General Expression of a Quadratic Polynomial

For Example:

Quadratic
Polynomial
Quadratic Equation
 General form of a Quadratic Equation

For Example :
 Roots of a Quadratic Equation

Factorization Method Quadratic Formula

Completing the Square Method

a
b

d None of these
a
b

d None of these
a
b

d
a
b

d
Relation between Roots and Coefficients
Relation between Roots and Coefficients
Relation between Roots and Coefficients
Question:

2 3𝑝
If 𝛼 and 𝛽 are roots of the equation 𝑥 + 𝑝𝑥 + = 0, such that |𝛼 − 𝛽|
4
= 10, then 𝑝 belongs to the set

(a) 2, −5 (b) −3, 2 (c) −2, 5 (d) 3, −5

 Relation between Roots and Coefficients

For Example :
Result
For Example :
a
b

d
Solution : We have,
a
b

d
 Identity Equation and Inequalities

An Equation which is true for every value of the variable is called an identity
equation.
For example-

An inequality which is true for every value of a variable is called an identity

inequality.
For example-
Question:

If 𝑎2 − 1 𝑥 2 + 𝑎 − 1 𝑥 + 𝑎2 − 4𝑎 + 3 = 0 is an identity in 𝑥, then
find the value of 𝑎.
Question:

1 1 1
If 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 12, 𝑥 2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2 = 96 and + + = 36. Then find the
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
valuve 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 .
Newton’s Method
Question:

Let 𝛼 and 𝛽 be the roots of equation 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − 2 = 0. If 𝑎𝑛 = 𝛼 𝑛 − 𝛽 𝑛 ,

for 𝑛 ≥ 1, then the value of 𝑎10 − 2𝑎8 /2𝑎9 is equal to

(a) 6 (b) -6 (c) 3 (d) -3

Question:

For a natural number n, let 𝑎𝑛 = 19𝑛 − 12𝑛 .

31𝛼9 −𝛼10
Then the value of is
57 𝛼8
Nature of Roots
Two roots :
Real and Equal Roots

Real but Unequal Roots

Imaginary Roots
𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 = 𝟎 ; 𝒂 ≠ 𝟎
Question:

If the roots of the equation 𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 𝑎2 − 6𝑎 = 0 are real distinct, then

find all possible values of 𝑎.
Question:

If the expression 𝑥 2 + 2 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 𝑥 + 3(𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐𝑎 + 𝑎𝑏) is a perfect

square, then

(a) 𝑎 = 𝑏 = 𝑐 (b) 𝑎 = ±𝑏 = ±𝑐

(c) 𝑎 = 𝑏 ≠ 𝑐 (d) none of these

If the two roots of
𝟐
𝒑−𝟏 𝒙𝟐 +𝒙+𝟏 + 𝒑+𝟏 𝒙𝟐+𝒙+𝟏 =𝟎
are real and distinct, then the set of all values of ′𝒑′ is
 IIT 2002

If 𝒑 and 𝒒 𝒑 ≠ 𝒒 are the roots of the equation

𝒙𝟐 + 𝒑𝒙 + 𝒒 = 𝟎, then
If 𝒑 and 𝒒 𝒑 ≠ 𝒒 are the roots of the equation
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒑𝒙 + 𝒒 = 𝟎, then

a 𝒑 = 𝟏, 𝒒 = −𝟐

b 𝒑 = 𝟎, 𝒒 = 𝟏

c 𝒑 = −𝟐, 𝒒 = 𝟎

d 𝒑 = −𝟐, 𝒒 = 𝟏
If 𝒑 and 𝒒 𝒑 ≠ 𝒒 are the roots of the equation
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒑𝒙 + 𝒒 = 𝟎, then

a 𝒑 = 𝟏, 𝒒 = −𝟐

b 𝒑 = 𝟎, 𝒒 = 𝟏

c 𝒑 = −𝟐, 𝒒 = 𝟎

d 𝒑 = −𝟐, 𝒒 = 𝟏
Graphical Representation
Remember 𝒚 = −𝒙𝟐
𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐
Graph of a Quadratic Polynomial
 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 It is always a
“PARABOLA”
Axis of
symmetry
Vertex

Vertex

Axis of
symmetry
How to plot graph of a Quadratic
Polynomial ?
I. Sign of Leading Coefficient
Sign of Leading Coefficient

𝒚= 𝒂
𝒂 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄

Sign of 𝒂
Upward opening parabola Downward opening parabola

𝒂>𝟎 𝒂<𝟎
II. Vertex
 Vertex

Let 𝒚 = 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 ; 𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒄 ∈ ℝ and 𝒂 ≠ 𝟎.

