2024 6th International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Information & Communication Technology (ICEEICT) | 979-8-3503-8577-9/24/$31.

00 ©2024 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/ICEEICT62016.2024.10534391

2024 6th International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Information & Communication Technology (ICEEICT)
02-04 May 2024, Military Institute of Science and Technology (MIST), Dhaka-1216, Bangladesh

QuantoTrace: Quantum Error Correction as a Service

for Robust Quantum Computing
Md Mahmudul Hasan M Mahfuzur Rahman Md. Mohsin Ali Pedro Machado
School of Computing and Information Quantum Research and AI Quantum Research and AI Intelligence and Applications
Science, Anglia Ruskin University Development Group Development Group Research Group, Nottingham Trent
Cambridge, United Kingdom Quantonova Limited Quantonova Limited University, Nottingham NG11 8NS,
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected] UK; [email protected]

Abstract— Quantum computing, despite its vast potential, is resources. As quantum computing progresses, the demand for
impeded by challenges like decoding and system noise, effective error correction escalates. QuantoTrace responds to
necessitating effective quantum error correction techniques. Our this need by pioneering proactive error correction mechanisms
study investigates these techniques, focusing on their practical that elevate system performance and reliability, thereby
application. We introduce QuantoTrace, a cloud-based platform
offering Error Correction as a Service (ECaaS). It enhances
advancing the field’s state-of-the-art and adopting a cloud-
quantum system reliability by detecting, analysing, and rectifying based Error-Correction-as-a-Service platform modelled after
errors, and implements bit-flip error correction compatible with Software-as-a-Service (SaaS), which we renamed Quantum
various quantum technologies. Using 3-qubit and 5-qubit models, SaaS (QSaaS).
we demonstrated its efficacy on quantum simulators and IBM
quantum hardware. Remarkably, we achieved 100% error This study delves into quantum error correction methods,
correction accuracy on simulators and significant success rates on focusing on practical application and implementation.
IBM hardware: 68.95% for error correction and 86.04% for error QuantoTrace is compatible with a variety of quantum
detection in 5-qubit systems. However, the Quantum Repetition technologies and employs bit-flip error-correcting techniques.
Code (QRC) showed limitations in handling multiple-qubit errors
in 5-qubit systems. These findings highlight the potential of
Our experimental analysis, using both 3-qubit and 5-qubit
QuantoTrace which is based on Software as a Service principles in quantum circuit models, showcases the platform's proficiency
enhancing quantum computing reliability towards further in error detection and correction in practical scenarios. We
research needs in quantum error correction, especially for noisy conducted experiments on quantum simulators and real IBM
intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices. QuantoTrace aims to quantum computers, demonstrating remarkable accuracy in
simplify quantum error management, making it accessible to a error correction, especially in 5-qubit systems. The
broad user base and facilitating optimized quantum computing QuantoTrace platform bridges a crucial gap in quantum
strategies. computing and lays the groundwork for standardizing error
correction methods and protocols. This initiative simplifies the
Keywords— Cloud-Based Quantum Computing, Fault-Tolerant Quantum
Computing, Quantum Error Correction (QEC), Quantum Noise and Decoherence, integration of quantum technologies into organizational
Quantum Repetition Code, Quantum Simulation, Quantum Software as a Service operations, marking a significant step forward in the field of
(QSaaS), Quantum Technology Accessibility
quantum computing.
I. INTRODUCTION
This research on quantum error correction, particularly
Quantum computing is on the cusp of revolutionising through the development and implementation of QuantoTrace,
various industries such as healthcare, cryptography, space a cloud-based platform, makes several significant contributions
science and satellite engineering, and so on. However, it is to the field of quantum computing:
hindered by significant challenges such as errors arising from
factors like noise, defective hardware, and decoherence. Firstly, the research introduces innovative methods for
Addressing these errors is pivotal for operational precision and quantum error correction (QEC) that are crucial for developing
reliability in quantum systems. We have built a solution called reliable quantum computing. By successfully implementing
QuantoTrace that emerges as a novel solution, specifically both 3-qubit and 5-qubit quantum repetition codes on quantum
tailored for quantum systems. This platform harnesses cloud- simulators and real IBM quantum hardware, the study
based technology to deliver error correction as a service showcases the practical viability of these techniques in
(ECaaS), safeguarding the utilization of quantum computing detecting and correcting quantum bit errors. This is a major step
forward in addressing one of the most challenging aspects such
as maintaining the integrity of quantum information in the
presence of inevitable quantum noise and operational errors.

