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Lecture6 Handout

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Aditya EM-08
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Lecture 6 - EE 359: Wireless Communications - Winter 2020

Rician and Nakagami Fading. Wideband Fading.


Doppler and Delay Spread.
Lecture Outline

• Rician Fading

• Nakagami Fading

• Wideband Channel Models

• Scattering Function

• Multipath Intensity Profile, Delay Spread, and Coherence Bandwidth

• Doppler Power Spectrum, Doppler Spread, and Coherence Time

1. Rician Fading:

• A LOS component leads to a received signal with non-zero mean. The Rician distri-
bution models signal envelope in this case,
h with iK factor
  dictating the relative power
z −(z2 +s2 )
of the LOS component: pZ (z) = σ2 exp 2σ2
I0 σzs2 , z ≥ 0.
R∞
• The average received power in the Rician fading is Pr = 0 z 2 pZ (z)dz = s2 + 2σ 2 .
• The Rician distribution is often described in terms of a fading parameter K, defined by 
q
(K+1)z2
h i
s2 2z(K+1) K(K+1)z
K= 2σ2
. The distribution in terms of K is: pZ (z) = Pr exp −K − Pr I0 2 Pr .

2. Nakagami Fading Distribution

• Experimental results support a Nakagami distribution for the signal envelope for some
environments. Nakagami is similar to Rician, but can model “worse than Rayleigh.”
• Model generally leads to closed-form expressions in BER and diversity analysis.
h i
2mm z2m−1 −mz2
• Distribution is pZ (z) = Γ(m)Prm exp Pr , m ≥ .5. By change of variables, power
m xm−1
distribution is pZ 2 (x) = m
P Γ(m) .

3. Wideband Channel Models

• In wideband multipath channels the individual multipath components can be resolved


by the receiver. True if Tm > 1/B.
• If the components can be resolved then they can be combined for diversity gain (e.g.
using an equalizer).

4. Channel Scattering Function:

• Typically time-varying channel impulse response c(τ, t) is unknown, so its wideband


model must be characterized statistically.
• Since under our random model with a large number of scatterers, c(τ, t) is Gaussian.
We assume it is WSS, so we only need to characterize its mean and correlation, which
is independent of time. Similar to narrowband model, for φn uniformly distributed,
c(τ, t) has mean zero.
• Autocorrelation of c(τ, t) is Ac (τ1 , τ2 ; ∆t) = Ac (τ1 , τ2 ; ∆t)δ(τ1 − τ2 ) = Ac (τ ; ∆t) since
we assume channel response associated with different scatterers is uncorrelated.
• Statistical scattering function defined as S(τ, ρ) = F∆t [Ac (τ, ∆t)]. This function mea-
sures the average channel gain as a function of both delay τ and Doppler ρ.
• S(τ, ρ) easy to measure empirically and is used to get average delay spread TM , rms
delay spread στ , and Doppler spread Bd for empirical channel measurements.

5. Multipath Intensity Profile and Delay Spread


4
• Multipath intensity profile (delay power spectrum) defined as Ac (τ ; ∆t = 0) = Ac (τ ),
i.e. the autocorrelation relative to delay τ at a fixed time.
• The average delay µTm and rms delay spread σTm are defined relative to Ac (τ ). These
parameters approximate the maximum delay of nontrivial multipath components.

6. Coherence Bandwidth

• The coherence bandwidth is defined relative to the Fourier transform of Ac (τ ), given


by AC (∆f ) = F [Ac (τ )]. Note that AC (∆f ) = AC (∆f, ∆t = 0).
• Since AC (∆f ) is the autocorrelation of a Gaussian process, multipath components
separated by ∆f0 are independent if AC (∆f0 ) ≈ 0.
• By the Fourier transform relationship, the bandwidth over which AC (∆f ) is nonzero
is roughly Bc ≈ 1/σTm or Bc ≈ 1/σTm (can also add constants to these denominators).
• Bc defines the coherance bandwidth of the channel, i.e. the bandwidth over which
fading is correlated.
• A signal experiences frequency selective fading or ISI if its bandwidth exceeds the
coherence bandwidth of the channel.

7. Doppler Power Spectrum, Doppler Spread, and Coherence Time:

• Doppler power spectrum is defined with respect to Ac (∆f ; ∆t) = Fτ [Ac (τ, ∆t)].
4
• Specifically, the Doppler power spectrum is Sc (ρ) = F∆t [Ac (∆f = 0, ∆t) = Ac (∆t)],
which measures channel intensity as a function of Doppler frequency.
• The maximum value of ρ for which |Sc (ρ)| > 0 is called the channel Doppler spread,
which is denoted by Bd .
• By the Fourier transform relationship, Ac (∆t) ≈ 0 for ∆t > 1/Bd . Thus, the channel
becomes uncorrelated over a time of 1/Bd seconds.
• We define the channel coherance time as Tc = 1/Bd . A deep fade lasts approximately Tc
seconds. Hence, if the coherence time greatly exceeds a bit time, the signal experiences
error bursts lasting Tc seconds.
Main Points

• The signal envelope under narrowband fading with uniform AOA is Rayleigh. Other com-
mon distribution are Ricean (when a LOS component exists) and Nakagami.

• Wideband models characterized by scattering function, which measures average channel


gain relative to delay and Doppler.

• Scattering function used to obtain key channel characteristics of rms delay spread and
Doppler spread, which are important for system design.

• Multipath delay spread defines the maximum delay of significant multipath components. Its
inverse is the channel coherence bandwidth. Signals separated in frequency by the coherence
bandwidth have independent fading.

• Doppler spread defines the channel’s maximum nonzero Doppler. Its inverse is the channel
coherence time. Signals separated in time by the coherence time have independent fading.

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