YCRETS TECHNICAL PAPER 1

Investigating the use of isothermal calorimetry

for predicting physical properties of cements
Refiloe Mokoena (1), Tshepo Motau (2) and Georges Mturi (1)
(1) Smart Mobility, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), (2) PPC Cement SA (Pty) Ltd

ABSTRACT
Isothermal calorimetry is a useful technique for studying the cement remain standardized for determining the setting times as a measure of
hydration process that measures the heat flow of cement paste during a cement paste’s consistency.
hydration. Standard cement properties, such as compressive strength, Development of internal heat stresses within concrete structures
setting times and compatibility can be derived from calorimetry is also dependent on the cement hydration and it has the potential
investigation. This becomes relevant in assisting with monitoring the to cause excessive cracking when not properly managed. One of the
strength development during construction activities and studying the contributing factors of the concrete’s heat evolution is the cement’s
thermal related behaviour of concrete structures. During this study, the fineness, with fineness being a measure of the cement’s overall
heat generated from the cement hydration reactions was investigated surface area and therefore indicative of the cement’s reactivity. This
of four different cement types, namely CEM II/B-V 32.5N, CEM relationship has been shown by researchers such as Goodwin [5] who
II/B-V 42.5N, CEM II/A-M (S-V) 42.5R and CEM I 52.5N. Correlations reported that the smaller cement particle sizes, i.e. less than 10 -15
between the calorimeter results and the (i) initial setting time and final μm are in fact, the most active. In addition, Goodwin [5] found typical
setting time; (ii) 28 day compressive strength and; (iii) fineness, were ranges of fineness values for Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and rapid
established for the cement types investigated. With the exception of hardening Portland cement to be 3000 - 3500 cm2/g and 4000 - 4500
early-day strength, the results indicated strong correlations between cm2/g respectively, indicating that rapid hardening cements have higher
the investigated parameters and the cement hydration curves. This fineness values compared to OPC.
was particularly the case for the setting time of the cements with an The 28 day compressive strength of concrete is one of the primary
R2 value of 0.82 and 0.89 for the initial and final setting times mechanical properties used for engineering design and is determined
respectively. in accordance with SANS 5863 [7]. Cement strength is determined
using an appropriate press for mortar specimens as per the national
Keywords: Isothermal Calorimetry, Cement Hydration, Cement Setting test method SANS 50196-1 [6] for measuring the early (2 or 7 day) and
Time, Cement Fineness, Cement Strength. 28 day compressive. These are widely accepted methods for concrete
and cement strength determination but it is still debated whether
1. INTRODUCTION such laboratory tests are truly representative of the in-situ concrete
Setting and strength development of concrete mixes are important properties. Researchers such as Indelicato [9] have argued that even
variables in the construction program of concrete structures. The cubes cast from the same batch of concrete do not necessarily represent
constructability of concrete structures can be highly dependent on the the in-situ concrete strength due to reasons such as the differences in
fresh properties of the concrete mix used, as this will inform various on- specimen size, geometry, compaction and curing conditions; compared
site activities such as formwork removal and surface texturing. In this to the concrete structure being represented. Although Indelicato [9] did
paper, the initial and final setting times, early and 28-day compressive acknowledge that the strength values obtained from testing laboratory
strengths and fineness of four South African cements will be assessed in cube specimens can coincide with in-situ strength values from time
relation to their respective heat of hydration curves from an isothermal to time. The findings prompted non-destructive test (NDT) methods
calorimeter. for condition assessments of concrete structures as well as concrete
Establishing the cement setting time and monitoring the early phase pavement rehabilitations as demonstrated by Al-Abbasi & Shalaby [10].
of strength development is valuable during the placement of concrete The above cement properties are all reliant on the cementitious
as it provides an indication of the optimum time for activities such as hydration reactions and can therefore be inferred using analytical
saw-cutting. Depending on the ambient climatic conditions, this can be techniques that quantify these reactions. This paper presents an
between 4 – 18 hours after placement but it is typically recommended investigation carried out using an isothermal calorimeter for determining
to be completed within 24 hours [1]. the relationships between the heat output from cement reactions and
Currently, the South African standard test method for determining the three cement properties indicated above, namely, setting time,
the setting time requires the use of a Vicat apparatus and makes a fineness and strength.
mechanical determination of the initial and final set for a given cement
paste SANS 50196-3, [7]. There has been extensive research done to 2. BACKGROUND
explain the heat rate evolution in relation to the setting time of cement Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) is described as a testing technique
pastes [2, 3, 4]. However, empirical test methods such as the Vicat test that is used to measure the phase changes of materials by means of

