PROBLEM OF WASTE MANAGEMENT ON BUILDING SITE AND ITS

EFFECT ON PROJECT DELIVERY (CASE STUDY OF ALNELLY

CONSTRUCTION COMPANY NIG. LTD)

BY

SABIU DAVID OLANREWAJU

HBTF/22/0001

SUBMITTED

TO

SCHOOL OF ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES,

DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING TECHNOLOGY,

OGUN STATE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, IGBESA.

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE

REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMA

(HND) IN BUILDING TECHNOLOGY.

AUGUST 2024
 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.0 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

The construction industry is a critical sector that contributes significantly to the global economy,

yet it is also one of the largest producers of waste. The issue of waste on construction sites has

garnered increasing attention due to its adverse effects on project delivery, including cost

overruns, project delays, and compromised quality. Understanding the background of this issue

is essential for developing effective waste management strategies that can enhance project

outcomes and contribute to sustainable development goals.

The present state of the building construction industry in Nigeria reflect various problems

ranging from delays in project execution/delivery, substandard work, disputes, to cost and time

overrun as a result of material shortage and wastages on sites, theft and displacement of

materials, as well as poor accounting and security system of the concerned sites (Ahmed et. al.,

2020). This is no doubt lack of effective material management is one of the major cause of waste

in construction. Materials, as one of the resources employed by the building construction projects

passes through a number of processes before they are finally incorporated in the actual

construction

Waste generated on construction sites is a major environmental and economic concern. Studies

indicate that construction activities account for a substantial proportion of total waste generation

globally, with estimates suggesting that construction waste can constitute up to 30% of total

waste in some countries (Ajayi et al., 2021).

(Hasmori et al.,2020), have defined construction solid waste as unwanted materials from the

renovation, construction, and demolition activities taking place at the building site. Obviously,
the control of quality of materials used can be save from materials wastage. It is generally an

accepted phenomenon that not all the materials requested and delivered to construction sites are

used for the purposes for which they are ordered. Many building waste is made up of materials

such as bricks, concrete and wood damage d or unused materials for various reasons during

construction. Observational research has shown that this can be as high as 10% to 15% of the

materials that go into a building, a much higher percentage than the 2.5 to 5% usually assumes

by the quantity surveyors. Since considerable variability exists between construction sites, there

is much opportunity for reducing this waste.

Historically, the construction industry has prioritized production efficiency and cost-

effectiveness over waste minimization. Traditional construction practices often led to significant

material wastage due to poor planning, inefficient use of resources, and a lack of awareness

regarding waste management (Ghaleb et al., 2021). The advent of more sustainable construction

practices in the late 20th century marked a shift towards greater awareness of the need to reduce

waste, though challenges in implementation have persisted.

The economic implications of waste in construction are profound. Waste on construction sites

directly impacts project budgets by increasing costs associated with the purchase of additional

materials, labor for rework, and waste disposal (Ibrahim, 2020). Furthermore, the environmental

impact of construction waste is significant, contributing to land degradation, resource depletion,

and greenhouse gas emissions. The disposal of construction waste in landfills, for example, is a

major source of environmental pollution, highlighting the need for more sustainable waste

management practices (Nathaniel et al., 2023).

In recent years, there has been a growing emphasis on the adoption of waste management

strategies within the construction industry. Lean Construction, for example, has been widely

advocated as a method to reduce waste by optimizing processes and eliminating non-value-

adding activities (Musab et al., 2023). Similarly, the use of Building Information Modeling

(BIM) has been promoted as a tool for improving design accuracy and coordination, thereby

reducing material waste and rework (Mohammed et al., 2023). Despite these advancements,

many construction projects continue to experience significant waste due to a lack of integration

of these practices across the industry.

The regulatory environment plays a crucial role in shaping waste management practices in the

construction industry. Governments and international bodies have introduced various regulations

and standards aimed at reducing construction waste and promoting recycling. This inconsistency

in regulatory frameworks poses a challenge to the universal adoption of effective waste

management practices.

