinflammatory, Antiseptic
Common Uses: Wound healing, Soothing, Sunburn, Skincare, Skin
irritations.
Common Preparations: Salve, Tea, Bath, Oil, Tincture, Pills, Compress
Contraindications: Avoid when pregnant since it can induce menstruation.
Do not use if allergic to ragweed, daisies, marigold.
Plant parts used: Flowers
Possible Side Effects
Possible allergic reactions, including itching, rash, breathing problems, and
dizziness. There is a possibility that it may cause a miscarriage if taken
during pregnancy. May cause excessive drowsiness if taken during or after
surgery. Consult a health care practitioner if you have an upcoming surgery.
Plant Identification
Also known as pot marigold, calendula is an annual plant that grows well in
many environments and is known to attract butterflies. These flowers are
similar, but not quite the same as the ornamental marigolds that are often
grown alongside vegetable gardens (Tagetus genus). Calendula plants can
grow as tall as two feet, and the flowers are a bright yellow to orange color.
The flowers are usually between two to four inches in diameter, with the
petals growing in two rows.
The petals of the calendula flower are known to reduce swelling and promote
quicker healing when applied wounds and infections as a salve or a
compress. To harvest calendula, pick the flowers when they are at full bloom
between early summer until the first frost of autumn. Deadheading the plant
will cause the blooms to grow back and grow in fuller. The blooms should
be harvested before they form seeds and laid on sheets in the sun to dry for
about 2 weeks. The dried flowers can be stored in airtight containers if not
prepared right away.
Historical Uses
Historically, calendula was used as a dye for fabrics and added to food such
as butter and cheese to give it a yellow color. The blossoms have also been
used in many rituals and ceremonies by the Romans and Greeks and Hindu
cultures. Some of the earliest medicinal uses were topical treatments for skin
conditions.
Antiinflammatory
As a pain reducer and antiinflammatory, it works well as a compress or salve
for skin conditions such as diaper rash, eczema, dermatitis, and bacterial
vaginosis. The salve used on the face can help to slow the development of
wrinkles and reduce scarring.
Antibacterial/Antimicrobial
A tea of calendula petals can be used as a compress for eye infections. Using
oil or salve on wounds or incisions can result in less healing time and faster
healing, and it can be used to treat skin conditions, fight off infections, and
prevent the growth of fungus, especially in the feet.
Menstruation
A tea of the dried petals is effective both for regulating an irregular or spotty
flow and for inducing menstruation when the cycle has been interrupted. As
such, should be avoided when pregnant.
Skin Issues
A bath or salve is safe for children and can be used on babies or children for
skin irritations such as diaper rash, dry skin, eczema, insect bites, and any
other type of skin irritation.
Muscle Relaxant
The salve can also be used to ease muscle spasms and soothe overworked
muscles when massaged into the skin.
Cancer Treatments
There have been some studies to show that calendula tea and tincture can be
used to treat the
side effects of cancer treatments, but there is inconclusive evidence, and more
study is needed in this area.
Other Uses
The petals can also be used as a very effective dye. In past centuries, it has
been used to dye cheeses and butter, and can also be used as a dye for fabric,
giving natural fibers a light to medium yellow color. The flower petals can
be eaten, and they have a mildly sweet and peppery flavor.
Dosages:
Tincture: use 10 to 20 drops, up to three times per day.
Salve, Bath, Compress: Use as needed.
Tea: Add 2 teaspoons of dried flowers and steep 10 minutes. Can be
taken once or twice daily.
Pills: One or two pills daily as needed.
Some folklore about Calendula:
- Symbolizes the sun and used to decorate houses during celebrations.
- Also associated with death, since it is frequently located at graves
because it will grow anywhere that there is a lot of sun.
- The petals have been traditionally used to dye fabrics and wool.
Depending on the process used, calendula can produce anywhere from
a light lemony yellow to olive, to a light brown. Herbal dyes work best
on natural fibers, such as cotton or wool.
Chickweed (Stellaria media)
Properties: Antiinflammatory, Antipruritic, Astringent, Diuretic
Common Uses: Stomach and bowel problems, Joint pain, Menstrual pain,
Respiratory illnesses.
Common Preparations: Poultice, Compress, Tea, Salve, Tincture
Contraindications: Can cause an allergic reaction, so it is best to avoid large
amounts.
Plant parts used: Leaves, Stems, Flowers
Possible Side Effects
There are no real side effects reported from the use of chickweed, though it
may cause allergic reactions in some people.
Plant Information
Chickweed is an annual plant that is generally considered a weed in North
America. The mature plant has a hairy stem, oval leaves, and tiny daisy-like
blossoms with ten petals. This herb has been used to treat wounds since the
16th century. It is important to note that there are several plants that look
similar to chickweed, such as the mildly toxic yellow pimpernel, but one of
the ways to identify chickweed is that it does not have milk sap like the
others. Care should be taken when harvesting this herb in the wild. Products
made from chickweed can be used internally or externally for several
different health issues.
Unfortunately, chickweed does not keep well, and does not do well when
refrigerated, so it is best to either use the fresh herb within a day of cutting it
or dry it for future use.
Historical Uses
Chickweed has been used as a folk remedy for many different disorders,
including blood issues, rheumatism, various types of inflammation, and skin
problems including burns, and skin dryness due to eczema and psoriasis.
Antiinflammatory
One of the main uses for chickweed is to reduce swelling and treat
inflammation, usually with a compress or poultice to the affected area. It has
been found to be effective for the relief of pain from rheumatism, arthritis,
and menstrual cramps. A poultice of the leaves can be applied for stomach
and bowel problems, skin ulcers, muscle, and joint pain, or boils.
Antipruritic
A salve of chickweed flowers makes for a soothing massage and is useful for
treating psoriasis as well as other dry skin disorders and can also be used as
an anti-itch cream.
Astringent
A compress or a tincture has astringent properties, useful for drawing out
splinters. As a skin treatment, they can be used to dry out acne, treat eczema,
psoriasis, rashes, burns, and insect bites.
Diuretic
Chickweed tea may aid in weight loss, as a diuretic to help clean out the
kidneys, and as digestive and intestinal support.
Culinary
The leaves of chickweed are high in vitamin C and can be cooked and eaten
as a vegetable similar to spinach. The leaves are high in fiber and improve
the absorption of nutrients, which leads to improved gut health. New growth
in the spring is good in a salad. Chickweed can also be fed to livestock.
Dosages:
Tincture: Take 20 drops, one to three times daily.
Tea: One cup, once or twice daily.
Salve, Compress, Poultice: Apply as needed
Some folklore about Chickweed:
- English folklore regarding chickweed suggests that chickweed helps to
maintain and strengthen relationships, and to encourage fidelity among
lovers. Traditionally, a spring of chickweed was carried in order to
catch a lover’s eye and encourage them to be loyal.
- Is said to promote balance, since the plant itself seeks out soil with
balanced conditions.
- The name of chickweed comes from the fact that it is often fed to baby
chickens.
- Chickweed is connected with luck in Japan and is one of the seven
herbs included in the symbolic porridge made for the festival of
Nanakusa-no-sekku.
Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale)
Properties: Antidiabetic, Antiinflammatory, Antipruritic, Diuretic, Liver
issues
Common Uses: Liver and gallbladder problems, diabetic issues, stomach and
liver conditions
Common Preparations: Tea, Poultice, Tincture, Pills, Bath
Contraindications: Avoid if allergic to ragweed, chamomile, sunflowers, and
daisies. May trigger a rash or other allergy symptoms. Do not use if
allergic to iodine or latex. Avoid if pregnant, do not give to children.
It is possible that excessive consumption may reduce fertility in both
men and women.
There are several medications that may have adverse interactions
with dandelion. The list includes antibiotics (Cipro and Penetrex),
Antidepressants (Elavil), Antipsychotics (lithium and Haldol),
Diuretics (Lasix), estrogen-based contraceptives. Check with health
care professional.
Parts of plant used: Root, Leaves, Flower
Possible Side Effects
Dandelion root, leaves, and flowers are usually well tolerated by adults in
moderation either as tea or as a food. Common side effects can include
heartburn, diarrhea, upset stomach, irritated skin, muscle cramps, headache,
dizziness, and changes in blood sugar.
Plant Identification
Dandelion is a common plant that is found around the world, and generally
grows as a weed. The dandelion is universally recognizable with their jagged
leaves, bright yellow flowers, and distinctive seed balls. They can grow in
many climates from very warm to very cold climates, and generally bloom in
May and June, but established plants can bloom again in September and
October.
One drawback of foraging for dandelion is that it tends to absorb pesticides
quite easily. Ensure that any dandelion that is harvested is growing away
from roads, pesticides, pools, driveways, or any other sources of pollution.
Once harvested, the roots must be dried completely to prevent mold, and then
they can be stored for up to a year. Dried roots will be dark colored outside
and have white insides.
Historical Uses
Dandelion has been used by Native American and Chinese healers for many
years, mostly for liver and stomach conditions. The leaves have also been
commonly used as a salad green or cooked, and is still used today in salads.
Antidiabetic Uses
Dandelion root contains a soluble fiber called inulin, which can help to
support the growth of healthy bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract and help to
eliminate the unhealthy bacteria. This slows the flow of sugar from the
intestines to the bloodstream and prevents spikes in blood sugar or insulin
levels and can help to regulate diabetes. There are also some studies that
suggest that dandelion can stimulate pancreatic cells to produce insulin,
which can help with controlling blood sugar and help avoid hyperglycemia.
Dandelion tea can also be effective at calming prediabetic blood sugar
spikes. It cannot take the place of prescribed diabetic medicine, and it is best
to work with your healthcare provider if you wish to add dandelion to your
diabetic regime.
If using dandelion for blood sugar issues, it is best to harvest the roots in the
fall, when the inulin levels are at their highest.
Antiinflammatory
A poultice of the dried root can be helpful in treating various skin disorders,
including acne, eczema, psoriasis, and boils due to its anti-inflammatory
effect. There are many issues that the anti-inflammatory properties of
dandelion may help with, including premenstrual bloating and water
retention.
Antipruritic
Bathing in dandelion root can help to clear up skin disorders like acne,
eczema, or any bacterial skin disorder and promote clear skin.
Diuretic
A tea made from dandelion roots tastes a little bit like coffee if the young
roots are roasted until they are dark brown, then steeped and strained. This
tea can help to eliminate excess water from the body and promote weight loss
by breaking down fats and cholesterol.
Liver issues
It is generally thought that consuming dandelion flower tea will cleanse the
liver, and studies show that dandelion root tincture can help to slow the
progression of liver scarring. This allows the liver to heal and slowly
regenerate.
Cancer
There are some studies that suggest that dandelion may help to prevent sun
damage. The studies show that dandelion extracts are able to block UVB
rays to some degree, which can protect the skin from sun damage and lower
the risk of skin cancer. It is also possible that dandelion root may be able to
be used as an anti-cancer agent for certain types of leukemia and melanoma.
More study is needed.
Other Uses
Tea from the dried flowers can be helpful in cases of high cholesterol,
heartburn, stomach disorders, promote strong bones, and may also protect
against anemia.
Dosages:
Tincture: 10-15 drops taken two to three times per day.
Tea: One cup made from six to eight grams of fresh root or three to
four grams of dried root, two to three times per day.
Salve, Compress, Poultice: Apply as needed
Some folklore about Dandelion:
- Once a dandelion has gone to seed, make a wish while you blow on the
flower head, and the seeds will fly away and carry your wishes to make
them come true.
- One superstition that has been around since medieval times is that if
 you hold a dandelion bloom under your chin, and your skin appears
yellow, then you will be rich one day.
- Dandelions are traditionally woven into a wedding bouquet as a
symbol of good luck for the newlyweds.
Echinacea (Echinacea purpurea)

Properties: Anti-
inflammatory, Antioxidant, Immune-strengthening
Common Uses: Alleviate pain, improve mental health, Relieve skin
problems, Boost immunity
Common Preparations: Tea, Tincture
Contraindications: Do not use if pregnant or if suffering from asthma. Do not
take if nursing. Do not use if taking immunosuppressant medications.
Part of plant used: Flower, Root, Leaves
Possible Side Effects
Echinacea is generally safe to take, though some of the side effects that have
been rarely observed include nausea, vomiting, stomach pains, muscle or
joint pain, headache, dizziness, confusion, and sleep problems. These side
effects are rare, and echinacea is generally safe and well-tolerated by most
people.
Plant Identification
Echinacea is a tall, purple, perennial plant with a cone-shaped flower, and is a
member of the daisy family. It is also known by the name coneflower or
purple coneflower. The stalk that the flower sits upon can grow up to four
feet tall, and the flowers are between two to four inches in diameter. The
plant grows well in many climates, though is native to the prairies and
wooded areas of eastern and central North America. The plant can withstand
drought, disease, insect infestations, is deer resistant, and is known to attract
bees and butterflies to the garden.
The taste of echinacea is a mix between citrus and mint, and most people find
it pleasing, though honey can be added to teas to make them more palatable if
necessary.
Since the plant is perennial, the flowers can be harvested once they are at full
bloom. Echinacea may or may not bloom during its first year, but it is
important to wait until the plant has bloomed at least once before harvesting
any part of it. Harvesting the root will effectively kill the plant, so it is best
to wait until at least the third year so that you can get some use from the
leaves and flowers first.

