CHAPTER 04

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR

AXIAL COMPRESSION
CE323 - PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN

ENGR. CHRISTIAN PIMENTEL

INSTRUCTOR
INTRODUCTION
Structural members subjected to axial compressive loads are often
called by names identifying their functions. Of these, the best-known
are columns, the main vertical compression members in a building
frame. Other common compression members include chords in
trusses and bracing members in frames.

CHAPTER O4

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR AXIAL COMPRESSION

INSTRUCTOR
CE323 - PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN ENGR. CHRISTIAN PIMENTEL
INTRODUCTION
For building columns, W-shape having nominal depths of 350 mm or less are commonly used. These
sections, being rather square in shape, are more e cient than others for carrying compressive loads.
(Deeper sections are more e cient as beams).

Built-up sections are needed in large structures for very heavy loads that cannot be supported by
individual rolled shapes.

For bracing and compression members in light trusses, single-angle members are suitable. However,
equal-leg angles may be more economical than unequal-leg angles because their least radius of
gyration are greater for the same steel area.

For top chord members of bolted or Welded roof trusses, a pair of angles (usually unequal, with long
legs back-to-back) are used with or without gusset plates, chord members for welded roof trusses.
Structural tees may also be used as top.

CHAPTER O4

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR AXIAL COMPRESSION

INSTRUCTOR
CE323 - PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN ENGR. CHRISTIAN PIMENTEL
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BUCKLING
GENERAL BUCKLING LOCAL BUCKLING

CHAPTER O4

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR AXIAL COMPRESSION

INSTRUCTOR
CE323 - PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN ENGR. CHRISTIAN PIMENTEL
NSCP SECTION 505 DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR COMPRESSION
505.1 General Provision
Pn
The design compressive strength, ϕcPn , and the allowable compressive strength, , are
determined as follows: Ω c

The nominal compressive strength, Pn , shall be the lowest value obtained according to the limit
states of Flexural Buckling, Torsional Buckling and Flexural-Torsional Buckling.

1. For doubly symmetric and singly symmetric members the limit state of Flexural Buckling is
applicable.
2. For singly symmetric and unsymmetric members, and certain doubly symmetric members, such
as cruciform or built-up columns, the limit states of Torsional or Flexural-Torsional Buckling are
also applicable.

ϕc = 0.90 (LRFD) Ωc = 1.67 (ASD)

CHAPTER O4

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR AXIAL COMPRESSION

INSTRUCTOR
CE323 - PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN ENGR. CHRISTIAN PIMENTEL
NSCP SECTION 505 DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR COMPRESSION
Y Y Y Y

Y
X X

X X Y
X X X X
Y
X X

Y
X X

Y Y Y Y
Doubly-Symmetric Shapes Singly-Symmetric Shapes Unsymmetric Shapes

CHAPTER O4

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR AXIAL COMPRESSION

INSTRUCTOR
CE323 - PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN ENGR. CHRISTIAN PIMENTEL
NSCP SECTION 505.2 SLENDERNESS LIMITATIONS AND EFFECTIVE LENGTH
KL
The e ective length factor, K , for calculation of column slenderness, , shall be determined in
accordance with Section 503, r

Kx Lx where:
SRx =
rx L = laterally unbraced length of the member, mm
r = governing radius of gyration, mm
KyLy K = the effective length factor, as shown below
SRy =
ry

User Note: For members designed on the basis of compression, the slenderness ratio KL/r
preferably should not exceed 200.
CHAPTER O4

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR AXIAL COMPRESSION

INSTRUCTOR
CE323 - PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN ENGR. CHRISTIAN PIMENTEL
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RADIUS OF GYRATION
The radius of gyration is an imaginary distance from the centroidal axis at which the entire area can
be assumed to exist without a ecting the moment of inertia.
I
r=
A

TRANSFER FORMULA FOR MOMENT OF INERTIA (PARALLEL AXIS THEOREM)

If the moment of inertia with respect to one axis is known, the moment of inertia with respect to
another axis parallel to the rst, can be calculated from the parallel axis theorem also known as
transfer axis theorem.
A
c.g. Xo
2
Ix = Igx + Ad
d

CHAPTER O4

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR AXIAL COMPRESSION

INSTRUCTOR
CE323 - PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN ENGR. CHRISTIAN PIMENTEL
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NSCP SECTION 505.2 SLENDERNESS LIMITATIONS AND EFFECTIVE LENGTH
EFFECTIVE LENGTH
Real columns do not have pin-connected ends. The
restraints placed on a column's ends greatly a ect its
stability. To counter these e ects, an e ective length factor,
K, is used to modify the unbraced length.