8 NUMBER 166 | SEPTEMBER 2021

 YCRETS TECHNICAL PAPER 1

temperature measurements as a sample is other researchers have investigated the heat 2.1 Cement heat evolution
subjected to constant heating or cooling [11]. of hydration using calorimetry techniques for The four major compounds of OPC, namely
The technique is therefore useful in studying their unique investigation. C3S, C2S, C3A and C4AF combine with
and understanding the physical and chemical A report by Acker [19] on the contribution water during hydration to form the various
changes in materials due to changes in of the physical and mechanical properties of cementitious products. The cement hydration
temperature. The output graphs from DTA concrete on its mechanical behavior found process and can be described as consisting
analyses can be used to distinguish between that the two major influencing processes of five stages as shown in Figure 1. The first
endothermic and exothermic relationships. were (i) the heat of hydration resulting from stage is initiated when the cement is mixed
The use of DTA techniques can be the cementitious reactions and (ii) the natural with water. During the second/dormant
dated back to Le Chatelier [12] who set up drying of concrete elements. This given stage, the paste is plastic and workable.
an experiment to automatically record the that these two phenomena caused major The transition between dormant and setting
heating curve of the clays on a photographic mechanical effects related to the internal stages is defined as the initial set. During the
plate in order to investigate the material’s stresses and strains on various structural setting stage, the paste is typically stiff and
phase change relationship. This was elements. unworkable. The transition between setting
followed by other scientists who modified According to Lootens & Bentz [20], and hardening stages is defined as the final
different aspects of how the temperature previous research has demonstrated the set, after which, the paste is a rigid solid that
measurements were recorded from the sample linear relationship between the compressive gains strength with time [3].
and reference material such as Boersma [13], strengths of mortar specimens from 1-day South African standards do not require
which subsequently led to the development and beyond. The research explored this testing for the heat of hydration of cements
of the Differential Scanning Calorimetry relationship through the use of ultrasonic unless the cement is identified as a Low
(DSC) which measures the heat flux output as reflection and calorimetry on specimens for up Heat Common Cements (LH). The solution
opposed to temperature. to 3 days. From the investigation, it was found calorimetry method or the semi-adiabatic
Isothermal (conduction) calorimetry is that ultrasonic reflection and calorimetry can method can be used to determine the heat of
used to monitor the heat development of be used to monitor the early (up to 8 hours) hydration which needs to be below a specified
hydrating cements and is considered to strength development of mortar and concrete. threshold of 270 J/g. Low heat cements are
be the most accurate method for cement It is well accepted that the heat of hydration ideal for large mass pour applications. In these
pastes and mortar samples in comparison of cement pastes can be related to certain applications, the generation of excessive heat
to adiabatic and semi-adiabatic calorimeters physical properties particularly, setting time that can cause large amounts of thermal
which are usually used for concrete samples and strength development during the early cracking is avoided.
[14]
. Research on the use of calorimetry for stages of hydration. However, little research Typically, isothermal calorimeters are used
cement and concrete applications began has been conducted on the correlation of the for cement testing while adiabatic/semi-
between 1923 and 1939 when Carlson [15] different phases within the hydration process adiabatic calorimeters are used for testing
used a conduction calorimeter to investigate to the physical properties of the cement paste concrete specimens.
the heat development of cement. and concrete specimens. This paper presents The equipment used and methodology
This sparked further research to gain a a study that investigated the correlations followed for the laboratory investigation
better understanding on the quantitative between the heat of hydration, setting times presented in this paper is described below.
and qualitative effects of various cement and compressive strengths of four South
constituents and additives on the heat of African cements.
hydration [16, 17].
Aschan [18] found that the hydration
reactions that characterize the hardening
process is a better method in establishing
the setting time of cement paste, mortar and
concrete in comparison to popular mechanical
methods. During the study, a copper-lead
electrode was used to establish the setting
time through distinct increases of potential
difference when the copper surface was
oxidized.
The cement industry saw significant
developments in conduction calorimetry with
the introduction of the Wexham calorimeter
in 1970 by J.A. Forrester and then the
Setaram heat flux calorimeter in 1990 which
allowed the in-situ mixing of cements and
recording of initial reactions. Subsequently,

