International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 4, Issue 5, May-2013 2224

ISSN 2229-5518

Communication System Using BPSK

Modulation
Amir Khan, Anuj Kumar Singh, Deepak Kumar Gupta, Dhirendr Kumar Vimal
B.tech (EC), Kanpur Institute of Technology,
A-1 UPSIDC, Industrial Area, Rooma, Kanpur (U.P.) (affiliated to GBTU University, Lucknow),
India
[email protected]
Abstract:- We are living in an era where each of the involves some variation in the some parameter of
things is directly related to technology. In past the carrier wave in and according to the message
decades methods of transfer of message used to take a signal. The receiver receives the degraded version
lot of time as the technological advancement took
of the transmitted signal after propagation through
place new methods evolved for communication. The
the channel and recreates it. This recreation is done
methods used were analog and digital methods.
Although a significant portion of communication by a process known as demodulation, which is the
today is analog form, it is being replaced rapidly by reverse of the modulation process used in the
digital communication with the next decade most of transmitter. Modulation is the process of varying
the communication will become digital, with analog some parameter of a periodic waveform in order to
communication playing a minor role. A tremendous use that signal to convey a message. Normally a
technological transformation during the last two high-frequency sinusoidal waveform is used as

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decades has provided a potential growth in the area carrier signal. For this purpose ,if the variation in
of digital communication and lot of newer
the parameter of the carrier is continuous in
applications and technologies are coming up every
accordance to the input analog signal the
day due to these reasons. In the present work digital
communication system is being used as it provides the modulation technique is termed as analog
capability of information transmission that is both modulation scheme if the variation is discrete then
efficient and reliable. Restricting ourselves to the it is termed as Digital Modulation Technique.
domain of modulation techniques in this article BPSK is a digital modulation technique which has
through extensive literature survey in a specific its basic concept on PSK (phase shift keying). In
manner enabling to analyze BPSK modulation phase shift keying, the carrier is changed is
technique for a particular application. The changed according to the modulating waveform
parameters like symbol error rate , bit error rate are
which is usually a digital signal. In binary phase
used for analysis. We analyzed the techniques by
shit keying (BPSK) the transmitted signal is a
using modeling and simulating various models by
using MATLAB software. sinusoid of fixed amplitude. It has one fixed phase
when the data is at one level and when the data is at
Keywords- communication, modulation, BPSK, the other level the phase is different by 1800. If the
transmission sinusoid is of amplitude A it has a power Ps= (1/2)
A2 so that A=√2Ps. BPSK is a form of square-wave
modulation of a continuous wave (CW) signal.
1. INTRODUCTION:-
Today communication enters our daily lives in so
many ways that, it is very easy to overlook the 2. BINARY PHASE SHIFT KEYING (BPSK):-
multitude of its facets. The purpose of a In a binary phase shift keying (BPSK),binary
communication system is to convey any message symbol ‘1’ and ‘0’ modulation the phase of the
from an information source in an understandable carrier. Let us assume that the carrier is given as,
form to a source destination, with the information S(t)=Acos(2πfct)
source and the destination source be a distant apart
from each other physically. To achieve this Here ‘A’ represents peak value of sinusoidal carrier
transmitter at the information source amplifies the in the standard 1Ω load resistor, the power
message signal into a suitable form for dissipated would be,
transmission over the channel. The modification is
achieved by a process known as modulation, which P=(1/2)A2

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International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 4, Issue 5, May-2013 2225
ISSN 2229-5518

Or, carrier voltage across T1. Consequently the output

is 1800 out of phase with the oscillator.
A=√2P

Now, when the symbol is changed, then the phse of

the carrier is also changed by 1800.

