NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY “THINK IN OTHER TERMS.”

Faculty of Engineering
Department of Civil and Water Engineering
Construction Technology ECW2207
PRESENTATION TITLE : WALLING AND FRAMING SYSTEMS
 Group members
Student Name Student Number
DADISO CHIKUDO G N02215402A

TALENT MANYIKA N02221442D

VICTOR NYALUGWE N02218097P

MADALITSO BINALI N02212278Q

LILIAN CHISHANGU N02219753V

PRECIOUS MANGEZI N02215440Y

NIGEL NYABADZA
N02217146J

PRIMROSE NYONI N02216031W

Introduction to Walling Systems

• In construction, walling systems serve as the fundamental

components that define the structure, layout, and functionality of
buildings. These systems encompass a variety of materials,
techniques and designs tailored to meet specific project
requirements, environmental factors and architectural aesthetics.
Load bearing
• Walls are broadly divided into two types i.e.
walls and Non-load bearing walls
Examples of Common Walling Systems

• Traditional Masonry
• Timber Framing
• Modern Prefabricated Panels
• Insulated Concrete Forms (ICFs)
• Structural Insulated Panels (SIPs)
Understanding characteristics, benefits and limitations of these
walling systems is essential for architects, engineers and
construction professionals to make informed decisions that align
with project goals, budget constraints and sustainability objectives
Introduction to Framing Systems “Structural
Integrity and Efficiency”

ØFraming systems play a crucial role in supporting the structural

integrity and stability of building constructions. They form the
skeleton upon which the entire edifice is built, providing support
for walls, floors, roofs and other architectural elements. The
selection of framing systems depends upon factors such as building
design, local building codes, environmental conditions and budget
a considerations
 Examples of Common Framing Systems

ØWood Framing
ØSteel Framing
ØConcrete Framing
ØHybrid Framing
ØThe role of framing systems extends beyond structural support; they
also influence architectural design, energy efficiency, sustainability
and construction, sustainable and construction timelines.
Understanding the characteristics and capabilities of different
framing systems is essential for architects, engineers and builders to
create safe, durable and aesthetically pleasing structures that meet
the demands of modern construction practices
 Definition of a Wall

Ø A wall is a structural element

used to divide or enclose, and, in
building construction , to form
the periphery of a room or a
building.
Ø A wall is a structure and surface
that defines an area; carries ;
provides security; shelter or
soundproofing; or is decorative.
Ø Walls form a fundamental part of
the superstructure.
TYPES OF WALLS

ØLOAD BEARING WALLS

ØNON LOAD BEARING WALLS
 Load Bearing Walls
Ø Load bearing walls are structural elements that carry
load and transfer it to the foundation.
Ø Load bearing walls carry loads imposed on it from
beams and slabs above including its own weight.
Ø These walls support structural members such as
beams, slabs and walls on above floors
Ø Can be exterior or interior wall
Ø Load-bearing walls – support loads from floors
and roofs in addition to their own weight and
resist side pressure from wind and some from
stored materials within the building.
 Non-Load Bearing Walls

ØNon load Bearing Walls can be

called Drop walls
ØThese walls only their carry own
weight and do not support any
structural member such as beams
and slabs.
ØThey Separate rooms from
outside.
Non-Load Bearing Walls

ØNon-load bearing walls – these carry no floor or roof

loads.
ØThe external non – load bearing wall, related to a framed
structure is termed a panel wall if of masonry construction.
ØIf the same is of lighter construction it is termed an infill panel, or
cladding when applied to the face of the frame.
ØThe term partition is applied to walls, either load-bearing or non-
load bearing, dividing the space within a building into rooms.
CONT
ØInternal walls which separate different occupants within the same
building are called separating walls.
ØA party wall means a wall separating adjoining buildings belonging
to different owners or occupied by different persons.
ØMay or may not be load bearing.
ØPrimary function - to prevent the spread of fire between adjoining
buildings and to provide an adequate degree of sound insulation.
ØRetaining walls – primary function is to support the thrust of soils
and, perhaps underground water on one side of the wall.
Functional Requirements Of Walling

In order to satisfy its functions efficiently, it must satisfy certain

requirements which are:
ØStrength and stability
ØThermal insulation
ØSound insulation
ØExclusion of wind and rain
ØDurability
ØFire resistance
ØDamp penetration resistance.
Strength and Stability

