MODULE II - LINE AND MULTIPLE INTEGRALS -

CONTINUED

STRUCTURE

2.0 Learning Objectives

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Evaluation of Double Integrals by Change of Variables

2.3 Computation of Plane and Surface areas

2.4Volume underneath Surface and Volume of Revolution using Double Integrals

2.5 Triple Integral

2.5.1 Definition of Triple Integral

2.5.2Properties of Triple Integral

2.5.3Volume of a Region in Space

2.6 Evaluation of Triple Integral

2.6.1 Finding Limits of Integration

2.7 Examples

2.8 Summary

2.9 Keywords

2.10 Learning Activity

2.11 Unit End Questions

2.12 References

2.0 LEARNING OBJECTIVES

After studying this unit, student will be able to:

 Compute surface areas using integrals

 Compute volume of revolution using double integrals

  Evaluate triple integrals

 Evaluate volumes using triple integrals

2.1 INTRODUCTION

As discussed in the earlier unit, integration, in general is a wayof uniting the part to find a
whole.Integral is the representation of the area of a region under a curve.A line integral is
integral in which the function to be integrated is determined along a curve in the coordinate
system.

The double integral ∫ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥must be defined when single integrals are difficult or
impossible, and evaluated somehow using some computation method and hence we bother
with sums and limits in the first place. The true applications are mostly to other things, but
the central idea is always the same: Add up small pieces and take limits. We begin with the
area of R and the volume of by double integrals.

Extending this to next dimension, triple integrals can be viewed as the limit of sum of the
product of function times the volume of the rectangular solids. It is equivalent to double
integrals in a way that instead of cutting up region into rectangles, here we cut up solid into
rectangular solids and multiply volume of solid with function value.

This chapter focuses on computation of surface area using double integrals. We also extend
the concept of integration over 3- dimensional system, and try to compute volume of region
in space using triple integrals.

2.2 EVALUATION OF DOUBLE INTEGRALS BY CHANGE OF

VARIABLES

In the previous unit, we approximated double integral as sum of limits :

𝑛 𝑚

∬ 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝐴 = lim ∑ ∑ 𝑓(𝑥𝑖∗ , 𝑦𝑗∗ )Δ𝑥𝑖 Δ𝑦𝑗

𝑅 max Δxi →0,Δ𝑦𝑗 →0
𝑖=1 𝑗=1

Sometimes, it is often advantageous when we try to evaluate the double integrals in

coordinate systems other than the cartesian coordinate system, by transforming the cartesian
variables 𝑥, 𝑦 to any other variables 𝑢, 𝑣. May be due to the complexity of the integrand we
might often see that transformation of variables can make things simple for integration.
The formula to evaluate double integrals by change of variables is given as:

𝜕(𝑥, 𝑦)
∬ 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∬ 𝑓(𝑥(𝑢, 𝑣), 𝑦(𝑢, 𝑣)) | | 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑅 𝑆 𝜕(𝑢, 𝑣)

Where

𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕(𝑥, 𝑦)
| | = |𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 | ≠ 0
(
𝜕 𝑢, 𝑣 ) 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣

The above expression is known as Jacobian of the transformation (𝑥, 𝑦) → (𝑢, 𝑣) and |. |
corresponds to absolute value of the determinant of the Jacobian. Region 𝑆 is known as
pullback of 𝑅, which can be obtained by substituting 𝑥 = 𝑥(𝑢, 𝑣); 𝑦 = 𝑦(𝑢, 𝑣) in the
definition of 𝑅.

Thus evaluation of double integrals using change of variables involves three steps:

1. Find the region 𝑆 in the new coordinate system 𝑢, 𝑣 for the initial region 𝑅 in the
coordinate system 𝑥, 𝑦

2. Calculate the Jacobian of the transformation (𝑥, 𝑦) → (𝑢, 𝑣) and substitute the
𝜕(𝑥,𝑦)
differentials in new coordinate system :𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = |𝜕(𝑢,𝑣)| 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 . Ensure that the

determinant is not equal to 0

3. Replace the old coordinate system in the integrand by substituting the corresponding
transformations, 𝑥 = 𝑥(𝑢, 𝑣) and 𝑦 = 𝑦(𝑢, 𝑣).

