1.

6 Domain-specific IoT

1.6.1 Introduction:

Internet of Things applications span a wide range of Dubai including homes, the city
environment, energy systems, retail, logistics, industry, agriculture and health.

1.6.2 Home Automation:

1.6.2.1 Smart lighting:

Smart lighting for homes helps in saving energy by adapting the lighting to the ambient
condition and switching on/off or dimming the lights when needed. Key enabling
technologies for smart lighting include solid-state lighting such as LED lights and
IP-enabled lights.

For solid-state lighting solutions, both spectral and temporal characteristics can be
configured to adapt illumination to various needs. Smart lighting solutions for Homes
achieve energy saving by sensing human movements and their environments and
controlling the lights accordingly.

Wireless-enabled and internet-connected lights can be controlled remotely from IoT

applications such as mobile or web applications. Smart lights with sensors for occupancy,
Temperature Lux levels etc can be configured to adapt the lighting based on the ambient
conditions sensed, to provide a good ambiance.

In controllable LED lighting system is presented that is embedded with ambient

intelligence gathered from a distributed smart wireless sensor network to optimize and
control the lighting system to be more efficient and user-oriented, A solid-state lighting
model is implemented on your wireless sensor network that provides services for sensing
illumination changes and dynamically adjusting luminary brightness according to user
preferences.

1.6.2.2.Smart Appliances
Modern homes have a number of appliances such as TVs, refrigerators, music systems,
washer/dryer etc. Managing and controlling these appliances can be cumbersome with
each appliance having its own controls or remote controls. Smart appliances make the
management easier and also provide status information to the user remotely.

Examples of smart watches/dryers that can be controlled remotely and notify when the
washing/driving cycle is complete smart thermostats Allow controlling the temperature
remotely and can learn the user preferences smart refrigerators can keep track of the
items stored and send updates to the user when an item is low on stock.
Smart TV Allows users to search and stream videos and movies from the internet on a
local storage drive, search TV channel schedules and fetch news and weather updates
and other content from the internet.

Open Remote is an open-source automation platform for homes and buildings. The open
remote is platform-agnostic and works with standard hardware. With OpenRemote, users
can control various appliances using mobile or web publications.

OpenRemote comprises three components - a controller that manages scheduling and

runtime integrations between devices, a designer that allows you to create both
configurations for the controller and create user interface design and a control panel that
allows you to interact with the devices and control them.

1.6.2.3 Intrusion Detection:

Home Intrusion detection systems use security cameras and sensors such as PIR
sensors and door sensors to detect intrusion and raise alerts. Alerts can be in the form of
an SMS and an email sent to the user.

Advanced systems can even send detailed alerts such as an image grab or a short video
clip sent to an email attachment. The cloud-controlled intrusion detection system is
described as one that uses location-aware services, where the geolocation of each node of
your home automation system is independently detected and stored in the cloud in the
event of Institutions the cloud services alert the accurate neighbors who are using the
home automation system is independently detected and stored in the cloud.

Event of intrusion, the cloud services after the accurate neighbors or local police. An
intrusion detection system based on UPnP technology is described. The system uses
image processing to recognize the Institutions and extract the institution subject and
generate Universal plug-and-play instant messaging for alerts.

1.6.2.4 Smoke / Gas Detector

Smoke detectors are installed in homes and buildings to detect smoke which is
typically and early sign of Fire. Smoke detectors use optical detection class ionization for
sampling techniques to detect smoke.

Alerts raised by smoke detectors can be in the form of signals to the fire alarm system.
Gas detectors can detect the presence of harmful gases such as carbon monoxide liquid
Petroleum gas (LPG).
 A Smoke/gas detector raises alerts to humans, describing where the problem occurs
and it sends an SMS or email to the user or the local fire safety department and provides
visual feedback on its status the design of the system that detects gas leakage on smoke
and it gives a visual level indication.