2.1)BPSK GENERATION:-

The BPSK signal may be generated by applying

carrier signal to a balanced modulator. Here the
baseband signal b(t) is applied as a modulating
signal to the balanced modulator. A NRZ level
Fig2: block diagram of balanced ring modulator
encoder converts the binary dta sequence into
2.3) BPSK RECEPTION:-
bipolar NRZ.
The received signal has the form
S(t)=b(t)√2Pcos(2πfct+θ)=b(t)
)√2Pcos2πfc(t+θ/2πfc)
Here, θ is nominally fixed phase shift
corresponding to the time delay θ/2πfct which
depends on the length of path from transmitter to
receiver and a phase shift produced by amplifiers in
the “front end” of the receiver preceding the

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demodulator. The original b(t) is recovered in the
demodulator. The demodulation technique usually
employed is called synchronous demodulation and
requires that there be available at the demodulator
the waveform cos(2πfct+θ). The received signal is
Fig 1:Block diagram of BPSK generator squared to generate the signal
Cos2(0.5+0.5cos2(2πfct+θ)t+θ)=0.5+0.5cos2(2πfct
2.2) BPSK TRANSMITTER:-
+θ)
In this, a balanced midulator acts as a phase
The DC component is removed by the bypass filter
reversing switch. Depending on the condition of
whose pass band is centered around 2f0 and we
the digital input, the carrier is transferred to the
then have the signal whose waveform is that of
output either in phase or 180 degree out of phase
cos2(2πfct+θ). A frequency divider is used to
with the reference carrier oscillator.
generate the waveform cos2(2πfct+θ). In any case,
The balanced modulator has two inputs: a carrier
the carrier having been recovered, is multiplied
that is in phase with the reference oscillator and the
with the received signal to generate
binary digital data. For the balanced modulator to
b(t)√2P Cos2(2πfct+θ)=
bse operate properly, the digital input voltage must
b(t)√2P[0.5+0.5cos2(2πfct+θ)]
be much greater than the peak carrier voltage. This
Which is then applied to integrator. We have
ensures that the digital input controls the on/off
included in the system a synchronizer, this device
stage of diodes. If the binary input is logic 1 diodes
is able to recognize precisely the moment which
A to C. If the binary input is is logic 1, diodes A
corresponds to the end of the time interval
and D are forward biased and on, while diodes B
allocated to one bit and the beginning of the next.
and C are reverse biased and off. The carrier
Let us assume for simplicity that the bit interval Tb
voltage is developed across transformer T2 in
is equal to the duration of an integral number of
phase with the carrier voltage across T1.
cycles of the carrier of frequency f0, that is
Consequently, the output signal is in phase with the
n.2π=2πfcTb. In this case the o/p voltage at the end
reference oscillor.
of a bit interval extending from time (k-1)Tb to
If the binary input is at logic 0, diode A and D are
kTb.
reverse biased, while B and C forward biased and 𝒌𝑻𝒃
on. As a result the carrier voltage is developed =b(kTb)√2P∫(𝒌−𝟏)𝑻𝒃 𝟎. 𝟓𝒅𝒕 +
across transformer T2 1800 out of phase with the 𝒌𝑻𝒃
𝒃(𝒌𝑻𝒃)√2P∫(𝒌−𝟏)𝑻𝒃 𝟎. 𝟓𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐(2πfct+ θ)dt

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International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 4, Issue 5, May-2013 2226
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=b(kTb)(√P/2)Tb The waveform b(t) is a NRZ binary waveform

Since the integral of a sinusoid over a whole whose power spectral density is given below for a
number of cycles has the value zero. Thus we see waveform which makes excursion between +√P
that our systems reproduces at the demodulator and -√P.
output the transmitted bit stream b(t). the operation Gb(f)=PTb(sinπfTb/πfTb)
of the bit synchronizer allows us to sense each bit The BPSK waveform is the NRZ waveform
independently of every other bit. Fig 3 shows a multiplied by √2 cosω0t. we found the power
block diagram of a BPSK receiver. spectral density of the BPSK signal as
GBPSK(f)=PTb{[sinπ(f-fo)Tb/π(f-fo)Tb]2 =[
sinπ(f+fo)Tb/π(f+fo)Tb]2}
Suppose then that we tried to multiplex signals
using BPSK, using different carrier frequencies for
different baseband signals. There would inevitably
be overlap in the spectra of the various signals and
correspondingly a receiver tuned to one carrier
Fig3: Block diagram of BPSK receiver would also receive, albeit at a lower level, a signal
in different channel. This overlapping of spectra
2.4) BANDWIDTH CONSIDERATIONS OF BPSK:- causes inter channel interference.
In a BPSK modulator, the carrier input signal is Since efficient spectrum utilization is extremely
multiplied by the binary data. If +1V is assigned to important in order to maximize the number of
a logic 1 and -1V is assigned to a logic 0, the input simultaneous users in a multi user communication
carrier (sinωct) is multiplied by either a + or -1.