Despite the progress made in understanding and managing construction waste, significant

research gaps remain. For example, there is a need for more comprehensive data on waste

generation and management practices across different regions and project types (Saheed et al.,

2018). Additionally, while digital tools like BIM have shown promise in reducing waste, further

research is needed to explore how these tools can be more widely adopted and integrated into

everyday construction practices (Kofi et al., 2017). Future research should also focus on the

development of scalable Circular Economy models that can be applied across the construction

industry to minimize waste and promote sustainability (Thomas et al., 2020).

The problem of waste on construction sites and its impact on project delivery is a significant

issue that demands ongoing attention from researchers, policymakers, and industry professionals.

By addressing the economic, environmental, and regulatory aspects of construction waste, and

by closing existing research gaps, the construction industry can move towards more sustainable

practices that enhance project outcomes and reduce environmental impact.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMS

According to Ajayi (2019), by simply reducing construction wastes produces along will reduce

subsequently disposal costs. Othman and Mohammed (2019) in their research of achieving value

through construction wastes reduction, points out that value of a project decreases with the

increases of construction wastes. In order to remain competitive amidst globalization, the

construction industry need to deliver products and services that has value to its customers, which

can only be achieved if quality of product is retained but the cost of product is reduced.

1. What are the problems of waste management on building site?

2. What are the effect of construction waste on project delivery?

3. How can solid wastes on building site be minimized?

1.3 RESEARCH AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF STUDY

The aim of the research is to explore the problem of waste management on building site and its

effect on project delivery with the following objectives:

1. To identify the problem of waste management on construction site.

2. To determine the effect of waste management on construction site.

3. To investigate ways to minimize wastes on construction site.

4. To examine ways to overcome the problem of waste management on construction site.

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTION

The following research questions will be answered during the study:

1. What are the problems of waste management on building site?

2. What effect does waste management have on project delivery?

3. What are the ways in which solid waste on building can be minimized?

4. How can we overcome the problem of waste management on construction site?

1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

1. HO There are problems of waste management on building site

H1 There are no problems of waste management on building site

2. HO There are effects of construction waste on project delivery

H1 There are no effect of construction waste on project delivery

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study on the problem of waste management on building site and its effect on project

delivery is especially significant considering various construction site. Construction sites have a

tendency to be messy, which can make it difficult for workers to stay productive. By

implementing waste management practices on site from the beginning of your project, you'll

help maintain order and keep everyone focused on their tasks.

Properly handling the waste generated from construction goes beyond just clearing out debris; it

actually plays a vital role in both environmental protection and the wider concept of sustainable

development. When waste is managed with care, we not only conserve natural resources but also

reduce the emissions associated with manufacturing new materials.

The concept of the circular economy is closely tied to the efficient use of resources, and

construction waste management is a key part of this. Instead of materials ending up as landfill,

they can be reintegrated into the building cycle. This can be achieved through processes such as

recycling materials or repurposing them for other construction projects.

1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This research was carried out in Ogun State. It examined the problem of waste management on

building site and its effect on project delivery (A Case Study of Alnelly Construction company

Nig Ltd)

1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS

Construction: The erecting or building of something especially a large structure such as a

house, road, or bridge which involves type and quality of the structure, materials and

workmanship (Encarta 2009).

Wastes: This can be defined as “any inefficiency that results in the use of equipment, materials,

labour or capital in larger quantities than those considered as necessary in the construction

process.” Formoso (2002).

Management: This is a social process entailing responsibility for the effective economics

planning and regulation of the operations of an enterprise in fulfillment of a given purpose or

task (Calvert R.E (1995).

REFERENCE

Bao, Z., & Lu, W. (2020). DeveJloping efficient circularity for construction and demolition waste
management in fast emerging economies: lessons learned from Shenzhen. China Science
Total Environment, 724.

Ghaffar, S.H., Burman, M., and Braimah, N. (2020). Pathways to circular construction: an
integrated management of construction and demolition waste for resource recovery.
Journal of Cleaner Production, 244

Hasmori, M.F., Zin, A.F.M., Nagapan, S., Deraman, R., Abas, N., Yunus, R., and
Klufallah,
M., (2020) The on-site waste minimization practices for construction waste. In
IOP
Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (Vol. 713, No. 1, p.
012038). IOP
Publishing.