1.6.3. Cities:

1.6.3.1 Smart Parking

Finding a parking space during rush hours in crowded cities can be time-consuming and
frustrating. Furthermore, more drivers blindly searching for parking spaces create
additional traffic conditions for Star smart parking making the search for parking space
easier and convenient for drivers.

Smart parking for powered by an IoT system that detects the number of empty
parking slots and sends the information over the internet to the smart parking application
back ends. These applications can be accessed by drivers from smartphones, tablets
and in-car navigation systems.

In smart parking sensors are used for each parking slot, to detect whether the slot is
empty or occupied. This information is aggregated by your local controller and then sent
over the internet to the database.

Design and implementation of a prototype smart parking system based on wireless

sensor Network Technology with just a remote parking monitoring, automated guidance,
and departing reservations mechanism.

1.6.3.2 Smart Lighting :

Smart lighting systems for road parks and buildings can help in saving energy.
According to an IEA report, lightning is responsible for 19 % of global electricity use
and around 6% of global Greenhouse gas emissions.

Smart lighting allows lighting to be dynamically controlled and also adapted to the
ambient conditions. Smart lights connected to the internet can be controlled remotely to
configure lighting schedules and lighting intensity.

Lighting configuration can be set for different situations such as a foggy day, a festival
etc. Smart. Lights equipped with sensors and can communicate with other lights and
exchange information on the sensed ambient conditions to adapt to lightening.

1.6.3.3 Smart Road

Smart roads equipped with sensors can provide information on driving conditions,
travel time estimates and alerts in case of poor driving conditions , traffic congestions
and accidents . Such information can help in making the roads safe and help in reducing
traffic jams .

Information sense to from the roads can be communicated via internet to cloud based
applications and social media and disseminated to the drivers who subscribed to such
applications.

Distributed and autonomous systems of sensor networks notes for improving driving
safety proposed system can provide the drivers and passengers with a consistent view of
the road situations of a few hundred meters ahead of them or a few dozen miles away, so
that they can react to potential dangers early enough.

1.6.3.4 Structural Health Monitoring:

Structural health monitoring system uses a network of sensors to monitor the vibrations
levels in the structures such as bridges and buildings. The data collected from the
sensors is analyzed to assess the health of The structures .

By analyzing the data it is possible to detect cracks and mechanical breakdown,

locate the damage to a structure and also calculate the remaining life of the
structure. Using such systems advance warning can be given in the case of imminent
failure of the structure.

An environmental effect removal based structural health monitoring schemes is an IoT

environment is proposed. Since structural health monitoring schemes use large number
of wireless sensor nodes which are powered by traditional batteries researchers are
exploring energy harvesting Technologies to harvesting ambient energy, such as
mechanical vibrations, sunlight and wind.

1.6.3.5 Surveillance
Surveillance of infrastructure, public transport and even in cities is required to ensure
safety and security. City wide surveillance infrastructure comprising of large number of
distributed and internet connected video surveillance cameras can be created. The video
feeds from surveillance cameras can be aggregated in cloud based storage solutions.
Cloud-based video analytics applications can be deployed to search for patterns for
specific events from the video feed.
1.6.3.6 Emergency Response
IoT Systems can be used for monitoring the critical infrastructure in cities such as
building
, gas and water pipelines, public transport and power substation systems. IoT systems for
fire directions, gas and water leakage directions can help in generating alerts and
minimizing their effects on the critical infrastructure.

IoT systems for critical infrastructure monitoring enable aggregations and sharing of
information is collected from large number of sensors. Cloud based architecture multi
model information such as sensor data, audio, video feeds can be analyzed in near real-
time to detect adverse event.

