REVIEW QUESTION

Week 7 :
- Def of Natural Attraction:
+ asscociated more closely with the natural environment rather than
cutural environment.
+ Subdivided into :
Topography, climate, water, wildlife, vegetation, location
+ types : landscape, seascape, parks, mountains, islands,..
- Def of Cutural attaction:
+ cutural sides: known as “build”, “constructed” or “man-made” site,
more diverse than their natural counterparts
+ types: historical sites, architecture, cuisine, museums, ethnic, theatre
- Def of events:
+ festivals, sport events, trade shows, religious events

1: how important are attractions to the tourism industry ?

- Attractions are the main motivators for travel.
- Impact in the decision of travelling by the tourists
- Help build images
- Competitiveness of a destination
- Small portion of the tourist expenditure in comparison with
transportation, lodging and Food & Beverage
2: how are attractions classified?

- Attraction classification :
+ Cultural attraction : historical sites, archeological sites, monuments,
museums, ethic, theatre
+ Natural attractions: lanscape, coats, parks, seascapes, islands,..
+ Events: Festivals, sports events, community events,..
+ Recreation: Sightseeing, Swimming, Tennis, Hiking,..
+ Entertainment attractions: casinos, cinemas, shopping facilities,…

3: difference between recreation and entertainment:

Criteria Recreation Entertainment

 Feature - You entertain - Sbd entertains
(characteristic) yourself yourself
- Actively - Passively
participating in participating in
activities activities
Benefits (influence) - Physiscal health, - Mental health
solidarity, - Relaxation
keeping fit,
having fun
Place Mostly outdoor Mostly indoor
Examples – type of - Hiking - Theatre
activities - Fishing - Cinema
- Golfing - Casino
- Swimming - Theme park

WEEK 8

Review key concept: Consumer, Maslow, Motivation, Travel experience.

● Consumer:
- Targets of all products and services
- Understanding consumers => core success in business practice in TR
- Consumer’s expectation are met or
exceeded =>repeat purchases and WOM advertising
● Maslow: ( hierarchy of needs ) : Needs within the individual that motivate the
desire to travel.
- The lower levels on the ladder have to be satisfied before the individual
mote to higher level of the ladder
 ● Travel experience: a set of activities in which individuals engage on their personal
terms, such as pleasant and memorable places, allowing each tourist to build his or her own
travel experiences so that these satisfy a wide range of personal needs, from pleasure to a
search for meaning.
● Motivation: the factors within an individual which arouse, maintain and
channel behaviour toward a goal.

Plog’s psychology model: different people have different satisfaction or need level, Plog’s
psychology model less emphasises on the strict hierarchy of need and more changing patterns
of motives.

2. Why is it so important for tourism people to have a good understanding

of travel motivation?

- Understanding travel motivation helps tourism people to provide or serve the various
facets of tourism, travel, and hospitality that can meet the needs of the customers ->
chance of success if possible + provide financial and managerial inputs appropriately
- Motivation => travel desire (demand) – muốn làm một cái gì thì phải hiểu demand
của mình là ai chứ, tính cách của họ,… hiểu được họ thì phân nhóm ra để có sản
 phẩm phù hợp => ensure success of business + sastify customers => maintain
loyalty + repurchase

- Example: When the customer expectations are met or exceeded by the tourism
operators, one can expect repeat business and positive world-of mouth advertising +
ability to maintain or even increase the current levels of charging for existing tourism
services.

3. Explain the relationship of customer (tourist) satisfaction and travel

motivation

.- When people are motivated to travel, numerous choices must be made. Motivation relates
to the choices of destinations and activities to be pursued. This in turn, relates to trip
satisfaction and subsequent purchase or recommending the trip. It is expected that people
with similar motivations will, to a certain degree, choose the same destinations and pursue
similar types of activities while staying at the ecotourism sites. A satisfied tourist is expected
to be more likely to choose to visit the same destination on other occasions and to become a
promoter via positive word-of-mouth than an unsatisfied tourist

4. Provide a few examples of how a person’s travel needs change over a

lifespan.