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 Secondly, the development of QuantoTrace as a Quantum Error-Correcting Codes (QECCs) to address this nature of
Software as a Service (QSaaS) platform for Quantum Error quantum errors [4].
Correction as a Service (ECaaS) democratizes access to
advanced quantum error correction techniques, making them In a study on quantum key distribution systems, a Hamming
accessible to a wider range of users, from researchers to code-based error correction method demonstrated the ability to
commercial entities. By providing a user-friendly interface, the correct both random and burst faults effectively, adapting to
developed platform significantly simplifies the process of various bit error rate conditions [5]. The concept of “Fast
applying complex quantum error correction protocols, thus Approximate Quantum Error Correction” (FAQEC) in
fostering broader adoption and experimentation in quantum quantum metrology is another area of focus. This approach
computing. leads to the creation of an effective qubit-dephasing channel in
Finally, our study goes beyond theoretical models and the logical space, signifying rapid error correction in quantum
simulations by implementing and testing quantum error systems [6].
correction codes on actual quantum hardware, specifically IBM
quantum processors. This real-world application and validation The application of bosonic codes has been used in quantum
bridge the gap between theoretical quantum error correction error correction utilizing the bosonic nature of quantum
and its practical use in current quantum computing systems. It information for effective encoding, decoding, and error
offers invaluable insights into the performance of quantum correction in continuous-variable systems [7]. A novel method
error correction techniques in real quantum environments, for reducing measurement errors in quantum computing
highlighting the challenges and potential of QEC in enhancing involves generating a mitigation matrix through an
the reliability and fidelity of quantum computations. optimization process. This method has been compared with the
genetic algorithm, yielding a high success rate, and showcasing
Together, these contributions represent significant its potential as an alternative to conventional error reduction
advancements in quantum computing, particularly in making techniques [8].
quantum error correction more practical, accessible, and
effective in real-world scenarios. This research lays the III. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
groundwork for future developments in the field, driving closer Experimental Configuration for QuantoTrace Error
to realizing robust and fault-tolerant quantum computers. Detection and Correction on Quantum Systems, utilizing a
comprehensive range of contemporary tools and methodologies
II. RELATED WORK to enhance quantum error correction capabilities. It utilizes
The systematic literature review undertaken for the visualisation tools such as matplotlib.pyplot for creating
QuantoTrace project was instrumental in understanding the detailed bars and scatter plots and qiskit.visualization for the
current state of quantum error correction, a crucial aspect of intricate illustration of quantum circuits. In the domain of
quantum computing. This review encompassed a selection of mathematical and computational tools, QuantoTrace employs
20 research papers that provided insights into various aspects NumPy for essential numerical operations, ensuring accuracy
of error correction in quantum computing systems, especially and efficiency in calculations. The platform’s strength in
regarding their impact on different risk types. quantum computing techniques is evident in its use of
QuantumCircuit from Qiskit for quantum circuit design,
A notable advancement in this field is the Quantum defining quantum and classical bits through QuantumRegister
Multiplexing (QuM) method, which optimizes resource and ClassicalRegister, and implementing critical quantum
allocation in quantum error correction codes by reducing the operations like the controlled-X gate (cx) and Pauli-X gate (x).
required number of physical resources. This method shows that Additionally, it focuses on error correction using 3 and 5-qubit
resource efficiency improves with an increase in the degree of repetition codes (QRC) and syndrome measurement with
quantum multiplexing, making quantum error correction more ancilla qubits and controlled-X (CNOT) gates. For quantum
practical and efficient [1]. Another significant development is simulation and noise modeling, QuantoTrace relies on Aer from
the introduction of the 6-qutrit Approximate Quantum Error Qiskit, creating noise models with NoiseModel and defining bit-
Correcting Code (AQECC). This code operates independently flip errors using pauli_error.
of shared entanglement and outperforms a 9-qutrit exact QECC
in gate cost and depth, demonstrating robust error-correcting It is worth mentioning that the QuantoTrace platform offers
capabilities [2]. a broad selection of error correction codes to account for the
multitude of errors that can occur in quantum systems as
The use of error-detection and rectification syndromes in mentioned in the following Figure 1 for the deployment of
Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) systems represents a critical Surface codes, regardless of the geographical intricacies
innovation. These systems use 20-bit messages linked to 10-bit involved. The SaaS based application seamlessly integrates
syndromes, enhancing the error-detection efficiency [3]. with various quantum computing systems, leveraging APIs and
Research by Stefane has emphasized the asymmetry between plugins to enhance its tailored error correction capabilities. This
bit errors and phase errors in quantum information systems, integration extends to systems powered by state-of-the-art
leading to the development of specialized asymmetric Quantum topological qubits or superconducting qubits.
 IBM Brisbane quantum processor. The experiment involves
encoding a logical qubit across 5 physical qubits, manual error
introduction, syndrome measurement, and corrective action
based on syndrome results. The circuit is compiled and
executed on IBM Brisbane, with a focus on assessing the QEC
protocol’s effectiveness.