The product KL is called the e ective length of the column.

This length approximates the length over which the column
actually buckles and this may be shorter or longer than the
actual unbraced length.

CHAPTER O4

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR AXIAL COMPRESSION

INSTRUCTOR
CE323 - PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN ENGR. CHRISTIAN PIMENTEL
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EULER’S COLUMN BUCKLING THEORY
Column design and analysis are based on the Euler buckling load theory, (Leonard Euler, 1757). His
analysis is based on the di erential equation of the elastic curve. However, speci c factors of safety
and slenderness ratio limitations are applied from purely theoretical concepts.

When a column is loaded to the buckling load or Euler load, a column will fail by sudden buckling or
bending. If the column is hinged at both ends, the Euler critical load is given as:

2
π EI
Pe = 2
L
And the Euler critical stress is:
Pe
Fe =
A
CHAPTER O4

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR AXIAL COMPRESSION

INSTRUCTOR
CE323 - PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN ENGR. CHRISTIAN PIMENTEL
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NSCP SECTION 505.3 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH FOR FLEXURAL BUCKLING OF MEMBERS
WITHOUT SLENDER ELEMENTS
This section applies to compression members with compact and non-compact sections, as de ned
in Section 502.4, for uniformly compressed elements.

The nominal compressive strength, Pn, shall be determined based on the limit state of exural
buckling.

Pn = Fcr Ag (505.3-1)

User Note: When torsional unbraced length is larger than the lateral unbraced length, then Section
505.4 may control the design of wide falnge and similarly shaped columns.
CHAPTER O4

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR AXIAL COMPRESSION

INSTRUCTOR
CE323 - PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN ENGR. CHRISTIAN PIMENTEL

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NSCP SECTION 505.3 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH FOR FLEXURAL BUCKLING OF MEMBERS
WITHOUT SLENDER ELEMENTS
The Flexural Buckling Stress, Fcr, is determined as follows:
KL E KL E
1. when ≤ Cc, where Cc = 4.71 2. when > Cc, where Cc = 4.71
r Fy r Fy

KL E KL E
≤ 4.71 ( or Fe ≥ 0.44Fy ) > 4.71 ( or Fe < 0.44Fy )
r Fy r Fy

Fy
Fcr = [0.658 ]Fy Fe (505.3-2) Fcr = 0.877Fe (505.3-3)

CHAPTER O4

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR AXIAL COMPRESSION

INSTRUCTOR
CE323 - PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN ENGR. CHRISTIAN PIMENTEL
NSCP SECTION 505.3 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH FOR FLEXURAL BUCKLING OF MEMBERS
WITHOUT SLENDER ELEMENTS
Elastic Critical Buckling Stress, Fe, determined according to Eq. 505.3-4, Section 505.4, or the
provisions of Section 503.2, as applicable, MPa.

2
π E
Fe = KL 2
(505.3-4)
( r )

User Note: The two equations for calculating the limits and applicability of Section 505.3, one based
on KL/r and one based on Fe, provide the same result.
CHAPTER O4

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR AXIAL COMPRESSION

INSTRUCTOR
CE323 - PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN ENGR. CHRISTIAN PIMENTEL
INELASTIC AND ELASTIC BUCKLING
Cc = Column slenderness ratio separating elastic and inelastic buckling.
Fcr Short Column
Fy
A thick column subject to failure by
Fcr = [0.658 ]Fy
Fe
crushing rather than by buckling. Failure
occurs when the direct stress from an axial
Elastic Buckling
(Long Columns) load exceeds the compressive strength of
the material available in the cross section.
An eccentric load, however, can produce
Fcr = 0.877Fe bending and result in an uneven stress
Inelastic Buckling
(Short Columns) distribution in the section.
SR
Long Column
E
Cc = 4.71 A slender column subject to failure by
Fy buckling rather than by crushing.
CHAPTER O4