2.3 COMPUTATION OF PLANE AND SURFACE AREAS

Consider the surface𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) over a region 𝑅 in the 𝑥𝑦-plane. We can find this area using
the same basic technique we have used over and over: we'll make an approximation, then
using limits, we'll refine the approximation to the exact value.

In the similar way we approached to find volume under a surface using double integral, we
divide 𝑅 into rectangles each of dimensions Δ𝑥𝑖 , Δ𝑦𝑖 , along with its corresponding region on
the surface. When dimensions of the rectangle are pretty small, the function is approximated
by the tangent plane at any point (𝑥𝑖 , 𝑦𝑖 ) in the subregion, i.e. small rectangle. Therefore, we
can approximate the corresponding surface area 𝑆𝑖 of this region, with the area 𝑇𝑖 of the
corresponding portion of area on tangent plane.

This portion on tangent plane is represented as a parallelogram with sides 𝑢

⃗ , 𝑣 . The area of
⃗ × 𝑣 ||. It is also important to notice that 𝑢
this parallelogram is given by ||𝑢 ⃗ is tangent to
surface in the direction of x, and 𝑣 is tangent to surface in the direction of y, thus we can
write them as:

⃗ = Δ𝑥𝑖 (1,0, 𝑓𝑥 (𝑥𝑖 , 𝑦𝑖 )) ; 𝑣 = Δ𝑦𝑖 (0,1, 𝑓𝑦 (𝑥𝑖 , 𝑦𝑖 ))

𝑢

Thus we have the infinitesimal area,

 𝑆𝑖 ≈ 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑖
⃗ × 𝑣 ||
= ||𝑢

= ||Δ𝑥𝑖 (1,0, 𝑓𝑥 (𝑥𝑖 , 𝑦𝑖 )) × Δ𝑦𝑖 (0,1, 𝑓𝑦 (𝑥𝑖 , 𝑦𝑖 ))||

= √1 + 𝑓𝑥 (𝑥𝑖 , 𝑦𝑖 )2 + 𝑓𝑦 (𝑥𝑖 , 𝑦𝑖 )2 Δ𝑥𝑖 Δ𝑦𝑖

Thus the surface area can be expressed as sum of infinitesimal areas:

𝑛
𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑅 = Σ𝑖=1 √1 + 𝑓𝑥 (𝑥𝑖 , 𝑦𝑖 )2 + 𝑓𝑦 (𝑥𝑖 , 𝑦𝑖 )2 Δ𝐴𝑖

𝑆 = ∬ 𝑑𝑆 = ∬ √1 + 𝑓𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦)2 + 𝑓𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦)2 𝑑𝐴

𝑅 𝑅

The definition makes stronger requirements than necessary in part to avoid the use of
improper integration, as when 𝑓𝑥 and/or 𝑓𝑦 are not continuous, the resulting improper
integralmay not converge. Such cases have to be taken care of.

2.4 VOLUME UNDERNEATH SURFACE AND VOLUME OF

REVOLUTION USING DOUBLE INTEGRALS

Volume UnderneathSurface

As mentioned earlier, double integrals, by definition provide can be interpreted as the volume
under the surface 𝑧 = 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) over the region D. The signed volume under 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) over D is
given as:
𝑛

𝑉 = ∬ 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝐴 = lim ∑ 𝑓 (𝑥𝑖 , 𝑦𝑖 )Δ𝐴𝑖

𝐷 ||𝛥𝐴||→0
𝑖=1

where the domain is partitioned into ismall regions.

This statement says that we can find exact signed volume using limit of sums. The partition
of the region R is not specific, but any partitioning where the diagonal of each rectangle is
brought close to zero results in the same answer. So we try to write the cross-sectional area
𝑔 (𝑥)
𝐴(𝑥) as definite integral [∫𝑔 2(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦]
1
The term in the square brackets accounts for the cross sectional area of the solid formed
under the surface and multiplying it with 𝑑𝑥(height) and integrating, gives us the volume, i.e.
𝑏 𝑏 𝑔2 (𝑥)
𝑉 = ∫ 𝐴(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = ∫ [∫ 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦] 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎 𝑔1 (𝑥)

