Scribd
Upload
41 views

CSS Short Notes

css

Uploaded by

mr.kk5201314
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
41 views

CSS Short Notes

css

Uploaded by

mr.kk5201314
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 21

1

Driving problem behind CSS


What font type and size does <h1>Introduction</h1> generate?

Answer: Some default from the browser (HTML tells what browser how)

Early HTML - Override defaults with attributes

<table border="2" bordercolor="black">

Style sheets were added to address this:

Specify style to use rather than browser default

Not have to code styling on every element


Key concept: Separate style from content
Content (what to display) is in HTML files

Formatting information (how to display it) is in separate style sheets (.css files).

Use an element attribute named class to link (e.g. <span class="test">)

Result: define style information once, use in many places

Consider can you make all the text in the app slightly bigger?
Or purple is our new company color.

DRY principle: Don't Repeat Yourself


Style sheet contain one or more CSS Rules
Selector

body {
font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif;
Declaration color: black;
Block background: white;
margin: 8px;
}
Property Value
CSS
CSS HTML
Selector
h1 {
<h1>Today’s Specials</h1>
Tag name color: red;
}

.large {
<p class="large">...
Class attribute font-size: 16pt;
}

Tag and Class p.large {...} <p class="large">...

#p20 {
<p id="p20">...
Element id font-weight: bold;
}
CSS Pseudo Selectors
hover - Apply rule when mouse is over element (e.g. tooltip)
p:hover, a:hover {
background-color: yellow;
}
a:link, a:visited - Apply rule when link has been visited or not visited (link)
a:visited { a:link {
color: green; color: blue;
} }
CSS Properties
Control many style properties of an element:

● Coloring
● Size
● Position
● Visibility
● Many more: (e.g. p: { text-decoration: line-through; })

● Also used in animation


Color - Properties: color & background_color
Must ultimately turn into red, green, and blue intensities between 0 and 255:

● Predefined names: red, blue, green, white, etc. (140 standard names)
● 8-bit hexadecimal numbers for red, green, blue: #ff0000
R G B
● 0-255 decimal intensities: rgb(255,255,0)
R G B
● Percentage intensities: rgb(80%,80%,100%)
R G B
Example: h1: { color: red; }
CSS Box Model
Margin Total element width =
Border width +
Padding left padding +
right padding +
width left border +
right border +
Element
height

left margin +
right margin

Margin & Padding


Transparent
Absolute
CSS distance units
2px pixels

1mm millimeters

2cm centimeters

0.2in inches

3pt printer point 1/72 inch

Relative
2em 2 times the element’s current font size

3rem 3 times the root element’s current font size


Size Properties - Element, pad, margin, border
width - Override element defaults border-bottom-color
height border-bottom-style
border-bottom-width
padding-top border-left-color
padding-right border-left-style
padding-bottom border-left-width
padding-left border-right-color
border-right-style
margin-top border-right-width
margin-right etc.
margin-bottom p {
margin-left border: 5px solid red;
}
11
Size Properties - Element, pad, margin, border
position property

position: static; (default) - Position in document flow

position: relative; Position relative to default position via


top, right, bottom, and left properties

position: fixed; Position to a fixed location on the screen via


top, right, bottom, and left properties

position: absolute; Position relative to ancestor absolute element via


top, right, bottom, and left properties

Fixed position (0,0) is top left corner


Some more common properties
background-image: image for element's background

background-repeat: should background image be displayed in a repeating


pattern (versus once only)

font, font-family, font-size, font-weight, font-style: font


information for text

text-align, vertical-align: Alignment: center, left, right

cursor - Set the cursor when over element (e.g. help)


Element visibility control properties
display: none; - Element is not displayed and takes no space in layout.
display: inline; - Element is treated as an inline element.
display: block; - Element is treated as a block element.
display: flex; - Element is treated as a flex container.
display: grid; - Element is treated as a grid container.

visibility: hidden; - Element is hidden but space still allocated.


visibility: visible; - Element is normally displayed
Flexbox and Grid layout
● display: flex; (Flexbox)
● display: grid; (Grid) newer layout method
○ Items flex to fill additional space and shrink to fit into smaller spaces.
○ Useful for web app layout:
■ Divide up the available space equally among a bunch of elements
■ Align of different sizes easily
■ Key to handling different window and display sizes

● Flexbox - Layout one dimension (row or column) of elements


● Grid - Layout in two dimensions (rows and columns) of elements
● Covered in discussion section
Some other CSS issues
● Inheritance
○ Some properties (e.g. font-size) are inherited from parent elements
○ Others (border, background) are not inherited.

● Multiple rule matches

○ General idea: most specific rule wins

<span>Text1</span> span.test { color: green }


<span class="test">Text2</span> span { color: red }
Adding Styles to HTML Separate style sheet (best way)

<head>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="myStyles.css" />
<style type="text/css">
body {
font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif;
}
</style> Page-specific styles
</head>
<body>
<div style="padding:2px; ... ">
</body>
Element-specific styles
body { <body>
font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; <h1>First Section Heading</h1>
font-size: 13px; <p>
color: black; Here is the first paragraph, containing
text that really doesn't have any use
background: white;
or meaning; it just prattles on and on,
margin: 8px;
with no end whatsoever, no point to
}
make, really no purpose for existence
h1 { at all.
font-size: 19px; </p>
margin-top: 0px; <div class="shaded">
margin-bottom: 5px; <h1>Another Section Heading</h1>
border-bottom: 1px solid black <p>
} Another paragraph.
.shaded { </p>
background: #d0d0ff; </div>
} </body>

CSS: HTML:
Example Output
CSS in the real world
● CSS preprocessors (e.g. less) are commonly used
○ Add variable and functions to help in maintaining large collections of style sheets
○ Apply scoping using the naming conventions

● Composition is a problem
○ It can be really hard to figure out what rule from which stylesheet is messing things up

You might also like