Marios Stanitsas, K. K. (2021). Integrating sustainability indicators into project

management: The case of construction industry. Journal of Cleaner Production, 279,
123774.
Chinda, T. (2016). Investigation of factors affecting a construction waste recycling decision.
Civil Engineering and Environmental Systems, 33(3), 214-226.

Ya’cob, A. S., Zawawi, W. A., Isa, M. H., & Othman, I. (2013). Factors that affect sustainable
construction waste management efforts at site. WIT Transactions on Ecology and the
Environment, 179, 1169-1176.

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 Introduction

Waste management on construction sites is a critical aspect of sustainable construction practices.

Effective waste management not only helps in minimizing environmental impacts but also

contributes to cost savings and regulatory compliance. This literature review explores various

strategies, technologies, and challenges associated with waste management in construction and

on project delivery drawing from recent research and best practices in the field.

2.1 Waste

Waste have various definitions for instance; Michael-Agwuoke (2012) defined waste as Residual

materials which are as a result of human activities which cannot be reused or recovered as a

resource, recycled into material production processes or thermally/biologically utilized for

energy production.

Waste have also be defined as materials that are not prime products (that is, products produced

for the market) for which the generator has no further use in terms of his/her own purposes of

production, transformation or consumption, and of which he/she wants to dispose”. (OECD,

2003).

The Basel convention defined waste as: (UNEP, 2004) “Substances or objects which are

disposed or are intended to be disposed or are required to be disposed of by the provisions of

national laws”
Despite this subjective nature of wastes, it is important to describe clearly, what constitutes a

waste because. This is because the classification of a material as a waste will form the foundation

for the regulations required to safeguard the populace and the environment where the wastes are

being processed or disposed of (DEFRA, 2009).

2.1.1 Classification/ Types of Waste

The most commonly used classifications are illustrated below according to (Ebikapade & Jim

2016)

1. Physical state

 Solid waste

 Liquid waste

 Gaseous waste

2. Source

 Household/Domestic waste

 Industrial waste

 Agricultural waste

 Commercial waste

 Demolition and construction waste

 Mining waste

3. Environmental impact

 Hazardous waste

 Non-hazardous waste

2.2 Construction waste

Construction waste refers to the materials and debris generated during the construction, renovation,

demolition, or excavation of buildings, roads, bridges, and other infrastructure projects. Construction

waste can include a wide range of materials, such as:

2.2.1 Types of construction waste

1. Demolition Debris: Concrete, bricks, masonry, asphalt, wood, drywall, metal, glass, and other

materials resulting from the demolition of existing structures.

2. Excavated Materials: Soil, rocks, gravel, and other materials excavated during site preparation

and foundation work.

3. Packaging and Packaging Materials: Cardboard boxes, plastic wrapping, pallets, and other

packaging materials used for transporting construction materials.

4. Unused or Surplus Materials: Leftover construction materials, such as lumber, pipes, tiles,

paint, electrical wiring, plumbing fixtures, or any other materials that were not used in the

project.

5. Hazardous Waste: Construction-related hazardous materials, including asbestos, lead-based

paint, solvents, adhesives, oils, batteries, and other potentially harmful substances.

6. Miscellaneous Waste: Miscellaneous items generated during construction, including plastic

waste, metal scraps, insulation materials, carpeting, furniture, and other non-recyclable or non-

reusable items.

2.2.2 Ways to tackle construction waste

1. Waste Reduction and Recycling: Implementing waste reduction strategies, such as optimizing

material usage, reusing materials, and promoting recycling of construction waste materials like

concrete, metal, wood, and asphalt.

2. Segregation and Sorting: On-site sorting and segregation of different types of waste to

facilitate recycling and proper disposal.

3. Responsible Disposal: Ensuring that non-recyclable waste is disposed of properly, adhering to

local regulations and guidelines. This may involve using licensed waste management companies,

landfill facilities, or waste-to-energy plants.

4. Donations or Resale: Identifying opportunities to donate or sell unused or surplus materials to

salvage or reuse organizations, reducing waste and benefiting the community.

5. Hazardous Waste Management: Following specific protocols for the safe handling,

containment, and disposal of hazardous materials to protect the environment and human health.

6. Construction Waste Management Plan: Developing a waste management plan at the beginning

of a project to outline waste reduction strategies, recycling targets, responsible disposal practices,

and assigning responsibilities to project stakeholders.