Response to alerts generated by such systems can be in the form of alerts sent to the
public
, re-routing of traffic, evacuation of the affected areas. Traffic management system
for emergency services is describe the system adapt by dynamically adjusting traffic
lights, changing related driving policies, recommending behavior change to drivers and
applying essential security controls

1.6.4 Environment

1.6.4.1 Weather Monitoring:

IoT- based weather monitoring system can collect data from a number of sensor attached
such as temperature, humidity, pressure etc. and send the data to cloud based
application and storage back-ends. The data collected in the cloud can then be analyzed
and visualized by cloud based application.

Weather alerts can be sent to the subscribed users from such applications AirPi weather
and air quality monitoring kit capable of recording and uploading information about
temperature, humidity, air pressure light levels, UV levels, carbon monoxide Nitrogen
dioxide and smoke level to the internet .

1.6.4.2 Air Pollution Monitoring

IoT based air pollution monitoring system can monitor emission of harmful gases ( CO2,
CO. NO, NO2) by factories and automobiles using gases and dermatological sensors
the collected data can be analyzed to make informed decisions on pollutions control
approaches.

In real time air quality monitoring system is presented that comprises of several
distributed monitoring stations that communicate via wireless with a backend server
using machine to machine communication. In addition sums of GPRS modem and GPS
module.

1.6.4.3 Noise Pollution Monitoring

Due to growing Urban Development, noise levels in cities have increased and even
become alarmingly High in some cities. Noise pollution can cause health hazards for
humans due to sleep destruction and stress. Noise pollution monitoring can help in
generating noise maps for cities.

Urban noise maps can help the policy makers in urban planning and making policies to
control noise level near Residency areas, schools and parks. IoT based noise pollution
smart metering system use a number of noise monitoring station that are deployed at
different places in a city.

The data on noise levels from the stations is collected on server or in the cloud. The data
is then aggregated to generate noise map. In noise mapping study for a city is presented
which revealed that the cities suffers from serious noise pollution .In the design of smart
phone application is described that allows a user to continuously measure noise level and
send it to a central server where all generated information is aggregated and mapped to a
meaningful noise visualizations map.

1.6.4.4 Forest Fire Detection

Forest fires can cause damage to natural resources, property and human life. There can
be different causes of forest fires including lightening, human negligence, volcanic
eruptions and sparks from rock Falls. Early deduction of forest fires can help in
minimizing the damage .

IoT based forest fire detection systems can use a number of monitoring nodes
deployed at a different locations in a forest. Each monitoring node collects measurements
on ambient conditions including temperature, humidity, light levels.

A system for early detection of forest fire is described in that provides early warning of a
potential forest fire and estimate the scale and intensity of the fire if it materializes in a
forest fire detection system based on wireless sensor networks is presented.

The system uses multi-criteria deduction which is implemented by the artificial neural
network. The ANN fuses sensing data corresponding to multiple attributes of your forest
fire such as temperature, humidity ,infrared and divisible light to detect forest fire.

1.6.4.5 River Flood Detection:

River flood can cause extensive damage to the natural and human resources and human
life. River flood occurs due to continuous rain for which cause the river level to rise and
flow rates to increase rapidly. Early warnings of floods can be given by monitoring the
water level and flow rate.
IoT based river flood monitoring system uses a number of sensor nodes that monitor the
water level using ultrasonic sensors and flow rate using the flow velocity sensors. Data
from a number of such sensor nodes is aggregated in a server or in the cloud.

Monitoring applications raise alert when rapid increase in water level and flow rate is
detected in a river flood monitoring system is described that measures river and weather
conditions through wireless sensor nodes equipped with different sensors. The systems
include water level monitoring module, and data processing module that provide flood
information is in the form of raw data, predicted data, and video feed.

1.6.5 Energy

1.6.5.1 Smart grid

It is a data communication network integrated with electrical grid that collects and
analyses data captured in real-time about power transmission, distribution and
consumption. Smart grid Technology provides protective information and
recommendations to utilities, their suppliers, and their customers on how best to manage
power.