• Strength measured in terms of resistance to stresses set up in it by

its own weight, superimposed loads and lateral pressure.
• Stability measured in terms of resistance to overturning by lateral
forces and buckling caused by excessive slenderness.
• Sufficient thickness.
• Thickness-to-height ratio – buckling.
• Adequate lateral support to resist overturning
Resistance to Dampness

• Damp penetration - deterioration to the structure, damage to

finishes and contents and can in severe cases adversely affect the
health of occupants.
• Dampness may enter the building through a number of routes:
Ø Water introduced during construction
Ø Penetration through roofs, parapets and chimneys – if not properly
constructed.
Ø Penetration through walls – those exposed to wet winds
Ø Ground water moisture – at or near the base creeping up by capillary action.
Thermal Insulation

Thermal insulation serves a number of purposes

ØTo prevent excessive loss or gain of heat within a building.
ØTo prevent a large condensation.
ØTo reduce expansion and contraction of the structure.
ØThe external walls of a building, together with the roof, must provide a
barrier to the passage of heat to the external air in order to maintain
satisfactory internal conditions without a wasteful use of a heating
system.
ØAdequate thermal insulation is attained in a variety of ways
incorporating cavities and materials with high insulating value.
Sound insulation

ØA function (more pronounced) of party walls and walls between

habitable rooms of a dwelling – airborne sound.
ØAs with thermal insulation however, an adequate degree of sound
insulation can be attained only with an excessive thickness and
weight of solid wall.
ØSounds in buildings - impact sounds caused by direct contact with
the structure such as footsteps or hammering on walls, or they can
be airborne such as from conversation, radio, etc
Weather resistance

Rain penetration through walls can be resisted by:

Øensuring a limited penetration only into the wall thickness. In this
instance water will be absorbed by a permeable walling material
and held outer sponge surface until dry weather conditions permit
it to evaporate.
Øpreventing any penetration whatsoever through an impermeable
facing which will force water to run down the will face without
entering the wall thickness.
Øinterrupting the capillary path through the wall.
Fire resistance

• A wall should inhibiting the spread of flames and preventing the

excessive transfer of heat from one side to the other.
• In case of fire, the wall should not disintegrate but continue to
bear its load and to enclose space as long as is required in order to
preserve the building, its occupants and its neighbours.
• Walls compartmentalise a building so that fire is confined to a
given area to separate specific fire risks within the building, to
form safe escape routes for the occupants and to prevent the
spread of fire between buildings.
 Types of walls
• Brick masonry walls
• Rouble masonry walls/ stone walls
• Precast walls
• Load bearing walls
• Non-load bearing walls
• Partition walls
• Shear walls
• Cavity walls
• Retaining walls
• Core walls
 Brick Masonry Wall
Ø Brick masonry is a highly durable form of construction
made of bricks and mortar. It is constructed by
systematically placing bricks in mortar to form a solid
mass that withstands exerted loads.
Ø Brick bond in masonry adheres bricks together, it is
constructed by filling the joints between the bricks with
suitable mortar.
Ø The strength of brick masonry wall lies in bond used.
The most common brick bonds are Stretcher bond,
Flemish bond and English bond.
Ø Masonry brick walls can be double or single walls,
double wall is generally about 230mm thick and the
single wall 115mm
 Types of bonds on Brick Masonry Walls

ØBrick bonding refers to the systematic arrangement of bricks in a

wall following a pattern that will enable the load to be distributed
evenly, ensuring stability and appearance of the wall.

Common bond types include the following:

ØStretcher bond – consist of alternate courses of stretchers. Used
for half brick walls.

ØEnglish bond – consists of alternate courses of headers and

stretchers. Very strong bond, though monotonous in appearance.
ØFlemish bond – consist of alternate header and stretcher in every
course. Offers an attractive appearance and is reasonably strong
CONT
Types of bonds on Brick Masonry Walls

ØBrick walls are considerably easy to construct and have desirable weather
resistant properties.
ØReinforcing wires(brick-force) are used to strengthen walls and they are
placed on mortar between bricks.
ØDpc material is also put between brick courses to prevent moisture rises
on brick masonry walls.
Advantages of Masonry Brick walls

ØResilience
ØLow maintenance
ØFire proof
ØDesign flexibility
ØNoise cancelling
ØDurable
ØEnergy efficient
ØNatural
Disadvantages of Brick masonry walls