5-Qubit Error Detection & Correction on Real IBM

Hardware with Varied Error Positions: This experimental setup
Fig 1. Quantum Service API Gateway on the ‘ibm_osaka’ backend aims to test the detection and
correction capabilities of a 5-qubit system under different error
The framework emphasises user input, optimisation, service conditions. Known errors are introduced at varying positions,
invocation, and subsequent response, demonstrating the smooth and the system's ability to detect and correct these through
flow of data and the execution of quantum algorithms within syndrome measurement and corrective actions is analysed. The
this ecosystem. performance is evaluated based on the distribution of error
syndromes and the correction success rate.
We have carefully designed the experimental setup for In our research, 'ibm_brisbane' provides a high-capacity,
QuantoTrace so that it stands out for its unique offerings and reliable, and capable quantum computing platform that meets
commitment to accessible quantum computing. It provides a the technical demands of our QEC experiment. The
variety of error correction codes, adaptable to diverse quantum combination of many qubits, acceptable error rates, long
systems, and integrates smoothly with cutting-edge quantum coherence times, and operational readiness makes it a suitable
technologies like topological and superconducting qubits. The choice for conducting sophisticated quantum experiments,
platform offers user-friendly, cloud-based solutions, making aimed at pushing the boundaries of quantum error correction
advanced quantum computing accessible to a broad user base, and detection.
from novice learners to seasoned professionals. The system’s workflow as a Software as a Service (SaaS
model) model is shown in Figure 2:
Now we will be discussing different types of experimental
setups based on simulator and real hardware.

3-Qubit Error Detection & Correction on Quantum Simula-

tor: The experimental setup for the 3-qubit system includes
initial state preparation of the first qubit, replication across two
other qubits using controlled-NOT (CNOT) gates, and
intentional introduction of a bit-flip error using a Pauli-X gate. Fig 2. Integration with the classical and the quantum layers following the
SaaS model.
Two ancilla qubits, involved in syndrome measurement, are
used to detect and rectify the error. The outcome is verified by IV. ANALYSIS
measuring all data qubits to confirm the restoration of the initial
state. In Figure 3, we present the results of our experimentation
with the 'ibm_osaka' backend on the real IBM quantum
3-Qubit Error Detection & Correction on Real IBM hardware. Specifically, we intentionally induced errors on two
Hardware: This experiment tests a 3-qubit quantum error individual qubits, namely the second and fourth qubits, to
correction protocol on IBM’s quantum processors, ibm_lagos observe their response. Our analysis revealed that the most
and ibm_perth. The procedure begins with state initialisation, frequent syndrome observed was '01010' with a frequency of
error introduction, and syndrome measurement using ancilla 881. Additionally, we observed errors occurring on both single
qubits. The correction mechanism is tested, and the results from and multiple qubits, as depicted in Figure 3.
both processors are compared to evaluate differences in error
correction success.

5-Qubit Error Detection & Correction on Quantum

Simulator: Expanding to a 5-qubit system, the experiment
demonstrates the detection and correction of single-bit flip
errors. This setup involves a similar process of state replication
using CNOT gates, error simulation, and correction through
syndrome measurement. The efficacy is verified through
repeated tests and measurements.