𝟐 𝒃 𝒄
𝒇 𝒙 =𝒂 𝒙 + 𝒙+
𝒂 𝒂

𝟐 𝒃 𝒃 𝟐 𝒄 𝒃 𝟐
=𝒂 𝒙 + 𝒙 + + −
𝒂 𝟐𝒂 𝒂 𝟐𝒂

𝒃 𝟐 𝟒𝒂𝒄−𝒃𝟐
=𝒂 𝒙+ +
𝟐𝒂 𝟒𝒂𝟐

𝒃 𝟐 𝑫
=𝒂 𝒙 + −
𝟐𝒂 𝟒𝒂𝟐
𝑫 𝒃 𝟐
⇒ 𝒚+ =𝒂 𝒙+
𝟒𝒂 𝟐𝒂
 𝑫 𝒃 𝟐
𝒂>𝟎 𝒚+ =𝒂 𝒙+
𝟒𝒂 𝟐𝒂

Upward opening parabola ≥ 𝟎 ∴ Min. = 𝟎

𝒃 𝟐
⇒𝒂 𝒙+ =𝟎
𝟐𝒂
𝒃 𝟐
⇒ 𝒙+ =𝟎
𝟐𝒂
𝒃 𝒃 𝑫
− ⇒𝒙= − ⇒𝒚= −
𝟐𝒂 𝟐𝒂 𝟒𝒂
𝑫 𝒃 𝑫
− Vertex = 𝑽 − ,−
𝟒𝒂 𝟐𝒂 𝟒𝒂

Lowest point
 𝑫 𝒃 𝟐
𝒚+ =𝒂 𝒙+
𝟒𝒂 𝟐𝒂
Highest point
≤ 𝟎 ∴ Max. = 𝟎
𝒃 𝑫 𝒃 𝟐
Vertex = 𝑽 − ,− ⇒𝒂 𝒙+ =𝟎
𝑫 𝟐𝒂 𝟒𝒂 𝟐𝒂
−
𝟒𝒂 𝒃 𝟐
𝒃 ⇒ 𝒙+ =𝟎
𝟐𝒂
−
𝟐𝒂 𝒃 𝑫
⇒𝒙=− ⇒𝒚=−
𝟐𝒂 𝟒𝒂

𝒂<𝟎

Downward opening parabola

III. 𝒚 − Intercept
Coordinates of the point where parabola
cuts the 𝒚 − axis
i.e. (𝟎, 𝒄)
𝒚 = 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒂 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄

(𝟎, 𝒄)

(𝟎, 𝒄)
 For Example : 𝒚= 𝒙𝟐 −𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐 𝒂=𝟏>𝟎
𝒃 = −𝟑
𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 𝒄=𝟐
𝑫 = 𝒃𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄
I. Upward opening
= (−𝟑)𝟐 − 𝟒 𝟏 𝟐 = 𝟏
parabola
𝒃 𝑫 𝟑 𝟏
II. Vertex = V = − 𝟐𝒂 , − 𝟒𝒂 =
𝟐
, − 𝟒

III. (𝟎, 𝒄) = 𝟎, 𝟐
 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐
I. Upward opening
parabola
𝒃 𝑫 𝟑 𝟏
II. Vertex = V = − 𝟐𝒂 , − 𝟒𝒂 =
𝟐
, − 𝟒

III. (𝟎, 𝒄) = 𝟎, 𝟐
𝟎, 𝟐

𝟑 𝟏
𝑽 ,−
𝟐 𝟒
 For Example : 𝒚 = − 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏 𝒂 = −𝟏 < 𝟎
𝒃=𝟐
𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 𝒄 = −𝟏
𝑫 = 𝒃𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄
I. Downward opening parabola = (𝟐)𝟐 − 𝟒 −𝟏 −𝟏 = 𝟎