ØLow resistance against tension and torsion loads(susceptible to seismic

damage)
ØHigher cost due to costs in finishes.
ØLand degradation in clay extraction.
 Rubble Masonry Wall/Stone wall
ØThe use of undressed rough
stone generally in the
construction of walls.
ØThe rubbles or stones are
arranged in a systematic manner
and are adhered together by
suitable mortar.
ØThe stones can be arranged in a
manner to build a balanced wall
without putting any mortar.
 Types of stone walls

ØColonial wall stone

ØLimestone wall s
ØMosaic walls
ØLarge hedging stone wall

q Types of stone walls are derived from types of stones used to build the wall
and also the texture of the stone.
q Stone walls built using worked stones are called Ashlar walls whereas those
built using unworked stone are called rough rubble masonry stone walls.
Advantages of stonewalls

ØDurable
ØBetter aesthetic look
ØLittle maintenance and
repairs
Disadvantages

ØStones are thick and heavy

ØLow flexural strength, tensile strength and seismic resistance.
ØStone masonry is time consuming.
ØRequires skilled labour.
ØAffected by moulding and weathering.
Concrete walls
Ø These are structural elements on a
structure.
Ø They are made of reinforced concrete
formed with wood.
Ø They carry loads above then and
transfer the load forces to the
foundation.
Ø They can be used as shear walls on
high rise buildings
Ø Wood boards are held by wall ties eg
metal wall ties.
 Precast concrete walls.
ØPrecast concrete simply means
concrete cast into a reusable mould or
form which is then cured in a
controlled environment, transported
to the install site and lifted into place.
ØPrecast concrete walls are usually
made of cement or reinforced
concrete.
ØThey can be used for boundary walls
and in some cases on walls of houses.
Advantages of Concrete walls

ØResistant against ;
§ weather
§ pests,
§ mould
§ fire
ØSound barrier characteristics.
Ødurability
Disadvantages

ØConcrete is heavy
ØMore costly due to steel reinforcement
ØPlumbing issues
 Rammed earth walls

ØRammed earth is a technique for constructing walls using compacted

natural raw materials such as earth, chalk, lime or gravel.
 Shear Walls

Ø Structural member in a reinforced concrete

framed structure to resist lateral forces such
as wind forces.
Ø These walls carry earthquake loads down to
the foundation.
Ø They provide large strength and stiffness to
buildings in the direction of their
orientation.
Ø Shear walls are generally used on high rise
buildings subject to lateral wind, seismic
forces and other horizontal loads.
 Partition walls

ØThese walls separate spaces in buildings

along with spatial divisions.
ØThey can provide privacy, acoustic and
fire separation and flexibility of layout.
ØMostly light material is used for these
kinds of walls for example glass,
aluminium and timber plywood etc
Core walls
ØThese walls have a hallow space
between them that allows access
from one floor to the next.
Ø Allows people to move between
the floors of a building for
example core walls for elevators
on high rise buildings.
ØCore walls also have a structural
significance as they can act as
pillars on buildings.
Retaining Walls
Ø Retaining walls are built on areas of soil
masses with different elevations.
Ø The major purpose of retaining walls is
to hold and support soil masses laterally.
Ø Types of retaining walls are;
o Gravity walls
o Cantilever retaining walls
o Sheet pile retaining walls
o Counterfort retaining walls
o Buttressed retaining walls
Buttress walls

Ø A structure constructed up
against or juts out from a
wall to support or
strengthen the wall.
Cavity Walls

Ø A cavity wall consists of two separate

walls, known as leaves or skins, of
brickwork having a space between
them (known as a cavity) and
connected together by metal ties.
Ø The inner leaf, which supports roof or
upper floor loads, can be of concrete
blocks, thus combining the insulation
properties of concrete blocks with
weather resistant properties of brick
 Cavity walls continuation.

ØA cavity should be carried down at least 150mm below the lowest dpc and any bridging of the
cavity, other than wall ties or closing course protected by roof, is to have a suitable dpc to
prevent the passage of moisture across cavity.
ØWhere the cavity is closed at jambs of openings a vertical dpc should be inserted unless some
other suitable method is used to prevent passage of moisture from the outer leaf to the inner leaf
of the wall.
 Considerations when recommending walls

ØFunction
ØCost
ØEnvironment in relation to
material characteristics
ØAvailability of material
ØLegal considerations
Øaesthetic
Wall Strengthening Mechanisms

• Using a strong bond

• Reinforcing
• Concrete jacketing
• Plastering
• Painting
• Using a thicker wall
• Concrete replacement
• Tiling
• Retrofitting
 Use of thicker walls

Ø A two brick wall is much stronger and durable

than a single wall.