- life span : newborn - kids - teenager - young adults - adults - couple - family w
children - old couple - widow.
- Newborn : following the family, ko có tiếng nói, đặt đâu nằm đó.
- Kids : thichs đi chơi, nhiều activities, thích khám phá nature, hay làm sai ( học thông
qua chơi), teamparts, playground.
- Teenager : more major, thích đi một mình ( fighting for freedom), hoạt động mới,
thichs sdid cùng bạn bè, thích hoạt động tụ tập, chơi có chọn lọc, đi theo bạn nhiều
hơn là bme, đi địa điểm gần trong ngày, hoạt động gắn kết bạn bè, camping, team
building,
- Young adults : budget thấp, short distance, đi để experience, exploring destination in
totally new things, đi với bạn, avoid travelling with parent,đi phượt( low cost)
- Adults: ít care về cost, lựa chọn điểm đến xa hơn, tốt hơn , có nhiều phương tiện hơn,
đi vs bạn hoặc người yêu, đồng nghiệp, đi thư giãn, business kết hợp nghỉ dưỡng ,
xu hướng rural life, self development for gaining more knowledge, expand the
network for seeking darling
 - Couple: honeymoon period, want create romantic, good memory, vừa có tuổi tuổi trẻ,
sức khỏe, đam mê, tiền, đi nhiều, kinship, love and belonging, địa điểm lãng mạn, có
offer trải nghiệm lưu nhớ suốt suốt đời, thường là những nơi đẹp, ưu tiên sự riêng tư.
- Family w children : relaxation, lựa chọn phần lớn đi resort vì có trẻ con, cần có có đủ
utilities, facilities phục vụ cho trẻ, psycho centric tourism, thành phố lớn, có bệnh
viện tốt, increase kinship, create memory
- Old couple: yên tĩnh, relax là chính, đi với các nhóm, cặp với nhau, ưa thích một mức
độ hd vừa phải, sử dụng điểm đến có thể sắp xếp phương tiện để đi, đi dài vì có tiền
và có tgian, nhu cầu nghỉ dưỡng tương đương với hoạt động., not-tanga, health
concern: đi suối nước nóng, đi spa, prioritize friends gathering
- Widow: đi để tránh sự cô đơn, make new friends, package tour, nhiều tgian, mountain
resort, beach resort, ưa thích hoạt động ít, sẵn sàng chi tiêu nhiều hơn.

5. Explain the difference between intrinsically motivated activities &

extrinsically motivated activities?

Criteria Extrinsically act Intrinsically act

Characteristic Being encouraged by Driven from/within

external factors. yourself.
Achievement oriented Personal oriented activities
activities

Purpose Avoid punish/ obtain Personal enjoyment,

reward relaxation.

Time Definite period of time Infinite period of time

(short time) (long term)

Reward Both nonfinancial and Non-financial reward

financial reward.

Example Study to pass subject Study because you like it.

Scholarship Improve knowledge.

6.How would you rate the word-of-mouth advertising?

World-of-mouth advertising is highly credible. People tend to trust personal
recommendations more than traditional advertising, making it highly effective. WOM also
doesn’t stop after just one interaction . One person will tell another, and that person will
someone else, then that person will continue the chain and spread the word further, making it
a great vehicle for exposure and distribution - if used well.
8. Provide an example of a travel motive and a travel product which provide a good
match?
 - ppl wish for good service and good facilities in accommodation - ⅘ star hotel or
resort
- rest and relaxation - resort ( privacy, full facilities, to nature , binh yen binh lang,
9. Explain Push and Pull factors in researching motivation?
Push factors : - influencing why the person want to go (person-specific motivations)
- Include : Technology, Demographic, Social, Politics, Economic.
Pull factors : - The attraction to a holiday choice ( destination- specific attributes)
- Include : Geographical proximity, Affordability, Accessibility to market,
Cultural links, Availability of attraction, Availability of service , Peace and stability, Posible
market image, Pro-tourism policies.

7. Explain the essential concept of Pearce’s travel needs or experience ladder? How is
this model better than Maslow's Model?

TRAVEL NEEDS LADDER - PEARCE

 Maslow : psychological needs => safety and security => love and relationship =>
self-esteem => self – actualization.
- Maslow’s model : starts from lowest to highest. Only when lower level is
sastified, people can come to higher level. (mũi tên duy nhất một chiều từ dưới
lên)
 Pearce’s model: 2 chiều mũi tên lên xuống. People have different career in travel
 (thang du lịch khác nhau) – (career of part). People sẽ đi qua các giai đoạn khác
nhau, giống như lifespan, nên sẽ có những sự lựa chọn khác nhau, behavior khác
nhau tương ứng với motivation khác nhau => họ sẽ chọn những loại hình du lịch
khác nhau. For example: money, health,…  people can start anywhere,
diferent motivation level, làm cho con người nhận diện rõ hơn, đa chiều hơn
những motivations.

While Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs provides a general framework for understanding

human motivations, Pearce's TCL model offers a more specific and dynamic
approach to understanding the evolving travel needs and motivations of individuals.
It is a valuable tool for tourism professionals seeking to effectively engage with
travelers and enhance their travel experiences.

8: provide an example of travel motive and travel product. Which provides a good
match?

 Example of travel motive and travel product:

- Travel Motive: Relaxation and stress relief

- Travel Product: All-inclusive luxury resort or tranquil spa retreat
- Travel Motive: Cultural immersion and learning
- Travel Product: Guided cultural tour or language immersion program

 To determine travel product or travel motive provides a good match, we

need to dicuss:

- Relevance: the travel product should address the core elements of travel
motive. For instance, if the motive is education, the product should offer
historical sites, exhibitis,.. which provides knowlegde for visitors.
- Alignment : the travel product should suit with the preferences and interests of
the traveler seekings to fullfill the motive.
- Complementary: the travel product should complement the traveler’s overall
travel goals and aspirations. Example: of the goal is personal growth, the
product should offer opportunities for self-discovery, challenge or skill
development
- Target audience: the travel product should be designed for or catered to the
specific travelers segment associated with the motive

9: explain push and pull factors in reseraching motivation

Push factors: influencing why the person wants to go (person-specific motivations)

- technology: websites
 - demographic: life style, occupation, increase tăng tỉ lệ sinh tự nhiên, đẻ
nhiều hơn

- social and cutural factors: changing attitude (reduce working time ->
increase relaxing time)

- policies

- economics : salary, income,..

Pull factors: the attraction to a holiday choice (destination – specific attributes)

– determine which destination is chosen
* include

- geographical proximity ( distance)

- accessibility to the market

- cultural links

- availability of attractions ( more attact into -> rately choice increases)

+ affordable – compare cost

+ availability of services

+ peace and stability

+ postitive market image

( lấy 2 ví dụ rồi giải thích)

10. Your first assignment after joining a tour company staff is to design a tour that
appeal to young singles. Obviously, you must create a tour that would probably
motivate a market sufficiently large for your company to make a profit on it.
Identify the motivation(s) selected, then describe briefly your tour concept and
the specific marketing elements you would feature in its promotion to reach this
very promising market
- Adventure or leisure tourism
- Kind of tourism help them to find the stranger that they feel comfortable, it
will include approx 10 people spontaneously , match each other and have some
talks, experience tourism , activities to know more about each other….
- Through social media, because the majority of young single use social
media such as ins, fb,mess,… or by some dating app like tinder, facebook
dating,…

WEEK 9 : Sociology of tourism

1. Review key concept: Cultural distance, Sociology, social tourism

- Cultural distance: refers to the extent to which the culture of the originating region
differs from that of the host region.( the differences in cultural between origins and
destination )

- Sociology:

+ The science of society, social institutions, and social relationships

+ Visitors to a community or area create social relationships that typically differ greatly from
the affiliations among the indigenous population.

-Social tourism:

+ Social (subsidised) travel

+ A national system in which some organisations such as the national government,a labour
union, trade association, cooperative or similar group subsidises vacation expenses for those
with low incomes.

Q2: Explain and give examples of cultural distance? If you should take atrip to another
country, how would you manage this?

- Cultural distance: the differences in culture between origins and destination. ( một trong
những nguyên nhân chính tạo ra conflict between local and tourists, ko thể satisfy experience
vì local ko thể benefit hết từ tourism )

- Examples of cultural distance: different languages, ( ko thể communicate với local ppl)
ethnicities, religions, social norms, cách ăn mặc ( đạo hồi trùm kín, ph tây thoải mái phóng
khoáng) , cách mình ăn,( người ấn độ ăn bốc , người việt ăn đũa, phương tây ăn dao dĩa )

- examples of cultural distance:

+ In Vietnam, we can eat beef but in India, cows are considered sacred
animals. Eating beef is a sin and can be punishment by law in some parts of
India.
 + In Japanese culture, people often avoid talking about personal matters,
such as family, money, salary,… In Vietnamese culture, people often more
open and frank in sharing personal matters.

+ Vietnamese people ofter eat faster and take more time to talk each other
while Japanese people often avoiding focus on enjoying the meals and eat
slowly

- If I have a chance to travel another country, I would manage:

+ do some research before traveling to learn the culture, history and customs
of the country so I can limit cultural shocking.

+ learn some basic pharses so I can communicate a little bit with local people
in case I get lost or have some emergency situation. This also presents
respect for the country’s culture.

+ find last customer’s feedback on the website and internet so I can list some
must-visit places and try to travel when I come there.