𝒃 𝑫
II. Vertex = V = − 𝟐𝒂 , − 𝟒𝒂 = 𝟏, 𝟎

III. (𝟎, 𝒄) = 𝟎, −𝟏
 𝒚 = −𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏

I. Downward opening parabola

𝒃 𝑫
II. Vertex = V = − 𝟐𝒂 , − 𝟒𝒂 = 𝟏, 𝟎
𝑽 𝟏, 𝟎
III. (𝟎, 𝒄) = 𝟎, −𝟏

𝟎, −𝟏
 For Example : 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟏 𝒂=𝟏>𝟎
𝒃=𝟏
𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 𝒄=𝟏
𝑫 = 𝒃𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄
I. Upward opening parabola = (𝟏)𝟐 − 𝟒 𝟏 𝟏 = −𝟑

𝒃 𝑫 𝟏 𝟑
II. Vertex = V = − 𝟐𝒂 , − 𝟒𝒂 = −𝟐,𝟒

III. (𝟎, 𝒄) = 𝟎, 𝟏
 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟏

I. Upward opening parabola

𝒃 𝑫 𝟏 𝟑
II. Vertex = V = − 𝟐𝒂 , − 𝟒𝒂 = −𝟐,𝟒

III. (𝟎, 𝒄) = 𝟎, 𝟏

𝟏 𝟑
𝑽 − ,
𝟐 𝟒
 𝒚 = 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 , 𝒙 ∈ ℝ

Case I. 𝒂 > 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒚 = 𝒇 𝒙 is a upward opening parabola

Does not intersect the 𝒙 − axis.

Intersects the 𝒙 − axis Touches the 𝒙 − axis

at two distinct points.
 𝒚 = 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 , 𝒙 ∈ ℝ

Case I. 𝒂 > 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒚 = 𝒇 𝒙 is a upward opening parabola

Real and unequal

roots ⟺ 𝑫 > 𝟎

𝒙 − axis
(𝜶, 𝟎) (𝜷, 𝟎)

Intersects the 𝒙 − axis

at two distinct points.
 𝒚 = 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 , 𝒙 ∈ ℝ

Case I. 𝒂 > 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒚 = 𝒇 𝒙 is a upward opening parabola

Real and equal roots

⟺𝑫=𝟎

𝒙 − axis
(𝜶, 𝟎)

Touches the 𝒙 − axis

 𝒚 = 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 , 𝒙 ∈ ℝ

Case I. 𝒂 > 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒚 = 𝒇 𝒙 is a upward opening parabola

No real roots
⟺𝑫<𝟎

𝒙 − axis

Does not intersect the 𝒙 − axis.

 𝒂>𝟎

𝑫>𝟎 𝑫=𝟎 𝑫<𝟎

Does not intersect the 𝒙 − axis.

Intersects the 𝒙 − axis Touches the 𝒙 − axis

at two distinct points.
 𝒚 = 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 , 𝒙 ∈ ℝ
Case II. 𝒂 < 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒚 = 𝒇 𝒙 is a downward opening parabola

Does not intersect the 𝒙 − axis.

Intersects the 𝒙 − axis Touches the 𝒙 − axis
at two distinct points.
 𝒚 = 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 , 𝒙 ∈ ℝ

Case II. 𝒂 < 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒚 = 𝒇 𝒙 is a downward opening parabola

(𝜶, 𝟎) (𝜷, 𝟎)
𝒙 − axis Real and unequal
roots ⟺ 𝑫 > 𝟎

Intersects the 𝒙 − axis

at two distinct points.
 𝒚 = 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 , 𝒙 ∈ ℝ

Case II. 𝒂 < 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒚 = 𝒇 𝒙 is a downward opening parabola

(𝜶, 𝟎)
𝒙 − axis Real and equal roots
⟺𝑫=𝟎

Touches the 𝒙 − axis

 𝒚 = 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 , 𝒙 ∈ ℝ

Case II. 𝒂 < 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒚 = 𝒇 𝒙 is a downward opening parabola

𝒙 − axis
No real roots
⟺𝑫<𝟎

Does not intersect the 𝒙 − axis.