Smart Grids collect data regarding electricity generation (centralized or distributed

conceptions (instantaneous or predictive ) storage(or conversion of the energy into other
forms), distributions and equipment health data.

Smart fleet use high speed, fully integrated two way communication real time
information and power exchange. Smart meters can capture almost real time
consumption, remotely control the conceptions of electricity and remotely switch off
supply when required.

power thefts can be prevented using smart metering by analyzing the data on power
generation, transmission and consumption smart grid can improve efficiency throughout
the electric system.

Storage collection and analysis of smart grids data in the cloud can help in dynamic
smart grids data can improve energy usage levels via energy feedback to user coupled
with real- time pricing information.

Real time demand response and management strategies can be used for lowering peak
demand and the overall load via appliance control and energy storage mechanism.
Condition monitoring data collected from power generation and transmission system can
help in detecting fault and predicting outage.
1.6.5.2 Renewable Energy System :

Due to the variability in the output from renewable energy sources such as solar and
wind integrating them into the grid can cause grid stability and reliability problems.
Variable output produces local voltage swing that can impact power quality. Existing
grids were designed to handle power flow from centralized to generation source to the
loads through Transmission and distribution lines.

When distributed renewable energy sources are integrated into the grid, they create
power bidirectional power flow for which the great were not originally designed to
handle power flow from temperature generation sources to the loss through transmissions
and distribution lines.

When Distributed renewable energy sources are integrated into the grid is a create power
bi-directional power flows for which the grid were not originally designed. IoT based
system integrated within Transformer at the point of interconnections measures the
electrical variables and how much power is fed into the grid.

To ensure the grid stability one solution is to simply cut of the over protections. For wind
energy systems, closed-loop controls can be used to regulate the voltage at points of
interconnection

1.6.5.3 Prognostics:

Energy systems (Smart grids, power plants ,wind turbine forms) have a large number of
critical components that must function correctly so that the system can perform their
operations correctly.
For example a wind turbine has a number of critical components example bearing,
turning gears, for instance that must be monitored carefully as wear and tear in such
critical components or sudden change in operating conditions of the missions can result
in failures. In system such as Power Grids, real time information using specialist
electrical sensor is called phasor measurement unit(PMU) substations.

The information received from PMU must be monitored in real time for estimating the
state of a system and for predicting failures. Energy system have thousands of sensors
that gather real time maintenance data continuously for condition monitoring and failure
prediction purposes. IoT based prognostic real-time health management systems can
predict performance of machine or energy Systems by analyzing the extent of deviations
of the system from its normal operating profiles.
Analyzing massive amounts of maintenance data collected from sensors in energy
systems and equipment can provide protections for the impending failures (potentially in
real time) so that their reliability and availability can be improved. Prognostic health
Management systems have been developed for different energy systems open PDC set of
applications for processing of streaming time series data collected from phasor
measurement units PMU in real time.

1.6.6 Retail

1.6.6.1 Inventory Management :

Inventory management for retail has become increasingly important in recent years with
the growing competition. while over stocking of products can result in additional storage
expenses and risk understocking can lead to loss of revenue. IoT system using radio
frequency identification RFID tags can help in inventory management and
maintaining the right inventory levels .

RFID tags attached to the products allow them to be tracked in real time so that the
inventory levels can determined accurately and products which are low on stock can be
replenished. Tracking can be done using RFID readers attached to the retail store shelves
or in the warehouse. An RFID database inventory management system for time sensitive
materials is described.

1.6.6.2 Smart Payments

Smart Payments solutions contact list payments powered by technology such as near
field communication and Bluetooth. Near field communication is a set of standards for
smartphones and other devices to communicate with each other by bringing them into
proximity or by touching them .

Customers can store credit card information in the NFC enabled Smartphones and make
payment by bringing the smart phones and make payments by bringing the smart phones
near the point of sale terminals . NFC may be used in combinations with Bluetooth,
where NFC initiates initial pairing of devices to establish their Bluetooth connections
while the actual data transfer takes place over Bluetooth.