2.3 Waste Management on Construction Sites

Construction activities generate a significant amount of waste, which has substantial implications

for the environment, project costs, and regulatory compliance. Effective waste management on

construction sites is essential for reducing the environmental footprint of construction projects

and ensuring efficient use of resources (Azubuike et al., 2024). This review explores the current

state of waste management practices on construction sites, highlighting the key challenges,

recent advancements, and best practices in the industry.

Construction waste management practices vary widely depending on factors such as project size,

location, and regulatory requirements. Common practices include waste segregation, recycling,

reuse of materials, and proper disposal of hazardous waste (Ajayi et al., 2017). However, these

practices are not always consistently implemented, leading to inefficiencies and increased waste

generation. Research by Yuan and Shen (2018) indicates that while many construction firms

recognize the importance of waste management, there is often a gap between awareness and

practice, with many projects still relying on traditional disposal methods rather than adopting

more sustainable approaches.

Several challenges hinder effective waste management on construction sites. These include a

lack of awareness and training among construction workers, limited space for on-site waste

segregation, and the high costs associated with recycling and waste disposal (Wang et al., 2021).

Additionally, the transient nature of construction projects makes it difficult to establish

consistent waste management practices across different sites (Lu & Yuan, 2020). Regulatory

challenges also play a role, as compliance with waste management regulations can be complex

and vary significantly across regions (Osmani, 2012).

Recent technological advancements have the potential to significantly improve waste

management on construction sites. Building Information Modeling (BIM) is increasingly being

used to optimize material use and reduce waste during the design and construction phases (Li et

al., 2020). Additionally, innovations in waste tracking systems, such as RFID technology, allow

for more accurate monitoring of waste streams, helping to improve waste segregation and

recycling rates (Ghisellini et al., 2018). Despite these advancements, the adoption of new

technologies remains uneven, with many construction firms slow to integrate these tools into

their waste management practices.

Sustainable waste management practices are gaining traction in the construction industry as firms

seek to reduce their environmental impact and comply with increasingly stringent regulations.

Practices such as the use of recycled materials, on-site material recovery, and the adoption of

circular economy principles are becoming more common (Zhang et al., 2019). However, there

are still significant barriers to widespread adoption, including the higher upfront costs of

sustainable materials and the need for specialized training to implement these practices

effectively (Tam & Zeng, 2019).

2Policy and regulatory frameworks play a crucial role in shaping waste management practices on

construction sites. In many regions, governments have introduced regulations that mandate waste

reduction, recycling, and proper disposal of hazardous materials (Wang et al., 2021). However,

enforcement of these regulations can be inconsistent, and there is often a lack of alignment

between local, national, and international policies (Chen et al., 2022). This creates challenges for

construction firms operating in multiple jurisdictions and highlights the need for more coherent

and streamlined regulatory frameworks.

To improve waste management on construction sites, it is essential to adopt best practices that

integrate waste management into every stage of the project lifecycle. This includes conducting

waste audits during the planning phase, implementing on-site waste segregation and recycling

programs, and providing training for workers on sustainable waste management practices

(Osmani, 2012). Additionally, collaboration with suppliers to source materials with minimal

packaging and the use of prefabricated components can help reduce waste generation (Ghisellini

et al., 2018).

Effective waste management on construction sites is critical for minimizing environmental

impact, reducing project costs, and ensuring regulatory compliance. While there have been

significant advancements in waste management practices and technologies, challenges remain in

achieving consistent and widespread adoption. The integration of waste management into the

planning, design, and execution of construction projects, along with stronger regulatory

frameworks and increased awareness, is essential for driving further improvements in this area.

2.4 Waste Hierarchy

The waste hierarchy, first established in the 1970s, continues to guide waste management

policies worldwide. Recent reviews emphasize that while the principles of the waste hierarchy

are well-established, their practical application varies widely across regions and industries

(Marrero et al., 2023). The waste hierarchy remains a critical framework for prioritizing waste

management strategies, focusing on waste prevention, followed by reuse, recycling, recovery,

and disposal.