$ 5 3
Figure 1: Phases of cement heat of hydration [4]
5 35 1 6

CONCRETE BETON 9
 YCRETS TECHNICAL PAPER 1

3. METHODOLOGY Table 1: Summary of peak values and corresponding times.

Four different cements were tested using 2:2;A
2.A
39BE
(6:2
2.A
<3
5F1?.A6<;

1.F

an isothermal calorimeter namely (i) CEM +84
:6;
8 84
52.A
<3
5F1?.A6<;

II/B-V 32.5N, (ii) CEM II/B-V 42.5N, (iii) CEM 8 84

II/A-M (S-V) 42.5R and, (iv) CEM I 52.5N. 
#





Approximately 3 g of each cement was mixed 
#





with approximately 2 ml of distilled water in 
&

 
 


a 20 ml disposable glass ampoule for about 
 #





1 minute to produce a paste of uniform
consistency, where an electronic syringe ampoules were loaded at the same time 4. RESULTS
was used for mixing the cement paste. The to minimize the time to reach thermal 4.1 Heat of hydration results
ampoule was then placed in the isothermal equilibrium. The heat generated by the paste The plots showing the heat flux and the
calorimeter, connected to a computer for data sample, in the isothermal calorimeter is sent recorded heat of hydration during the test are
capturing and securely insulated to prevent as electric signals by a sensitive thermopile to shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3 respectively for
any heat loss where a constant temperature the computer for recording and calibration. the four cements used in this study.
of approximately 20 ºC was maintained. The heat of hydration generated for 8 days As illustrated earlier in Figure 1, the first
A reference ampoule containing water from the start of the test was progressively heat flux peak occurs during Phase 1 of the
to balance the heat capacity of the sample recorded to obtain the total heat generated. cement hydration which is also known as the
ampoule was used in order to reduce the The test was performed in accordance with pre-induction period associated with the rapid
noise of the signal. The sample and reference ASTM C1679 [21]. release of Ca2+ and OH- ions into solution
(Ramachandran et. al., 2002). The second peak
occurs at the end of Phase 3 and is associated
with the final set according to Vazquez &
       
Pique (2016), this is described as when the
rapid crystallization of CH and CSH occurs. For
the purpose of this paper, the second heat flux

peak is analysed and discussed.
 It is also observed how the heat flux
&#3
',46
"(

corresponds to the heat of hydration output

 shown in Figure 3, where the two major
gradients are related to each of the heat
flux peaks. While the heat flux presented in
Figure 2, shows no significant activity after the
second peak, the heat of hydration was still

observed to increase, albeit at a much lower
rate, for all the cements until the end of the






















 



 



 



 






 







test period at 8 days as seen in Figure 3.