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR AXIAL COMPRESSION

INSTRUCTOR
CE323 - PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN ENGR. CHRISTIAN PIMENTEL
SITUATION NO. 4.1
Two channels are welded at the tip of their anges to form a box column
Properties of one channel section: 77
y

A = 5,690 mm2 tf = 11 mm Ix = 42.87 x 106 mm4 11

d = 254 mm tw = 17 mm Iy = 1.64 x 106 mm4
df = 77 mm x = 16.5 mm
17
The column is 9 m long, xed at both ends and laterally supported at
mid-height of its weak axis. Use Fy = 248 MPa
x
1. Compute the e ective slenderness ratio of the column for

254
buckling about the x-axis.
16.5 60.5 60.5 16.5
2. Compute the e ective slenderness ratio of the column for
buckling about the y-axis.
3. Calculate the critical buckling load (kN) of the column.
4. Calculate the ultimate load P (kN) based on NSCP (2015)
speci cations.
CHAPTER O4

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR AXIAL COMPRESSION

INSTRUCTOR
CE323 - PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN ENGR. CHRISTIAN PIMENTEL
fi
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SITUATION NO. 4.1
1. Compute the e ective slenderness ratio of the column for buckling about the x-axis.
Properties of one channel section: y
77
A = 5,690 mm2 tf = 11 mm Ix = 42.87 x 106 mm4
11
d = 254 mm tw = 17 mm Iy = 1.64 x 106 mm4 Fixed
df = 77 mm x = 16.5 mm
At = 2(5,690) = 11,380 mm2 17

Length, Lx = 9m
6
Ix1 = 2(42.87x10 ) = 85.74x106 mm4

KxLx = 0.5(9)
x

254
Ix1 6
85.74x10 16.5 60.5 60.5 16.5
rx = = = 86.8 mm
At 11,380

Kx Lx 0.5(9000)
SRx = = SRx = 51.84
rx 86.8 Fixed

CHAPTER O4

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR AXIAL COMPRESSION

INSTRUCTOR
CE323 - PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN ENGR. CHRISTIAN PIMENTEL
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SITUATION NO. 4.1
2. Compute the e ective slenderness ratio of the column for buckling about the y-axis.
Properties of one channel section: y
77
A = 5,690 mm2 tf = 11 mm Ix = 42.87 x 106 mm4
11
d = 254 mm tw = 17 mm Iy = 1.64 x 106 mm4 Fixed
df = 77 mm x = 16.5 mm
At = 2(5,690) = 11,380 mm2 17

Ly = 4.5m

KyLy = 0.7(4.5)
Iy1 = [1.64x106 + 5,690(60.5)2](2)

Length, L = 9m
6 x
= 44.934x10 mm4

254
Iy1 6
44.934x10 16.5 60.5 60.5 16.5
ry = = = 62.84 mm
At 11,380
KyLy 0.7(4500)
SRy = = SRy = 50.13
ry 62.84 Fixed

CHAPTER O4

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR AXIAL COMPRESSION

INSTRUCTOR
CE323 - PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN ENGR. CHRISTIAN PIMENTEL
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SITUATION NO. 4.1
3. Calculate the critical buckling load 4. Calculate the Ultimate load P (kN) based on NSCP
(kN) of the column. speci cations.
2 Fy
π EI KL Fcr = [0.658 ]Fy
Fe
Pe = Pe = F e At check: ? Cc
(KL) 2
r Fe = 734.51 MPa
2
π E Kx Lx Kx Lx 248
Fe = = 51.84 = 51.84 Fcr = [(0.658) ](248)
734.51

(KL/r)2 rx rx
Fcr = 215.32 MPa
2
π (200,000) E
= Cc = 4.71 Pn = Fcr Ag
(51.84)2 Fy
200,000 = 215.32(11,380)
Fe = 734.5 MPa = 4.71
248 Pn = 2,450.34 kN
Pe = Fe At Cc = 133.76 Pu = ϕcPn
= 734.5(11,380) KL = 0.90(2,450.34)
< Cc
Pe = 8,358 kN r Pu = 2,205.31 kN
CHAPTER O4

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR AXIAL COMPRESSION

INSTRUCTOR
CE323 - PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN ENGR. CHRISTIAN PIMENTEL
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LOCAL BUCKLING
NSCP SECTION 502.4 MEMBER PROPERTIES
SECTION 502.4.1 Classi cation of Sections for Local Buckling

Sections are classi ed as compact, non-compact, or slender-element sections. For a section to

qualify as compact its anges must be continuously connected to the web or webs and the width-
thickness ratios of its compression elements must not exceed the limiting width-thickness ratios λp
from Tables 502.4.1 and 502.4.2.