 Waste Prevention: Recent studies emphasize the importance of waste prevention as the

most sustainable waste management option. Despite its prominence in the hierarchy,

prevention is often the most challenging to implement due to economic and behavioral

barriers. The review by Kim et al. (2023) discusses various strategies for effective waste

prevention, including product design innovations and policy interventions that encourage

manufacturers to reduce waste at the source.

 Reuse: Reuse is gaining increasing attention as a viable option for reducing waste. The

review by Popp and Tuppen (2023) explores the growing market for second-hand goods

and the role of digital platforms in facilitating reuse. The authors highlight the

environmental benefits of reuse, particularly in reducing the carbon footprint associated

with manufacturing new products.

 Recycling: The effectiveness of recycling programs has been widely studied, with recent

reviews pointing to both successes and challenges. New insights from Nguyen et al.

(2023) indicate that while recycling rates have improved globally, contamination of

recycling streams and market volatility for recycled materials remain significant barriers.
  Recovery: Energy recovery from waste, particularly through waste-to-energy (WtE)

technologies, is increasingly seen as a necessary component of integrated waste

management systems. However, the review by Santos et al. (2023) highlights the ongoing

debate over the environmental and social impacts of WtE, especially in regions where

recycling infrastructure is still developing.

 Disposal: Disposal, particularly through landfilling, remains the least preferred option in

the waste hierarchy. Recent studies continue to critique the reliance on landfills,

particularly in low-income regions where waste management infrastructure is

underdeveloped. The review by Kumar and Singh (2023) calls for stronger regulatory

frameworks and investment in alternative waste management strategies to reduce landfill

dependency.

2.5 Effect of construction waste on project delivery

The construction industry remains one of the largest producers of waste globally, and this waste

has a profound impact on project delivery. Recent studies have focused on quantifying these

effects and exploring innovative strategies to mitigate them (Osmani & O’Reilly, 2020). This

review synthesizes the latest research on how construction waste affects project delivery,

emphasizing the critical areas of cost, time, quality, and environmental sustainability.

 Cost Efficiency

One of the most significant impacts of waste management on project delivery is cost

efficiency. Inefficient waste management can lead to considerable financial losses due to

excess material purchases, increased disposal costs, and potential fines for non-

compliance with waste regulations. Conversely, projects that implement effective waste

management practices, such as waste minimization and recycling, can achieve substantial

cost savings.
 Wang et al. (2021) demonstrated that adopting circular economy principles, which

emphasize the reuse and recycling of materials, can reduce the overall cost of

construction projects. By planning for material efficiency and minimizing waste from the

outset, projects can reduce the amount of raw materials required and lower the costs

associated with waste disposal. This not only improves the project's financial

performance but also enhances its sustainability credentials.

 Schedule Delays Attributed to Waste The accumulation and improper handling of

waste materials on construction sites have been identified as key contributors to schedule

delays. Recent research by Singh and Gupta (2021) highlights that waste-related

disruptions can cause delays of up to 12% of the overall project timeline. These delays

are often due to the time required to clear waste, the reallocation of resources to manage

waste, and the safety hazards posed by waste accumulation on-site (Zhao et al., 2022).

Additionally, delays in waste disposal logistics can create bottlenecks in the construction

process, further extending project schedules.

 Impact on Project Quality Construction waste has a direct impact on the quality of the

final project. Poor waste management can lead to material contamination, damage to

structures, and the need for extensive rework (Yuan & Shen, 2022). Recent studies

emphasize that waste management practices are crucial in maintaining high construction

standards, as rework due to waste-related issues can compromise the durability and safety

of the structure (Lu & Yuan, 2022). This connection between waste and quality

underscores the need for rigorous waste control measures to ensure project integrity.

 Environmental and Sustainability Considerations The environmental impact of

construction waste is a growing concern, particularly as sustainability becomes a central

focus in construction practices. The improper disposal of waste materials contributes to

 pollution, resource depletion, and greenhouse gas emissions (Liu et al., 2023). Recent

studies advocate for the integration of circular economy principles into construction

projects to minimize waste and enhance resource efficiency (Zhang et al., 2022). This

approach not only reduces the environmental footprint of construction projects but also

aligns with regulatory demands for greener practices.

2.3 Strategies for Waste Reduction

According to Kofoworola and Gheewala (2009), waste reduction can be achieved through

improved planning and design, which emphasizes the importance of minimizing waste

generation at the source. This involves using techniques such as modular construction and design

for disassembly. Implementing effective strategies for waste reduction can lead to significant

environmental and economic benefits.