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system, the FCC and CCITT require that the side-
Consequently, the output signal is either +1 sinωct lobes produced in BPSK be reduced below certain
or -1 sinωct; thhe first represents a signal that is in specific levels. To accomplish this we employ a
phase with the reference oscillator, the latter a filter to restrict the bandwidth allowed to the NRZ
signal that is 1800 out of phase with the reference baseband signal. For ex-before modulation we
oscillator. Each time the input logic condition might pass the bit stream b(t) through a low pass
changes, the output phase changes. Consequently, filter which suppresses all the spectrum except the
for BPSK, the output rate of change is equal to the principal lobe. However, the difficulty that such
input rate of change, and the widest output spectrum suppression distorts the signal and as a
bandwidth occurs when the input binary data are an result, there is a partial overlap of a bit and its
alternating 1/0 sequence. Mathematically, the adjacent bits in a single channel. This overlap is
output of a BPSK modulator is proportional to inter symbol interference (ISI).
=[sin2πfat]*[sin2πfct]
Where fa= max.fundamental frequency of binary
input
fc= reference carrier frequency
solving for the trig. Identity for the product of two
sine functions
0.5cos[2π(fc-fa)t]-0.5cos[2π(fc+fa)t]
Thus, the minimum double-sided nyquist Fig 4: Spectra of BPSK Signal
bandwidth (B) is
=2fa 2.6) GEOMETRICAL REPRESENTATION OF BPSK:-
And because fa=fb/2, where fb=input bit rate, We know that BPSK signal carries the information
B=fb about two symbols. These symbols are symbol ‘1’
Where B is the minimum double-sided Nyquist and symbol ‘0’. We can represent BPSK signal
bandwidth. geometrically to show these two symbols. We
know that BPSK signal is expressed as,
s(t)=b(t)√2Pcos(2πfct)
2.5) SPECTRUM AND INERT SYMBOL on rearranging the equation,
INTERFERENCE, INTER CHANNEL INTERFERENCE:- s(t)=b(t)√PTb.(√2/Tb) cos(2πfct)

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International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 4, Issue 5, May-2013 2227
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now, let θ1(t)= (√2/Tb) cos(2πfct) represents an symbol rate is measured in baud(Bd). In the case of
orthonormal carrier signal. a line code, the symbol rate is the pulse rate in
And, pulses/second. Each symbol can represent or
s(t)=b(t)√PTbθ1(t) convey one or several bits of data. The symbol rate
the bit energy Eb is defined in terms of power ‘P’ is related to, but should not be confused with, the
and bit bit duration Tb as, gross bitrate expressed in bit/second. The symbol
Eb=PTb duration time, also known as unit interval, can be
Therefore, directly measured as the time between transitions
s(t)= ±√Ebθ1(t) by looking into an eye diagram of an oscilloscope.
b(t) is simply ± 1. The symbol duration time Ts can be calculated s:
Thus, on the single axis of θ1(t), there will be two Ts=1/Fs
points. One point will be located at +√Eb and the If N bits are conveyed per symbol, and the gross bit
other point will be located at -√Eb. rate is R, inclusive of channel coding overhead, the
symbol rate can be calculated s:
Fs=R/N
Mathematical formula for symbol error rate
Pb=0.5erfc(√Eb/No)
3.3) SCATTER PLOT:-
A scatter plot or scatter graph is a type of
mathematical diagram using Cartesian coordinates
Fig 5: Geometrical representation of BPSK. to display values for two variables for set of data.

