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MING CHENG INSTITUTE

State-recognized preparatory college
Halle-Merseburg at Merseburg University of Applied Sciences

Orbital model
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Table of contents

1. Introduction
2) Quantum numbers

3) Orbitals
4) Electron configurations

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1. Introduction

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Spectroscopy
Spectroscopy = methods that break down radiation according to
a specific property such as wavelength, energy,
mass, etc.

ÿ there must be more

different
energy levels than the Bohr

Atomic model predicts

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Electrons as waves
• Electron can be a particle or a wave (wave-particle duality)

• Description of the wave function by the Schrödinger equation

ÿ no defined circular orbits (3D spherical shells), but specific areas in which
electrons with high
Stop probability

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2. Quantum numbers

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Quantum numbers

The different energy states of electrons in the shell can be

characterized by quantum numbers.
This requires 4 quantum numbers.

Quantum numbers

Principal Minor Magnetic Spin

quantum number quantum number quantum number quantum number

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Principal quantum number

Principal quantum number = 1, 2, …

=ÿ
0 =5
• indicates in which shell the electron is located =4
=3
• corresponds to the shell number in the Bohr atom model
• provides information about the energy level =2

=1

8th
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secondary quantum number

secondary quantum number = 0, 1, …, -1

0
• corresponds to a subshell in the extended Bohr
atom model
• determines the shape of an orbital
=2
=2 =1
• often letters instead of numbers =0
secondary quantum number Letter
0 s
1 p
2 d
3 e =1
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=0
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Magnetic quantum number

=ÿ

Magnetic quantum number ,…, 0, …, +

0
• determines the number (2 + 1) of equal energy orbitals
• describes the position of the orbital in space
=2
=2 =1
=0

=1
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=0
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Spin quantum number

Spin quantum number = +1/2 or ÿ1/2

Spin = intrinsic angular momentum of particles, unchanging internal

Particle property (“rotation, spin”)

• Electron spin

+ 1/2 ÿ 1/2
spin up spin down
“left-handed” “clockwise”
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Quantum Numbers - Overview

Quantum number (symbol) Description
Principal quantum number ( ) The principal quantum number indicates the number of shells
(ÿ period number)
= 1, 2, …

secondary quantum number ( ) The secondary quantum number characterizes the shape of
the orbital.
= 0, 1, …, -1
Magnetic quantum number ( ) The magnetic quantum number represents the spatial
orientation of the orbitals.
= (ÿ , …, 0, …, + )
Spin quantum number ( ) The spin quantum number is characteristic of the angular
momentum of the electrons.
= +1/2 or = ÿ1/2

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3. Orbitals

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Orbitals
(General definition: Orbital = solution of the Schrödinger equation, which
comprehensively describes the entire electron system)

Orbital = space around the atomic nucleus in which electrons are

most likely to be found (e.g. 90%) ÿ
representation as a surface

Probability of stay
of the electron

Representation as orbital

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s-orbitals
•=0
• spherically symmetrical
• Size increases with increasing principal quantum number
•
There is one s-orbital per principal quantum number
ÿ can absorb 2 electrons

Principal quantum number

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p-orbitals
•=1
• dumbbell-
shaped • size increases with increasing principal quantum number
•
per principal quantum number ( ÿ 2) there are 3 p-orbitals px , py , pz ÿ
each orbital can hold 2 electrons ÿ 6 in total

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d-orbitals
•=2
• rosette-shaped
• Size increases with increasing principal quantum number
•
per principal quantum number ( ÿ 2) there are 5 d-orbitals
ÿ each orbital can hold 2 electrons ÿ 10 in total

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4. Electron configuration

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Electron configuration
Electron configuration indicates the distribution of electrons in the
Electron shell of an atom

ÿ defines the position of an element in the PSE

Setting up the electron configuration

1. Energy
principle 2. Hund's
rule 3. Pauli principle

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Energy principle
Lower energy states are occupied first

n=6

n=5

n=4

n=3

n=2

n=1 20
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Hund's rule
Orbitals with the same energy are initially simply filled with electrons
with the same spin

energy
2p
2s

1s

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Pauli principle
Each orbital can be occupied by a maximum of 2 electrons with
opposite spin. (In an atom, no two electrons can have the same
quantum numbers in all four)

1s

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Notation
• The number of the principal quantum number (shell) is followed by the letter for the
orbital (subshell) and the superscript number of electrons in it

Nitrogen atom: 1s2 2s2 2p3

• abbreviated notation; the abbreviation of the noble gas with the next
smallest atomic number is placed in square brackets

Sulfur atom: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4 [Ne] 3s2 3p4

Neon
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Examples of electron configurations

carbon sodium chlorine

1s2 2s2 2p2 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5

3p
energy

energy

energy
3s 3s

2p 2p 2p
2s 2s 2s

1s 1s 1s

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MING CHENG INSTITUTE

State-recognized preparatory college
Halle-Merseburg at Merseburg University of Applied Sciences

Thank you for

your attention

www.Studienkolleg-Halle.de

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