Source Reduction

Source reduction, also known as waste prevention, involves designing products and packaging in

a way that reduces the amount of waste generated. This can be achieved by using less material,

designing longer-lasting products, and eliminating unnecessary packaging (U.S. Environmental

Protection Agency, 2022).

Recycling and Composting

Recycling involves processing used materials into new products, reducing the need for raw

materials and the energy required for production. Composting organic waste, such as food scraps

and yard waste, can reduce the volume of waste sent to landfills while producing nutrient-rich

soil (Waste Reduction Alliance, 2021).

Implementing Circular Economy Principles

The circular economy focuses on extending the lifecycle of products by reusing, repairing,

refurbishing, and recycling them. This approach reduces waste and promotes the efficient use of

resources, thereby minimizing environmental impact (Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2020).

Product Life Extension

Extending the life of products through repair, reuse, and refurbishment can significantly reduce

waste. Encouraging consumers to maintain and repair products rather than discard them can help

minimize waste generation (McKinsey & Company, 2016).

Waste-to-Energy Technologies

Waste-to-energy (WtE) technologies involve converting non-recyclable waste materials into

usable forms of energy, such as electricity, heat, or fuel. These technologies can help reduce the

volume of waste sent to landfills while generating energy (World Energy Council, 2022).

Consumer Education and Awareness

Educating consumers about the importance of waste reduction and providing them with the

knowledge and tools to make sustainable choices can drive behavior change. Awareness

campaigns, labeling programs, and incentives can encourage consumers to reduce waste at the

source (United Nations Environment Programme, 2021).

Legislation and Policy Initiatives

Governments can play a significant role in waste reduction by implementing policies and

regulations that encourage or mandate waste reduction practices. Examples include bans on

single-

use plastics, extended producer responsibility (EPR) programs, and landfill taxes (European

Commission, 2020).

2.4 Challenges and Future Directions

Despite the advancements in waste management, several challenges remain that need to be

addressed to fully integrate waste management into project delivery:

2.4.1. Lack of Awareness and Training

One of the major challenges in implementing effective waste management practices is the lack of

awareness and training among project managers and workers. Without proper knowledge of

waste management techniques and their benefits, it is difficult to implement these practices

effectively.

Ali et al. (2023) emphasized the need for increased training and education in waste management

for construction professionals. They argued that raising awareness of the environmental and

financial benefits of waste management could lead to more widespread adoption of best

practices.

2.4.2 High Initial Costs

The initial costs associated with implementing advanced waste management technologies can be

prohibitive, especially for smaller projects. While these technologies often lead to cost savings in

the long run, the upfront investment can be a barrier to adoption.

Rahman and Chong (2022) discussed the economic challenges of waste management in

construction projects, particularly the high initial costs of implementing new technologies. They

suggested that government subsidies or financial assistance programs could help offset these

costs and encourage more widespread adoption of waste management technologies.

2.5 Theoretical Approaches to Waste Reduction

This theoretical framework focuses on contemporary theories and models that address the

problem of waste in construction and its impact on project delivery.

 Lean Construction Theory: Lean Construction, derived from Lean Manufacturing

principles, is increasingly being applied in the construction industry to minimize waste

and maximize value. This theory focuses on improving processes, reducing variability,

and eliminating non-value-adding activities (Koskela, 1992; Ballard & Howell, 2021).

Recent advancements in Lean Construction emphasize the integration of digital tools

such as Building Information Modeling (BIM) and real-time data analytics to enhance

waste management (Gurjar & Kumar, 2022).

 Circular Economy (CE) Theory: The Circular Economy (CE) approach has gained

traction in the construction industry as a theoretical model for reducing waste and

promoting sustainability. CE focuses on the lifecycle of materials, encouraging recycling,

reuse, and the reduction of resource consumption (Pomponi & Moncaster, 2017). In

construction, CE theory is applied to design buildings for disassembly, use recycled

materials, and implement waste management practices that support a circular lifecycle

(Ogunmakinde et al., 2022).