1.6.6.3 Smart Vending Machines

Smart vending machines connected to the internet allow remote monitoring of inventory
levels, elastic pricing of products, promotions, and contact less payments using NFC
smart phone applications that communicate with smart vending machine allow user
preferences to be remembered and the learnt with the time when a user moves from one
vending machine to the other and pass the smartphone with the vending machines using
specific interface is presented.

Users can save their preferences and favorite products sensor in a smart vending
machine monitor its operations and send the data to the cloud which can be used for
predictive maintenance. Smart vending machines can communicate with other vending
machines in there vicinity and share their inventory levels so that the customers can be
routed to the nearest machines in case product goes out of stock in a machine

1.6.7 Logistics

1.6.7.1 Route Generation and Scheduling

Modern transportation systems are driven by data collected from multiple sources which
is process to provide a new services to the stockholders. By collecting large amount of
data from various sources and processing the data into Useful information data driven.

Transportation system can provide new services such as advanced route guidance
dynamic vehicle routing anticipating customer demand for pickup and delivery problem,
for instance route generations and scheduling systems candidate end-to-end using
combinations of road patterns and transportation smooth and feasible schedule based on
the availability of vehicles.

1.6.7.2 Fleet Tracking

Vehicle fleet tracking system using GPS technology to track the locations of vehicle in
real time. Cloud based fleet tracking systems can be scaled up on-demand to handle large
number of vehicles.

Alerts Can be generated in case of deviation in planned routes. The vehicle locations and
routes data can be aggregated and analyzed for detecting bottlenecks in the supply chain
such as a traffic conditions or route of elements and generations of alternative route and
supply chain Optimization in a fleet tracking system for commercial vehicle is described
the system can analyze messages sent from the vehicles to identify unexpected incidence
and descriptions is between the actual and applied data.

1.6.7.3 Shipment Monitoring:

Shipment monitoring solutions for Transportation systems allow monitoring the
conditions inside container. For example, containers carrying Fresh Food produce can be
monitored to prevent spoilage of food.

IoT based shipment monitoring system you sensor such as temperature pressure and
humidity for instance to monitor the conditions inside the container and send the data to
the cloud where it can be analyzed to detect food spoilage .

The analysis and interpretation of the data in the environmental conditions in the
container and food truck positioning can enable more effective routing decisions and
their time therefore it is possible to take remedial measures such as the food that has a
limited time budget before it get rotten can be rerouted to a closer destinations, alerts can
be raised to the driver and the distributor about the transit conditions, such as container
temperature exceeding the allowed limit, humidity levels going out of the allowed limit.

For instance, and corrective actions can be taken before the food gets damaged. A
Cloud- based frame work for real time fresh Food Supply tracking and monitoring was
proposed
. For fragile products vibrations levels during shipment can be tracked using
accelerometer and gyroscope sensors attached to IoT device.

A system for monitoring container in integrity and operating conditions described. The
system monitors the vibrations patterns on their container and its contents to reveal
information related to its operating environment and integrity during transport handling
and storage.

1.6.7.4. Remote Vehicle Diagnostics

Remote vehicle diagnostic systems can detect faults in the vehicles warn of impending
fault. These Diagnostic system use on-board IoT devices for collecting data on vehicle
operation such a speed, engine RPM, coolant temperature, fault code number ,and status
of the various vehicle subsystem such data can be captured by integrating on-board
diagnostic systems with IoT devices using protocols such as CAN bus.

Modern commercial vehicles support on-board diagnostics OBD standards such as OBD-
II. OBD system provides real time data status of vehicle subsystems and diagnostic
trouble code which Allow rapidly identifying the fault in the vehicle. IoT based vehicle
diagnostic system can send the vehicle data to centralized serves or the cloud where it
can be analyzed to generate alerts and suggest remedial actions.