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The separation between these two points represents The data is displayed as a collection of points, each
the isolation in symbols. The separation is called having the value of one variable determining the
distance ‘d’. position on the horizontal axis an the value of the
d=2√Eb other variable determining the position on the
as this distance increases the isolation is more. vertical axis. This kind of plot is called scatter plot.
Thus, probability of error reduces. A scatter plot is used when a variable exists that is
3. PARAMETERS USED FOR below the control of the experimenter. A scatter
COMPARISON:- plot can suggest various kinds of correlations
between variables with a certain confidence
The certain parameters used for comparison are
interval.
discussed below
3.1) BIT ERROR RATE:-
3.4) EYE DIAGRAM:-
In digital transmission, the number of bit errors is
the number of received bits of a data stream over a In telecommunication, an eye pattern, also known
communication channel that have been altered due as an eye diagram, is an oscilloscope display in
to noise, interference, distortion, or bit which a digital data signal from a receiver is
synchronization errors. The bit error rate or bit repetitively sampled and applied to the vertical
error ratio (BER) is the number of bit errors input, while the data rate is used to trigger the
divided by the total number of transferred bits horizontal sweep. It is also called because, for
during a studied time interval. BER is a unit less several types of coding, the pattern looks like a
performance measure, often expressed as series of eyes between a pair of rails. It is an
percentage. experimental tool for the evaluation of the
Mathematical formula for the calculation of bit combined effects of channel noise and inter symbol
error rate (BER) is: interference on the performance of baseband pulse-
Pb=0.5erfc(√Eb/No) transmission system. It is synchronized
superposition of all possible realizations of the
signal of interest viewed within a particular
3.2) SYMBOL ERROR RATE:-
signaling interval. Several systems performance
In digital communications, symbol rate (also measures can be derived by analyzing the display.
known as modulation rate) is the number of symbol If the signals are too long, too short, poorly
changes (waveform changes or signaling events) synchronized with the system clock, too high, too
made to the transmission medium per second using low, too noisy, or too slow to change, or have too
a digitally modulated signal or line code. The

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International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 4, Issue 5, May-2013 2228
ISSN 2229-5518

much undershoot or overshoot, this can be

observed from the eye diagram. An open eye
pattern corresponds to minimal signal distortion.
Distortion of the signal waveform due to ISI and
noise appears as closure of the eye pattern.

3.5) DISCRETE TIME SIGNAL TRAJECTORY SCOPE:-

The discrete time signal trajectory scope displays
the trajectory of a modulated signal in its signal
space by plotting its-in phase component versus its
quadrature component.

4.) MODELING OF BPSK SYSTEM USING

MATLAB:-
4.4) SIGNAL TRAJECTORY SCOPE OF BPSK:-
The modeling is done on Simulink of MATLAB.

4.1) INPUT MODEL OF BPSK:-

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4.2) OUTPUT MODEL OF BPSK:-
4.5) EYE PATTERN OF BPSK:-

4.6) POLAR PLOT OF BER OF BPSK:-

4.3) SCATTER PLOT OF BPSK:-

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International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 4, Issue 5, May-2013 2229
ISSN 2229-5518

4.7) POLAR PLOT OF SER OF BPSK:- REFERENCES:-

• Taub’s Prnciples of communication system “third

edition” Herbert Taub, Donald Schilling, Goutam
saha
• TECHNIA International Journal of Computing
Science and Communication Technologies, VOL. 3,
NO. 1, July 2010. (ISSN 0974-3375) “ANALOG &
DIGITAL MODULATION TECHNIQUES: AN
OVERVIEW”

5.) ADVANTAGES OF BPSK:-

BPSK modulation technique is a technique that
offers several advantages over other modulation
techniques that is it has the simplest of the system
design, and it has power efficiency to be optimum.

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6.) DRAWBACKS OF BPSK:-

To regenerate the carrier in the receiver, we start by

squaring b(t)√2P cos(2πfct+θ). If the received
signal is –b(t) √2P cos(2πfct+θ) then the squared
signal remains same. Hence, the recovered carrier
is unchanged even if the input signal as changed its
sign. Therefore, it is not possible to determine
whether the received signal is equal to b(t) or –b(t).
In fact, this results in ambiguity in the output
signal.

7.) APPLICATIONS OF BPSK:-

BPSK offer several distinct properties different

from other modulation techniques due to which it
can be used in data transmission with lower data
rates that is BPSK found its most implies
applications in low speed communication systems.

8.) CONCLUSIONS:-

Every modulation techniques has some pros and

cons, BPSK modulation has also some pros and
cons. Although this modulation technique is not
possible to determine whether the received signal is
equal to b(t) or –b(t) but it has a good power
efficiency and has a simple system. It can also be
used in low speed communication. On over all
basis it can be said that BPSK modulation
technique that can be used efficiently with lower
data rate system.

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