 Sustainability and Environmental Management Theory: Sustainability theory in

construction emphasizes the importance of reducing environmental impact by minimizing

waste, conserving resources, and reducing carbon emissions (Kibert, 2016).

Environmental Management Theory complements this by advocating for systematic

waste management practices that align with environmental regulations and sustainability

goals. Recent developments in this theory highlight the role of green technologies and

sustainable materials in reducing construction waste (Mahdiyar et al., 2022).

 Resource-Based View (RBV) Theory: The Resource-Based View (RBV) theory

suggests that the resources and capabilities of a firm, including its ability to manage

waste effectively, can provide a competitive advantage (Barney, 1991). In the context of

construction, RBV theory underscores the importance of investing in waste management

 systems, training, and technologies that enhance resource efficiency and project delivery

(Amoah & Bonsu, 2023).

 Building Information Modeling (BIM) Integration Theory: BIM is a digital tool that

has transformed construction project management by improving accuracy, coordination,

and waste reduction. The BIM Integration Theory posits that the use of BIM can

significantly reduce material waste, rework, and errors by providing detailed

visualizations and simulations of construction processes (Gurjar & Kumar, 2022). Recent

studies have expanded on this theory, exploring the integration of BIM with other digital

tools such as IoT and blockchain to enhance waste management.

2.6 Gaps and Limitations

Despite significant advancements in understanding and managing waste on construction sites,

various gaps and limitations persist that hinder the effective reduction of waste and its impact on

project delivery. This review highlights recent gaps in research and practice, as well as

limitations in current approaches, technologies, and frameworks for addressing construction

waste.

One of the major gaps in the current literature is the lack of comprehensive, standardized data on

construction waste. Many studies rely on case-specific data, which limits the generalizability of

findings (Amoah & Bonsu, 2023). Moreover, there is a need for more longitudinal studies that

track waste generation and management practices over the entire lifecycle of construction

projects.

While digital technologies such as BIM, IoT, and blockchain have been proposed as solutions for

waste management, there is still a gap in the widespread adoption and integration of these

technologies in practice (Gurjar & Kumar, 2022). Research often focuses on theoretical benefits
without providing empirical evidence or practical frameworks for implementation, leaving a gap

between theory and practice.

Current research often overlooks the role of human factors, such as worker behavior, training,

and management practices, in waste generation and management. Ajayi et al. (2021) note that

there is a need for more studies that explore the influence of human factors on waste production

and the effectiveness of waste reduction strategies in construction.

Although the Circular Economy (CE) is gaining attention in the construction industry, there is a

gap in research that fully integrates CE principles into waste management strategies

(Ogunmakinde et al., 2022). Existing studies often focus on individual aspects of CE, such as

recycling or reuse, without providing a holistic approach that encompasses the entire

construction process.

The impact of local and international regulatory frameworks on waste management in

construction remains underexplored. Research is needed to examine how different regulations

influence waste reduction practices and the extent to which they are enforced (Mahdiyar et al.,

2022).

Limitations in Current Approaches

1. Inefficiency in Waste Quantification Methods

o Current methods for quantifying construction waste are often inefficient and lack

accuracy, leading to underreporting or overestimating waste (Formoso et al.,

 2022). These limitations hinder the ability to develop effective waste management

strategies and make it difficult to track progress toward waste reduction goals.

2. Challenges in Implementing Lean Construction

o Despite the theoretical benefits of Lean Construction in reducing waste, its

implementation faces several challenges, including resistance to change, lack of

expertise, and the complexity of integrating Lean principles with existing

processes (Ballard & Howell, 2021). These challenges limit the practical

applicability of Lean Construction in diverse project environments.

3. Barriers to Adopting Circular Economy Models

o The adoption of Circular Economy models in construction is limited by several

barriers, including high initial costs, lack of awareness, and the difficulty of

reengineering existing practices to accommodate circular principles (Pomponi &

Moncaster, 2017). These limitations suggest that more research is needed to

develop cost-effective and scalable CE solutions for the construction industry.

4. Incomplete Application of BIM

o Although BIM is recognized as a powerful tool for reducing waste, its application

is often incomplete, with many projects only using BIM for design and

visualization rather than for comprehensive waste management (Gurjar & Kumar,

2022). This limitation reduces the potential of BIM to fully address waste issues

throughout the project lifecycle.