!*-&
-*.
CEM II 42.5R showed the highest
$  39 9 reactivity of all the tested cements with a
Figure 2: Heat flux plot. total heat output of 190 kJ/kg at the end of
the 8-day experiment. While this outcome
was expected in comparison with the lower
       
strength cements, this is also justified by the
“R” classification used to indicate a faster

strength gain usually associated with precast

concrete elements.
 The time at which the second heat flux
&#3
/'
)7%1#3*/.
+(

 peak occurred is presented in Table 1, for

 each cement, as well as corresponding values
 for heat flux and heat of hydration. The last
 column is included to show the total heat
 of hydration at the end of the eight day
 experiment.
 With the exception of CEM II 42,5R, the
 heat flux peak was observed to reduce with


























 



 



 



 



 







an increase in cement strength. CEM I 52.5N

reached the second peak fastest at 1800
!*-&
-*.
minutes, and 15 minutes later cement type
CEM II 42.5R reached its second peak. Almost
Figure 3: Heat of hydration plot.

10 NUMBER 166 | SEPTEMBER 2021

 YCRETS TECHNICAL PAPER 1

4 hours later, CEM II 42.5N reached its second peak, this was then The average setting time plot in Figure 4 shows a decrease in initial
followed by CEM II 32.5N, approximately 3.4 hours later, which is also and final setting time based on the results as expected. The results also
the lowest strength cement. show that the setting times for CEM II 42.5R and CEM I 52.5N are
similar with only 2.5 minutes between the two initial setting times and
4.2 Results of other cement properties 1.25 minutes between the two final setting times.
Additional information of the respective cements was also provided As expected, the 28-day compressive strength results exhibit an
from the cement manufacturer. This included test results of (i) initial increase with an increase in cement strength class as seen in Figure 5. A
setting time; (ii) final setting time; (iii) fineness; (iv) early day compressive similar trend is observed for the 2-day strength for CEM II 42.5N, CEM
strength; and (v) 28 day compressive strength. The results for each II 42.5R and CEM I 52.5N. Due to the low compressive strength gain at
parameters are shown below in Figure 4 to Figure 6. 2 days, the 7-day strength is reported for CEM II 32.5N instead of 2-day
compressive strength results.
The fineness results in Figure 6 show the increase in fineness as the
cement classification increases except for the CEM I 52.5N which has
.*3*#,
&33*.(
!*-& *.#,
&33*.(
!*-&
 the second lowest fineness value out of the investigated cements.

&33*.(
!*-&
-*.

 4.3 Relationship between heat of hydration and other

 cement parameters
In order to understand the relationship between the heat flux peak

and the setting times, the correlation plots between the second heat

flux peak and the parameters obtained from the manufacturer are also
 shown from Figure 7 to Figure 11. The averaged values used to develop
 the relationships were extracted from the raw data of all four cement

 
 
 
 properties and are summarised in Table 2.

Figure 4: Plot of setting time based on average results.

#1,7
#7
/-01&22*5&
31&.(3)
&#+
*.&#1
&#+

#7
/-01&22*5&
231&.(3)


/-01&22*5&
31&.(3)


&#3
',46
"(


 

#



 8

 
 

 

 

 


 


 
 
 


64B?2

Figure 5: Plot of compressive strength based on average results.    
.*3*#,
&33*.(
!*-&-*.

*.&.&22 64B?2
 64B?2


 Figure 7: Correlation plot between heat flux peak and initial
setting time.

*.&.&22
$-
(


 &#+
*.&#1
&#+




&#3
',46
"(


  


 
 
 
  8

 
Figure 6: Plot of fineness based on average results.
 


   
*.#,
&33*.(
!*-&
-*.
64B?2

Figure 8: Correlation plot between heat flux peak and final
setting time.

CONCRETE BETON 11
 YCRETS TECHNICAL PAPER 1

The relationship between the setting times and time of the second heat
&#+
*.&#1
&#+

flux peak is shown below in Figure 12 and Figure 13 where a strong
 correlation is observed for both initial and final set.
&#3
',46
"+(

  8

 
&#+
*.&#1
&#+


!*-&
/'
)&#3

',46
0&#+
-*.



