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Lecture 2

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12 views22 pages

Lecture 2

Uploaded by

Alhaj Massoud
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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LECTURE 2

AC AND DC TECHNIQUES OF ELECTRICAL


SYSTEMS IN MARINE OPERATION
INTRODUCTION
❖In marine operations, electrical systems often utilize
both Alternating Current (A.C.) and Direct Current
(D.C.) techniques. Each has its own advantages and
applications depending on the specific requirements
of the vessel and its operations. Here's an overview of
both:
❖Alternating Current (A.C.)
1. Definition:
A.C. is a type of electrical current that periodically
reverses direction. It is characterized by its sinusoidal
waveform.
Cont..
2. Characteristics:
• Voltage Level: Typically operates at higher
voltages, making it more efficient for long-
distance transmission.
• Transformers: A.C. can easily be transformed to
different voltage levels using transformers,
allowing for flexible distribution systems.
• Frequency: Common frequencies used in marine
applications are 50 Hz and 60 H
Cont…
3. Applications:
• Power Distribution: A.C. is commonly used for
general power distribution in larger vessels, such as
cargo ships, tankers, and passenger ships.
• Electric Motors: A.C. motors are often used for
propulsion and auxiliary systems (e.g., pumps,
fans).
• Lighting Systems: A.C. is also used in onboard
lighting systems.
❖Direct Current (D.C.)
1. Definition:
• D.C. is a type of electrical current that flows in a
constant direction. It is characterized by a constant
voltage.
2. Characteristics:
• Voltage Level: Typically operates at lower voltages
compared to A.C. systems.
• No Transformers: D.C. systems do not use
transformers, which can limit their adaptability in
voltage regulation.
Cont..
• Battery Storage: D.C. is often used in battery
systems, which can provide a reliable power source for
various applications.
3. Applications:
• Control Systems: D.C. is widely used in control
systems and electronics due to its stable voltage.
• Emergency Power: Batteries providing D.C.
power are critical for emergency lighting and
safety systems.
• Thrusters and Winches: D.C. motors are often
used for thrusters, winches, and other machinery
requiring precise control.
❖Comparison and Considerations
• Efficiency: A.C. is generally more efficient for long-
distance power distribution, while D.C. is effective
for short distances and specific applications requiring
stable voltage.
• Complexity: A.C. systems can be more complex due
to the need for transformers and synchronization,
whereas D.C. systems are simpler but may require
more robust components for handling voltage
regulation.
Cont…
• Regulatory Standards: Vessels often have
regulatory standards to adhere to, which may
dictate the use of either A.C. or D.C. systems based
on the ship’s purpose and size.
❖Advantages and disadvantages of A.C and D.C
Cont..
GENERATORS AND MOTORS.
Generators and motors are both
electromechanical devices that convert energy
between electrical and mechanical forms, but they
function in opposite ways.

❖Generator
A generator is a device that converts mechanical energy into electrical
energy.
Components:
• Rotor (Armature): The rotating part that
produces mechanical energy.
• Stator: The stationary part that produces the
magnetic field.
• Commutator (for D.C. generators): Ensures the
current flows in one direction.
Working Principle
❖A generator operates on the principle of
electromagnetic induction, which was discovered by
Michael Faraday. According to this principle, when a
conductor (such as a coil of wire) moves through a
magnetic field, an electric current is induced in the
conductor.
❖In a typical generator, mechanical energy is used to
rotate a coil within a magnetic field. As the coil spins,
the changing magnetic field induces an electric
current in the wire, generating electrical power
❖Types of Generators:
1. A.C. Generator (Alternator):
• Produces alternating current (A.C.).
• The current periodically reverses direction.
• Used for large-scale power generation, like in power plants and ships

2. D.C. Generator:
• Produces direct current (D.C.).
• The current flows in one direction.
• Commonly used in smaller applications, such as batteries or portable
power systems
❖Applications of Generators:
• Power Generation: Generators are used in power plants
to produce electricity from various energy sources such as
steam turbines, water turbines (hydropower), or
combustion engines.
• Marine Operations: Onboard generators supply
electrical power for lighting, navigation systems,
propulsion, and auxiliary systems on ships.
• Backup Power Systems: Standby generators are used in
homes, hospitals, and other critical facilities to provide
backup power during outages.
❖Motor
• A motor is a device that converts electrical energy
into mechanical energy.

Componets
• Rotor (Armature): The part that rotates and
provides mechanical output.
• Stator: The stationary part that provides the
magnetic field.
• Brushes and Commutators (for D.C. motors): These
help maintain a unidirectional current in the rotor.
Working Principle
• A motor operates on the principle that when an
electric current passes through a conductor
placed in a magnetic field, a force is exerted on
the conductor. This is known as Lorentz Force.
• In a motor, electric current is passed through a
coil of wire (rotor) that is placed in a magnetic
field. This causes the rotor to rotate, converting
electrical energy into mechanical rotational
energy.
Types of Motors:
1.A.C. Motor:
1.Powered by alternating current (A.C.).
2.Commonly used in large-scale industrial
applications, such as pumps, compressors, and
marine propulsion.
2.D.C. Motor:
1.Powered by direct current (D.C.).
2.Used in applications requiring precise control,
such as electric vehicles, robotics, and elevators
Applications of Motors:
• Marine Propulsion: Motors are used to power ship
propellers, making them critical for propulsion in
electric and hybrid ships.
• Industrial Machinery: Motors drive mechanical
operations in factories, cranes, conveyors, and other
industrial equipment.
• Household Appliances: Electric motors are found in
fans, refrigerators, washing machines, and other
appliances.
• Electric Vehicles: Motors power electric cars, bicycles,
and other transportation systems.
Comparison
Interrelationship Between Generators and Motors:
• Generators and motors are closely related and can
often be designed to work in reverse of each other. For
example, a D.C. motor can also act as a generator if the
mechanical shaft is driven externally.
• Electric motor-generators are sometimes used in
hybrid systems, like regenerative braking in electric
vehicles, where the motor generates electricity during
braking and uses it for acceleration.
Questions
1. Describe the major characteristics of AC and DC.
2. Compare AC and DC.
3. Describe any three major key components of generator.
4. Describe any three major key components of motor
5. Explain the Advantages and disadvantages of A.C and D.C
6. Compare generator and motor.
7. Explain when the electric motor can be used as generator?

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