Historical Uses
The plant originated in North America and was used for many purposes by
Native Americans for many years before it was adopted by Europeans in the
1800s.
Antiinflammatory
Because of anti-inflammatory properties, a compress or poultice has been
used as a treatment for rheumatoid arthritis, ulcers, Chron’s disease, and
other conditions caused by inflammation, contributing to healing and relief.
Antioxidant
As an antioxidant, echinacea preparations can help with healthy cell growth.
Echinacea can help to repair cells when taken internally by destroying the
free radicals that can age and damage cells and has the potential to reduce or
slow the growth of tumor cells according to some studies.
Respiratory Issues
Echinacea is usually prepared as a tea from the dried flowers and is used for
easing respiratory issues such as bronchitis. A bath from echinacea may also
be helpful for respiratory issues.
Immune-Strengthening
Echinacea is proven to boost immunity and can be effective at shortening the
duration of flu symptoms and can even reduce the odds of getting a cold by
up to 58%. It has been shown to strengthen the immune system by increasing
the production of white blood cells to help fight viruses and bacteria and
reduce the severity and duration of colds and possibly flus as well.
Anxiety
Echinacea tea is sometimes recommended for those who suffer from ADHD
to relieve anxiety, depression, and social phobia. Echinacea can help to
regulate the communication between the body and the brain in order to help
to instill a feeling of calm and quiet, and to reduce anxiety.
Blood Sugar Issues
Echinacea can also be used to control blood sugar. It can help to keep blood
sugar from spiking in those with diabetes or prediabetes. It can keep blood
sugar from plummeting if hypoglycemic, though it is not a replacement for
insulin or other diabetes treatments. The components in echinacea are
alcohol-soluble, so it may be more potent when taken as a tincture rather than
a tea.

Other Uses
Echinacea can also be used as a treatment against many types of infections,
including urinary tract infections, herpes, vaginal yeast infections, nose and
throat infections, and even warts.
Dosages:
Tea from roots or flowers: two to three cups of tea to keep the
immune system healthy, and up to five cups per day when sick. One
to two cups of tea per day to help with blood sugar, blood pressure, or
anxiety.
 Bath or salve: As needed
Some folklore about Echinacea:
- In addition to attracting bees and butterflies, echinacea is also said to
attract flower fairies to the garden.
- Native Americans used echinacea as an offering to spirits and to
strengthen rituals.
Elder (Sambucus nigra)
Properties: Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant, Diuretic, Laxative
Common Uses of Berries: Lower blood sugar, stop bleeding, colds and flu,
treat infections, sciatica, headache, dental pain, heart and nerve pain,
laxative
Common Uses of Flowers: Pain relief, swelling, inflammation, diuretic,
induce sweating
Bark: diuretic, laxative, induce vomiting
Common Preparations: Tea, Syrup, Compress, Poultice, Culinary, Bath,
Tincture
Contraindications: Raw berries, bark, and leaves are toxic and can cause
stomach problems. Not recommended for children, or for pregnant
women. Stop using elderflower products 2 weeks before any surgery
to avoid possible complications.
Plant parts used: Flowers, Berries, Bark.
Possible Side Effects
Nausea and vomiting are possible if the raw berries are eaten. When using
any elder products, possible side effects can include weakness, dizziness, or
numbness.
Plant Identification
The elder shrub or tree can grow up to 30 feet tall, so it is much larger than
many commonly used herbs. It tends to grow the best in rich, damp soil on
riverbanks and other wet areas. The flowers bloom in clusters with dozens of
small white flowers coming from a central stalk, and bloom in May or June.
The flowers can be harvested by cutting just below where the flower stalks
converge, but make sure not to harvest all of the flowers; otherwise, no
berries will grow on the tree. The tree’s berries are about five to seven
millimeters in diameter and purple to black in color. The berries ripen in
September and must be harvested quickly because they are a favorite of
songbirds and can disappear overnight when ripe. It is said that elderberry
and elderflower are the oldest herbs cultivated and used by humans.
The berries need to be cooked before they can be eaten, but the flowers can
be consumed raw or cooked. There are many species of elder, but American
or European elderberry are the safest to use, and other species may have more
toxic effects. Bark, unripe berries, and seeds can cause stomach problems
and should not be ingested raw in large amounts, if at all. Cooking
neutralizes the toxins in the berries.
Both berry tincture and tea from the flowers can reduce the severity and
length of a cold or flu. They can shrink swollen sinuses, inhibit the growth of
bacteria, and improve the symptoms of
Sinusitis, bronchitis, and coughs. Additionally, a lozenge made from the
berries or flowers has been shown to reduce the flu symptoms of fever,
headache, muscle ache, and nasal congestion.
Historical Uses
Native American healers used berries to treat infection, ancient Egyptians
used elder preparations for burns and to improve complexion.
Anti-inflammatory
An elderflower compress or bath can help to stop the flow of blood to a
wound, reduce bruising, and to reduce swelling. A salve can be massaged
into the joints, or a warm compress can be applied to ease the pain of
arthritis.
Antioxidant
The berries, leaves, and flowers of the elder all have well documented
antioxidant properties, and the berries may contain some cancer-inhibiting
properties and support the immune system by increasing white blood cells.
Blood Sugar
Elder has been used for many years to help to lower blood sugar, but care
must be taken for those with diabetes since it can adversely interact with
diabetes medication, and there is a danger that it may lower blood sugar too
far. Elder preparations have shown to be able to increase insulin secretion
and improve blood sugar levels, but it is best to work with your healthcare
provider if you are being treated for diabetes.
Culinary
In cooking, elderflower is a popular flavoring in drinks and desserts.
Elderflower syrup can be found in many cocktails, and sodas. The berries are
commonly harvested to make juice, jams, pies, or wine. Both the berries and
the flowers contain high concentrations of vitamins A, B, C, and E.
Diuretic
A tea or syrup made from the flowers can help to ease constipation and to
increase urine production.
Skincare
In skincare, a bath of elderflower is used to tighten skin and improve the
complexion, including fading freckles, age spots, and blemishes. A compress
or a salve of elderflower may be used as a facial mask treatment one or two
times per week in order to refresh the complexion. It is a mild astringent and
is good for mature skin.

Other Uses
The extract of elderflowers is also used frequently in perfumes, and its scent
has been described as sweet, honey, herbal, spicy.
Dosages:
Syrup: One tablespoon of berry or flower syrup four times per day.
Tea: Up to three cups per day.
Compress, poultice, bath, salve: As needed.
Some folklore about Elder:
- It is said that if you dream of elderberries, then you will become sick
soon.
- An elder tree growing near a home will protect all who live in the
home.
- In German folklore, it is believed that anyone who injures an elder tree
will suffer from its vengeance.
- In the middle ages, the leaves were used to ward off witches, and the
berries were placed on the windowsills to repel vampires.
- It is believed that if you stand under an elder tree at midnight on
midsummer, you will see the fairies.
Marshmallow (Althaea officinalis)
Properties: Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant, Diuretic
Common Uses: Digestive, Respiratory, Skin conditions, Cough, and cold.
Common Preparations: Syrup, Pill, Tincture, Tea, Salve, Oil
Contraindications: Avoid if pregnant, breastfeeding, or diabetic. Do not use
if surgery is scheduled in the next 2 weeks.
Parts of plant used: Root, Leaf, Flower
Possible side effects
Possible side effects include upset stomach and dizziness. Root preparations
should only be taken for four weeks at a time, then a one week break before
resuming use. Skin applications have the potential for skin irritation. Do a
patch test before applying to a large area.
Plant Identification
Marshmallow is an annual plant that typically grows to about three to four
feet high. The leaves are small, about two to three inches long, and vaguely
resemble the shape of a maple leaf with five points. The flowers resemble a
wild rose and are a light pink color. The flowers bloom in late summer, so
they are harvested then. The leaves and roots of the plant are also used and
can be harvested all year round. The plant prefers slightly sandy soil and
grows well on riverbanks and in salt marshes. The marshmallow is native to
Europe but has been found in North and South America since colonization.
The marshmallow has a unique gooey texture, and this makes it especially
well-suited for preparations that are meant to coat the throat or stomach. The
root of the marshmallow plant contains the sap that was used to make sweet
marshmallow candy as a food product originally, though commercially
prepared marshmallows are no longer made from the marshmallow plant.
Historical Uses
The marshmallow plant, especially the root, has been used for thousands of
years in Egypt and Asia for digestive, respiratory, and skin conditions. The
name “Althaea” comes from the Greek word for ‘to heal.’
Analgesic and Antiinflammatory
Marshmallow has antiinflammatory properties and wound healing properties,
and a salve applied can provide some pain relief and can dramatically reduce
swelling. Since it is also soothing to the skin, it will also help any wounds to
heal more quickly and lessen the appearance of any scars.
Antioxidant
There are some suggestions that a tincture of marshmallow leaves and
flowers can help to protect the body from damage of free radicals, which may
help to prevent certain cancers. In addition, preparations of the root may
stimulate cells and support tissue regeneration.
Digestive Issues
A tea made from marshmallow root contains an enzyme that helps to loosen
mucous and inhibit bacterial growth. It can ease an upset stomach,
constipation, or diarrhea, as well as soothing irritation and inflammation of
the digestive tract.
Diuretic
Drinking a few cups of marshmallow root tea throughout the day can help to
cleanse the kidneys and bladder by flushing out excess liquid and can clear
up urinary infections.
Respiratory Issues
Syrup from marshmallow root can help to clear mucus membranes, or syrup
from the flowers makes a good expectorant for coughs. Lozenges can help to
soothe a dry cough and irritated throat.
Skincare
Marshmallow root applied as a tincture or as a compress topically can help to
calm many skin problems, such as acne, as well as inflamed skin from cuts
and scrapes. A compress or a poultice from the leaves can also be applied to
bruises in order to heal them faster. A salve or a bath of marshmallow root
helps to maintain the skin’s natural moisture level and promote overall skin
health.
Blend a few large marshmallow leaves with some mineral water in the
blender and apply to the face to draw out impurities, especially of acne. Can
be used a few times per week, and will leave the skin smooth and bright.
Other uses
Marshmallow leaves can be eaten raw in a salad or can be cooked as well.
For vegans looking for an egg substitute, the gooey liquid produced by
boiling the marshmallow plant creates the right consistency for a substitution,
though it is bright green and will turn your baking green.
Dosage
Tea: Two to three cups per day.
Salve, Compress, Poultice: Apply as needed.
Tincture: 20-40 drops, three times per day
Syrup: Two tablespoons of cough syrup per day.
Some folklore about Marshmallow:
- Celtic people would place the flat seed disks of the marshmallow over
the eyes of the dead to prevent evil spirits from sneaking into the body
for a free ride to heaven.
- A piece of marshmallow root worn in the shoe will lead the wearer to
buried treasure.
Mullein (Verbascum Thapsus)
Properties: Antibacterial, Antiinflammatory, Antiviral
Common Uses: Respiratory, antiinflammatory, skincare, ear pain
Common Preparations: Tea, Syrup, Tincture, Poultice, Compress, Salve, Oil
Contraindications: Avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding.
Part of plant used: Leaves, flower
Possible Side Effects
There are no reports of major side effects, although the mullein plant has tiny
hairs on the leaves and stalk, which can cause skin irritation when raw.
When making tea, the liquid must be strained thoroughly after steeping and
before drinking so the hairs do not irritate the throat.
Plant Identification
Mullein grows well in environments with little rainfall and grows well in
disturbed landscapes. Mullein is biennial, meaning that it has a 2-year
growing cycle. In its first year, it forms a small rosette of hairy or velvety
leaves that can be up to 12 inches long. In the second year of growth, a
flower stalk will grow in the center of the leaves and can be up to 6 feet tall.
The entire stalk is covered with hairs, which can be very irritating to the
skin. The leaves are known as ‘bunny ears’ because of their soft, velvet-like
appearance.
The flowers of the mullein are pale yellow with five petals, and each can
measure approximately ¼ inch to 1 inch across. The flowers are arranged in
a cluster at the top of the stalk in a club-like shape, and blooms from June to
September. The flowers bloom depending on the weather conditions, so
there may be some years where the mullein does not bloom at all. It is very
rare for all of the flowers to bloom at once. Usually, a few flowers will bloom
on the spike, then they will die and produce seeds and another few flowers
will bloom. If harvesting flowers from the mullein, check every few days to
harvest what is there.
Historical Uses
In the late 1800s, tea was a popular treatment for tuberculosis. There is also
some evidence that the leaves may have been smoked in an effort to calm
respiratory ailments. There are historical records which show that the leaves
were used by Native Americans and American colonists in their shoes to
keep out the cold, and even some records that show that the leaves were used
as toilet paper. It is not clear how this is handled with the potentially
irritating nature of the hairs, so is not recommended.