 

8




 
#1,7
%#7
/-01&22*5&
31&.(3)
# 
64B?2
 64B?2
 
Figure 9: Correlation plot between heat flux peak and early day
     
compressive strength.
.*3*#,
&33*.(
!*-&
-*.

Figure 12: Correlation plot between time of heat flux peak

&#+
*.&#1
&#+
 and initial set.

8

 &#+
*.&#1
&#+

&#3
',46
"(

  

!*-&
/'
)&#3
',46
0&#+
-*.
 
8


  

 
  

%#7
/-01&22*5&
31&.(3)
#

64B?2

Figure 10: Correlation plot between heat flux peak and 28 day        
*.#,
&33*.(
!*-&
-*.
compressive strength.
Figure 13: Correlation plot between time of heat flux peak

and final set.
&#+
*.&#1
&#+


 4.4 Discussion of results

8


With the exception of fineness (R2 = 0.87), the first peak did not reveal
&#3
',46
"(

 
much about the cement properties. Table 3 shows the summarised

R2 values for the second heat flux peak and the investigated properties.
It is observed from the results that there is strong correlation
  between the heat flux peak, setting times and 28-day compressive
strength. Lower correlation was observed for fineness and no correlation
 observed for early day strength. The parameter with high correlation are
     
noteworthy because it shows that the 28-day compressive strength can
*.&.&22
$-
(
in fact be inferred during the early stages of hydration. Even though
64B?2
 Correlation plot between heat flux peak and fineness.
Figure 11: there is a strong correlation between the second heat flux peak and
the investigated properties, with the exception of early day strength
Table 2: Cement properties. and fineness, stronger correlation exists
2:2;A
C2?.42
;6A6.9
C2?.42
C2?.42
2.?9F
C2?.42

C2?.42
between the time at which the second heat
(F=2
'2AA6;4
(6:2
6;.9
'2AA6;4
1.F
.F
6;2;2@@
flux peak occurs and the corresponding
:6;
(6:2
:6;
0<:=?2@@6C2
0<:=?2@@6C2
0:4
setting times as shown in Figure 12 and
@A?2;4A5
"%.
@A?2;4A5
Figure 13, as opposed to the heat flux (W/
"%.
kg). Given the strong correlation (where R2

#



1.F

 
> 0.99), this demonstrates how the setting

#



 1.F

 
times can be determined by assessing the

&



 1.F


heat output curves from a calorimeter.

 #



 1.F



12 NUMBER 166 | SEPTEMBER 2021

 YCRETS TECHNICAL PAPER 1

Table 3: Linear regression values for the different cement parameters.

%.?.:2A2?
&


;6A6.9
@2A



6;.9
@2A


.?9F
1.F
0<:=?2@@6C2
@A?2;4A5
 

1.F
0<:=?2@@6C2
@A?2;4A5


6;2;2@@


5. CONCLUSIONS
An isothermal calorimeter was used in this study to investigate the
relationship between five different cement properties and the heat
evolution of four types of South African cements. The properties

THE WORLDWIDE
investigated were:
• Initial and final setting time;

PARTNER IN
• Early day (2 day or 7 day) and 28-day compressive strength and;
• Cement fineness.

Understandably, current standardized test methods use different

equipment and specimens to measure each of the above properties as
CONSTRUCTION
per the relevant test method. In this study it has been shown how these
properties can also be inferred with the use of a single equipment, i.e.
an isothermal calorimeter for cement, through analysis of the heat
development during cement hydration.
In fact, thermal analysis techniques have been shown useful for Products
Concrete for Resilient,
many types of cement and concrete studies, particularly to quantify the LVT & Textile
& Grouts Repair
heat relationships that cause thermally induced cracking and also to Materials
assist engineers in making decisions related to material handling and
construction activities that are dependent on the setting times and
strength development of concrete.