Ø Double brick homes come with a highly stable

structure, capable of withstanding natural
disasters, violent storms, fire, and exposure to
the elements.

Ø Double brick homes tend to be less prone to

damage by pests and termites, and the inside walls
are usually able to support heavy fixtures.

Ø A double brick wall is also more soundproof.

 Concrete jacketing
Ø This is a traditional retrofitting method, where the retrofitting
technique is performed to increase the dimension of the wall.

Ø This increase in dimension is achieved by adding new concrete to the

existing concrete wall. For this, additional steel reinforcement is
placed to increase the strength and ductility of the R.C wall.

Ø The new steel reinforcement is made into a mesh of horizontal and

vertical bars, which is then anchored to the wall foundation.

Ø The reinforcement mesh can also be inserted into a hole drilled into
the ground after which it is grouted with epoxy and sealed.

Ø As the method focuses on the increase in the wall thickness, an

increase beyond a limit increases the dead weight.

Ø This would demand the increase in load capacity of the existing

foundation in order to take the additional weight.
 Using stronger bond

Ø Sometimes the strength of the wall depends on the type

of bond used to interlock the bricks.
Ø Among the various type of bonds present (stretcher
bond, Flemish bond, English bond &English garden
wall bond), English bond is the strongest.
Ø English bond consists of alternate course of headers and
stretches.
Ø In this English bond arrangement, vertical joints in the
header courses come over each other and the vertical
joints in the stretcher course are also in the same line.
Ø For the breaking of vertical joints in the successive course
it is essential to place queen closer, after the first header in
each heading course.
 Concrete Replacement

This is one of the simplest and cheapest way to restore the strength and the ductility of the R.C walls.
The method initially involves the removal of the damaged concrete. The final surface is cleaned and
brushed properly to remove all loose materials. If the reinforcement present in the compression zone is
buckled in small amounts, then it should be straightened.

After the preparation is done, the formwork for the wall web is prepared. Into the formwork, fresh
concrete is poured from one side of the wall. After concreting, the wall is cured. The top part of the wall
can be completed by an epoxy grout as high strength is required to bring contact with the old concrete.
Plastering and painting

Plastering Painting
Plastering and painting

ØPlaster just like paint acts as another layer of reinforcement.

It also adds to the aesthetic value of the wall.
ØActs as another layer of reinforcement also leaving a
desirable aesthetic finish on the wall.
ØPlaster prevents our walling units from exposure to the
environment hence making it less susceptible to damage
 TILING

• TILING PREVENTS DIRECT

EXPOSURE OF OUR WALLING
UNITS.
• TILES ARE WATERPROOF HENCE
PREVENT PENETRATION OF
WATER INTO THE WALL
• BECAUSE OF THIS REASON
WALLS OF WATERPRONE AREAS
OR ROOMS ARE USUALLY TILED
• FOR EXAMPLE IN BATHROOMS
AND IN KITCHENS
Retrofitting by steel material

ØThe use of steel for

retrofitting R.C walls only
adds a small weight to the
old structure. It is a
retrofitting technique that
causes minimum disruption
to the building occupants.
CONT

1.Retrofitting by Steel Sections: Steel plate sections are added to the R.C
Wall surface which helps in increasing the strength, stiffness and the ductility
of the wall structure. Based on the property to be enhanced, the steel plate
section can be added either vertically or horizontally
2. Retrofitting by Steel Bracing: Use of steel bracings is common for moment
resisting frame structures. Proper connections of the bracing with the existing
walls ensure adequate strength, stiffness, and ductility for the structure.
Steel bracing also increases the seismic performance of the R.C structure.
Providing steel bracing at proper intervals on the R.C walls decreases the
buckling length that in turn increases the capacity of the bracing member.
 Use of composite Laminates
Ø Use of composite materials like Fibre reinforced polymer
(FRP) in different forms for retrofitting reinforced concrete
wall is a method used from past decades.

Ø FRP gains high strength and high resistance to corrosion.

Ø In addition to this, they are light in weight and therefore

can be applied easily.

Ø FRP can be used as laminates or sheets or as rods over

the R.C wall.