 𝒂<𝟎

𝑫>𝟎 𝑫=𝟎 𝑫<𝟎

Does not intersect the 𝒙 − axis.

Intersects the 𝒙 − axis Touches the 𝒙 − axis
at two distinct points.
Given is the graph of 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄. Then ,

𝒚 − axis

𝒙 − axis
Given is the graph of 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄. Then ,

a 𝒃𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 > 𝟎

b 𝒃<𝟎

c 𝒂>𝟎

d None of these
Given is the graph of 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄. Then ,

a 𝒃𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 > 𝟎

b 𝒃<𝟎

c 𝒂>𝟎

d None of these
Equation Reducible To Quadratic Form
Type 1. When leading coefficient and constant
term are same
𝒂𝒙𝟒 + 𝒃𝒙𝟑 + 𝒄𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒂 = 𝟎
Solve 𝟐𝒙𝟒 − 𝟗𝒙𝟑 + 𝟏𝟒𝒙𝟐 − 𝟗𝒙 + 𝟐 = 𝟎
Question:

Solve the equation 12𝑥 4 − 56𝑥 3 + 89𝑥 2 − 56𝑥 + 12 = 0.

Type 2:

(𝒙 − 𝒂)(𝒙 − 𝒃)(𝒙 − 𝒄)(𝒙 − 𝒅) = 𝑨𝒙𝟐 where 𝒂𝒃 = 𝒄𝒅

Solve (𝒙 + 𝟐)(𝒙 + 𝟑)(𝒙 + 𝟖)(𝒙 + 𝟏𝟐) = 𝟒𝒙𝟐

(𝒙 − 𝒂)(𝒙 − 𝒃)(𝒙 − 𝒄)(𝒙 − 𝒅) = 𝑨𝒙𝟐

Type 3: When 𝒂 + 𝒃 = 𝒄 + 𝒅

𝒙 − 𝒂 𝒙 − 𝒃 𝒙 − 𝒄 𝒙 − 𝒅 = 𝑨 where 𝒂 + 𝒃 = 𝒄 + 𝒅
Solve (𝒙 + 𝟗)(𝒙 − 𝟑)(𝒙 − 𝟕)(𝒙 + 𝟓) = 𝟑𝟖𝟓
𝒙−𝒂 𝒙−𝒃 𝒙−𝒄 𝒙−𝒅 =𝑨
Type 4.

𝟐𝒏 𝒏
𝒂𝒇 𝒙 +𝒃 𝒇 𝒙 + 𝒄 = 𝟎 where 𝒏 ∈ 𝑵 and 𝒏 ≥ 𝟐

𝒏
Put 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒕 ⇒ 𝒂𝒕𝟐 + 𝒃𝒕 + 𝒄 = 𝟎
The moment we assume this value as 𝒕, we have to
define the range of 𝒕.
Solve 𝒙𝟒 + 𝟒𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝟏 = 𝟎
Type 5.
𝑨𝒙 𝑩𝒙
+ = 𝒌
𝒂𝒙𝟐 +𝒃𝟏 𝒙+𝒄 𝒂𝒙𝟐 +𝒃𝟐 𝒙+𝒄
Given 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝟏 𝒙 + 𝒄 ≠ 𝟎 & 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝟐 𝒙 + 𝒄 ≠ 𝟎
𝟐
 𝟓𝒙 𝟕𝒙
Solve + =𝟐
𝒙𝟐 +𝟑𝒙+𝟏 𝒙𝟐 +𝟓𝒙+𝟏
Some Miscellaneous Equations
Find the value of the expression
𝟏+ 𝟏+𝟒𝒂
𝒂 + 𝒂 + ⋯∞ =
𝟐
Solve 𝒙 = 𝟔 + 𝟔 + 𝟔 + ⋯∞
Question:

Solve the equation (𝑥 − 1)4 + 𝑥 − 5 4 = 82.