If the width-thickness ratio of one or more compression elements exceeds λp, but does not exceed λr
from Tables 502.4.1 and 502.4.2, the section is non-compact.

If the width-thickness ratio of any element exceeds λr the section is referred to as a slender-element
section.

CHAPTER O4

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR AXIAL COMPRESSION

INSTRUCTOR
CE323 - PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN ENGR. CHRISTIAN PIMENTEL
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NSCP SECTION 502.4 MEMBER PROPERTIES
NSCP TABLE 502.4.1 Limiting Width-Thickness Ratios for Compression Elements (Unstiffened Elements)
NSCP TABLE 502.4.2 Limiting Width-Thickness Ratios for Compression Elements (Stiffened Elements)

CHAPTER O4

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR AXIAL COMPRESSION

INSTRUCTOR
CE323 - PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN ENGR. CHRISTIAN PIMENTEL
NSCP SECTION 505.7 MEMBERS WITH SLENDER ELEMENTS
This section applies to compression members with slender sections, as de ned in Section 502.4 for
uniformly compressed elements.
The nominal compressive strength, Pn, shall be determined based on the limit state of exural,
torsional and exural-torsional buckling.

Pn = Fcr Ag (505.7-1)

KL E KL E
a. when ≤ 4.71 b. when > 4.71
r QFy r QFy
( or Fe ≥ 0.44QFy ) ( or Fe < 0.44QFy )
QFy
Fcr = Q[0.658 Fe ]Fy (505.7-2) Fcr = 0.877Fe (505.7-3)

CHAPTER O4

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR AXIAL COMPRESSION

INSTRUCTOR
CE323 - PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN ENGR. CHRISTIAN PIMENTEL
fl
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NSCP SECTION 505.7 MEMBERS WITH SLENDER ELEMENTS
where
Fe = elastic critical buckling stress, calculated using Eqs. 505.3-4 and 505.4-4 for doubly symmetric
members, Eqs. 505.3-4 and 505.4-5 for singly symmetric members, and Eq. 505.4-6 for Eq.
unsymmetric members, except for single angles where Fe is calculated using Eq. 505.3-4.
Q = 1.0 for members with compact and noncompact sections, as defined in Section 502.4, for uniformly
compressed elements
= QsQa for members with slender-element sections, as defined in Section 502.4, for uniformly
compressed elements.
Q = Full reduction factor for slender compression elements
Qa = Reduction factor for slender sti ened compression elements
Qs = Reduction factor for slender unsti ened compression elements
User Note: For cross sections composed of only unstiffened slender elements, Qa = 1 then = Qs. For cross
sections composed of only stiffened slender elements, Qs = 1 then Q = Qa. For cross sections composed of both
stiffened and unstiffened slender elements, Q = QsQa
CHAPTER O4

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR AXIAL COMPRESSION

INSTRUCTOR
CE323 - PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN ENGR. CHRISTIAN PIMENTEL
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NSCP SECTION 505.7 MEMBERS WITH SLENDER ELEMENTS
NSCP Section 505.7.1 Slender Unsti ened Elements, Qs
The reduction factor Qs, for slender unsti ened elements is de ned as follows:
1. For Flanges, Angles, and Plates projecting form rolled columns or other compression members:

b E
a. When ≤ 0.56 Qs = 1.0 (505.7-4)
t Fy

E b E b Fy
b. When 0.56 < < 1.03 Qs = 1.415 − 0.74( ) (505.7-5)
Fy t Fy t E

b E 0.69E
c. When ≥ 1.03 Qs = (505.7-6)
t Fy b 2
Fy( t )
CHAPTER O4

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR AXIAL COMPRESSION

INSTRUCTOR
CE323 - PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN ENGR. CHRISTIAN PIMENTEL
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NSCP SECTION 505.7 MEMBERS WITH SLENDER ELEMENTS
NSCP Section 505.7.1 Slender Unsti ened Elements, Qs
2. For Flanges, Angles, and Plates projecting form built-up columns or other compression members:

b Ekc
a. When ≤ 0.64 Qs = 1.0 (505.7-7)
t Fy

Ekc b Ekc b Fy
b. When 0.64 < ≤ 1.17 Qs = 1.415 − 0.65( ) (505.7-8)
Fy t Fy t Ekc
b Ekc 0.90Ekc
c. When > 1.17 Qs = (505.7-9)
t Fy b 2
Fy( t )
4
where: kc = and shall not be taken less than 0.35 nor greater than 0.76 for calculation purposes
h/tw
CHAPTER O4