The following relationships were identified during this study:

i. Strong correlation was found between the second heat flux peak
(W/kg) and (a) setting times and (b) 28-day compressive strength for Sealants Admixtures for
Resin Concrete
all the cements investigated. The highest R2 value (0.89) was that Flooring
for final setting time. The heat flux peak was observed to decrease
with an longer cement setting times and increase with higher
cement strengths.
ii. The strongest correlation found in this study was that for final
setting time and the time at which the second heat flux peak
occurred as opposed to the heat flux peak in point (i) above. This is Sports Cement
Waterproofing Flooring
in line with other researchers’ findings such as Ramachandran et. al. Additives
[22]
, Soroka [3] and Vazquez & Pique [4]. Solutions
iii. Given the strong correlation (i.e. R2 > 0.99) of both initial and
final set, this demonstrates how the heat output curves from a
calorimeter can be used to determine setting times. MAPEI is a trusted manufacturer and supplier
iv. CEM II 42.5R exhibited the highest reactivity of all cements through of the highest quality building materials to the
analysis of the calorimetry output curves. The cement consistently construction sector. The MAPEI Group consists of
showed the highest values at each of the heat flux peaks as well as 90 subsidiaries with 83 plants in five continents.
overall heat output within the 8 day duration of the experiment.
v. Early day cement strength showed no significant correlation with Our team is committed to providing pre-sales
any of the heat flux peaks. advice, technical on-site support and training and
vi. The value of the second heat flux peak reduced with an increase in after-sales support f rom the conception of your
cement strength. project to the completion.

According to this study, three out of the five cement properties

investigated can be inferred through analysis of its heat flux peak,
namely initial, final setting time and 28-day compressive strength. CB
REBUILDING SOUTHERN
AFRICA WITH MAPEI.
Learn more at mapei.co.za
Tel: + 27 11 552 8476
Email: [email protected] CONCRETE BETON 13
YCRETS TECHNICAL PAPER 1

