Digital Image Processing

Course Code: CSE 314

Dr. Hemantha Kumar Kalluri

[email protected]
CC: 02, Level 5, CVR Block

1
 “One picture is worth more than ten
thousand words”

Anonymous

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 Objective of this course
• To learn fundamental concept of Digital
Image Processing
• To study basic image processing operations
• To understand image analysis algorithms
• Expose the student to the current
applications of digital image processing
techniques.
• To help the students working on
image processing as a topic for major
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project.
 Text
Book

“Digital Image Processing”, Rafael

C. Gonzalez & Richard E. Woods,
Pearson Prentice Hall, 3rd edition.

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 Reference Books
1. S.Sridhar, Digital Image Processing,
Oxford University Press, 2011
2. Milan Sonka, Vaclav Hlavac and Roger
Boyele,Image processing, analysis, and
machine vision. 3e, Cengage Learning, 2014.
3. Computer Vision A modern approach, David
A. Forsyth and Jeam Ponce, Pearson Education

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 Marks Distribution

Assessment Conducting Converting Final

Internal
Tool Marks Marks Conversion
Mid-term-I 25 20
Theory CLA-1 10 10
CLA-2 10 10 50
CLA-3
10 10
Total 50

Conducting Final
Final Assessment tool
Marks Conversion
End semester theory
Final exam 50 50
exam
End semester Practical Final Practical/Term
exam Project
Total 50
6
 Syllabus
Module - I Introduction
• Digital Image fundamentals:
• Image sampling and quantization
• relationship between pixels

• Image acquisition and Pre-processing:

• Intensity transformations and spatial filtering
• some basic intensity transformation functions
• Histogram processing,
• spatial filters for smoothing and sharpening
(Chapt:1, 2 & 3 of Text book 1)

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Module - II
-Frequency Domain Techniques
• Basic filtering in the frequency domain,
• Image smoothing and sharpening
(Chapt: 4 of Text book 1)

Image Restoration:
• Image restoration/degradation model
• Noise models
• Restoration in the presence of noise only
• Estimating the degradation function
(Chapt: 5 of Text Book 1)

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 Module - III

- Image segmentation
• Fundamentals
• Point and line detection
• Basic edge detection techniques,
• Hough transform
• Thresholding:
• basic global threholding,
• optimal thresholding using Otsu’s
method
• multi-spectral thresholding,
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• Region based segmentation, region growing, region

Module - IV Processing:
Color Image
• Color models
• Color transformation (Chapt: 6 of Text book
1)
Image Compression:
• Fundamentals
• Some basic compression methods (Chapt: 8
of Text book 1)
Morphological Image Processing:
• Erosion and Dilation,
• opening and closing (Chapt: 9 of Text book 1)
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 Module - V
Image Representation:
• Shape features (Region-based representation and
descriptors), area,
• Euler’s number, eccentricity, elongatedness,
rectangularity, direction, compactness,
• moments, covex hull, texture features, color features.

Object and Pattern Recognition:

Pattern and pattern classes, Matching, minimum distance
or nearest neighbor classifier, matching by correlation,
Optimum statistical classifier, Neural network classifier.
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 Introduction
This lecture will cover:
– What is a digital image?
– What is digital image processing?
– Applications of digital image processing
– Steps involved in digital image
processing

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 What is a Digital Image?
A digital image is a representation of a
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

two- dimensional image as a finite set of

digital values, called picture elements or
pixels

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 What is a Digital Image? (cont…)
Pixel values typically represent gray
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

levels, colours, heights, opacities etc

Remember digitization implies that a
digital image is an approximation of a real
scene
1 pixel

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 What is a Digital Image?
(cont…)
Common image formats include:
– 1 sample per point (B&W or Grayscale)
– 3 samples per point (Red, Green, and Blue)

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 What is Digital Image Processing?
Digital image processing focuses on two
major tasks
– Improvement of pictorial information for
human interpretation
– Processing of image data for storage,
transmission and representation for autonomous
machine perception