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR AXIAL COMPRESSION

INSTRUCTOR
CE323 - PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN ENGR. CHRISTIAN PIMENTEL
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NSCP SECTION 505.7 MEMBERS WITH SLENDER ELEMENTS
NSCP Section 505.7.1 Slender Unsti ened Elements, Qs
3. For Single Angles

b E
a. When ≤ 0.45 Qs = 1.0 (505.7-10)
t Fy

E b E b Fy
b. When 0.45 < ≤ 0.91 Qs = 1.34 − 0.76( ) (505.7-11)
Fy t Fy t E

b E 0.53E
c. When > 0.91 Qs = (505.7-12)
t Fy b 2
Fy( t )

where: b = full width of longest angle leg, mm

CHAPTER O4

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR AXIAL COMPRESSION

INSTRUCTOR
CE323 - PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN ENGR. CHRISTIAN PIMENTEL
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NSCP SECTION 505.7 MEMBERS WITH SLENDER ELEMENTS
NSCP Section 505.7.1 Slender Unsti ened Elements, Qs
4. For Stems of Tees
d E
a. When ≤ 0.75 Qs = 1.0 (505.7-13)
t Fy

E d E d Fy
b. When 0.75 < ≤ 1.03 Qs = 1.908 − 1.22( ) (505.7-14)
Fy t Fy t E
d E 0.69E
c. When ≤ 1.03 Qs = (505.7-15)
t Fy d 2
Fy( t )
where:
b = width of unsti ened compression element, as de ned in Section 502.4, mm
d = the full nominal depth of tee, mm
t = thickness of element, mm
CHAPTER O4

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR AXIAL COMPRESSION

INSTRUCTOR
CE323 - PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN ENGR. CHRISTIAN PIMENTEL
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 NSCP SECTION 505.7 MEMBERS WITH SLENDER ELEMENTS
NSCP Section 505.7.2 Slender Sti ened Elements, Qa
The reduction factor Qa, for slender The reduced e ective width, be, is determined as
Sti ened elements is de ned as follows: follows:

Aeff 1. For uniformly compressed slender elements, with

Qa = (505.7-16) b E
A ≥ 1.49 ,
t f
where except anges of square and rectangular sections
A = total cross-sectional area of of uniform thickness:
member, mm2 E 0.34 E
Aeff = summation of the effective areas be = 1.92t [1 − ] ≤ b (505.7-17)
f (b/t) f
of the cross section based on the
reduced effective width, be, mm2 where: f taken as Fcr with Fcr calculated on Q = 1.0
CHAPTER O4

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR AXIAL COMPRESSION

INSTRUCTOR
CE323 - PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN ENGR. CHRISTIAN PIMENTEL
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NSCP SECTION 505.7 MEMBERS WITH SLENDER ELEMENTS
NSCP Section 505.7.2 Slender Sti ened Elements, Qa
2. For anges of square and rectangular slender-element 3. For axially-loaded circular sections:
sections of uniform thickness with
E D E
When 0.11 < < 0.45
b E Fy t Fy
≥ 1.40
t f 0.038E 2
Q = Qa = + (505.7-19)
Fy(D/t) 3
E 0.38 E
be = 1.92t [1 − ] ≤ b (505.7-18) where:
f (b/t) f D = outside diameter, mm
t = wall thickness, mm
where: f = Pn / Aeff
User Note: In lieu of calculating f = Pn / Aeff which requires iteration, f may be taken equal to Fy. This
will result in a slightly conservative estimate of column capacity.
CHAPTER O4