Antibacterial and Antiviral

Mullein has been shown to have antibacterial properties and to inhibit the
growth of several strains of bacteria that can cause infection. It also has some
antiviral properties and can reduce the severity and treat the symptoms of
respiratory issues, including tuberculosis, tonsillitis, bronchitis, and even
pneumonia. There is also possible evidence that it may be able to fight
influenza A and herpes as well, though this information is not well
documented and more study is required.
Respiratory
For hundreds of years, a tea of the mullein flowers and leaves has been used
to treat respiratory conditions such as cough, congestion, cold, and asthma. It
is particularly good at relieving asthma because it can reduce swelling in the
airway, and therefore can reduce the symptoms of coughing, wheezing, and
shortness of breath. It does not, however, replace asthma medications, so
care must be taken to consult your healthcare practitioner if you are using any
medications for asthma before adding mullein to your healthcare regime.
Anti-inflammatory
The anti-inflammatory properties of mullein flowers and leaves that are
helpful for the respiratory tract can also be used for other inflammation issues
in the body. Mullein oil or compress can be used to calm any areas of
inflammation or joint pain. The flowers and leaves of mullein in a tea,
compress, poultice, or salve can be used for headache or migraine or for pain
anywhere in the body. The tea also works well for relieving constipation and
gout.
Ear Pain
For ear pain and ear infections, a compress of mullein flowers and leaves
may be applied to the ear to relieve ear pain, especially in children. Make
sure that the compress is warm, replace it when it cools off. Make sure that
the cloth is rung out so that there is no liquid entering the ear canal.
Other Uses
After the growing season was over, the stalk was often cut, dried, and then
the tip dipped in wax. The resulting stalk can be used as a torch and once
dipped in wax burns for quite a long time. The dried leaves and stem can
also be used for a very good tinder.
The flowers can be boiled to produce a bright yellow dye for dying cloth.
Adding a basic agent (raising the pH) will produce a brown dye, and adding
an acid (lowering the pH) will produce a green dye.

Dosages:
Tea: One to two cups daily made from flowers or leaves.
Compress, poultice, or salve: As needed
Oil (external only): As needed
Some folklore about Mullein:
- In medieval England, the mullein was used to determine whether a
lover was faithful. The plant was bent towards the lover’s house. If it
resumed a vertical position, then all was well, but if it died, then the
lover was untrue.
- Mullein was considered to be a sure safeguard against evil spirits and
magic.
Nettle (Urtica dioica)
Properties: Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant, Galactagogue
Common Uses: Culinary, Allergy relief, Blood pressure, Kidney, and bladder
issues.
Common Preparations: Tea, Salve, Tincture, Culinary
Contraindications: Do not take nettles if also taking blood thinners, blood
pressure medication, diuretics, diabetes medication, or lithium. Do
not take when pregnant as there is a danger of miscarriage.
Parts of plant used: Leaves and flowers.
Possible Side Effects
Leaves can cause a temporary burning sensation on contact. If fresh nettle
does come in contact with the skin, it can cause a raised bumpy rash, which is
quite itchy. In rare cases, it can cause tightness in the chest or throat,
breathing difficulty, wheezing, swelling in the mouth, tongue, or lips,
stomach cramps, vomiting, or diarrhea. In the case of a rash, make sure not
to touch the affected area for at least 10 minutes. Any rubbing or touching of
the area can push the chemicals deeper into the skin and make them more
difficult to remove and make the rash more difficult to relieve. After the
irritation has rested for 10 minutes, use soap and water to gently wash away
the nettle’s chemicals from the surface of the skin. Often the pain will be
relieved when the skin is washed.
If there are still some of the nettle hairs stuck in the skin. The best way to get
rid of them is to place some adhesive tape over the affected area, and then
pull it loose, similar to waxing. If the above method does not fully relieve the
effects of the sting, try a compress of cool water or aloe vera juice, salve, or
pure aloe gel.
If the rash does not disappear after 24 hours, then it is likely a more severe
allergic reaction, and you should consult a healthcare professional.
Plant Identification
Nettle is a shrub that is found worldwide. The plant is perennial and can
grow to between three to seven feet tall in the summer, dying down to
nothing in the winter. The leaves are strongly serrated and are attached on
opposite sides of a hairy stem. The stems and leaves have hairs, some of
which can inject chemicals into the skin and cause a stinging sensation.
Wear long pants, long sleeves, and gloves when harvesting nettle.
The flowers are small and can be either greyish yellow or greyish green and
hairy. The flowers bloom between May to September.

Historical Uses
Nettle has been used for arthritis and lower back pain since ancient Egyptian
times. Roman troops would rub the herb on their skin to give them the
illusion of warmth in cold climates.
Anti-inflammatory
Nettle has great anti-inflammatory properties, and tea, pills, salve, or
compress are all useful ways to reduce inflammation and pain from arthritis.
Tea or tincture may help to treat the symptoms of an enlarged prostate or
other urinary problems.
Antioxidant
There is evidence that shows that a nettle tincture can defend against free
radicals, which are linked to aging, cancer, and other diseases.
Culinary
Nettles have long been eaten as a nutritious vegetable. Once they have been
processed, dried, or cooked, nettle can be safely consumed and is very
nutritious, containing high levels of vitamins A, C, K, calcium, iron, and
magnesium.
Allergies
Nettle tea can help to treat hayfever by blocking histamine receptors and
reducing inflammation in the lining of the nose, relieving seasonal allergies
Blood Pressure
Preparations of nettle have proven helpful in lowering blood pressure and the
risk of heart disease and stroke. It acts as a calcium channel blocker, which
relaxes the heart muscles by reducing the force of the contractions and
stimulating nitric oxide production, which can relax the muscles of the blood
vessels and help them widen.
Kidney and Bladder Problems
As a diuretic, nettle tea may help to remove excess salt and water from the
body, helping to relieve the symptoms of kidney and bladder stones, and also
of urinary tract infections.
Other Uses
Native Americans used the fiber from the nettle to make fishing nets and
cord. This fiber can still be used today to create a fabric similar to linen. The
leaves can produce a green dye that was used in wartime Europe to make
camouflage.

Dosages:
Tea: Two to three cups per day.
Tincture: One to two milliliters taken up to three times per day.
Salve, compress: As needed.
Some folklore about Nettle:
- Old English folklore says that girls should gather nettles early on the
morning of May first, boil them in water, and then use the nettle water
to rinse their hair so that it will grow long and strong.
- “Nettling” or “urtication” is a tradition where each person holds a
bundle of nettles and gently whips everyone in the home in order to
awaken their agility and protect them against illness.
Oats (Avena sativa)
Properties: Cardiovascular, Nervine, Skin disorders
Common Uses: Anxiety, bladder weakness, constipation, diverticulosis, gout,
inflammatory bowel disease, IBS, joint and tendon disorders, kidney
conditions, nerve disorders, gallstones, skin disorders, stress,
dermatitis, pruritis, acne, eczema.
Common Preparations: Bath, Salve, Tea, Tincture, Poultice, Culinary
Contraindications: Do not take if diagnosed with celiac disease or disorder of
digestive tract, intestinal obstruction, digestive disorders that slow
down the digestive process. Do not give topically to children with
atopic dermatitis as it may trigger an allergic reaction.
Parts of plants used: Immature seeds, mature seeds, stem, leaves
Possible Side Effects
Oats are generally considered to be safe to give to anyone, including babies,
the elderly, and pregnant women. The only major contraindication is for
those with celiac disease or gluten intolerance, for which the side effects can
include gas or bloating when taken internally. It is felt that the oats can still
be used topically in those with gluten intolerance, but it would be best to
perform a skin test prior to using any preparation containing oat just to be
sure that there will not be an allergic reaction.
Plant Identification
Oat is a cereal grain that is grown all over the world and used as a staple food
crop. The main part of the plant that is used commercially is the seed, and
this is the bag of oats that you will see at the grocery store.
Oats grow from a stalk that is about two to three feet tall when mature. Oats
grow quite quickly and will usually be ripe about 12 weeks after planting.
They are ready for harvest once the seed heads turn from green to a light
brown or cream color. The immature seed, called milky oats because they
ooze a milky white liquid, can be harvested in the early part of the growth
cycle. These immature seeds contain the highest amounts of magnesium and
potassium.
The dried mature seeds are the seeds that are most commonly used as food.
The stems and leaves of the oat plant can also be harvested and dried. This is
called oat straw, and can be made into a tea
Historical Uses
Milky oats were often made into a gruel have been used historically for those
suffering from malnutrition, diarrhea, or dysentery. Oatmeal has long been a
staple of the diets of those who needed a boost to their nutrition, or who had
limited access to proper nutrition. Most skin disorders have been treated by
an oat preparation at some point due to its cooling and soothing properties.
Cardiovascular
Eating oats has been shown to help to lower the amount of fats in the blood
and to reduce the risk of, or even prevent heart disease, and can lower blood
pressure.
Skin Disorders
Oats soothe itch, combat skin dryness and oiliness, calm eczema, and contact
dermatitis. They can also help to absorb and remove oil and bacteria from
the skin, exfoliate dead skin cells.
As a compress, poultice, or a bath, oats work wonders in soothing eczema
and other skin conditions, especially if the skin is dry or itchy. A poultice
applied as a face mask for acne can help to calm the swelling and redness and
speed the healing of acne. A warm oat bath can calm the itching of poison
ivy, chickenpox, or sunburn.
Addiction Issues
Taking a tincture of oats can help to reduce the craving for nicotine, and also
help with withdrawal from nicotine and narcotics.
Gastrointestinal Disorders
All preparations of oats can increase the gut flora and help to relieve
abdominal pain, including eating them as oatmeal. There are some studies
which show that there are possibilities for oats to help to prevent gallstones,
and some cancers, including colon and stomach, but not a lot of research has
been done to support these claims.
Nervous Disorders
Oats have proven to be both soothing and calming to help rebuild the nervous
system when eaten, or when taken as a tea, tincture, or as a bath. A tincture
can be taken to improve attention, concentration, increase energy, and ability
to maintain focus, mood, and calm. It is good for relieving anxiety and
stress. overcoming exhaustion, and helping restore normal nerve function,
Culinary
Oats contain high amounts of fiber and are very nourishing for those who are
malnourished or undernourished. Eating oats regularly can help to prevent
joint pain and rheumatism, help combat fatigue, and can also be helpful in the
treatment of diarrhea and constipation. Oats are commonly eaten before a
workout for more endurance and prolonged energy.

Other Uses
A bowl of oats in the fridge or freezer will help to absorb bad odors from
food. Oats are also safe to use as a compress or bath for dogs with itchy, dry
skin.
Dosages:
Tincture: 10-20 drops, once or twice per day.
Poultice, compress, bath: As needed
Tea: one to two cups per day as needed.
Some folklore about Oats:
- When oats fail, it is a sure sign that other grains will have poor
harvests as well.
- Oats are associated with prosperity.
Peppermint (Mentha piperita)
Properties: Antibacterial, Carminative, Digestive, Nervine
Common Uses: Headache, stomach upset, and digestive issues, anxiety.
Common Preparations: Tea, Compress, Pills, Culinary
Contraindications: Do not get in eyes, may irritate mucous membranes.
Plant parts used: Leaves
Possible Side Effects
Peppermint is generally safe for all people, but in very rare cases, there can
be allergic reactions, headache, or rash observed.
Plant Identification
The peppermint plant grows in almost every climate and is sometimes
considered an invasive species because it tends to spread widely when not
tightly controlled. Herb gardeners will often grow it in pots to prevent it
from taking over the whole garden. The plant itself is a perennial plant that
can be between 20-30 inches tall when mature. Leaves are dark green, about
three to four inches long and about two inches wide. The leaves end in a
sharp point and have toothed margins. The plants grow well in most habitats,
and as mentioned above, grow quickly and spread out over a wide area if
allowed.
The leaves should be harvested in spring or early summer before the flowers
grow, or they will taste bitter. The flowers are small and purple and grow in
mid to late summer.
Historical Uses
Peppermint has been used for many centuries by various cultures for its
medicinal value. It has been written about in ancient Greek myths, by the
Roman naturalist Pliny the Elder, and in Icelandic medical documents from
the 13th century. It has been used in Europe since the 18th century. It has
been reported that peppermint was used in Europe to whiten teeth as far back
as the 14th century, as well as being used to mask the smell of tobacco.
Antibacterial
Drinking the tea from peppermint leaves or using the oil on the skin can help
to fight bacterial infections, killing bacteria, and helping to prevent the
growth of food-borne bacteria. Peppermint has been shown to kill several
types of bacteria that can cause illness in humans, including bacteria that lead
to pneumonia, and it also kills mouth bacteria that can lead to gingivitis, and
so is added to many mouthwash preparations.