+ Pay attention to local customs and traditions, and won’t hesitate to ask
questions respectfully if I’m unsure about something.

* trước: đọc review, internet, hỏi những người đã từng đi, hỏi friends and
families

* đến đấy rồi: nhập gia tùy tục, họ làm gì mình làm đấy, interact +
communicate with locals, don’t hesitate to ask

* về: viết review+ feedback cho người khác. + note những khác biệt để giúp người
chưa đi giảm thiểu rủi ro cho điểm đến .

Q5: Explain Resentments ? How can local resentments of tourists be

mitigated ?

● Resentments : situation where locals ignore tourists because….

- Conflicts of interests between tourists and locals : + tourist trap or increasing higher
price for visitors and cause bad feeling

- Feeling of inferiority ( better paid for people working in service industry ):

 + example: famer kiếm 2$ mỗi ngày. Bell-man bê đồ hộ cho khách được tips 10$. Những
người làm trong service industry nghĩ rằng họ make money nhiều hơn locals, họ tỏ thái độ và
muốn được locals phục vụ như tourist, bên cạnh đó, locals cảm thấy thấp kém so với họ khi
không thể kiếm được nhiều như vậy

- Financial dislocations: ppl working in travel industry easier earn money comparing locals.
ex: bellman + tips: 6-10dollars, famer + work wholeday: 1-2dollars)

* local resentment can be mitigating by:

- - Tourists should be more cautious when travelling. Tourists should learn about the
local people's behaviour. tìm hiểu in4 trước khi đến . This includes respecting
local customs and tradition, minizing waste.
- Tourists should learn about different cultures, including how to dress, eat, and behave

- Show respects to destination culture by clearly research beforehand and follow the rules
( khen ngợi người địa phương, culture, environment, và làm theo đúng những gì local people
chỉ dẫn )

- avoid misunderstandings = seek local tour guide. Create social contacts wth locals

- support locals = purchasing the local products, tạo công ăn việc làm cho locals

- explore by off- beaten- path: đi những nơi gần local people, tránh xa mass tourism

Q7: Illustrate ways local pride could be increased?

- Trao quyền cho người bản địa (empower indigineous ppl) : hỏi ý kiến, cho involve vào
planning process tạo ra sp du lịch

- Dạy họ về lợi ích đấy (đc trao quyền)

- Hỗ trợ locals bảo tồn tự nhiên, cuộc sống họ

 - Encourage locals and tourists: bảo tồn of heritage, culture. Preserve and share the
unique traditions, arts, and historical landmarks that define the community.

- Ask tourists to follow the rules and regulations

Q8. Discuss the five steps of Doxey’s Irridex Model?

- describe the evolution of local attitudes in response to accelerating

tourism development
 - Step 1: Euphoria: tourists as “honour guests” (as they provide good company and monetary
returns for the local community)

- Step 2: Apathy: visiting tourists become more frequent, residents are happy with them

- Step 3: Annoyance: full of tourists, residents feel “annoyed” and start to conflict with
tourists

- Step 4: Antagonism: carrying capacity exceed, residents ignore the tourists

- Step 5: Resignation: quiet acceptance of the tourist incentive destination or choose to leave
the destination altogether

Q9: How do your travel interests differ from your parents?

- My parents would prefer to travel in quite and peaceful areas such as the province,
natural destination far from urban

- I prefer more extroverted and lively places such as big cities (Ho Chi Minh City, Nha
Trang….)

- Q11: What are barriers to travel? Provide examples?

- Cost: Financial barriers: cost of transportation, accommodation, food, activities and other
expenses,..

+ Example: a student can’t have enomous bugdet to travel comfortably

- Lack of time:

+ Example: Many people have jobs, business, family, and other commitments that limit the
time available for travel. Therefore, they only can travel during their holidays

- Health limitations:

+ Example: Inadequate health may keep people from travelling. Therefore, the
number of elderly tourists is usually very small compared to other age groups

- Family stage:

+ Example: having a baby so it’s not comfortable to enjoy completely the

trip cause you need to take care the baby and also find accommadations
and transportation which is convinient
- Lack of interest:
+ Example: A destination that you often go to travel a few times and know all its features,
you will not be interested to go to that place again if that destination does not have any new
changes

-Fear and safety

● Compare Mass tourism and Alternative tourism

Characteristics Mass tourism Alternative tourism

MARKET

Segment Psycho – centric to mid Allocentric – mid centric

centric tourists

Volume & mod High, packaged tours Low, individual arrangement

Seasonality Distinct high & low No distinct seasonality

seasons

Origins A few dominant markets No dominant markets

ATTRACTION

Emphasis Highly commercialised Moderately commercialised

Character Generic contrived Area specific, “authentic”