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 Application of DIP
Today: The use of digital image processing
techniques has exploded and they are now
used for all kinds of tasks in all kinds of areas
– Image enhancement/restoration
– Artistic effects
– Medical visualisation
– Industrial inspection
– Law enforcement
– Human computer interfaces
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 Examples: Image Enhancement
One of the most common uses of DIP
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

techniques: improve quality, remove noise

etc

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 Examples: The Hubble Telescope
Launched in 1990 the Hubble
telescope can take images of
very distant objects
However, an incorrect
mirror made many of
Hubble’s images useless
Image
processing
techniques were
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used to fix this

 Examples: Artistic
Artistic Effects
effects are
used to make
images more visually
appealing, to add
special effects and
to make composite
images

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 Examples: Medicine
Take slice from MRI scan of canine heart, and
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

find boundaries between types of tissue

– Image with gray levels representing tissue density
Use a suitable filter to highlight edges

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 Examples: GIS
Geographic Information Systems
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

– Digital image processing techniques are

used extensively to manipulate satellite
imagery
– Terrain classification
– Meteorology (Predicting the weather)

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 Examples: GIS (cont…)
Night-Time Lights of the
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

World data set

– Global inventory
of human
settlement
– Not hard to
imagine the kind
of analysis that
might be done
using this data

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 Examples: Industrial Inspection
• Human operators
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

are expensive, slow

and unreliable
• Make machines do
the job instead
• Industrial vision
systems are used in all
kinds of industries
Can we trust them?
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 Examples: PCB Inspection
Printed Circuit Board (PCB) inspection
– Machine inspection is used to determine that all
components are present and that all solder
joints are acceptable
– Both conventional imaging and x-ray imaging
are used

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 Examples: Law Enforcement
Image processing
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

techniques are
used extensively by
law enforcers
– Number plate
recognition for speed
cameras/automated
toll systems
– Fingerprint recognition
– Enhancement of CCTV
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images 27
 Examples: HCI
Try to make human
computer interfaces more
natural
– Face recognition
– Gesture recognition

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 Key Stages in Digital Image Processing

Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Image Representation
Acquisition & Description

Object
Problem Domain
Recognition
Colour Image Image
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 Key Stages in Digital Image Processing:
Image Aquisition
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Image Representation
Acquisition & Description

Problem Domain Object

Recognition
Colour Image Image
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 Key Stages in Digital Image Processing:
Image Enhancement
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Image Representation
Acquisition & Description

Problem Domain Object

Recognition
Colour Image Image
Proc e s s i n g
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Co m p r e s sion
SRM Un ive rs i ty -
 Key Stages in Digital Image Processing:
Image Restoration
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Image Representation
Acquisition & Description

Problem Domain Object

Recognition
Colour Image Image
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 Key Stages in Digital Image Processing:
Morphological Processing
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Image Representation
Acquisition & Description

Problem Domain Object

Recognition
Colour Image Image
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 Key Stages in Digital Image Processing:
Segmentation
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Image Representation
Acquisition & Description

Problem Domain Object

Recognition
Colour Image Image
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 Key Stages in Digital Image Processing:
Object Recognition
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image Segmentation
Enhancement

Representation
Image
& Description
Acquisition

Object
Problem Domain Recognition

Colour Image Image

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 Key Stages in Digital Image Processing:
Representation & Description
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Representation
Image
& Description
Acquisition

Problem Domain Object

Recognition
Colour Image Image
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 Key Stages in Digital Image Processing:
Image Compression

Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Image Object
Acquisition Recognition

Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
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 Key Stages in Digital Image Processing:
Colour Image Processing

Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Image Object
Acquisition Recognition

Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
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Image processing vs. Computer vision
The continuum from image processing to
computer vision can be broken up into
low-, mid- and high-level processes
Low Level Process Mid Level Process High Level Process
Input: Image Input: Image Input: Attributes
Output: Image Output: Attributes Output: Understanding
Examples: Noise Examples: Object Examples: Scene
removal, image recognition, understanding,
sharpening, smoothing, segmentation autonomous navigation
restoration,
compression

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AP, Andhra
Pradesh
 Summary
We have looked at:
– What is a digital image?
– What is digital image processing?
– State of the art examples of digital
image processing
– Key stages in digital image processing
– Image processing vs. Computer vision

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