5-Qubit QRC on Real IBM Hardware: In this setup, a 5-

qubit Quantum Error Correction protocol is implemented on the Fig 3. Error Detection on the Second and Fourth Qubits manually
 In Figure 4, the error correction circuit demonstrates the syndrome measurement. The outcome of this measurement
occurrence of the error detection syndrome outcome '01010', provides an error syndrome that precisely indicates the location
which is the most observed syndrome. Subsequently, we of the error. Two ancilla qubits are crucial in this setup for
applied a Pauli-X or NOT gate on the second and fourth qubits performing comprehensive parity checks. The circuit’s
to restore the affected qubit to its original state '00000'. Our effectiveness is validated through a quantum simulator, which
circuit has achieved significant success in error correction, as demonstrates a consistent error syndrome, signifying robust
evidenced by reducing the occurrences of the '01010' syndrome error detection and correction capabilities.
from 881 to 1, resulting in a 99.89% reduction. This indicates a
highly successful error correction for this specific syndrome. For the 5-qubit Quantum Error Correction (QEC)
Additionally, the original state outcome has increased to 706, experiment conducted on IBM's real quantum hardware, the
meaning that in approximately 68.95% of the trials, the system setup involves encoding a logical qubit state into a more
successfully returned to the '00000' state after error correction. complex system of five qubits. This encoding is done to
distribute quantum information across multiple physical qubits,
enhancing error detection and correction capabilities. A
manually introduced bit-flip error on specific qubits is detected
using ancilla qubits through a network of CNOT gates. The
'ibm_brisbane' backend is selected for this experiment,
considering factors like qubit count, coherence times, and error
rates suitable for the complexity of the 5-qubit QEC. The results
from this experiment demonstrate the effectiveness of the QEC
protocol in a real quantum computing environment.
Furthermore, the integration of this process into QuantoTrace's
SaaS model highlights the platform’s capacity to make quantum
Fig 4. Error correction on ‘01010’ error correction more accessible and user-friendly, catering to a
broad range of users from various fields.
Figure 5 displays the visual representation of the user
interface of the QuantoTrace platform and Figure 6 shows the V. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
use-case of the workflow. These diagrams comprehensively The QuantoTrace platform emerges as a revolutionary
depict all the crucial components, including the status of the advancement in the field of quantum computing, especially in
Quantum simulator and its integration with Google Colab and Quantum Error Correction (QEC). It is a versatile, cloud-based
GitHub. Error Correction as a Service (ECaaS) platform that offers an
extensive range of error correction codes. These codes
effectively tackle the array of errors in quantum systems, from
the geographical complexity of Surface codes to the robustness
of CSS codes. This wide selection ensures that QuantoTrace
can provide tailored solutions for a variety of quantum systems,
be they powered by topological qubits or superconducting
qubits via APIs and plugins enhancing its adaptability and error
correction efficacy. This interoperability is critical for
customising error correction strategies to specific quantum
systems and their unique error patterns.
Fig 5. User interface of the QuantoTrace platform
This design philosophy extends to the platform’s approach
to error correction. By providing a step-by-step use case
workflow for bit-flip error correction in a quantum system,
QuantoTrace demystifies the typically complex process of
Fig 6. Use case workflow- Bit-flip error correction in a quantum system quantum error correction, making it accessible to a broader
audience. Moreover, these elements not only enhance the
In the 3-qubit error detection and correction experiment on platform's functionality but also showcase its role in pioneering
a quantum simulator, the process begins with the initialization the future of quantum computing. QuantoTrace's approach to
of three data qubits in the state |000⟩ and two ancilla qubits in quantum error correction has yielded significant results,
|00⟩. The experiment utilizes the quantum repetition code, particularly in its testing methodology. The platform has
where the state of the first qubit is replicated across the other demonstrated high-fidelity error detection and correction in
two using CNOT gates, creating a three-qubit entangled state both simulated environments and on real quantum hardware
essential for error detection. A bit-flip error is simulated on one like IBM quantum computers. This robust testing ensures that
of the qubits by applying a Pauli-X gate, and a series of CNOT the algorithms are not only theoretically sound but also
gates between the data and ancilla qubits are employed for
practically effective in diverse quantum computing hardware using ‘ibm_osaka’. The histogram displays the counts
environments. of different measurement outcomes after running the quantum
The appearance of '00011', '00101', '10001', '01001', and circuit multiple times (each run is called a “shot”). In quantum
'01011' in smaller counts suggests that other errors occurred error correction experiments, each bit string in the histogram
during the process, which could be due to noise, gate corresponds to the measurement outcome of all qubits involved
inaccuracies, or measurement errors. The fact that '00000' has in the circuit. The counts indicate how many times each bit
only 7 counts reflects the challenges in achieving a high-fidelity string was measured across all shots of the experiment. The bar
error correction in current quantum devices. This result shows with the highest count, corresponding to the bit string '01010',
that while the error correction protocol is working, it is not fully indicates that this was the most measured state of the qubits
reliable yet, as indicated by the substantial number of counts after running the error detection circuit as ‘881’ means our error
that still exhibit errors and the low number of counts returning detection circuit came up with a successful outcome as shown
to the perfect '00000' state. in Figure 8. This bit string represents the correct state with
errors on the second and fourth qubits. Other bars represent
A histogram suggests multiple-bit errors occurred during different bit strings with significantly lower counts. These
the error detection process for the 5-qubit Quantum Repetition could denote instances where errors occurred and they could be
Code (QRC) as shown in Figure 7. In principle, the standard the result of noise, imperfect gate operations, or other
QRC is designed to correct single bit-flip errors; it is not imperfections in the quantum system.
equipped to handle multiple bit-flip errors without
modifications or additional error correction protocols.