Orientation Tourists only or mainly Tourists and local

ACCOMMODATION
Size Large – scale Small – scale

Spatial pattern Concentrated in “ tourists Dispersed throughout area

area “

Density High density Low density

Architecture “international style “, Vernacular style,

complementary
Non – sympathetic

Ownership Non – local, large Local, small cooperation

cooperation

ECONOMIC STATUS

Role of tourism Dominates local economy Complements existing

activities

Linkage Mainly external Mainly internal

Leakage Extensive Minimal

Multiplier effect Low High

REGULATION

Control Non – local private sector Local community

Amount Minimal, to facilities private Extensive, to minimise local

sector negative impact

Ideology emphasis Economic growth, profits, Well – being, integrated,

 sector- specific, free market holistic public intervention
forces

Time – frame Short – term Long – term

WEEK 10: DEMAND AND SUPPLY

 Seasonality: Seasonal patterns of travel demand create

overcrowding at certain times.Conversely, low occupancies and load
factors will occur at other periods. At peak travelperiods, the problems
of congestion, security, and the environment become much more
severe.
 Price differentials: employs price differentials as a tool to shift demand
away from the peak-season in favor of the off-season
- Creates new markets
- Balance high-season and low-season
 Peak and Value of Demand:
- Multiple-use: This involves supplementing peak-season attractions of a
destination withother attractions that would create demand for travel to
that destination during off-seasonperiods. In effect, the peak season
for the destination is extended. Festivals, special celebrations,
conventions, and sports activities sponsored and promoted during off-
seasonsare other examples of multiple-use strategies

2. In an area just developing tourism, which supply components should be

created first? Last? Why? Are supply components generally expandable?
 Task analysis is the produre used in matching supply with deman
 8. WHAT IS THE COMPONENTS OF SUPPLY? BRIEFLY DESCRIBE THOSE
COMPONENTS?
- Components can be classified into 4 main categories:
1. Natural resource: consititute the fundamental measure of supply. Include: climate,
landforms, bodies of water, beaches,..
2. built environment. Include infrastructure ( underground + surface development
construction) and superstructure (facilities constructed primarily to support vistiation and
visitor activities)
3. operating sectors: represent what many of the general public perceive as ‘tourism”
+ trasportaion sector
+ food and beverage sector
+ attractions
+ tourism services
4. spirit of hospitality and cultural resources: language, customs, religions and work-and-
leisure- related behaviors.

EXERCISE:

Here are two strategies that businesses can use to deal with seasonality:

1. Product diversification: Businesses can diversify their product offerings to include

products that are in demand during both the peak and off-seasons. For example, a
clothing retailer could sell summer clothing during the summer and winter clothing
during the winter. This can help to smooth out the company's revenue and reduce its
reliance on seasonal demand.
2. Cross-selling: Cross-selling is the practice of selling additional products or services to
existing customers. Businesses can use cross-selling to encourage customers to
purchase products that are in demand during the off-season. For example, a hotel
could cross-sell spa treatments to its guests during the winter months. This can help to
increase revenue during the off-season and improve customer satisfaction.
 Week 11:
*** def: multipiliers, leakage, linkage, direct/ indirect impact, export, balance of
payment

1.What are 3 major goals in Tourism

+ maximize experience for tourists

+ maximize profits for firms

+ maximize direct and indirect impacts of tourist expenditures

3. Explain constraints and give several examples

- demand

- supply of attractive resources

- technical and environmental constraints

- Time constraints

- indivisibilities

- legal constraints

- self-imposed constraints

- lack of knowledge

- limits on supportive resources

* examples:

+ Legal constraints: Visa requirements, change policies

+ limits on supportive resources: not enough infrustructure and superfrustructure, Lack of

adequate transportation, accommodation,..

3. describe the income multiplier. How does leakage effect it? Why?

4. describe methods by which a resort community could increase its

tourism income multiplier, its employment multipliers.

5. In what manner to Tourism exports/ imports affect a nation’s GNP ?

 WEEK 12 :
Câu 1: Review key concepts: sustainable tourism, carrying capacity, ecotourism , code of
ethics, debt-for-nature swap

- Sustainable tourism aims to minimize the negative impacts on the environment, support
local communities, and preserve cultural heritage, ensuring long-term viability.
- Carrying capacity defines the maximum number of visitors an area can sustainably handle
without compromising its ecological or cultural integrity.
- Ecotourism emphasizes responsible travel practices, focusing on nature conservation and
community well-being.
- A code of ethics in tourism outlines principles and guidelines for ethical behavior, promoting
respectful and sustainable interactions.
- Debt-for-nature swaps involve restructuring or forgiving a country's debt in exchange for
commitments to environmental conservation and sustainable development.

