Analytical Chemistry Module II

BASIC CALCULATIONS
IN ANALYTICAL
CHEMISTRY
Analytical Chemistry Module II

SCOPE OF PRESENTATION
2.1 Units of Measurements
2.2 Distinction between Mass and Weight
2.3 Mole and Millimole
2.4 Methods of Expressing Concentrations
2.5 Chemical Stoichiometry
 INTRODUCTION

Analytical Chemistry | Module II

When it comes to quantitative analysis, calculating the outcomes
01 entails using a variety of techniques to handle and examine
numerical data. These techniques aim to find patterns, make
inferences, and extract significant insights.
Mass is a measure of the amount of matter in an object and
02
remains constant, while weight is the force of gravity acting on
an object's mass that vary depending on the gravitational field.
The SI system (International System of Units) is the modern
03 metric system of measurement that is widely used and accepted
globally. It provides a consistent and standardized framework for
expressing physical quantities and their units.
The discussion of mole and the various ways concentrations are
04
expressed is an important topic in chemistry. The mole is a
fundamental concept used to quantify the amount of a
substance in a chemical reaction or sample.
05 The students will acquire the skills to perform stoichiometry and
grasp its significance in analytical computations.
 Analytical Chemistry Module II

The International System of Units (SI) is the primary system of

measurement used in scientific research. It is commonly referred to
by its French abbreviation, "SI," which stands for Système International
D'unités.
The foundation of the International System of Units (SI) lies in meticulous
adherence to precise physical principles.
Analytical Chemistry Module II
 MASS AND WEIGHT
Analytical Chemistry | Module II

1. Mass 2. Weight

It is the quantity of matter in an The force of gravity acting on an

item is what gives it its weight. The
item that is measured by its
gravitational pull of the Earth is
mass, this amount remains
what gives an item its weight here
constant no matter where the on the surface of the planet. The
object is located. weight of an object varies
depending on its location on
Earth.
Analytical Chemistry Module II

W= mg

Where,

W = object’s weight

m = object’s mass

g = gravity
Analytical Chemistry Module II

MOLE AND MILLIMOLE

The mole (or mol) is the SI unit for measuring a
chemical species' amount. It is always related to a
chemical formula and represents Avogadro's
number (6.022 X 10^23) of particles represented by
that formula. A substance’s molar mass (MM) is the
mass in grams per 1 mol of that substance.

A millimole is equal to 1/1000 moles. As with the

molar mass, the millimolar mass is equal to 1/1000
of the molar mass.
 MOLE AND MILLLIMOLE
Analytical Chemistry | Module II

Example 1 & 2

2. Burettes it can achieve a degree of precision that is significantly higher than a pipet can. A burette is made up of a valve
system for controlling the flow of titrant and a calibrated tube to retain the titrant.
 METHODS OF EXPRESSING

Analytical Chemistry | Module II

CONCENTRATIONS
Molar Concentration
A solution's molar concentration Cx is equal to the number of moles of solute
species X per liter of the solution (not 1 L of the solvent). As a function of both the
molecular solute mass (n) and the solution volume (V).

The number of moles of a chemical species X in one liter of its solution, denoted
by the notation Cx, is the molar concentration of that solution (not 1 L of the
solvent). M is the symbol for molar concentration, and one molarity is equal to
one millimolar per liter.
 METHODS OF EXPRESSING
Analytical Chemistry | Module II

Example 3
CONCENTRATION

2. Burettes it can achieve a degree of precision that is significantly higher than a pipet can. A burette is made up of a valve
system for controlling the flow of titrant and a calibrated tube to retain the titrant.
 METHODS OF EXPRESSING
Analytical Chemistry | Module II

Example 4
CONCENTRATION

2. Burettes it can achieve a degree of precision that is significantly higher than a pipet can. A burette is made up of a valve
system for controlling the flow of titrant and a calibrated tube to retain the titrant.
 METHODS OF EXPRESSING
Analytical Chemistry | Module II

Example 5
CONCENTRATION

2. Burettes it can achieve a degree of precision that is significantly higher than a pipet can. A burette is made up of a valve
system for controlling the flow of titrant and a calibrated tube to retain the titrant.
 Analytical Chemistry | Module II
TYPES OF CONCENTRATION

Molar Analytical Concentration

The formula for preparing a solution remains constant regardless of how the
solute behaves during dissolution, and this is defined by the molar analytical
concentration. Additionally, the analytical molarity also denotes the initial
concentration of the solution.

Molar Equillibrium Concentration

The molar concentration at equilibrium indicates the quantity of a specific
species present in a solution when it reaches a state of balance. Determining the
molarity of a species requires understanding the behavior of the solute upon
dissolution in a solvent.
 Analytical Chemistry Module II

METHODS OF EXPRESSING
CONCENTRATION
MOLAL CONCENTRATION
The molality of a solution is another way to express concentrations. A
solution's molality Cx, or the molal concentration, is the number of moles of a
chemical species (x) in one kilogram of solvent. The number of millimoles of
the solute per gram of the solvent is also expressed as the molality.
 METHODS OF EXPRESSING
Analytical Chemistry | Module II

Example 6
CONCENTRATION

2. Burettes it can achieve a degree of precision that is significantly higher than a pipet can. A burette is made up of a valve
system for controlling the flow of titrant and a calibrated tube to retain the titrant.
 Analytical Chemistry Module II

METHODS OF EXPRESSING
CONCENTRATION
NORMAL CONCENTRATION
By dividing the mass of the solute by the product of its molecular weight
and H equivalent per mole, we may get the normal concentration of the
solution. The total will then be divided by the volume in liters.
 METHODS OF EXPRESSING
Analytical Chemistry | Module II