This gives pretty direct and concrete method for finding signed volume under a surface. We
can also use same procedure where we consider cross-sectional area 𝐴(𝑦) given by
ℎ (𝑦)
[∫ℎ 2(𝑦) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 ] and thus the volume is given as:
1

𝑑 𝑑 ℎ2 (𝑦)
𝑉 = ∫ 𝐴(𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = ∫ [∫ 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 ] 𝑑𝑦
𝑐 𝑐 ℎ1 (𝑦)

Volume of Revolution

Suppose that region R lies above x-axis, then the volume of the solid of revolution is given as
∬𝑅 2𝜋𝑦𝑑𝐴. This can be expressed in two ways depending on which variable we try to
integrate first.
𝑏 𝑔2 (𝑥)
∬ 2𝜋𝑦𝑑𝐴 = ∫ [∫ 2𝜋𝑦𝑑𝑦] 𝑑𝑥
𝑅 𝑎 𝑔1 (𝑥)
𝑏
𝑔 (𝑥)
= ∫ 𝜋𝑦 2 |𝑔12(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
𝑏
= ∫ 𝜋(𝑔2 (𝑥 )2 − 𝑔1 (𝑥 )2 )𝑑𝑥
𝑎

On the other hand if we integrate wrt x first,

𝑑 ℎ2 (𝑦)
∬ 2𝜋𝑦𝑑𝐴 = ∫ [∫ 2𝜋𝑦𝑑𝑥 ] 𝑑𝑦
𝑅 𝑐 ℎ1(𝑦)
𝑑
= ∫ 2𝜋𝑦 (ℎ2 (𝑦) − ℎ1 (𝑦)) 𝑑𝑦
𝑐

Similarly, if we have region R lying to the right of y-axis, and we rotate around the y-axis,
then the volume of the solid of revolution will be given by ∬𝑅 2𝜋𝑥𝑑𝐴 which can again be
expressed as two ways:
𝑑 ℎ2 (𝑦)
∬ 2𝜋𝑥𝑑𝐴 = ∫ [∫ 2𝜋𝑥𝑑𝑥 ] 𝑑𝑦
𝑅 𝑐 ℎ1(𝑦)
 𝑑
= ∫ 𝜋(ℎ2 (𝑦)2 − ℎ1 (𝑦)2 ) 𝑑𝑦
𝑐

On the other hand, when integrated with respect to y first,

𝑏 𝑔2 (𝑥)
∬ 2𝜋𝑥𝑑𝐴 = ∫ [∫ 2𝜋𝑥𝑑𝑦] 𝑑𝑥
𝑅 𝑎 𝑔1 (𝑥)
𝑏
= ∫ 2𝜋𝑥 (𝑔2 (𝑥 ) − 𝑔1 (𝑥))𝑑𝑥
𝑎

2.5 TRIPLE INTEGRAL

In the earlier sections it was seen that evaluation of double integral involves cutting up 2-D
region into tiny rectangles and multiplying the functional values there and adding up the
areas, while the dimension of small rectangle is considered to be very small, i.e. approaching
zero. This idea can be extended to next dimension, where in place of plane we shall consider
a solid in xyz-space, and instead of cutting up into rectangles, we cut it up into rectangular
solids of infinitesimally small dimensions. Here we multiply the functional value with
volume of those small solids and add up to evaluate triple integrals.

2.5.1 Definition of Triple Integral

Triple integral can be defined as the limit of the sum of the product of the function times the
volume of the rectangular solids.

Let 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) be a continuous function of three variables defined over a solid Q. Then the
triple integral over Q is defined as

∭ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = lim 𝛴𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) Δ𝑥Δ𝑦Δ𝑧

𝑄

Where limit applies to the dimensions of the rectangular solids, and sum is to add up the
volumes of those rectangular solids.
We start from simplest case where region of integration is a rectangular box given by [𝑎, 𝑏] ×
[𝑐, 𝑑 ] × [𝑝. 𝑞]. When we partition the dimensions such that to form infinitesimally small
rectangular solids, we have:

𝑎 = 𝑥0 < 𝑥1 < 𝑥2 < ⋯ < 𝑥𝑚−1 < 𝑥𝑚 = 𝑏

𝑐 = 𝑦0 < 𝑦1 < 𝑦2 < ⋯ < 𝑦𝑛−1 < 𝑦𝑛 = 𝑑
𝑝 = 𝑧0 < 𝑧1 < 𝑧2 < ⋯ < 𝑧𝑙−1 < 𝑧𝑙 = 𝑞

The triple integral of a function 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) in the parallelopiped [𝑎, 𝑏] × [𝑐, 𝑑 ] × [𝑝, 𝑞] is
defined as a limit of Reimann sum, such that the maximum values of Δ𝑥𝑖 , Δ𝑦𝑗 , Δ𝑧𝑘 approach
zero:
𝑚 𝑛 𝑙

∭ 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑉 = lim ∑ ∑ ∑ 𝑓(𝑥𝑖 , 𝑦𝑗 , 𝑧𝑘 )Δ𝑥𝑖 Δ𝑦𝑗 Δ𝑧𝑘

max Δ𝑥𝑖 →0
[𝑎,𝑏]×[𝑐,𝑑]×[𝑝.𝑞]
max Δ𝑦𝑗 →0 𝑖=1 𝑗=1 𝑘=1
max Δ𝑧𝑘 →0

To define triple integral over general region R, we choose region such that [𝑎, 𝑏] × [𝑐, 𝑑 ] ×
[𝑝, 𝑞] contains Rand define another function 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) such that

𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧), 𝑖𝑓 𝑓 ∈ 𝑅
𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = {
0 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒

Thus, the triple integral over general region can be now written as:
 ∭ 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑉 = ∭ 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑉
𝑅 [𝑎,𝑏]×[𝑐,𝑑]×[𝑝.𝑞]

But to directly compute triple integral we might need extension of Fubini’s theorem for triple
integrals.

When 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) is a continuous function defined over solid Q defined by

𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏 ; ℎ1 (𝑥 ) ≤ 𝑦 ≤ ℎ2 (𝑥 ); 𝑔1 (𝑥, 𝑦) ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 𝑔2 (𝑥, 𝑦)

Then, theorem to evaluate the triple integral can be given as:

𝑏 ℎ2 (𝑥) 𝑔2 (𝑥,𝑦)
∭ 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑉 = ∫ ∫ ∫ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑄 𝑎 ℎ1(𝑥) 𝑔1 (𝑥,𝑦)

The order of integration can be changed by taking care of the limits of integration, similar to
the case of double integrals. We need to take care that these rules are to be perfectly taken
care of, when we are trying to change order:

1. The outer limits of the integration have to be constants and cannot depend on any of
the three variables

2. The middle limits can depend on variable from the outer integral only. They cannot
depend on the variable from inner integral.

3. The inner limits can depend on the variable from the outer integral and the variable
from the middle integral.

2.5.2 Properties of Triple Integrals

Consider to functions 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧), 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) integrable in the region R. Then a few properties
of triple integrals can be defined as:

∭ 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) + 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑉 = ∭ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑉 + ∭ 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑉

𝑅 𝑅 𝑅

4. ∭𝑅 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) − 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑉 = ∭𝑅 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑉 − ∭𝑅 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑉

5. ∭𝑅 𝑘𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑉 = 𝑘 ∭𝑅 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑉 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑘 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

6. 𝐼𝑓 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) ≤ 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑅, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛

∭ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑉 ≤ ∭ 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑉

𝑅 𝑅
 7. If Rcan be expressed as union of two nonoverlapping regions, 𝑅1 , 𝑅2 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛

∭ 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑉 = ∭ 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑉 + ∭ 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑉

𝑅 𝑅1 𝑅2

8. If minimum and maximum of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) in Rare given by mand M, then we have:

𝑚. 𝑉 ≤ ∭ 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑉 ≤ 𝑀. 𝑉
𝑅

2.5.3 Volume of Region in Space

When 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) is a continuous function defined over solid Q defined by

𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏 ; ℎ1 (𝑥 ) ≤ 𝑦 ≤ ℎ2 (𝑥 ); 𝑔1 (𝑥, 𝑦) ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 𝑔2 (𝑥, 𝑦)

Where ℎ1 (𝑥 ), ℎ2 (𝑥) are continuous functions of x, and 𝑔1 (𝑥, 𝑦), 𝑔2 (𝑥, 𝑦) are continuous
functions in x,y. The volume Vof Qis defined by:

𝑉 = ∭ 𝑑𝑉
𝑄

According to the theorem stated in previous sections, volume can be expressed as:
𝑏 ℎ2 (𝑥) 𝑔2 (𝑥,𝑦)
∭ 𝑑𝑉 = ∫ ∫ ∫ 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑄 𝑎 ℎ1 (𝑥) 𝑔1 (𝑥,𝑦)

Informally, ∭𝑄 𝑑𝑉 is sum of lots of infinitesimally small volumes, which sum up to Q.