Câu 2: Enumerate the four (4) benefits of ecotourism:

1. Biodiversity Conservation: Ecotourism contributes to the preservation of natural habitats

and biodiversity by promoting responsible travel practices that minimize environmental
impact.

2. Community Empowerment: Local communities often benefit from ecotourism through job
creation, income generation, and opportunities for cultural exchange, enhancing their socio-
economic well-being.

3. Environmental Education: Ecotourism provides opportunities for visitors to learn about and
appreciate the importance of environmental conservation, fostering a sense of responsibility
and awareness.

4. Sustainable Development: By integrating environmental and social considerations,

ecotourism supports sustainable development, balancing the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Câu 3: How important role do local people play in ecotourism? Explain.

Local people play a crucial role in ecotourism for several reasons:

1. Cultural Preservation: Locals contribute to the preservation of their cultural heritage by

sharing traditions, customs, and unique aspects of their community with visitors, fostering
cultural appreciation and understanding.
2. Community Engagement: Involving local communities in ecotourism planning and
operations ensures that the tourism activities align with their needs and aspirations. This
engagement empowers locals and provides them with a stake in the industry.
3. Sustainable Resource Management: Locals often have traditional knowledge about the
local environment. Involving them in ecotourism helps in sustainable resource management,
ensuring that natural assets are conserved and utilized responsibly.

4. Economic Opportunities: Ecotourism can create job opportunities and generate income for
local residents. This economic benefit provides an incentive for communities to actively
participate in and support sustainable tourism practices.

5. Environmental Stewardship: Local communities are more likely to take ownership of

environmental conservation efforts when they see direct benefits from ecotourism. This can
include initiatives for habitat protection, waste management, and sustainable practices.
In summary, the involvement of local people in ecotourism is essential for the success of
sustainable initiatives, ensuring that both the natural environment and the well-being of the
communities are prioritised and preserved.

Câu 4: Describe how economic leakage at the local level can be minimised.

To minimise economic leakage at the local level in ecotourism, consider the following
strategies:

1. Local Ownership and Management:

Encourage local ownership and management of tourism enterprises. This ensures that a
significant portion of the revenue remains within the community, benefiting local businesses
and residents.

2. Community-Based Tourism: Foster community-based tourism initiatives where local

communities actively participate in and benefit from tourism activities. This can involve local
guides, artisans, and service providers, reducing the reliance on external entities.

3.Local Workforce Development: Prioritise hiring and training local residents for jobs within
the tourism industry. This not only circulates income within the community but also enhances
the skills and employability of local individuals.

4. Sourcing Local Goods and Services:

Encourage tourism businesses to source goods and services locally, including food,
handicrafts, and other products. This supports local entrepreneurs and reduces the
dependence on external suppliers.

5. Revenue-Sharing Mechanisms: Implement revenue-sharing mechanisms, where a portion

of the tourism revenue is reinvested directly into community development projects,
infrastructure, or environmental conservation efforts.

6.Education and Skills Development:

Invest in education and skills development programs for the local population to enhance their
ability to participate in various aspects of the tourism industry, from guiding to hospitality
services.

7. Fair Trade Practices:

Emphasize fair trade practices in the tourism supply chain. Ensure that local producers and
service providers receive fair compensation for their products and services, preventing
exploitation and maximizing local economic benefits.
By adopting these measures, economic leakage can be minimized, and a more substantial
portion of the tourism revenue can positively impact the local community, contributing to
sustainable development and long-term community well-being.

Câu 5: Define "carrying capacity" at a natural destination. How is this determined?

Carrying capacity, in the context of a natural destination, refers to the maximum number of
visitors that an area can sustain without causing significant environmental degradation,
compromising the quality of the visitor experience, or negatively impacting the destination's
cultural or ecological integrity.

Determining carrying capacity involves a comprehensive analysis of various factors,

including:

1. Ecological Factors: Assess the resilience of the local ecosystem to visitor impact,
considering factors such as soil erosion, habitat disruption, and impact on wildlife. Evaluate
the capacity of the ecosystem to recover from disturbances caused by tourism activities.