Ø The efficiency of this retrofitting can be increased by

prestressing the fibres. FRP composites is a fast and
easy retrofitting technique.
Brick force
 What Is Frame Construction

ØFrame construction involves creating a supportive framework using

various structural elements. This framework supports the walls, floors,
and roof of a building. Certainly these systems form the backbone of
buildings, providing structural support and stability. Understanding
these systems is essential for anyone involved in construction.
Characteristics of a frame structure

• A frame structure is a carefully arranged set of beams,columns and slabs that can
withstand the tremendous stresses and moments generated by severe gravity and lateral
loads.
• They come together to form a framework of steel or conctrete that supports the weight
and transmits it to the ground without incident.
• In a framed structural system,walls are used to encose the resulting cavity.There are two
types of walls here :load bearing and non-lod bearing.Shear walls make up the bulk of the
framed building’s load bearing wall.
• Pin or permanent connections join the frame’s structural parts.
• Consequently,beams,columns,slabs,and shear walls are a framed structure’s primary
structural or load-carrying elements (load-bearing walls).
• The framework of a building may be fabricated from a wide variety of materials.
 TYPES OF FRAME STRUCTURES:
1.Based on the connection between the elements of a
frame structure
1.RIGID FRAME STRUCTURE
ØBeams and columns are examples of the linear elements that make up a rigid
frame system,also known as a moment frame system.
ØRigidity is the inability to bend or flex .It is commonly found in reinforced
concrete and steel structures.
ØStatic indeterminacy is a hallmark of rigid frames ,distinguished by the absence of
pinned joints between individual frame members.
ØA rigid frame does not bend under weight of its beams and columns ,making it
resistant to vertical and lateral stresses.Beam and columns with rigid connections
give the rigid frame its stiffness.
ØThe joints need to be sufficiently strong and rigid with little distortion.
 CONTINUATION

• Solving for internal forces and moments and support reactions can be
done structural analysis technique such as the method of virtual
work,Castigliano’s theorem,the force method,the slope-displacement
method,the stiffness method and the matrix analysis.
A rigid frame structure can be divided into two
categories:
i.)Fix-ended Rigid Frame Structure:
The conditions at the ends are usually set in this
rigid frame system.
ii) Pin-Ended Rigid Frame Structure:
This rigid frame is held together by pins and is
no longer a rigid frame if the pins are removed.
 2.Braced Frame Structure

• Placing the diagonal elements between the beams and columns is a

common bracing method . This skeleton design is more able to
withstand earthquake and wind pressures .
• Bracing is typically installed between beams and columns in this
frame system to strengthen the strengthen the system’s resistance to
lateral forces and sideways forces.
• Compared to rigid frame systems ,this one is superior .A braced
frame structure can be divided into two categories:
i)Portal Frames
Most portal frames are designed to resemble doors.In the commercial
and industrial sectors,this frame system is widely used.
Gabled Frames

Most of the time,the peak is at the top .This type of frame is used
where it might rain or snow a lot .
 2.Based on the materials used for the frame structure:

STEEL FRAMED STRUCTURES:

Steel framing provides exceptional strength and

durability. It offers advantages like non
combustibility, termite resistance, and dimensional
stability. Steel framing is ideal for high-wind and
seismic zones. Preferred for its strength, used
mostly in commercial and industrial buildings.
Steel can support significantly more weight in the
same area than any masonry can. It allows for
greater column-free areas by reducing the columns
required for beam support at regular intervals.
ii)Wooden Frame Structure

Wooden frames are widely used for residential and light

commercial buildings providing a high level of comfort to the
people by withstanding extreme climatic variations.
The wood frame structure is one of the most popular methods for
constructing homes, businesses and factories.
More over when working with wood , there are no limits to the
architectural possibilities that can be explored.
Buildings made of wood can serve their intended purposes if they
are constructed utilizing good building techniques and method.
For instance, the lightweight nature of wood frames reduces the
need for expensive cranes and other heavy machinery during the
erection process, helping to keep construction costs down.
iii)RCC Frame structure:

An RCC structure has a grid of beams and girders connected at

the floor and roof levels to create a series of frames. Within
these frameworks , walls are built.
All structural elements-the slab, the beams , the girders, and the
columns –are constructed as one solid piece and meet at a stiff,
unified junction.
So, in a framed structure, the beams and girders take the weight
of the roofs,walls and transfer it to the foundations.
All RCC frames are built in a single, seamless piece to provide
complete continuity between the columns, beams ,and slabs (of
floors and roofing).Buildings can be constructed more cheaply
and safely with continuous construction thanks to decreased
deflections and bending moments in the members.
 Terminology

ØBeam: Horizontal support.