Example 7
CONCENTRATION

2. Burettes it can achieve a degree of precision that is significantly higher than a pipet can. A burette is made up of a valve
system for controlling the flow of titrant and a calibrated tube to retain the titrant.
 Analytical Chemistry Module II

METHODS OF EXPRESSING
CONCENTRATION
PERCENT CONCENTRATION
Percentages are often used by chemists to indicate concentrations in
terms of (parts per hundred). Since there are a few methods to indicate the
percentage composition of a solution, this technique may sometimes lead to
confusion. There are typically three approaches:
 METHODS OF EXPRESSING
Analytical Chemistry | Module II

Example 8
CONCENTRATION

2. Burettes it can achieve a degree of precision that is significantly higher than a pipet can. A burette is made up of a valve
system for controlling the flow of titrant and a calibrated tube to retain the titrant.
 METHODS OF EXPRESSING
Analytical Chemistry | Module II

Example 9
CONCENTRATION

2. Burettes it can achieve a degree of precision that is significantly higher than a pipet can. A burette is made up of a valve
system for controlling the flow of titrant and a calibrated tube to retain the titrant.
 METHODS OF EXPRESSING
Analytical Chemistry | Module II

Example 10
CONCENTRATION

2. Burettes it can achieve a degree of precision that is significantly higher than a pipet can. A burette is made up of a valve
system for controlling the flow of titrant and a calibrated tube to retain the titrant.
 Analytical Chemistry Module II

METHODS OF EXPRESSING
CONCENTRATION
PARTS PER THOUSAND (ppt), PARTS PER MILLION (ppm), PARTS PER BILLION (ppb)
A common unit of measure for very diluted liquids is parts per million (ppm):

For dilute aqueous solutions whose densities are approximately 1.00 g/mL,

1ppt = 1.00 g/L

1ppm = 1.00 mg/L
1ppb = 1.00 μg/L
 METHODS OF EXPRESSING
Analytical Chemistry | Module II

Example 11
CONCENTRATION

2. Burettes it can achieve a degree of precision that is significantly higher than a pipet can. A burette is made up of a valve
system for controlling the flow of titrant and a calibrated tube to retain the titrant.
 Analytical Chemistry Module II

METHODS OF EXPRESSING
CONCENTRATION
Solution-diluent Volume Ratios
Sometimes the composition of a diluted solution is described in terms of
the concentration of the original solution and the amount of solvent used to
dilute it. A colon (:) divides the two quantities' volumes.

Example:

1:4 HCL Solution ration

Therefore, there is 4 volumes of water for every volume of strong hydrochloric acid.
 Analytical Chemistry Module II

METHODS OF EXPRESSING
CONCENTRATION
p-Function
The p-function, often known as the p-value, is commonly used by
scientists to represent the concentration of a species. The p-value is
calculated as the negative logarithm (to the base 10) of the species' molar
concentration.
 METHODS OF EXPRESSING
Analytical Chemistry | Module II

Example 12
CONCENTRATION

2. Burettes it can achieve a degree of precision that is significantly higher than a pipet can. A burette is made up of a valve
system for controlling the flow of titrant and a calibrated tube to retain the titrant.
 METHODS OF EXPRESSING
Analytical Chemistry | Module II

Example 13
CONCENTRATION

2. Burettes it can achieve a degree of precision that is significantly higher than a pipet can. A burette is made up of a valve
system for controlling the flow of titrant and a calibrated tube to retain the titrant.
 Analytical Chemistry Module II

METHODS OF EXPRESSING
CONCENTRATION
Density and Specific Gravity
Analytical writing frequently employs the terms density and specific
gravity. Density refers to the mass of a substance divided by its volume,
whereas specific gravity compares the mass of a substance to that of an
equal volume of water at 4 degrees Celsius. In the metric system, density is
expressed in units such as kilograms per liter or grams per milliliter.
Analytical Chemistry Module II

METHODS OF EXPRESSING
CONCENTRATION
 METHODS OF EXPRESSING
Analytical Chemistry | Module II

Example 14
CONCENTRATION

2. Burettes it can achieve a degree of precision that is significantly higher than a pipet can. A burette is made up of a valve
system for controlling the flow of titrant and a calibrated tube to retain the titrant.
 METHODS OF EXPRESSING
Analytical Chemistry | Module II

Example 15
CONCENTRATION

2. Burettes it can achieve a degree of precision that is significantly higher than a pipet can. A burette is made up of a valve
system for controlling the flow of titrant and a calibrated tube to retain the titrant.
 Analytical Chemistry Module II

CHEMICAL STOICHIOMETRY

The quantitative relationship between reacting chemical species is

defined as stoichiometry. It came from the Greek words “stoikhein” means
element, and “metron“ means to measure, therefore, it means "the measure
of elements." To use stoichiometry to calculate chemical reactions, it is
essential first to understand the relationships between products and
reactants, why they exist, and how to balance chemical reactions.
 Analytical Chemistry Module II

CHEMICAL STOICHIOMETRY
Stoichiometric Calculations
A balanced chemical equation provides the combining ratios, or
stoichiometry, of reacting chemicals and their products in terms of moles.
 CHEMICAL STOICHIOMETRY
Analytical Chemistry | Module II

Example 16

2. Burettes it can achieve a degree of precision that is significantly higher than a pipet can. A burette is made up of a valve
system for controlling the flow of titrant and a calibrated tube to retain the titrant.
 CHEMICAL STOICHIOMETRY
Analytical Chemistry | Module II

Example 16

2. Burettes it can achieve a degree of precision that is significantly higher than a pipet can. A burette is made up of a valve
system for controlling the flow of titrant and a calibrated tube to retain the titrant.
Analytical Chemistry Module II

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