2. Infrastructure and Services: Examine the capacity of existing infrastructure and services
(e.g., waste management, water supply, transportation) to accommodate a certain number of
visitors without degradation or strain.

3. Cultural and Social Considerations:

Consider the impact of tourism on local communities, their cultural heritage, and social
structures. Evaluate the ability of the community to handle the influx of visitors without
compromising their way of life.

4. Visitor Experience:
Assess the quality of the visitor experience, ensuring that an increase in the number of
visitors does not lead to overcrowding or a decline in the quality of recreational and
educational experiences.

5. Regulatory and Legal Framework: Consider local regulations and legal frameworks that
define and manage visitation levels. These may include permits, zoning regulations, and
guidelines for sustainable tourism practices.

6. Monitoring and Adaptive Management:

Implement monitoring systems to regularly assess the impact of tourism and adjust carrying
capacity limits accordingly. This adaptive management approach allows for flexibility in
responding to changing conditions.
By carefully evaluating these factors, destination managers can establish sustainable limits
on visitor numbers, promoting responsible tourism practices that balance the benefits of
tourism with the conservation of natural and cultural assets.

Câu 6: If you were marketing director for an ecotour company, how would you
(basically) proceed to market your tours?

To effectively market an ecotour company, I would focus on emphasizing the unique and
sustainable aspects of the tours. Here's a basic approach:

1. Highlight Sustainability: Showcase the company's commitment to environmental and

social responsibility. Emphasize eco-friendly practices, conservation initiatives, and
community engagement to attract environmentally conscious travelers.

2. Tell Compelling Stories:

Craft narratives that highlight the natural beauty, cultural richness, and positive impacts of
the ecotours. Use storytelling to create an emotional connection with potential customers
and inspire them to choose your company for a meaningful experience.

3. Engage in Content Marketing: Develop engaging and informative content, such as blog
posts, articles, and videos, that educates potential customers about the destinations, wildlife,
and cultural aspects of the ecotours. Share this content through various channels, including
social media and your company website.

4. Utilize Social Media:

Leverage platforms like Instagram, Facebook, and Twitter to visually showcase the unique
experiences offered by your ecotours. Encourage user-generated content by sharing photos
and testimonials from satisfied customers who have had memorable and responsible travel
experiences.

5. Collaborate with Influencers: Partner with influencers who align with your company's
values and target audience. Influencers can help amplify your message and reach a broader
audience, particularly those interested in sustainable travel.

6. Educational Workshops and Events:

Host workshops, webinars, or events to educate potential customers about the importance of
sustainable tourism, wildlife conservation, and cultural preservation. Position your company
as a leader in responsible travel practices.

7. Offer Unique Experiences: Differentiate your ecotours by offering unique and exclusive
experiences that showcase the beauty and diversity of the natural environment. This could
include guided wildlife encounters, sustainable hiking adventures, or cultural immersion
activities.

8. Collaborate with Travel Agencies: Partner with travel agencies that specialize in eco-
friendly and sustainable travel. This can help expand your reach and tap into a broader
market of environmentally conscious travellers.
9. Customer Reviews and Testimonials:
Feature positive customer reviews and testimonials on your website and marketing
materials. Word-of-mouth recommendations and authentic experiences from previous
travellers can significantly influence potential customers.

10. Promotions and Packages: Create special promotions or packages that incentivize
responsible travel. This could include discounts for early bookings, loyalty programs, or eco-
friendly travel gear as part of the tour packages.
By combining these strategies, the ecotour company can build a strong brand image, attract
a target audience interested in sustainable travel, and contribute to the broader efforts of
promoting responsible tourism.

Câu 7: Give some of the principle reasons why ecotourism has become a fast-growing
component of international tourism?
Describe some of the basic philosophies of sustainable tourism?

Principle Reasons for the Growth of Ecotourism:

1. Increasing Environmental Awareness:

Growing global awareness of environmental issues has led to a rise in eco-conscious
travelers seeking sustainable and responsible tourism options.

2. Demand for Authentic Experiences:

Travelers increasingly seek authentic and immersive experiences. Ecotourism offers
opportunities for close encounters with nature, local cultures, and unique environments.

3. Desire for Responsible Travel: Travelers are becoming more conscious of their impact on
destinations. Ecotourism aligns with the values of responsible and ethical travel, attracting
those who want to minimize their environmental footprint.

4. Media Influence and Information Access:

Information about environmental issues and sustainable practices is readily accessible
through media and online platforms. This increased awareness has influenced travelers to
choose ecotourism options.