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR AXIAL COMPRESSION

INSTRUCTOR
CE323 - PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN ENGR. CHRISTIAN PIMENTEL
fl
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SITUATION NO. 4.2
Determine the nominal compressive strength of Y k1
tf
W 360 x 44 of A992 steel column having length
of 4 m and is xed at both ends, (Fy = 345 MPa) k

Properties of W 360 x 44

A = 5,710 mm2 kdes = 19.9 mm

d X X T
d = 351 mm k1 = 19.1 mm

bf = 171 mm rx = 146 mm tw

tf = 9.78 mm ry = 37.8 mm
k
tw = 6.86 mm Y
bf
CHAPTER O4

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR AXIAL COMPRESSION

INSTRUCTOR
CE323 - PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN ENGR. CHRISTIAN PIMENTEL
fi
SITUATION NO. 4.2
Determine the nominal compressive strength of SOLUTION:
W360x44 of A992 steel column having length Check Limiting Width-Thickness ratios:
of 4m and is xed at both ends, (Fy = 345 MPa)
For Flange:
Properties of W 360 x 44 Y Refer to NSCP TABLE 502.4.1 Limiting Width-
tf k1
A = 5,710 mm2 Thickness Ratios for Compression Elements
k
d = 351 mm
(Unsti ened Elements) Case No. 3
bf = 171 mm E 200,000
λrf = 0.56 = 0.56 = 13.48
tf = 9.78 mm
d X X T Fy 345
tw = 6.86 mm
kdes = 19.9 mm
Width-Thickness ratios of W 360 x 44:
tw
bf 171
k1 = 19.1 mm
λf = = = 8.74
rx = 146 mm k 2tf 2(9.78)
Y
ry = 37.8 mm
bf λf < λrf The ange is a not slender element
CHAPTER O4

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR AXIAL COMPRESSION

INSTRUCTOR
CE323 - PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN ENGR. CHRISTIAN PIMENTEL
fl
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SITUATION NO. 4.2
Determine the nominal compressive strength of SOLUTION:
W360x44 of A992 steel column having length Check Limiting Width-Thickness ratios:
of 4m and is xed at both ends, (Fy = 345 MPa)
For Web:
Properties of W 360 x 44 Y Refer to NSCP TABLE 502.4.2 Limiting Width-
tf k1
A = 5,710 mm2 Thickness Ratios for Compression Elements
k
d = 351 mm
(Sti ened Elements) Case No. 10
bf = 171 mm E 200,000
λrw = 1.49 = 1.49 = 35.87
tf = 9.78 mm
d X X T Fy 345
tw = 6.86 mm
kdes = 19.9 mm
Width-Thickness ratios of W 360 x 44:
tw
h 351 − 2(19.9)
k1 = 19.1 mm λw = = = 45.36
rx = 146 mm k tw 6.86
Y
ry = 37.8 mm
bf λw < λrw The web is a slender element.
CHAPTER O4

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR AXIAL COMPRESSION

INSTRUCTOR
CE323 - PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN ENGR. CHRISTIAN PIMENTEL
ff
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SITUATION NO. 4.2
SOLUTION:
Calculate the reduction factor, Qs for slender Calculate the reduction factor, Qa for slender
element. element.
Aeff
b bf 171 Qa =
= = = 8.74 A
t 2tf 2(9.78)
E 200,000 Calculate the e ective width be:
0.56 = 0.56 = 13.48
Fy 345
E 0.34 E
be = 1.92t [1 − ]≤b
b E f (b/t) f
[ = 8.74] < [0.56 = 13.48]
t Fy
Qs = 1.0 f = Fcr calculated based on Q = 1.0
CHAPTER O4

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR AXIAL COMPRESSION

INSTRUCTOR
CE323 - PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN ENGR. CHRISTIAN PIMENTEL
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SITUATION NO. 4.2
SOLUTION:
f = Fcr calculated based on Q = 1.0 2 2
π E π (200,000)
Fe = KL =
K = 0.65 (Recommended Design K for Fixed-Fixed) ( r ) 2 (68.78)2

KL 0.65(4000) Fe = 417.26 MPa

= = 68.78
r 37.8
345

E 200,000 Fcr = [0.658 417.26 ](345)