5. Environmental and Economic Trade-offs

o There is a lack of research that adequately addresses the trade-offs between

environmental and economic considerations in waste management. While many

strategies focus on reducing waste, they may not always be cost-effective or

environmentally beneficial in the long term (Zhu & Guo, 2023). More studies are
 needed to explore these trade-offs and develop balanced approaches to waste

management.

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

This chapter presents the methodology employed in this research study on Problem of waste

management on building site and it effect on project delivery. The objective of this chapter is to
provide an overview of the research design, population, sample, data collection instrument,

validity and reliability of the research instrument, administration of the data collection

instrument, and the method of data analysis.

A quantitative research approach was decided as the most tenable means of securing constructive

and valuable data for this study; and survey was selected as the research method for gathering

relevant information for this study as it was considered the most appropriate method that can be

used for the target population in view of the research topic.

3.2 Research Design

A descriptive survey design were used for this study's research design. According to Dr. Y.P.

Aggarwal (2008) descriptive research is devoted to the gathering of information about prevailing

conditions or situations for the purpose of description and interpretation. This type of research

method is not simply amassing and tabulating facts but includes proper analyses, interpretation,

comparisons, identification of trends and relationships.

Here, questionnaires is used as a mode of getting data from our respondents and analyzing the

data with descriptive statististics. This design is considered apt because it enable the researcher

to generate date through the standardized collection procedure based on highly highly structured

research instruments. Wiunmrer and Dormmick (2023) said that a research or experimental

design is essentially a blue print or set of plans for collecting information.

3.3 Research methods

According to Kerlinger (2022), “research is a systematic, controlled, empirical and critical

investigation of hypothetical prepositions about presumed relations among natural phenomena.”

In another definition provided by Bennet (2020) in Agbonifoh & Yomere (2019), research is a
systematic, careful inquiry or examination to discover new information or relationship and to

expand/verify existing knowledge for some specified purpose. Agbonifoh &Yomere (2019) view

research as something that always involves data gathering, data analysis and answering certain

questions of interest to the researcher.

The research methodology adopted for this work was quantitative research methodology which is

empirical in nature. Questionnaire was used in collecting primary data while sampling

techniques was used to analyze the collected data.

3.4 population of the Study

Asika (2021) defined study population as a census of all items or subject that possesses the

characteristics or that has knowledge of the phenomenon being studied. Subject or elements are

individual items that make up population. In this regard, Population is the totality of any group

which is defined by unique characters, therefore the population of this study comprises of

contractors, foreman, Manson,etc In Abeokuta will be the target audience of this study.

3.5 Sampling Technique

The researcher in the course of conducting this study will use the simple random sampling

techniques. Simple random sampling will be used as the sampling technique for the reason that

the method ensures equal chance of selection among the respondents but also, the method avoids

and minimizes biasness hence enhanced validity and reliability.

3.6 Instrument For Data Collection

The major instrument for data collection in this study will be the questionnaire. The

questionnaire will cover information on the socio-demographic characteristics of the

respondents. The questionnaire will be designed to have two sections. Specifically all questions

in section ‘A’ were drawn to provide some general and demographic information of the
respondents, while the remaining questions in section ‘B’ were formed and directed to address

the research questions. The instrument were designed in a 5-point likert scale format.

3.7 Reliability of the Instrument

A reliability test will be conducted on the instrument to determine how consistent the responses

are. The researcher will utilize test/retest method of reliability testing whereby the questionnaire

was administered at two different times to the same group of respondents. The Cronbach Alpha

reliability test will be utilized to conduct the reliability test. A cronbach alpha coefficient of 0.60

and above will be considered acceptable.

3.8 Validity of Instrument

To make sure that the research instruments in this study were valid, the researcher ensured that

the instrument measured the concepts they were supposed to measure. A proper structuring of

the questionnaire and a conduct of a pretest of every question contained in the questionnaire

were carried out to ensure that they are valid. Also the design of the questionnaire was made easy

for respondents to tick their preferred choice from the options provided.

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 CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

4.0 Introduction

This chapter presents and analyses the result of the data collected from the field. The

presentation and analyses take into compliance the objective of the study and the analyses as

based on the questionnaires administered.