REFERENCES
[1] Perrie, B. & Rossman, D., 2009. Concrete Road Construction. [12] Le Châtelier, H., 1887. Compt. Rend. Hebd. Séanc. Acad. Sci.
MIdrand: Cement & Concrete Institute. Paris, 104:1443.
[2] Czernin, W., 1980. Cement Chemistry and Physics for Civil [13] Boersma, S. M., 1955. A Theory of Differential Thermal
Engineers. 2nd ed. Michigan: Bauverlag. Analysis and New Methods of Measurement and
[3] Soroka, I., 1979. Setting and Hardening. In: Portland Interpretation. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 38(8),
Cement Paste and Concrete. London: Palgrave. https://doi. pp. 281-284.
org/10.1007/978-1-349-03994-4_2, pp. 28-45. [14] Wadsö, L., 1995. Evaluation of isothermal calorimetry for
[4] Vazquez, A. & Pique, T. M., 2016. Biotech admixtures for characterization of very early and early cement reactions:
enhancing portland cement hydration. In: F. Pacheco-Torgal, A critical literature review. Report TVBM, Intern 7000-rapport,
V. Ivanov, N. Karak & H. Jonkers, eds. Biopolymers and Vol. 7094, Lund: Division of Building Materials, LTH, Lund
Biotech Admixtures for Eco-Efficient Construction Materials. University.
s.l.:Woodhead Publishing, pp. 81-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/ [15] Carlson, R. W., 1934. The Vane Calorimeter. Proceedings-
B978-0-08-100214-8.00005-1. American Society for Testing and Materials, 34(2),
[5] Goodwin, R. W., 2014. Chapter 6 - Utilization Methodology pp. 322-328.
- MWC Residues. In: R. W. Goodwin, ed. Combustion Ash [16] Lerch, W. & Bogue, R. H., 1934. Heat of hydration of Portland
Residue Management: An Engineering Perspective. s.l.: Cement pastes. Part of Bureau of Standards Journal of
William Andrew Publishing, pp. 77-96. Research, Volume 12, pp. 645-664.
[6] SANS 50196-1:2006, 2006. South African National Standard. [17] Rastrup, E., 1954. Heat of Hydration in Concrete. Magazine
Methods of testing cement. Part 1: Determination of strength, of Concrete Research, 6(17), pp. 79-92.
Pretoria: South African Bureau of Standdards (SABS). [18] Aschan, N., 1966. Determining the setting time of cement
[7] SANS 5863:2006, 2006. South African National Standard. paste, mortar and concrete with a copper-lead electrode.
Concrete tests - Compressive strength of hardened concrete., Magazine of Concrete Research, 18(56), pp. 156-160.
Pretoria: South African Bureau of Standdards (SABS). [19] Acker, P., 1988. Mechanical behaviour of concrete:
[8] SANS 50196-3:2006, 2006. South African National Standard. contribution of the physical and chemical approach. Rapport
Methods of testing cement. Part 3: Determination of setting de Recherche LPC (Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussees),
times and soundness, Pretoria: South African Bureau of Issue 152.
Standdards (SABS). [20] Lootens, D. & Bentz, D. P., 2016. On the Relation of Setting
[9] Indelicato, F., 1997. Estimate of concrete cube strength by and Early-Age Strength Development to Porosity and Hydration
means of different diameter cores: A statistical approach. in Cement-Based Materials. Cement and Concrete Composites,
Materials and Structures/Materiaux et Constructions, Volume 68, pp. 9-14.
Volume 30, pp. 131-138. [21] ASTM C1679-09, Standard Practice for Measuring Hydration
[10] Al-Abbasi, A. & Shalaby, A., 2018. Non-Destructive Testing Kinetics of Hydraulic Cementitious Mixtures Using Isothermal
for Optimizing Concrete Pavement Rehabilitation. Saskatoon, Calorimetry, ASTM International, West Conshohocken,
Proceedings of Innovations in Pavement Management, PA, 2009.
Engineering and Technologies Session. [22] Ramachandran, V. S., Paroli, R. M., Beaudoin, J. J. & Delgado,
[11] Vold, M. J., 1949. Differential Thermal Analysis. Analytical A. H., 2002. Handbook of Thermal Analysis of Construction
Chemistry, 21(6), pp. 683-688. Materials. New York: Noyes Publications / William Andrew
Publishing.

REFILOE GEORGES MTURI TSHEPO C MOTAU

MOKOENA is a is a Senior Scientist is a Cement and
civil engineering and the Acting Road Concrete Laboratory
researcher at Materials Testing manager at the
the Council for Research Group PPC Cement,
Scientific and Leader within the Group Laboratory
Industrial Research Smart Mobility Operations.
(CSIR). Her research cluster of the Council He received his
area of interest for Scientific and N-Diploma (Civil
is in sustainable Industrial Research Engineering) from
transport (CSIR) in South Tshwane University
infrastructure and her work is aimed towards Africa. He currently leads a multi-disciplinary of Technology; B-Tech degree (Structures)
providing climate resilient, cost-effective and technical team working on projects involving from University of Johannesburg (UJ); M-Tech
sustainable solutions to the road design and the sustainable use of waste material in degree (Civil Engineering) from UJ; and MBA
construction industry. Refiloe graduated from roads, innovative road technologies, advanced degree from Regent Business School. He is a
the University of the Witwatersrand (WITS) road material characterisation and forensic professional member of Engineering Council
in 2011 with her undergraduate degree in investigations into road failures that span the of South Africa (ECSA).
civil engineering. She also obtained her MEng African continent.
(Civil Engineering) degree in 2016 from WITS.

14 NUMBER 166 | SEPTEMBER 2021