1.6.8 Agriculture

1.6.8.1 Smart Irrigation

Smart irrigation systems can improve crop yield while saving water. smart irrigation
system using IoT devices with soil moisture sensors to determine the amount of moisture
in the soil and realize the flow of water through the irrigation pipe only when the
moisture level go below a predefined threshold. Smart irrigation systems also collect
Moisture level measurements on a server or in the cloud where they collected data can be
analyzed to plant watering schedule.

1.6.8.2 Green House Control

Green house structures with glass or plastic roofs that provide conducive environment
for growth of plants . The Climatological conditions inside a Greenhouse can be
monitored and controlled to provide the best conditions for growth of plants. The
temperature , humidity, soil moisture, light and carbon dioxide levels are monitored
using sensors and their climatological conditions are controlled automatically using
actuation devices.

IoT system plays an important role in greenhouse controlled and help in improving
productivity. The data collected from various sensors is stored on centralized servers or
in the cloud where analysis is performed to optimize the control strategies and also
correlate the productivity with different control strategies.

the system uses wireless sensor network to monitor and control the agriculture
parameters like temperature and humidity in real time for better management and
maintenance of Agricultural production

1.6.9 Industry:

1.6.9.1 Machine Diagnosis and Prognosis:

Machine prognosis refers to predicting the performance of a machine by analyzing the

data and the current operating conditions and how much deviations exist from the normal
operating conditions. Machine diagnosis refer to determining the causes of a machine
fault.

IoT plays a major role in both the prognosis s and Diagnostics of industrial machines .
Industrial machines have a large number of components that must function correctly for
the machine to perform its operations. Sensors in machine can monitor the operating
conditions such as temperatures and vibrations levels. The sensor data measurements are
done on time scale of few milliseconds to few seconds, which leads to generations of the
massive amount of the data.
Case-based reasoning (CBR) is a commonly used method that find solutions to
new problem based on past experience. This past experience is organized and
represented as case in a case base. CBR is an effective techniques for problem
solving in the field in which it is hard to establish a quantitative mathematical
model, such as machine Diagnostics and prognosis .

Since foe each machine, data from a very large number of sensors is collected
using search high-dimensional data for creation of a case library reduce the
case retrieval efficiency. Data reduction and feature extraction methods are
used to find the representatives set of ability as the of features.

1.6.9.2 Indoor Air Quality Monitoring:

Monitoring indoor air quality in factories is important for health and safety of
the workers. harmful and toxic gas such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen
monoxide and Nitrogen dioxide etc t can cause serious health problems .IoT
based gas monitoring system can help in monitoring the indoor air quality
using various gas sensors. The indoor air quality can vary for different
locations. Wireless sensor networks based IoT devices can identify the other
hazardous zones, so that a corrective measures can be taken to ensure proper
ventilation

1.6.10 Health And Lifestyle:

1.6.10.1 Health and fitness monitoring

wearable IoT devices that are low non invasive and continuous monitoring of
physiological parameters can help in continuous health and fitness monitoring.
These wearable devices may can be in various forms such as built under wrist
bands.

The wearable devices from a wireless sensor networks called body area
networks in which the measurements from a number of wearable device are
continuously Send to a master nodes such as a smartphone which then send the
data to the server or a cloud end for analysis and achieving. Healthcare
providers can analyze the collected Healthcare data to determine any health
conditions or anomalies.
1.6.10.2 Wearable Electronics
Wearable Electronics such as smart watches smart glasses wristband and
fashion electronics (with electronic integrated in clothing and accessories
,example Google glass for Moto 360 smart watches provide various functions
and future to assist us in our daily activities and making as lead healthy
Lifestyle .
.
Smart watches the user can search the internet a play audio video file make
calls with or without paired mobile phones, play games and use various kinds
of mobile applications smart classes allow users to take photos and record
videos ,get map directions check flight status and search the internet by using
voice commands