5. Government and Industry Support:

Many governments and tourism industries recognize the economic potential of ecotourism.
Supportive policies and incentives contribute to the growth of eco-friendly initiatives.

6. Health and Wellness Trends: Wellness tourism is on the rise, and ecotourism often aligns
with health and wellness priorities. Nature-based experiences are seen as beneficial for
physical and mental well-being.

7. Educational Value:
Ecotourism provides educational opportunities about local ecosystems, wildlife conservation,
and sustainable practices. Travelers seeking learning experiences are drawn to ecotourism
for its educational value.
Câu 8: Describe some of the basic philosophies of sustainable tourism?

Basic Philosophies of Sustainable Tourism:

1. Environmental Conservation: Prioritizing the protection and conservation of natural

resources, ecosystems, and biodiversity to maintain ecological balance.

2. Social Responsibility:
Ensuring that tourism benefits local communities by creating economic opportunities,
supporting cultural heritage, and involving residents in decision-making processes.

3. Economic Viability:
Promoting tourism practices that contribute to the economic development of host
communities without causing economic dependency or exploitation.

4. Cultural Respect:
Respecting and preserving the cultural identity of host communities, fostering cultural
exchange, and minimizing negative cultural impacts.

5. Community Involvement and Empowerment:

Engaging local communities in tourism planning and operations, empowering them to take
an active role in the industry and benefit directly from tourism.

6. Visitor Education:
Providing information and educational opportunities to tourists about the local environment,
culture, and responsible travel practices to enhance awareness and promote responsible
behavior.

7. Resource Efficiency: Encouraging efficient use of resources, waste reduction, and

environmentally friendly practices within the tourism industry to minimize environmental
impact.

8. Local Sourcing:
Supporting local businesses, artisans, and products to keep economic benefits within the
community and reduce the carbon footprint associated with transportation of goods and
services.

9. Carrying Capacity Management:

Recognizing and managing the carrying capacity of destinations to prevent overcrowding,
environmental degradation, and negative impacts on the visitor experience.

10. Adaptive Management: Implementing flexible and adaptive management strategies that
allow for continuous monitoring, evaluation, and adjustment of tourism practices based on
changing conditions and feedback.

Câu 9: Why is climate change important to tourism?

Climate change is crucial to the tourism industry for several reasons:

1. Impact on Destinations:
Climate change can alter weather patterns, affecting the attractiveness and suitability of
destinations for tourism. Shifts in temperature, precipitation, and extreme weather events
can impact the appeal of certain destinations and the activities they offer.

2. Natural Attractions:
Many tourism activities are centered around natural attractions such as beaches, mountains,
and wildlife. Climate change can affect these environments, leading to changes in
ecosystems, biodiversity, and the overall appeal of these attractions.

3. Extreme Weather Events: Increasing frequency and intensity of extreme weather events,
such as hurricanes, floods, and wildfires, can disrupt travel plans, damage infrastructure,
and pose risks to the safety of tourists and local communities.

4. Sea Level Rise:

Coastal destinations, which are popular for tourism, are particularly vulnerable to sea level
rise. This poses a threat to beaches, resorts, and infrastructure, impacting the tourism
economy in these areas.

5. Cultural Heritage:
Climate change can also affect cultural heritage sites. Rising sea levels, changing weather
patterns, and extreme events may lead to the deterioration or loss of historical and cultural
landmarks, impacting the tourism appeal of these sites.

6. Outdoor Activities:
Tourism often involves outdoor activities such as hiking, skiing, and water sports. Changes
in climate can impact the availability and suitability of these activities, affecting the overall
tourism experience.

6. Economic Impacts:
Tourism is a significant economic driver for many regions. Climate change-related
disruptions can lead to financial losses for businesses in the tourism sector, impacting local
economies and livelihoods.

7. Insurance Costs:
Increasing climate-related risks may lead to higher insurance costs for the tourism industry,
affecting the overall affordability and competitiveness of travel and tourism services.

8. Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies:

The tourism industry may need to invest in adaptation and mitigation strategies to address
the impacts of climate change. This could involve changes in infrastructure, resource
management, and the development of sustainable practices.

9. Consumer Awareness:
With a growing focus on sustainability and responsible travel, consumers are increasingly
aware of climate change issues. Tourists may choose destinations and businesses that
demonstrate a commitment to environmental responsibility and climate action.
In summary, climate change poses a multifaceted challenge to the tourism industry, affecting
destinations, attractions, safety, and the overall economic viability of the sector. Addressing
these challenges requires collaboration and proactive measures to ensure the long-term
sustainability of tourism in a changing climate.