Carminative/ Digestive
A tea from peppermint leaves can be taken before eating in order to avoid gas
pains, or it can be taken after a meal to help with indigestion. The calming
and soothing actions of the peppermint herb aids in digestion, relieves
indigestion, eases nausea, and can help with calming other gastrointestinal
issues. The tea soothes the stomach wall and can help to ease nausea and
prevent vomiting felt during pregnancy and caused by motion sickness. The
tea is commonly used to relieve digestive issues such as gas, bloating,
indigestion, and can improve the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome.
Nervine
Drinking peppermint tea has been shown to relieve anxiety and help patients
to maintain focus. Taking pills may help to increase energy and reduce the
incidence of daytime sleepiness in the long term.
Headache
One of the most widely recognized uses for peppermint is as a treatment for
headaches. For a headache or a migraine, placing a compress of peppermint
or peppermint oil over the headache, or on the temples and forehead can
provide a cooling sensation and increase blood flow, which in turn can help
to ease the pain.
Allergies and Sinus Issues
The antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory properties of peppermint
tea can help to relieve clogged sinuses, shrinking them and therefore
improving air flow. It can also help to reduce the symptoms of seasonal
allergies, such as runny nose, itchy eyes, and even to alleviate some of the
symptoms of asthma.
Muscle Relaxant
As a tea or compress or pill, peppermint can be very helpful in relieving
menstrual cramps or applied topically as a salve can relieve any sore muscles
or muscle fatigue. The muscle relaxant properties have also been reported to
help with relaxation before bed. However, it is also reported to increase
energy, so caution must be used if intending to use peppermint for this
purpose.
Other Usages
Inhaling the steam from a tea, oil, or even the fresh leaves can help to
Improve concentration and may improve memory and alertness. Peppermint
is widely acknowledged as a breath freshener and has antibacterial properties
that can kill various bacteria that can cause dental plaque. Removal of this
dental plaque can improve breath. Greeks and Romans used peppermint to
flavor sauces and wines, and it was commonly used to scent bath water and
bedding.

Dosages:
Bath, Salve, Compress, Poultice: As needed
Tea: one to three cups per day
Tincture: up to 20 drops taken three times per day for up to 8
weeks.
Some folklore about Peppermint:
- Mint was used in Assyrian rituals to their fire god.
- Greeks and Romans wore crowns of mint at feasts.
- Traditionally an herb of hospitality.
Plantain (Plantago major)
Properties: Analgesic, Antibacterial, Antiinflammatory, Antiseptic,
Astringent.
Common Uses: Relieve pain, Staunch bleeding, fight infection, soothe
inflammation, relieve itching.
Common Preparations: Tea, Bath, Salve, Culinary, Compress, Poultice.
Contraindications: Don’t use internally if blood disorder or prone to blood
clots. Do not take if pregnant or breastfeeding.
Parts of Plant Used: leaves, seeds
Possible Side Effects
Plantain is considered to be a safe herb to take for most adults. Rare possible
side effects include low blood pressure and diarrhea. In some cases, applying
plantain to the skin may cause an allergic reaction such as itching or rash.
Plant Identification
Plantain is a perennial plant with oval-shaped leaves that are approximately
six to eight inches long and three inches wide. The leaves grow in a rosette
close to the ground, and can grow in many climates, but are most commonly
found along roadsides, fields, or other areas that have been disturbed by
humans. The flowers are small and green to brown and grow in a dense spike
that can be up to six inches long on the top of a six-inch stem, making the full
height of the plant 12 inches.
Since the plant survives well in disturbed and damaged areas, it have proven
to be a useful plant to help soil rehabilitation. The roots help to break up hard
soils and can help to make the soils more habitable for other plants in the
future. Somewhat different from other plants, the leaves of the plantain are
the most medically potent when the flowers are in bloom.
Historical Uses
There is a legend that the plantain was discovered by Alexander the great and
brought to Europe in 327 BCE. In North America, plantain was called
Whiteman’s Footprint by the Native Americans since they perceived that it
seemed to spring up wherever the white men went. Plantain was also
considered one of the nine sacred herbs of the Saxons, and was an early
Christian symbol of the path followed by the devout.
Analgesic
The leaves can be used fresh as an analgesic. Bruise or cut the leaves and
then apply them directly to a wound or cut for pain relief. A salve of the
leaves, a compress, or an herbal oil can also be applied for pain relief
purposes.
Antibacterial
The antibacterial properties of plantain are well documented. A salve,
compress, or oil used on cuts and bruises can speed the recovery of wounds
and act as an antibacterial agent to prevent the wound from spreading.
Antiinflammatory
Used as a tea of the leaves, plantain can help to soothe internal membranes,
including relief from diarrhea. A tea of the root of the plantain can help to
reduce swelling in respiratory tissues and aid in the healing of respiratory
infections. Taking a bath of plantain is uplifting, cooling, and refreshing, but
can also help to relieve nasal and chest congestion through reducing swelling
of the nasal passages.
A plantain compress, poultice, or bath can soothe inflammation resulting
from bites, stings, rashes, eczema, psoriasis, burns, cuts, varicose veins. A
tea or tincture can provide hemorrhoid relief over time, relieve IBS,
constipation, diarrhea, indigestion, and ulcers. Fresh leaves can be bruised so
that some of the juices come out, and then applied topically to treat insect
bites, stings, eczema, small wounds, cuts, inflamed skin, or dermatitis.
Antiseptic
A poultice of plantain leaves works to facilitate healing and prevent infection
to wounds, stings, and sores. It has been shown to promote cellular growth
and tissue regeneration. Plantain root also works well for respiratory
infections.
Astringent
As an astringent, plantain can speed the recovery of wounds. A compress or
a salve from the leaves helps to soothe mosquito bites and other types of bites
and stings by helping to draw the poison or venom out from the skin. It is
also quite helpful to draw splinters out from the skin.
A tea of plantain leaves is used to treat diarrhea and soothe internal
membranes. A compress applied to a sunburn or a rash from poison ivy,
poison oak, or sumac will draw out the poison and relieve the itch. It has also
been used to numb the skin, which also helps with sunburn, dermatitis, or
injury. It has been used effectively to numb the skin as a compress applied
before piercing, tattooing, or hair removal procedures to help reduce the
swelling or pain from the procedure.
Digestive
Plantain tea can be used to help regulate cholesterol and diabetes, and to calm
indigestion and heartburn.
Culinary
Plantain has been eaten as a leaf vegetable for many years, and is very high in
vitamins C. K. A, as well as calcium and beta-carotene. The fresh, young
spring leaves taste the best as the older the leaves get, they get stringy and
can have a stronger flavor. The older leaves are great for making tea or other
preparations but are less palatable for culinary purposes.
Heart Health
Some sources indicate that the seeds of the plantain plant may lower
cholesterol when ingested, and a tea from the seeds is useful for many heart
ailments.
Other Uses for Plantain
The flower spikes can be harvested and dried then given to caged birds.
Swishing plantain tea or a diluted tincture can help to heal mouth ulcers and
prevent infections in the mouth.
Dosages:
Tincture: up to 10 drops, three times per day
Tea: one to three cups per day
Salve, Compress, Poultice: As needed
Some folklore about Plantain:
- One of the Saxon’s ‘Nine Sacred Herbs.’
- Often called ‘White Man’s Footprint’ by Native Americans because it
seemed to sprout wherever Europeans spent time in North America.
Red Clover (Trifolium pretense)
Properties: Antiinflammatory, Antioxidant
Common Uses: Respiratory issues, skin disorders, inflammatory conditions,
women’s health problems.
Common Preparations: Tea, Tincture, Compress, Poultice
Contraindications: Do not use if pregnant or breastfeeding. Do not use if
you have a hormone-sensitive cancer. Do not use if taking
methotrexate.
Plant Parts Used: Flowers, leaves can be used as well.
Possible Side Effects
Red clover is safe for short term use, but not recommended for long-term or
regular use because of the possible link to risk of cancer in the uterus lining.
Too much can be toxic
It should not be used for longer than three to six months without consulting a
healthcare provider. Red clover has blood-thinning ability and can increase
the effect of antiplatelet and anticoagulant drugs. Do not take if on blood
thinners.
Plant Identification
Red clover belongs to the legume family along with peas and beans. It is a
perennial herbaceous plant with small leaflets that grow most often in
groupings of three and are green with a white chevron mark on them. The
plant grows to about 16 inches tall, and the flower blooms from early June
and July. The flowers grow in a distinctive pink/purple ball that is about one
inch in diameter. The flower ball is actually a cluster of up to 100 florets
growing from the same stem.
It is usually the flowers that are used, but flowers and leaves can both be
harvested for medicinal preparations. In the garden, red clover is able to fix
atmospheric nitrogen in the soil and make it biologically available for other
plants, which makes it a good plant neighbor.
Historical Uses
In Europe, red clover has been used as a medicinal herb for hundreds of years
to treat liver and digestive ailments. Native American cultures have used it as
a salve for burns, for eye issues, and as a vegetable.
Antiinflammatory
Red clover has been used for Inflammatory conditions for many years. It has
properties which can help to alleviate the symptoms of arthritis and
rheumatism when taken as tea and can also be used as a salve and rubbed into
the skin for relief of inflammation, rash, and irritation.
Antioxidant
Antioxidants in the leaves and petals of red clover can be used as a tea to help
neutralize free radicals, and so can prevent degenerative diseases and cell
mutation. Drinking the tea may reduce the risk of prostate cancer because of
the estrogen-like effects, but conversely may increase the risk of estrogen
cancers such as breast cancer and endometrial cancer. Studies have shown
encouraging evidence of red clover as a supplemental treatment for cancers
but should not be used for breast cancer since it has estrogen-like properties.
It is best to consult with a healthcare practitioner.
Respiratory Issues
For respiratory issues such as asthma, whooping cough, and bronchitis, a tea,
bath, or compress to the chest of red clover is recommended. Red clover tea
is also often used for children with a persistent cough and is well tolerated by
children because of the honey-like flavor. The clover can also be made into a
syrup for administering to patient with a cough.
Skin Disorders
A bath of red clover or a compress to the affected area can be helpful in skin
disorders such as eczema and psoriasis, reducing inflammation and calming
itch.
Heart and Blood Issues
One of the more widespread uses of red clover is for heart and blood issues.
Red clover tea can reduce the tension in arteries and blood vessels, helping to
reduce blood pressure. It can help to prevent coronary heart disease and keep
away many cardiovascular issues, including reducing the risk of heart disease
in post menopausal women. Since it tends to thin the blood, it can help with
preventing future blood clots, and also may help to stabilize cholesterol.
Women’s Health Issues
Red clover is great for women’s health problems, such as menopausal and
menstrual issues. It can help to lessen the severity of menstrual cramps and
can help to eliminate hot flashes and minimize bone loss.
Culinary
The flowers of the red clover taste good and have a slightly honey-like
flavor. The greens can also be eaten raw in salads. In addition, dried red
clover petals can replace up to 25% of the flour in any recipe of baked
goods. The petals should be dried completely, and then pulverized in a food
processor to as fine of a powder as possible.

Other Uses
Red clover can be used to support proper lymphatic function, to boost the
immune system, to promote healthy skin, and to balance endocrine function.
In addition to its medicinal uses, red clover has historically been, and is still
used as an animal fodder.
Dosage:
Tincture: 10-20 drops up to three times per day
Tea: Up to three cups per day
Poultice, Compress, Salve: As needed.
Syrup: one teaspoon once or twice per day.
Some folklore about Red Clover:
- To dream of a field of clovers is considered to be lucky.
- If a woman is to place a leaf of a red clover in her shoe, then the first
man she meets after that will be the man she will marry.
- Usually the plant has three leaves, but can also have either two, four,
or five. There is lore associated with each of these:

Two leaves – Place the leaf under your pillow to dream of

your future lover.
Three leaves – Carry this leaf to detect witches, sorcerers,
and fairies.
Four leaves – Carry for good luck, or to drive evil away.
Five leaves – Carried by witches to make them more
powerful. Considered a very unlucky find.
Valerian (Valeriana officinalis)
Properties: Antispasmodic, Anxiolytic, Sedative, Nervine.
Common Uses: Sleep disorders, Restlessness, Nervous disorders.
Common Preparations: Tea, Pill
Contraindications: Do not mix with alcohol or sedatives. Do not take if
pregnant or give to children under 3 years of age. Do not take if you
have liver disease.
Plant parts used: Root
Possible Side Effects
Valerian is considered very safe, and usually, there are no side effects felt on
waking when valerian is used as a sleep aid. In some occasions, side effects
such as headache, stomachache, or dry mouth may be experienced by some.
Plant Identification
Valerian is native to Europe and Asia. It is a perennial plant which thrives
even in harsh winter climates. When fully grown, the plant can stand up to
five feet tall with dark green leaves in seven to ten leaflet pairs. Roots should
be harvested in fall or in early spring and should be laid to dry outdoors
because they tend to release an unpleasant smell as they dry out. The stems
of the valerian plant are hollow. The flowers are very sweet and fragrant and
can be white or pink. They should be harvested in early summer if they are
to be used, or to prevent the spread of the plant.
Historical Uses
Valerian root has been used by health practitioners for hundreds of years for
sleep issues and nervous disorders, and was commonly prescribed in ancient
Greece, Rome, and in medieval Sweden.
Antispasmodic
May prevent sudden or involuntary muscle contractions. Valerian has been
used to help to relieve the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease, and also restless
leg syndrome.
Anxiolytic/ Nervine
Valerian root tea has been shown to decrease nervousness and restlessness, as
well as to relieve symptoms of anxiety and depression. The root can help to
ease anxious feelings that arise due to stressful situations and may also help
with chronic conditions characterized by anxious behaviors, like generalized
anxiety disorder or OCD. The tea can help to increase focus and reduce
hyperactive behavior in children. Valerian regulates the nerve impulses in
brain and nervous system and can improve the response to stress by
maintaining levels of serotonin.
Sedative
Often called “nature’s valium,” the most widely recognized use for valerian is
to help with sleep disorders and improving sleep quality. Studies have shown
that valerian root helps to improve insomnia symptoms in postmenopausal
women when taken before bedtime. The sedative effects of valerian help
people to fall asleep faster, stay asleep longer, and get a more restorative
sleep. Some studies also suggest that it might be helpful for children with
sleep problems as well, though it is best to seek the guidance of a health care
practitioner for dosing information before giving to children.
Other Uses
The flowers of valerian have been used to make perfume for centuries and
can also be used to help those suffering from withdrawal from
benzodiazepines. Valerian has a similar effect on cats as does catnip.
Dosage:
Tea: As needed, before bed or during the day to relieve anxiety.
Tincture: Up to 20 drops
Pill: For anxiety, about 120 to 200 mg three times per day, as a sleep
aid, 400 to 900 mg taken 30 minutes to two hours before bed.
Some folklore about Valerian:
- It was believed to have aphrodisiac qualities in medieval England, and
it was said that if a lady carried valerian with her, she would never lack
for suitors.
- Believed to increase psychic perception.
- It is said that the pied piper of Hamelin actually used valerian to lure
the rats from Hamelin rather than his music.
Yarrow (Achillea millefolium)
Properties: Antibacterial, Antimicrobial, Anxiolytic, Astringent, Diuretic.
Common Uses: Fever, Colds, Hay fever, Menstruation issues, Diarrhea, Loss
of appetite, Digestive issues, induce sweating, Toothache, Stop
bleeding
Common Preparations: Tea, Poultice, Compress, Pills, Bath, Tincture
Contraindications: Do not use during pregnancy. Do not use in those with
allergy to the Aster family of flowers. Do not use for children under 5
years old because of potential allergic reaction.
Part of Plant used: Above-ground parts (stems, leaves, flowers)
Possible Side Effects
Yarrow is considered safe for humans, though in rare cases may cause
drowsiness and an increase in urination.
Plant Identification
Yarrow, also known as thousand leaf, woundwort, and the nosebleed plant, is
related to the daisy plant, and consists of dark green, finely divided leaves,
and flower clusters with small, flat, white, sometimes pink, flowers. The
stalk can grow up to one meter tall and is a perennial which blooms from
June to November. Other members of the Asteraceae family include
chamomile, chrysanthemum, feverfew, and sunflower. Collect the flowers
while flowering during the summer or early autumn. The leaves can be
collected all year round.
Historical Uses
Food and medicinal uses of yarrow have been documented back to at least
1200 BCE, where in the story of the Trojan war, Achilles was said to have
carried Yarrow when he entered battle so that he could treat the wounds of
his fellow soldiers. Yarrow has also been called, historically, herba militaris
for this reason, and was widely used for treating cuts, scrapes, and minor
wounds obtained in battle. As a vegetable in the 17th century, the young
leaves and flowers eaten in salad, and also cooked much the same way that
spinach is used today.
Antibacterial / Antimicrobial
In emergencies, the raw yarrow leaves can be placed on wounds. The leaves
should be bruised so that their juices come out, and then placed directly onto
the wound to protect it until it can be properly cleaned out and dressed.

Anti-inflammatory
The anti-inflammatory properties of yarrow are often used as a compress for
hemorrhoids or other swellings on the body.
Anxiolytic
The anti-anxiety effects of yarrow are particularly useful during times of
chronic stress, and a tea or pill can be used to calm the nerves and clear the
mind.
Astringent
A compress of yarrow is useful for toning varicose veins. The astringent
properties also make it useful as a facial compress or added to face wash and
shampoo. As a bath, yarrow can help to soothe irritated skin, clarify skin,
and clear up chronic redness.
Bleeding and Blood disorders
One of the most well known uses for yarrow is its ability to stop bleeding and
to move stagnant blood. It can help to prevent and clear blood clots and can
also help to lower high blood pressure. A poultice of yarrow will help to heal
a bruise or a blood blister faster and helps to improve circulation. As one of
the alternate names of yarrow suggests, it is often used for stopping
nosebleeds. For this purpose, a fresh yarrow leaf can be bruised, rolled up,
and inserted into the affected nostril. Leave the leaf inserted until the
bleeding stops.
Fevers
A hot tea of yarrow can be drunk to induce sweating and help to reduce a
fever. It helps to relax the skin and open the pores to allow for sweating and
the release of toxins. Taking yarrow bath or tea at the beginning of a cold or
a fever will help to reduce the duration of the symptoms.
Diuretic
Tea or pills of yarrow can act as a diuretic, although care must be taken in
those with chronic kidney diseases.
Women’s Health
Drinking yarrow tea three times per day for three days can reduce menstrual
pain and help to reduce heavy menstrual bleeding. It can normalize blood
flow, calm heavy periods, and re-start suppressed periods.
Other Uses
Infusions of yarrow are used for cosmetic cleansers topically, such as face
wash and used as a hair rinse. When applied topically, yarrow tea can also
act as an insect repellent.
Dosage:
Tea: One to three cups per day as needed
Compress, Salve: Use as needed
Some folklore about Yarrow:
- Yarrow was used during the middle ages during exorcism, both
because of its ability to summon the devil, and its ability to drive him
away.
- Used by the druids for predicting the weather.
 Chapter 4: Medicinal Preparations to Make With
Your Herbs
In order to make full use of the benefits of herbs that are growing in your
garden or gathered through foraging, they need to be prepared in the right
way. Some herbs will be rendered ineffective if placed in boiling water, and
others are not beneficial if taken internally. Most herbs are water soluble, but
some work better when infused into alcohol. In the previous chapters, some
notes were made regarding the proper ways to use the herbs that were
discussed, and in this chapter more information will be given regarding how
to make these preparations.
Some herbal preparations can be used internally, others must be used
externally only, and there are also some preparations which can be used
either internally or externally.
Teas, tinctures, pills, and syrups are most commonly used as the herbal
equivalent to medications, taken on a regular schedule in order to provide
relief for various health concerns. Salves, Poultices, Baths, and Compresses
are used externally only, although preparing them is somewhat similar to
preparing a tea. Oils can be used either internally or externally. Externally,
they are used as massage oils, and can sometimes be used for culinary
purposes as well.
One of the things to consider when choosing what sort of herbal preparation
to use, is that the idea is to get the active ingredients from the herb as close to
the affected area as possible. For example, if the problem is a sore throat,
then a tea would be appropriate, whereas a tea may not be the best way if the
issue is arthritis of the knee, where a compress may be more useful.
Some important notes about the preparations on the following pages:
A nonreactive pan is often called for, and indicates a pot or pan made from a
material that will not react with the ingredients. Some of the herbs used may
be acidic in nature, and there is a danger that the acids in the mixture may
leach metals out of ‘reactive pans’ such as aluminum, cast iron, or copper.
These types of pans or pots should not be used for creating herbal
preparations. For the recipes that specify non-reactive, use stainless steel,
ceramic, or glass for cooking.
Some of the preparations call for a tempered glass jar. Tempered glass is a
type of glass that is prepared in a way that it can be safely heated without the
risk of shattering. This is important when adding a hot preparation into a jar.
Jars that are used for canning, like a mason jar is made from tempered glass.
If no tempered glass is available, or if you are not sure what type of glass you
have, then make sure to cool the liquid before adding it to the jar so that there
is no danger that the glass will break.
Herbal Teas
Tea is probably the easiest way to prepare any herb and will be familiar to
most people. We usually think of tea being made from dried leaves, but they
can also be made using fresh. Note that not all herbs should be used fresh;
generally, it is just the leaves that are used fresh and not the flowers or the
roots. If in doubt, use the dried herb. Tea is relaxing before bed for those
with trouble sleeping, helping to calm the mind and the body. For a person
with respiratory issues, hot tea will deliver the needed herbal preparation, but
the steam from the tea will also help to open swollen sinuses. Teas often
have quick results since they are quickly absorbed by the body.
A tea is an infusion or a decoction that extracts the water soluble components
from a plant. Teas made with the leaves, flowers, and other softer parts of the
plant are made by infusion, where the herbs are steeped in water that has been
boiled. The harder parts of the plant such as the roots, berries, or bark, need
to be processed a little more in order to extract the active ingredients, so they
are boiled along with the water. Instructions for both methods are included
below.
Best herbs for herbal tea:

Burdock
Calendula
Chickweed
 Dandelion
Echinacea
Elder
Marshmallow
Mullein
Nettle
Peppermint
Plantain
Red Clover
Valerian
Yarrow
When to use an herbal tea:
Tea is warming, soothing, and calming. It is the ideal preparation to use for
any issues with the throat or digestive issues. It is especially well suited for
issues where the warming effect and the steam can work with the herbs to
provide a sense of relaxation, such as when suffering from a cold or flu, or
before bed. Because of the relaxing qualities of a hot cup of tea, it is also
ideal for nervous disorders and stress.
Equipment:
- Kettle or saucepan to boil water (for an infusion)
- Saucepan (for a decoction)
- Mug
- Strainer or cheesecloth to strain the herbs, or a tea ball to contain the
loose herbs
Components:
- Water
- Dried herbs (or fresh leaves)

A general rule of thumb is to use two to four tablespoons of a

dried herb for each cup of water used. This amount may
need to be adjusted for taste.
For fresh herbs, use double the amount of herb (¼ to ½ cup)
Infusion Method:
To make a perfect cup of herbal tea, use a handful of fresh leaves or about a
tablespoon of dried herbs for every cup of water. The flavor or strength of
the tea can be adjusted to your taste. If using fresh leaves, then coarsely chop
them before adding to the water.
Place the herbs into a cup or pot and add boiling water. If using dry herbs,
they can be placed into a tea ball, or there are also several disposable and
reusable teabag-like products that can be purchased for making loose leaf tea.
Another good way to make an infusion is to use a French press, which will
strain the herbs. Steep for 10 minutes, until the tea has acquired the desired
strength. Determining the desired strength may take some practice, but a
good rule of thumb is to steep for 10 minutes. If you find that the tea was too
strong, steep for less time next time, if you feel that it was not strong enough,
then steep for longer. Strain the tea if needed and serve hot, adding lemon or
honey to taste. One special note is that due to the stinging needles on nettle,
it is not recommended to use the infusion method for fresh herbs, but instead
to follow the decoction method.
Cold teas have the same benefits as hot teas and may be preferable during the
summer. To make a cold infusion, place the herbs into a mason jar with a lid
and cover with cold water and place in the refrigerator. A cold infusion will
need to steep for quite a lot longer than a hot infusion and is typically steeped
overnight for use the next day.
Decoction Method:
A decoction is used when the components are more difficult to extract, as in
woody stems, bark, or roots. In a pot, heat water, and the herbs until boiling,
and then reduce the heat and simmer for 30 minutes. Strain the tea into a cup
and enjoy. Again, the strength of the tea may be adjusted according to taste.
How do I make a tea using one ingredient that requires infusion and one that
requires decoction?
The best way to handle this is to make the decoction first, and then use the
water from the decoction to steep the herbs that should be infused.
Some useful herb mixtures for tea:

1. Immune Boosting Tea – Echinacea infusion and Elderberry syrup.

Prepare an infusion from ¼ cup of dried echinacea flowers in one cup of
water. Once the infusion has steeped, add elderberry syrup to taste.
This tea should be taken at the first signs of a cold or flu to boost immunity
and shorten the duration of symptoms. Take one cup of tea three times per
day for two days.

2. Fever Relief Tea – Yarrow, Peppermint, and Elderflower infusion.

Prepare an infusion with one tablespoon of dried yarrow, one tablespoon of
dried peppermint, and one tablespoon of dried elderflowers in one cup of
water. Honey may be added to taste if desired.
This tea should be taken to encourage sweating in those with high fevers and
is also relaxing for those suffering from a cold or flu.

3. Antioxidant and Antiinflammatory Tea – Red clover, Nettle, and

Peppermint infusion
Prepare an infusion with two tablespoons of dried nettle leaves, one
tablespoon of peppermint leaves, and one tablespoon of red clover flowers in
one cup of water.
The nettle provides strong antiinflammatory properties, and the clover and
peppermint are antioxidants.