ØPost: Vertical support.
ØStuds: Vertical members spaced evenly on the sill.
ØRafters: Diagonal members supporting the roof.
ØJoists: Horizontal members supporting floors or additional stories.
ØFrame Strength: Ensuring the frame can bear the load.
 Advantages of Frame Structures

• The strength and stability of structures have improved.

• The rigidity and stability of framed buildings are very high.Framed
buildings can withstand large vertical (dead load) and horizontal(wind)
loads,as well as earthquakes,without much deformation or movement.
• Buildings with multiple floors can also be made.
• Framing makes a structure less likely to shake.Framed structures can resist
vibrations well, which makes them good for buildings in areas prone to
earthquakes and industrial structures.
• The lack of large load-bearing walls and other factors keeps the dead load
minimum.
• Every finished floor slab protects the lower floors from rain and sun.
• Rapid construction.
• Easy construction.
 Disadvantages of Frame Structure

• Normal reinforced concrete limits span lengths in frame buildings to

no more than 40 feet.Otherwise,spans greater than that can generate
lateral deflections.
.
 Advantages and disadvantages of rigid frame
structure
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGE
• Structural Strength-rigid steel framing makes The major drawback is the price .Price per squarefoot is
the building strong enough to withstand significantly higher than for arched styles ,as you are
winds and heavy snow loads.Also buildings paying for
are able to support heavy loads-equipments
such as conveyors ,cranes etc.
• Durability-Rigid steel framing allows for
longevity of the building .
• Flexible designs-Clear spans of upto 300 feet
make rigid frame buildings the obvious
choice for any application that requires
expansive door space without physical
impediments.
• Quicker construction
Advantages and disadvantages of braced frame
structures
ADVANTAGES
• Increased structural stability-Bracing DISADVANTAGES
helps to stabilize the building against
lateral forces such as wind or seismic • Occupancy limitations-Bracing can limit
activity. the layout and use of interior space due to
the placement of the braces.
• Flexibility in design-Bracing allows for
more open floor plans and larger window • Skilled labourers are required.
openings,as it can compensate for the • Aesthatics –Some people may find the
removal of load bearing wall . visible bracing elements unappealing
from an architectural point of view.
• It is easy to nstall,engages less space .
• Complexity-The design and installation
• Cost effective-Braced structures can often of bracing systems can add complexity
be morecost effective to build than other to the construction process.
structural systems.
Advantages and disadvantages of Steel
framing system
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
• High Strength and Durability-the steel used for • Steel is an alloy of iron-this makes it
the framing system is incredibly strong and susceptible to corrosion.This problem can be
durable which makes it a great choice for solved to some extent using anti-corrosion
supporting the structure. applications.
• Fast Consruction-The steel is prefabricated • Buckling-Buckling is an issue with steel
offsite which allows for easy and quick structures ,as the length of the steel column
construction when compared to other methods increases chances of buckling also increases.
for extending buildings.
• There are extensive fireproofing costs
• Highly Flexible-steel framing systems can be involved ,as steel is not fireproof.In high
designed to suit exact preference and temperatures steel loses its properties.
requirements.this means it can accommodate
various building types as well as custom
layouts and shapes.
• Sustainability-steel is a sustainable material
and can be recycled without losing any
strength.Therefore using steel can help
reduce the environmental impact of
construction and building.
Advantages and disadvantages of wood frame
construction
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
• Reduced site labor. • Transportation and carriage
• Reduced construction time access.
translates to reduced reduced • Susceptibility to decay of timber
risk exposure. when exposed to excessive
• Quick erection times. moisture.
• Recyclable. • Combustibility of timber requires
vigilant quality control to achieve
• Can be built to exceed 60-year required fire rating of separating
design life. and compartment walls.
• Low volume of waste onsite • Requires experienced builders
requiring removal. and erection crews.
Advantages and disadvantages of RCC framed
structure.
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
• Maintenance cost are minimal which • Difficulty in repair,modification and
can be ignored. expansion.
• It is faster in construction ,saves • It has low tensile strength.
time,initial finishing.
• Normal earthquake effects can be
resisted by offering the mandatory
designs.
• It is very easy to change the internal
plan of a room,bathroom etc by
changing the actual position of the
partition wall which ultimately gives
freedom in planning.
CONCLUSION

• Frame structure uses beams,columns ,and lab to withstand

lateral and gravitational loads.Typically,such structures are
employed to counteract the resulting huge moments due to the
imposed loading.
• Materials like rebar-strengthened concrete,steel,wood are all
good alternatives for constructing various frame structures