Cc = 4.71 = 4.71 = 113.4
Fy 345 Fcr = 244.08 MPa

KL Fy
f = 244.08 MPa
[ = 68.78] < [Cc = 113.4] Fcr = [0.658 ]Fy
Fe
r
CHAPTER O4

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR AXIAL COMPRESSION

INSTRUCTOR
CE323 - PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN ENGR. CHRISTIAN PIMENTEL
SITUATION NO. 4.2
Y k1
SOLUTION: tf
Calculate the e ective width be: k
E 0.34 E
be = 1.92t [1 − ]≤b
f (b/t) f
200,000 0.34 200,000 d X X b
= 1.92(6.86) [1 − ]
244.08 (45.36) 244.08
tw
be = 296.13 mm
b = h = d − 2(kdes)
k
check: be ≤ b = 351 − 2(19.9) be < b
Y
b = 311.2 mm be = 296.13 mm bf
CHAPTER O4

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR AXIAL COMPRESSION

INSTRUCTOR
CE323 - PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN ENGR. CHRISTIAN PIMENTEL
ff
SITUATION NO. 4.2
SOLUTION: Y k1
tf
Aeff = Ag − htw + betw k

Ag = 5,710 mm2 tw = 6.86 mm

h = 311.2 mm be = 296.13 mm
d X X b
Aeff = 5,710 − 311.2(6.86) + 296.13(6.86)
Aeff = 5,606.62 mm2 tw

Calculate the reduction factor, Qa for slender element. k

Aeff
5,606.62
Qa = = = 0.982 Y
A 5,710 bf
CHAPTER O4

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR AXIAL COMPRESSION

INSTRUCTOR
CE323 - PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN ENGR. CHRISTIAN PIMENTEL
SITUATION NO. 4.2
SOLUTION:
KL E 200,000
Calculate the reduction factor, Q = 68.78 Cc = 4.71 = 4.71 = 114.44
r QFy 0.982(345)
Q = QsQa
= 1.0(0.982) KL QFy
< CC Fcr = Q[0.658 Fe ]Fy
Q = 0.982 r
0.982(345)
= 0.982[0.658 417.26 ](345)
Finally, calculate the nominal
strength: Fcr = 241.18 MPa
Pn = Fcr Ag
Pn = Fcr Ag = 241.18(5,710)
KL
check: ? CC Pn = 1,377,137.8 N Pn = 1,377.14 kN
r
CHAPTER O4

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR AXIAL COMPRESSION

INSTRUCTOR
CE323 - PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN ENGR. CHRISTIAN PIMENTEL
SITUATION NO. 4.2
SOLUTION:

LRFD, Design Compressive Strength ASD, Allowable Compressive Strength

Pu = ϕcPn Pn
Pa =
Ωc
ϕc = 0.90 (LRFD)
Ωc = 1.67 (ASD)
Pu = 0.90(1,377.14)
1,377.14
Pu = 1,239.43 kN Pa =
1.67
Pa = 824.63 kN

CHAPTER O4

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR AXIAL COMPRESSION

INSTRUCTOR
CE323 - PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN ENGR. CHRISTIAN PIMENTEL
 END OF PRESENTATION

CHAPTER O4

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR AXIAL COMPRESSION

INSTRUCTOR
CE323 - PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN ENGR. CHRISTIAN PIMENTEL
ACTIVITY NO. 4.1
The Wide Flange section for a 5 m long column (hinged at both ends) has the following properties:

Cross-sectional area, A = 8,000 mm2

Radius of Gyration, rx = 100 mm
Radius of Gyration, ry = 50 mm
Modulus of Elasticity, E = 200,000 MPa

Determine the Euler critical load of the column.

CHAPTER O4

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR AXIAL COMPRESSION

INSTRUCTOR
CE323 - PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN ENGR. CHRISTIAN PIMENTEL
ACTIVITY NO. 4.2
Determine the nominal compressive strength of bf
HP 410 x 131 A992 steel column having length
kdes
of 10m and is xed at the bottom and pinned at
the top, (Fy = 345 MPa) tf

Properties of HP 410x131

A = 16,600 mm2 kdes = 43.7 mm tw

d = 389 mm k1 = 36.9 mm d
bf = 399 mm rx = 167 mm

tf = 13.7 mm ry = 93.5 mm

tw = 13.7 mm

CHAPTER O4

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR AXIAL COMPRESSION

INSTRUCTOR
CE323 - PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN ENGR. CHRISTIAN PIMENTEL
fi