4. Tonic Tea for cold weather – Nettle, Peppermint, Mullein,

Dandelion, Red Clover
Prepare an infusion with four teaspoons of dried nettle leaves, three
teaspoons of peppermint, two teaspoons of mullein, and two teaspoons of
dandelion leaf. Let it steep for 15 minutes in 1 cup of boiled water and then
strain well.
This tea is very warming and soothing to the body during the cold months of
the year.
Of course, there are several herbs that make a great tea on their own:
1. Yarrow tea for colds and fevers.
2. Burdock root tea to lower blood pressure and help heal a damaged
liver.
3. Mullein tea for chronic cough and asthma.
4. Dandelion root tea to help eliminate toxins and help the immune
system fight infections.
Syrups
Syrups are prepared with dried herbs and sugar or honey and are a good way
to preserve herbs. It is also a good way to get the benefit from herbs that may
not taste that great since the result will be quite sweet regardless of the herb
used. Generally, to make a syrup, an herbal infusion or tea is mixed in equal
amounts with honey or sugar. One of the benefits of syrups are that they are
able to stick to and to coat membranes and are particularly useful for calming
coughs.
The best herbs for syrups:

Elder
Marshmallow
Mullein
Red Clover
Reasons for using a syrup:
Syrups can be used as a sweetener in teas or other drinks or can be used as an
ingredient in cooking or cocktail making. The texture of a syrup, as well as
the honey, make it very soothing to a sore throat or as a cough syrup.
Equipment:
- Non-reactive saucepan with a lid
- Bottle or jar with a lid for the finished syrup
Components:
- One cup of herbal infusion or decoction
- One cup of honey or sugar
Method:
With the desired herb(s), create an infusion or decoction. Typically, the
infusion or decoction is made about twice as strong (using twice as many
herbs) than would be used for a tea. You will need to have a total of one cup
of herbal infusion and/or decoction. Once the infusion and/or decoction is
prepared, place it on the stove and add one cup of honey or sugar and warm
until combined, without boiling.
Take the mixture off the stove and let it cool completely before bottling.
Store the finished syrup in a bottle or jar in a dark place or in the refrigerator
for up to six months.
For making a syrup, either honey or sugar can be used. The goal is to have
an equal amount of strong tea and sweetener, about one cup of each. If the
syrup is made 1:1 as in the above recipe, then it will be shelf stable and can
be stored in a dark, cool place. If a different consistency is desired, either a
thinner syrup or less sweetness, then a syrup can also be made with two parts
of water to one part honey or even three parts tea to one part honey.
However, if less honey is used, then the syrup will need to be kept in the
refrigerator.
If desired, a little bit of tincture can be added to the syrup to prolong the shelf
life slightly or to add the properties of an additional herb. The tincture should
be added right before the syrup is placed in the bottle, after it has been
removed from the heat.
Cough Syrup with Mullein and Elderflower
First, prepare an infusion of two tablespoons mullein flowers, one tablespoon
mullein leaves, and one tablespoon elderflowers. Steep this mixture in one
cup of boiling water for 10 minutes, then strain. Place the infusion on low
heat and add one cup of honey, stirring until the honey is dissolved. Store in
the refrigerator for up to three months and take a dose of one teaspoon every
three to four hours as needed for congestion and cough.
Of course, there are several herbs that make a great medicinal syrup on their
own:

1. Elderberry syrup for colds, flu, and immune boosting

2. Red clover syrup for lymphatic congestion
3. Peppermint syrup for indigestion
Culinary herbal simple syrups:
For culinary use, a syrup is generally made with sugar instead of honey, but
either can be used. The syrups are made by combining one cup of an
infusion with one cup of white sugar, heated until the sugar is dissolved.
These syrups can be used to make a sorbet, for making cakes or deserts, use
to sweeten iced tea or lemonade, mix with sparkling water for homemade
soda, use to flavor cocktails. Popular flavors include Peppermint and
Elderflower.
Herbal Oils
Herbal oils are different from essential oils. The essential oils are oils
produced by the plant, and usually extracted by cold pressing or steam.
Herbal oils are oils, usually inert nut oils, infused with herbs.
The best herbs for making herbal oils:

Burdock
Calendula
Chickweed
Marshmallow
Mullein
Reasons to use herbal oil:
An herbal oil is needed as an ingredient for making a salve, but also can be
used directly on the skin as a massage oil. Applying herbal oils to the skin
can help to calm some skin issues and can be absorbed by the skin to help
with muscular and joint problems as well. Be sure to choose your base oil
and herb according to the desired outcome. These herbal oils are not meant
to be taken internally.
Equipment:
- A jar with a tight-fitting lid
Components:
- Enough herb to fill the selected jar.
- Enough oil to fill the jar to the top
Methods:
There are two main ways to make herbal oils, either the windowsill method,
which takes several weeks, or the stovetop method, which takes
approximately an hour. Most herbalists will prefer the windowsill method
because it is gentler to the herbs and can extract more of the useful properties
from the dried herbs. The stovetop method also works, but may result in the
herbal oil being less potent.
Windowsill Method: Dry the herbs completely before making oil. Place the
desired herb in a clean jar with a tight-fitting lid, labeling it and packing with
about one inch of space above the herbs, so there is space for the oil. Add oil
to the jar, making sure to completely cover the herbs. Cap tightly and shake
well. Leave the jar in a sunny window and shake one to two times per day
for up to two weeks. Strain the oil into a clean, dry jar, label, and store it in a
cool dark place.
Stovetop Method: Place herbs and oil into a double boiler. Bring water in
the bottom of the double boiler to a boil, then simmer over very low heat for
30-60 minutes. Keep the lid on so that the essential oils do not escape.
Generally, to make one cup of oil, you will need one cup of your chosen oil
and two cups of dried herb. Using the stovetop method is much quicker, but
the oil produced is not quite as high quality and will not absorb as much of
the qualities of the herb as the windowsill method will.
Various oils can be used, or a blend of oils. Usually almond, jojoba, or
grapeseed are oils that are used because they are fairly inert (plain with very
little smell) and because they are nourishing oils for using on the skin for
topical applications.
The final color of the oil may vary depending on the herbs added. For
example, a calendula oil would be golden in color, whereas a mint oil would
be darker, or even a light green. The color may also vary depending on the
base oil used.
Dried herbs must be used for this preparation because any water or moisture
from the plants will add to the risk of the herbal oil growing mold or bacteria
while infusing, or while it is in storage. In order to dry the herbs, spread
them on a drying rack out of direct sunlight. Usually, they will be completely
dry within 3-5 days but may take longer depending on humidity and other
factors. A food dehydrator may be used as well.
Choosing the base oil to use:
You want something that is going to have a decent shelf life, and that is
odorless since you want the properties of the herb to be the main focus, not
the carrier oil. You would also want something vicious, especially if it will
be used for massage.
Grapeseed: Astringent, toning, emollient. Nonallergenic, good for sensitive
 skin. Shelf life 3-4 months
Sweet almond: High in vitamin E, protective and nourishing. Good for all
skin types, especially used for babies. Stable shelf life
Jojoba: Very thick oil, especially used for acne control, antiinflammatory
properties, and useful for sunburns.
Olive: Useful for repair of damaged or dry skin, soothing to inflammatory
skin conditions, stable shelf life, antiinflammatory, antioxidant
Do not use mineral oil, soybean, corn, peanut, or palm oil. These oils can
prevent the absorption of the herb and may also present problems of allergic
reaction.
If there is any change in color or smell of the oil over time, then it should be
discarded.
Here are a few good options for herbal oils:
Mullein oil:
- Antiseptic, good for relieving congestion when rubbed on the chest,
astringent, mucolytic.
- Used for hemorrhoids, wound healing, nerve pain
Chickweed Oil:
- Used for hot or inflamed skin, and for joint conditions.
- Toning astringent for diaper rash and childhood eczema
Calendula Oil:
- Antiinflammatory, astringent.
- Healing wounds, rashes, abrasions, eczema, psoriasis, fungal
infections, acne.
Salves
A salve is a solid, which is a combination of oils and wax. Beeswax is
traditionally used, but a good vegan option may be soy wax or cocoa butter.
Salve works a little like lotion. It often will be a solid oil, which melts in the
hands and is then massaged into the skin.
The best herbs for salves:

Aloe
Calendula
Chickweed
Marshmallow
Nettle
Mullein
Oats
Plantain
Reasons to use a salve:
Salve can be used in any area and is especially useful when massaged into
skin to soften dry skin or soothe sore muscles. It can also be used to promote
healing of scars, and ease neuralgia (nerve pain). By adding beeswax to the
salve, you are also adding the softening, soothing, antioxidant, anti-
inflammatory, antibacterial, and antiallergenic properties to the finished
salve.
Equipment:
- Double boiler
- Container for salve
Components:
- One cup of herbal oil
- ¼ cup of beeswax
Method:
In order to make a salve, the first step is to make an herbal oil using any of
the methods described in the previous section. You will need one cup of oil
for one batch of salve.
Place ¼ cup of beeswax shavings or beeswax beads in a double boiler on low
heat. Once the beeswax has melted, remove the pan from the heat and stir in
the herbal oil. The salve should be placed into containers while hot and then
left to sit and harden at room temperature.
If you want a harder salve – more like a solid massage bar, then use more
beeswax. For a more lotion-type consistency use less beeswax. Finding the
ideal consistency may take some experimentation. The salve should be
stored in a cool, dry place, or in the refrigerator. If the salve becomes too
liquid, then it can be placed into the refrigerator to harden up. If it becomes
hard, then it will usually soften with body heat.
It is important not to let any water get into the salve, as this can promote the
growth of mold and bacteria. If not refrigerated, the shelf life of the sale is
about six months. If refrigerated, it will last for up to one year.
To make a vegan salve (without beeswax), cocoa butter or a soy wax can be
used for the beeswax in the recipe.
To store salves, wide mouthed jam jars or metal tins are perfect containers, or
anything that has a tight lid. Another option is to use a twist-up container
such as a lipstick container to make a lip salve, or a deodorant container to
make a twist-up massage stick, which can be applied directly to the skin
without handling it. Many different types of containers are available for
purchase online quite cheaply.
One herb that is used differently to the recipe above is aloe vera. Aloe vera
does not need to be infused in oil since it is already a gel and can just be
mixed with olive oil before adding to the beeswax. To make one cup of this
mixture, use about ½ cup each of aloe vera gel and olive oil and mix well.
Here are some useful salve recipes:
Burdock root and leaf plus mullein leaf.
This will create an all-purpose salve which can be used anywhere on the
body.
Red clover salve.
This salve works to care for chapped lips and itchy dry skin.
Yarrow salve.
Used for hemorrhoids, bruises, and varicose veins.
Plantain and Dandelion leaf
Stings and bites and soothes itchy skin.
Tinctures
A tincture is a preparation that is made by steeping leaves, flowers, bark,
roots, or seeds in an alcohol solution. The result is more potent than a tea,
and generally only a few drops are taken at a time. Herbs that are prepared
this way have a long shelf life and are more convenient to use than many
other preparations.

Best herbs for tinctures:

Burdock
Calendula
Chickweed
Echinacea
Elder
Marshmallow
Mullein
Nettle
Red Clover
Yarrow
Reasons to use a tincture:
Having a tincture is quite convenient because only a few drops or a dropper
full is needed. In addition, many herbs are more easily absorbed into the
body via alcohol rather than water. Also, some of the active components may
not be water-soluble, and so may only be available when absorbed through
alcohol.
Equipment needed:
- Knife
- Airtight jar or mason jar for steeping
- Dark glass bottle(s) with a dropper for finished product
- Cheesecloth for straining
Components:
- Fresh or dried herbs
- Alcohol (at least 80 proof) such as vodka or brandy. The bottle should
say 40% alcohol by volume or higher.
Method:
If using fresh herbs, then you will need equal amounts of alcohol to chopped
herbs. If using dried herbs, then you will need approximately four times as
much alcohol as chopped herb.
Place the herbs and the alcohol in an airtight jar and place it aside for six
weeks to give time for the alcohol to absorb all of the components of the
herb. The jar should be shaken a few times per week, but not opened during
this time.
After the herbs have infused in the alcohol, open the jar and strain the liquid
into a labeled container with a dropper for easier dosing.
This procedure can also be used to make herbal vinegars for those who do not
wish to consume alcohol. Simply add apple cider vinegar in place of the
alcohol.
Here are a few suggestions for useful herbal tinctures:
Mullein tincture for colds and respiratory problems.
Elderberry tincture to reduce inflammation.
Echinacea tincture to boost immune system.
Herbal Pills
There are three types of herbal preparations that are designed for ingesting,
capsules, pills, or lozenges. The type that is used is depending on the herb
and your preference. Since this type of preparation is usually meant for more
long-term use, and is much more concentrated than taking a tea, it is best to
consult an herbalist or other professional before making herbal pills the main
part of your herbal remedy regime.
Pills are most effective when made with bark, root, or seeds. Pills made with
leaves or flowers will not have as long of a shelf life.
Best herbs for herbal pills:

Burdock
Calendula
Dandelion
Marshmallow
Peppermint
Valerian
Yarrow
Reasons for taking herbal pills:
Some teas are not pleasant tasting, and in addition, there are some ailments
for which it might be more convenient to take a pill instead of brewing teas.
The pills are more time consuming to make but have a fairly long shelf life so
a supply can be made ahead of time. Additionally, if several herbal
preparations are to be taken, they might not mix well in a single tea, but the
components can be added to a capsule or a pill for convenience.
Equipment needed:
- Blender or food processor
- Gelatin capsules (optional)
Components:
- Two cups of finely powdered herb or herb mixture
- Up to one cup of honey or water, only use the minimum amount
needed to create a paste.
Method:
Pills are made by creating a paste from powdered dry herb by adding a little
honey or water until the mixture is about the consistency of bread dough.
The paste can be rolled into ropes and then cut into small segments to make
small balls that are about the size of peas. They should not be too big as they
are designed to be swallowed whole, and there should not be a choking
hazard. Pills can be rolled in powdered marshmallow root to prevent them
from sticking to each other, and once they are all made, lay them on a baking
sheet covered with parchment and bake them for about 2-3 hours at the
lowest oven temperature, then place them somewhere where they can
continue to dry. Pills may take a few days to dry if made with honey instead
of water.
Two cups of herb to one cup of honey or water should yield about 50 pills.
These can last one to two years if kept in an airtight container, but do not use
if you notice any change in color or smell.
Lozenges are made in the same way as a pill but can be a bit larger as they
are designed to be sucked rather than swallowed. This can be used for herbs
that are more pleasant tasting and are particularly helpful for herbs that can
help to relieve pain or inflammation in the throat, such as marshmallow.
Capsules are made by drying and powdering the herb or mixture of herbs that
is to be used, and then measuring the powdered herb into a gelatin capsule.
Gelatin capsules can be purchased online or from some pharmacies or herbal
shops. Some retailers also carry vegan gelatin capsules. Once the capsule is
filled, close it with the other half of the capsule, and then store in an airtight
container in a cool dry place. If you need to make a lot of capsules, there are
machines on the market to help you fill and cap the capsules as it can be quite
time consuming to create each capsule separately by hand. There are
different sizes of capsules available, and each will hold a different dose of
herb. In general, a size ‘000’ capsule will hold 1000 mg of powder, which
equals 1 gram. However, these capsules are quite large and may be difficult
to swallow.
Here are a few herbal mixtures that would work well in pill form. Each of
them contains two different herbs, so use one cup of each powdered herb for
the preparation.
A pill to soothe digestion: Marshmallow root + yarrow
A cough lozenge: Marshmallow root + burdock root
A capsule to help with sleep: Valerian root + oat
Baths
A bath is prepared in a similar way to a tea, but larger as it is for a tub instead
of a teacup. A bath is a great way to use herbs that have positive effects on
the skin or when larger areas are affected.
Best herbs for herbal baths:

Calendula
Dandelion
Elder
Oats
Plantain
Yarrow
Reasons for using an herbal bath:
Baths are a great way to relieve aching muscles and soothe joints, but they
also do wonders for mental health as well. Having a warm bath when
suffering from a cold will relax the whole body, relieve tension, and stimulate
circulation. A bath is also great for encouraging digestion; it can soften the
skin, clear or calm skin irritations like eczema and psoriasis, and also aids in
a restful sleep.
Equipment needed:
- Cheesecloth or clean linen or cotton fabric.
Components:
- About ½ cup to one cup of dried herb.
Method:
The drawback of adding herbs directly to the bath is that the cleanup can be
messy. In order to prevent cleanup, place the herbs into a square of clean
cotton, linen, or cheesecloth and tie together to make a bundle. Drop the
bundle into the water while the bath is filling up and allow to steep in the
warm bath water while you bathe. The bundle itself may also be used as a
washcloth to spread the active ingredients over the affected areas. This
works especially well if using oats.
Another method is to make a pot of very strong herbal tea, steeping up to one
cup of herb into four cups of water for about 20 minutes, and then straining
the liquid and adding the strained tea to the bath.
Either of these methods will reduce the amount of cleanup needed without
compromising the effectiveness of the herbs.
To add detoxification, muscle relaxant, and skin softening properties to any
herbal bath, ½ cup of either sea salt or Epsom salt can be added to the
infusion or added to the bath tea bundle.
The herbs listed above can each be used alone, mixed with a salt, or used in
one of the following recipes for added benefit:
Calendula and Rose to soften skin
Mix ½ cup of dried calendula petals and ¼ cup of dried rose petals with ½
cup of sea salt or Epsom salt. Add all of these ingredients to a square of
fabric and tie together before adding to the bath. Before getting into the bath,
½ cup of jojoba or almond oil can also be added to the bathwater for an extra
soothing bath.
Chickweed and Vinegar for itchy skin
In a blender, mix two tablespoons of apple cider vinegar with ½ cup of fresh
chickweed until it is all combined and smooth. More vinegar or a little water
can be added if needed to make the mixture smooth. Strain through a
cheesecloth, and then add to a warm bath to relieve itchy skin.
Dandelion and Violet Bath for removing toxins
Wash and chop about 1 ½ to two cups each of fresh dandelion and violets.
Both leaves and flowers can be used from both plants. Place them in a bowl
and cover with four cups of water and steep for 20 minutes. Strain the liquid
into a warm bath. If desired, tie up the flowers and leaves that were used to
create the infusion and add that to the bath as well.
Oatmeal Bath to soothe skin
Tie one cup of rolled oats (not instant oatmeal) into a cloth and add to the
bath while the water is running. While bathing, rub the bundle gently on the
skin in any areas that are dry or irritated. This bath is especially good for
kids with eczema or psoriasis.
Elderflower and Milk Bath for softening and soothing skin
In a clean piece of cloth, add six fresh elderflower clusters, or two
tablespoons of dried flowers, with ¼ cup of dried milk powder and add to a
warm, not hot, bath.
Poultices
A poultice is a method where a paste made from fresh or dried herbs is spread
on the affected part of the body and covered with a warm cloth. Usually they
are used to relieve inflammation and to promote healing. The warmth of the
poultice increases blood flow to the affected area.
Poultices work best if they are kept warm and moist. In order to retain the
warmth and moisture, the area can be wrapped with plastic wrap, or a hot
water bottle or heating pad can be placed over top of the cloths or bandages
holding the poultice to the skin.
The poultice should be removed before it gets cold, but a new one can be
applied if needed.
Once the poultice is removed, the area should be washed with water, or a
calendula infusion. Applying the poultice may be repeated daily until the
condition has resolved.
Best herbs to use for a poultice:

Burdock
Chickweed
Dandelion
Elder
Mullein
Red Clover
Plantain
Yarrow
Reasons for using a poultice:
A hot poultice is a great way to treat respiratory conditions such as
pneumonia, bronchitis, and congestion. It can also help to stimulate
circulation, improve organ function, reduce inflammation. It is a good way to
treat infection and to draw infection out of the body.
Caution must be used to check for allergic reaction since the herb is in very
close contact with the skin.
The amount of herb used will depend on the size of the area to be treated.
The goal is to have a very thick paste completely covering the affected area,
and the cloth should be large enough to cover the entire poultice in order to
prevent it from falling away. A small amount of poultice may also be held in
place with an adhesive bandage.
Fresh herbs tend to work better than dried and have a stronger effect on the
affected area. However, using dried herbs a poultice is easier to make, and
less messy. Dried leaves or petals, powdered roots, bark, or berries work
well with this method.
To prepare the skin for a poultice, the affected area should be clean and clear
of any debris or dirt. The skin can be cleaned with a calendula tea or tincture
to ensure that the area is clean. If there is danger of an allergic reaction, then
it may also be a good idea to cover the skin with a thin layer of oil before
applying the poultice. Grapeseed, olive, or almond oil will work well for this
purpose. The healing benefits of the herb will still enter the skin through the
oil, but it may reduce the allergic reaction. If an allergic reaction is
noticeable, such as itching or redness, the poultice should be removed, and
the area washed thoroughly with soap and water.
Equipment needed to make a poultice:
- Cotton or linen cloth to cover the poultice
- Bandage or a length of fabric to attach the cloth to the body
- Mortar and pestle
Components:
- Fresh or dried herbs
- Hot water, or herbal tea as needed
Method:
For fresh herbs, roughly chop them and then mash with a mortar and pestle,
adding hot water or herbal tea in small amounts until a thick paste is made.
Another method for using fresh leaves is to blanch them by cooking them for
about 1 minute in boiling water and then plunging them in ice to halt the
cooking process. The blanched leaves can then be placed directly on the skin
and covered with a clean cloth.
For dried herbs, add the herbs to a mortar and crush them with a pestle,
adding enough hot water or herbal tea to make a rough paste. Apply to the
skin and cover with a cloth.
An emergency poultice can also be used in a situation where the herb is
available, but there is no time or equipment available to make a proper
poultice. This could be useful while camping or out in the woods in the case
of an insect bite, a scrape, or a splinter.
If the fresh herb is available, for example, yarrow, plantain, or mullein leaf,
rinse it in water to remove any dirt or debris, and then crush the leaf/leaves
between your fingers until the leaf is bruised and the juices begin to come
out. Place the leaf/leaves on the area to be treated and cover it with a
bandage or clean cloth for a few hours. This process can be repeated with
new leaves if desired.
Compress
A compress is prepared similarly to a tea, as an infusion or decoction, though
typically is about twice as strong. The mixture is then soaked into a clean
cloth of cotton or linen and applied to the skin. The compress can be applied
either warm or cool, and the cloth can be dipped back in the liquid to bring
the liquid back to temperature.
Best herbs to use for a compress:

Burdock
Calendula
Chickweed
Dandelion
Elder
Mullein
Peppermint
Plantain
Red Clover
Yarrow
Reasons for using a compress:
A compress is used for skin issues, wounds, inflammations of the skin,
arthritis (inflammation of the joints), headache
When to use hot and when to use cold:
Hot is used for relaxing, and cold is used for easing inflammation. In
general, hot compress will ease muscle tension and arthritis, muscle spasms,
menstrual pain. Cold compresses will relieve burns, headaches, ease pain.
Cold will also constrict blood vessels, so can help to limit bruising.
Equipment needed to make a compress:
- Non-reactive pan if using a hot compress
- Bowl kept in the fridge for a cold compress
- Clean linen or cotton cloth
Components:
- Cheesecloth
 - Herb to be used for the infusion or the decoction – general rule of
thumb is to use approximately twice as much as would be used for a tea
of the same herb.
Hot Compress Method:
- Bring about 4 cups of water to boil in a non-reactive pot.
- Reduce to a simmer and add about 1 cup of chopped herbs.
- For an infusion,
Cold Compress Method:
- Create an infusion or decoction with the desired herb(s)
- Steep the herbs in hot water for 20 minutes, and then strain through
cheesecloth and place the mixture into the refrigerator until cool.
- Once the liquid has cooled down, dip the cloth into the mixture, wring
out, and apply to the affected area for at least 10 minutes. The cloth
may be re-dipped into the liquid if it warms up while sitting on the
body.
Another type of compress is used in a Thai herbal compress massage, or
Herbal Ball Compress Massage. In this type of treatment, which is used to
relieve pain and inflammation, instead of making an infusion or decoction
from the herbs, the herbs are wrapped into a ball.
About ½ cup of dried herb and ½ cup of rice powder is placed on a large
square of clean cotton or linen fabric that is folded into quarters to add extra
layers of fabric so that the herbs don’t come out. Once the herbs are in place,
gather the four corners and secure with some string. You should have a fairly
solid ball of herbs. The compress can be used as is, or the ends of the fabric
can be rolled up and tied with string to create a handle.
In a steamer pot, bring water to a boil, and place the herb ball in the steamer
(not touching the water) for about 30-45 minutes.
After making sure that the ball is not too hot, place it on the affected area for
up to 30 minutes.
 Chapter 5: Culinary Uses of Common Herbs
While most herbs can be taken internally, some are more commonly used
than others. Here are some recipes that you can use to use up some of the
excess herbs in your garden. Don’t forget that in cooking these herbs, they
may lose some of their medicinal value, but will still retain their nutritional
value. Many herbs are quite high in vitamins and minerals, especially
vitamins C and K, and magnesium.
Burdock and Carrot Stir Fry
Often eaten in Asian cultures, the flavor and texture of the burdock root pairs
wonderfully with that of carrots. This dish can be served warm or cold as a
side dish with toasted sesame seeds on top.
Peel three to four gobo (burdock roots) and slice into two inch pieces. You
should have about four cups of chopped and peeled root. Peel a large carrot
and slice into two inch pieces. Cut the burdock root and the carrot into thin
matchstick slices and then soak them in a bowl of cold water for 20 minutes.
Heat about 1 ½ tablespoons of sesame oil in a large pan. Drain the burdock
and carrot and then add to the pan over medium heat and stir fry for five to
eight minutes. Add two tablespoons of sugar and a pinch of cayenne pepper
and mix well. Add ¼ cup of soy sauce and continue to stir fry until the liquid
has been absorbed. Sprinkle with toasted sesame seeds.
Calendula Scones
The bright and somewhat citrusy flavor of calendula petals lends itself very
well to scones that can be served for an accompaniment to a spring brunch or
picnic.
Combine two cups of all-purpose flour, ¼ cup sugar, one teaspoon of baking
powder, and ¼ teaspoon of salt in a bowl and stir to mix. Add the zest of one
lemon, ¼ cup of dried calendula blossoms, and ½ cup of cold cubed butter.
Beat until the mixture is crumbly. Add ¼ cup lemon juice, ¼ cup of heavy
cream, and one teaspoon vanilla extract. Beat until the mixture just starts to
come together. Place on a floured surface and knead several times to create a
smooth ball. Pat into a round disk about ½ inch thick, and score into six
wedges with a knife. Sprinkle with coarse sugar and one teaspoon of
calendula blossoms. Bake for 25 minutes at 350 degrees, then remove from
the oven and cut through the disk at the score marks. Bake for five more
minutes. Serve with butter and honey.
Chickweed Pesto
Since chickweed won’t last very long once picked, if you have too much of
it, then make a batch of this pesto, and it can be frozen until needed. Use it as
part of a pasta sauce, add to scrambled eggs, or use as a sandwich filling.
To make the pesto, you will need about six-packed cups of freshly picked and
washed chickweed, about 10 cloves of garlic, one cup of olive oil, one
tablespoon of sea salt, and one cup of toasted walnuts. Add all ingredients in
batches to a food processor and blend until smooth.
Dandelion With Lemon and Garlic
Dandelion is often overlooked as a green vegetable, but it cooks up nicely
without losing a lot of its shape or texture. Just be sure to harvest away from
sources of pollution because dandelion tends to retain toxins in its leaves.
You will need about 1½ pounds of dandelion leaves that have been washed
and coarsely chopped. Heat two tablespoons of oil in a saute pan and add
three cloves of garlic and a pinch of red pepper flakes. Cook until the garlic
is browned, stirring frequently. Add the dandelion leaves with salt and
pepper to taste. Saute for about 5 minutes, then remove from the heat and stir
in the juice of one small lemon.
Elder Berry Muffins
Not a lot of people will have tasted elderberries before since they are not
widely available commercially. The berries are small and can be quite tart.
They do not have the same level of sweetness as blueberries or strawberries.
Adding sugar and applesauce to this muffin recipe helps to even out the
tartness, but the muffins can also be served with honey if they are still found
to be too tart.
Combine two cups of flour, three teaspoons of baking powder, one teaspoon
of salt, ¼ cup of sugar. Beat together one egg, ¼ cup applesauce, and one
cup of milk. Mix the wet and dry ingredients and then stir in one cup of fresh
or frozen elderberries. Fill muffin tins and bake at 425 degrees for 15-20
minutes.
Marshmallow Soup
A green vegetable may not be the first thing that comes to mind when
thinking of marshmallow, but it makes a very nice thick soup when added at
the end of the cooking process. Don’t add the marshmallow leaves with the
rest of the vegetables, or the mucilage will thicken the soup too much.
In a large pot, saute one diced onion, and then add one diced tomato, two
diced bell peppers, six stalks of celery, diced. Dice and add four carrots,
three large potatoes, and three cloves of garlic. Once the vegetables have
started to brown, add six cups of chicken or vegetable stock and salt and
pepper to taste. Simmer for 15-20 minutes, and then blend the soup with an
immersion blender if desired. Chop two large handfuls of marshmallow
leaves into ribbons finely. Cook for 5 more minutes. Serve topped with
croutons and chopped parsley.
Nettle Soup
Nettles can be intimidating to cook with because they are difficult to harvest
and can cause quite a nasty rash if handled raw. Once the nettles are cooked,
their stinging properties are lost, and they are safe to eat and to handle.
Using gloves, place six cups of nettles in a large pot of boiling salted water
and boil for two minutes. Once done, place them in a bowl of ice water to
stop the cooking process, then strain and set aside. Saute ½ cup shallots and
½ cup celery in olive oil until softened. Add one pound of baby potatoes,
four cups of chicken stock, and one bay leaf. Simmer for five minutes. Add
the nettles and enough water to cover the nettles and potatoes. Simmer for 15
minutes. Remove the bay leaf, take the soup off the heat, and puree the soup
with an immersion blender. Add salt to taste, one tablespoon of lemon juice,
and two to three tablespoons of heavy whipping cream.
Oat Pancakes
These pancakes are wonderfully fluffy and filling for breakfast on the
weekend or make a large batch and warm them up in the toaster for quick
breakfasts during the week.
Combine 1 ½ cups hulled oats with two cups of milk and let stand for five
minutes. In another bowl, combine ½ cup whole wheat flour and ½ cup all-
purpose flour with one tablespoon brown sugar, one tablespoon baking
powder, ½ teaspoon salt, and ½ teaspoon cinnamon. Whisk two eggs and ¼
cup melted butter into the milk and oat mixture. Pour into flour mixture and
stir until just combined. Bake about ¼ cup of batter per pancake on a skillet
for about two minutes per side until golden.
Peppermint Watermelon Salad
There are no set measurements for this salad. All items can be added to taste,
or according to what you have on hand. The combination makes a perfectly
sweet and cooling salad for a picnic in the summer.
Fill a salad bowl with cubed watermelon and feta cheese. Sprinkle with sea
salt, chopped peppermint, and basil leaves. Toss to combine. Optionally,
you can sprinkle a little bit of a balsamic reduction over the top if desired.
Plantain and Egg Skillet
Plantain is another overlooked green that grows all over the place without
really being noticed by people. The leaves of plantain cook and taste
somewhat like spinach. The smaller new growth leaves taste great raw in a
salad, but larger leaves can be a little bit tougher and do require cooking. The
flower/seed stalk can be eaten too. It is best when lightly sautéed in butter or
oil and tastes a little like asparagus.
Heat three tablespoons of olive oil in a skillet and add one diced onion. Cook
until transparent, about five minutes. Add one pound of plantain leaves that
have been washed and chopped. Season with salt and pepper. Stir gently
while cooking until the leaves begin to wilt. Make four wells in the plantain
mixture and crack one egg into each well. Cook for about four minutes
longer, or until the eggs are set. Sprinkle with salt and pepper to taste.
 Chapter 6: Your Herbal Medicine Cabinet
Most people, when they first learn about how herbs can help them in their
everyday life get overwhelmed by all of the information that they gather on
the herbs. In order to prevent information overload, it is best to focus on just
a few preparations that will be used frequently. Listed below are all the herbs
from this book, along with their most common uses.
Aloe vera Burns and minor skin irritations
Burdock root Lower blood pressure, relieve
osteoarthritis
Calendula Pain reducer, antiinflammatory
Chickweed Constipation and bowel problems
Dandelion Boost immune system
Echinacea Help fight colds and flu
Elder Relieve pain and heal bruises
Marshmallow Reducing swelling
Mullein Lung issues
Nettle Reduce inflammation
Oats Improve heart health
Peppermint Digestive issues
Plantain Reduce swelling
Red Clover Women’s issues
Valerian Sleep disorders
Yarrow Reduce fever

Incorporating herbs into your daily life will not happen overnight. It is best
to focus on one or two herbs, or one or two issues that you wish to resolve
and then go from there. Soon, the herbal knowledge will become second
nature. For example, if you are suffering from arthritis, consider planting
calendula, marshmallow, plantain, or nettle. If your family also suffers from
coughs and colds in the winter, then echinacea, marshmallow, or mullein may
be a good place to start.
Tips to Get You Started on Filling Up Your Herbal Medicine
Cabinet
If you plan to grow your own herbs, try to plan your garden so that it is easy
for you to access, and so that each plant will receive the ideal amount of
sunlight that it needs. Some plants prefer to have as much sun as possible,
and some plants prefer to have quite a bit of time in the shade. Do your
research so that you know the soil conditions, sunlight requirements, and
watering requirements that your herbs will require to make them happy and
growing well year after year.
If you plan to forage for your herbs, try to find a few different areas to
harvest the herbs from, and make sure that the areas that you use are not
likely to be affected by pesticides or pollution. When foraging, make sure
not to take more than 30% of the crop that is available. Some plants must be
left in order to ensure that they will continue to grow as they provide a food
source for many animals in wild areas. Again, it is important to do your
research to make sure that you are harvesting the correct herbs, and not
harvesting plants that may potentially be dangerous.
Make sure that you have an appropriate space to dry your herbs since most
preparations require herbs that are fully dried. A basement or a cupboard
works well as long as the herbs can be allowed to hang for several months
without being disturbed. They should not be kept outside or in a bathroom,
or anywhere else that may have high humidity
Collect jars and bottles with lids, pumps, droppers, in which to store your
herbal preparations.
 Chapter 7 : Herbal Medication First Aid Kit
Building a first aid kit is a great way to get to know about some useful herbs,
and it is a good idea to have these simple preparations with you when you go
out or when you travel so that you can be prepared for any situation that may
arise without relying on over-the-counter medical preparations. Below are
listed some of the more common things that can happen when out and about,
and some simple herbal preparations that you can make ahead of time to take
with you.
Cuts and Scrapes
Cuts and scrapes happen easily, so having a healing salve on hand that is safe
to use on adults and kids is a great idea. When making this salve, divide it
between a large pot for keeping at home and a smaller pot or a twist-up lip
balm container to carry with you.
Calendula and Plantain Salve
The first step is to make two herbal oils, one from calendula petals and one
from plantain leaves. Any base oil can be used for these, but either Sweet
Almond or Olive oils would be a good choice because of their stable shelf
lives and anti-inflammatory properties.
Once the oils are made, mix ½ cup each of the calendula and plantain oils
with ¼ cup of beeswax to make the salve. When carrying a beeswax salve
with you, keep in mind that it has the potential to melt when exposed to high
temperatures. When possible, keep this salve on ice until needed.
Burns
Whether from a fire, from a hot element, or from the sun, burns can happen
any time and need quick treatment. A salve made from calendula and aloe
vera is a great one to have on hand to soothe minor burns.
Aloe and Calendula Salve
Make an aloe salve by combining equal parts of the gel from an aloe leaf and
olive oil. Prepare a salve with calendula oil and beeswax, and then take it off
the heat and mix the aloe salve in before placing it into a pot.
Upset Stomach
There are many things that can cause an upset stomach when traveling, from
the food to illness to anxiety from the travel itself. Teas can easily be made
ahead of time and stored in either zip-top bags or small jars or in empty tea
bags available commercially.
Marshmallow and Peppermint Tea
Mix equal amounts of dried marshmallow root and dried peppermint leaves
and then add one tablespoon of the mixture into each tea bag for use while
traveling.
Muscle Aches
Calendula, Chickweed, and Elderflower Oil
In a glass jar, place a mixture of calendula petals, chickweed flowers and
petals, and elderflowers. Fill the jar with jojoba oil, which works well for
anti-inflammatory purposes. Leave the jar for at least three weeks, and then
strain, and then the oil can either be stored in a tight-fitting jar in your first
aid kit or can be made into a salve for easy transportation.
Sore throat, Cough, Colds, Upper Respiratory Tract Infections
For a sore throat or a cough, a lozenge that will coat the throat with healing
medicine is just the trick. These lozenges are easy to make and easy to carry
around when needed. Take care that they do not get wet. Store them in an
empty tin or jar.
Marshmallow, Burdock, and Peppermint Lozenges
Place one tablespoon of dried marshmallow root in a bowl with ¼ cup of
water overnight. To the resultant gel, add two tablespoons of honey and ½
cup of powdered marshmallow root. Make a decoction of burdock root with
½ cup water and two tablespoons of dried burdock root simmered for 20
minutes. Remove this from the heat and add three tablespoons of dried
peppermint leaf. Steep for 15 minutes and then add this to the bowl with the
marshmallow root. Stir all together to make a dough and roll it out to about
½ inch thick. More powdered marshmallow root or water can be added to
adjust the dough and make it wetter or drier. Cut the rolled dough into
individual lozenges and lay them out on a cookie sheet to dry. These can be
dried using a dehydrator, or they can be placed in an oven on the lowest
setting for one to two hours.
Anxiety, Sleep, Stress
Traveling may be stressful for some, and it may also be difficult to get a good
sleep while traveling. For travel-related anxiety, a pill from oats and valerian
can help to settle nerves and ensure a good night’s sleep.
Valerian and Oatstraw Pills
Mix one cup of dried and powdered oatstraw with one cup of dried and
powdered valerian. Mix well and place into gelatin capsules.
Allergic Reactions or Itchy Skin
As long as there is not a severe allergic reaction such as breathing trouble, or
a rash that spreads over the entire body, a mild allergic reaction on the skin
may be calmed by applying a salve of dandelion and plantain.
Dandelion and Plantain Salve
Using dried plantain leaves and dried dandelion flowers, create an herbal oil.
Using grapeseed oil as the base is a good idea since it is less likely to
contribute to an allergic reaction. The two oils can be made separately or
may be infused in the same jar. Once the oil is ready, mix with beeswax as
outlined above to make a soothing and calming salve for irritated skin.