Fig 8. Error Detection Outcomes for the 5-Qubit QRC

Figure 9 displays a histogram illustrating the results of error

Fig 7. Multiple Qubits Errors Syndrome Bits Measurement for 5-Qubit QRC correction based on the error detection syndrome of '01010'. We
on Real IBM hardware applied the NOT gate on the affected qubits 2 and 4 (using 0
indexing) and achieved a successful reduction of qubit errors.
The presence of multiple-bit errors could be due to several Our original state, '00000', was successfully restored in
factors such as – approximately 68.95% of the trials, as indicated by the high
• Noise and Quantum Decoherence: Quantum systems measurement outcome of '706'. In the error detection circuit, we
are inherently sensitive to their environment, which observed 881 outcomes for the '01010' syndrome, while the
can induce errors in more than one qubit error correction circuit yielded only one outcome,
simultaneously. demonstrating highly effective error correction for this
• Gate Errors: Imperfections in the physical realization syndrome. Based on this notable success we have a high level
of quantum gates can lead to errors spreading from one of confidence in the efficacy of our error correction approach
qubit to others, especially in entangled states. for additional qubits. Although previous attempts at single-
• Measurement Errors: The process of measuring qubit error correction for 3-Qubit and 5-Qubit systems have
quantum states can sometimes direct to incorrect yielded limited results, we remain optimistic about the potential
outcomes, and this can manifest as additional bit errors. for improvement and success in future endeavours.
• Cross-Talk: Unintended interactions between qubits
can lead to simultaneous errors across multiple qubits.
• Error Propagation: If an error occurs early in the
quantum circuit before the encoding or during the
syndrome measurement, it can be propagated and
affect multiple qubits.

Figure 8 represents the results of a quantum error detection

experiment conducted on a quantum computer real IBM
 study embodies the synergy of software engineering with the
complexities of quantum computing, offering robust, adaptable
solutions for quantum system reliability and efficiency. The
project has successfully demonstrated the application of
quantum error correction in both simulated environments and
on real quantum hardware, notably IBM quantum computers. A
significant achievement of QuantoTrace is its effective
reduction of bit-flip errors, a common challenge in quantum
computing. This marks a notable advancement towards the
development of fault-tolerant quantum computers.

Fig 9. Error Correction Outcomes on ‘01010’ for 5-Qubit QRC on Real IBM Its real-world success showcases the practical viability of
Hardware error correction methods in quantum computing and contributes
to the ongoing evolution of quantum technology. The future
One of the key challenges in quantum computing is the development of QuantoTrace is set to explore advanced
prevalence of bit-flip errors, and QuantoTrace has made quantum error correction techniques, scalability, and
significant strides in mitigating these errors. This achievement adaptability. Enhancing simulation capabilities, refining user
marks a crucial step toward the development of fault-tolerant experience, and testing in diverse real-world applications are
quantum computers. The platform's cloud-based nature further also focal areas. Integrating AI for optimized error correction
ensures easy and efficient access to advanced quantum error further amplifies the platform’s impact, making QuantoTrace a
correction services, making it a viable tool for various cornerstone in the journey toward reliable, accessible quantum
applications, from academic research to commercial quantum computing.
initiatives. Priorities include incorporating more sophisticated
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