2.6 EVALUATION OF TRIPLE INTEGRAL

As discussed in earlier section, double integrals can be evaluated using the theorem stated in
previous sections. But it is important that we pay attention to the limits of integration and
corresponding differential. The trickiest part in evaluating triple integrals is finding the
bounds of integration.

Fortunately, there are some methods devised to reduce triple integral into a double integral
combined with single integral. One of such method is called shadow method, where we
imagine there is a light source positioned far away along one of the coordinate axis. As the
light source is shining on three-dimensional region of our integral, it is casting shadow on a
plane perpendicular to the axis. This shadow will be a two dimensional region and we
transform the triple integral over Rto double integral over shadow. Inside the double integral,
still the integral of the third variable, i.e vertical axis is to be included. The triple integral now
takes up the form:
𝑡𝑜𝑝(𝑥,𝑦)
∭ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑉 = ∬ (∫ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝑑𝑧) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑅 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑤 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚(𝑥,𝑦)

But we can have the light source along any of the other two axes also. Thus the triple integral
can also be expressed in any of the following forms:
𝑡𝑜𝑝(𝑦,𝑧)
∭ 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑉 = ∬ (∫ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝑑𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝑅 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑤 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚(𝑦,𝑧)

𝑡𝑜𝑝(𝑥,𝑧)
∭ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑉 = ∬ (∫ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝑑𝑦) 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥
𝑅 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑤 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚(𝑥,𝑧)

This method is better illustrated considering an example.

Let R be a 3-D region bounded by planes 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 1, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 𝑦, as well as the angled

planes 𝑧 = 2 + 𝑥 − 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝑥 − 𝑦 Let 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥𝑦. Compute the integral of 𝑓 over R.

In the given data, there are three planes parallel to the 𝑧 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠. We prefer to choose
the z direction as the vertical direction. We'll think that the light source as coming from that
direction and casting a shadow below it. As shown by the below figure, those three vertical
planes cause R to cast a triangular shadow.
As per the shadow method described above, we first need to integrate x,y over this shadow.

Then for each point of (𝑥, 𝑦) we need to integrate zfrom the bottom to the top of the region R.
With the given plane data, it is safe to say that:

𝑥−𝑦 ≤𝑧 ≤2+𝑥−𝑦

Thus the limits of inner integral are obtained, and are as per the rules described earlier. The
inner integral is therefore written as:
𝑡𝑜𝑝(𝑥,𝑦) 2+𝑥−𝑦
∫ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝑑𝑧 = ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝑑𝑧
𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚(𝑥,𝑦) 𝑥−𝑦

Now the integral over shadow part is remaining. The shadow is the maximal extend of R in
the x and ydirections. For this example, the shadow is fairly simple, since the extent of R is
determined by the three vertical planes 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 1, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 𝑦. In any plane parallel to
the xy-plane, these planes become lines given by the same equations. The shadow is the
triangle bounded by the lines 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 1, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 𝑦.
To find the bounds of the shadow region, when we fix xto be inner variable, we can write
bounds as:

0≤𝑥≤𝑦

And the bounds of ycan be clearly written as:

0≤𝑦≤1

Thus the shadow integral becomes:

1 𝑦
∬ ( ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ ∫ 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑤 0 0

Thus the overall triple integral becomes:

1 𝑦 2+𝑥−𝑦
∭ 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑉 = ∫ ∫ ∫ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑅 0 0 𝑥−𝑦
1 𝑦
2+𝑥−𝑦
= ∫ ∫ 𝑥𝑦𝑧|𝑥−𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
0 0
1 𝑦
= ∫ ∫ 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
0 0
 1
1
= ∫ 𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦 = = 0.25
0 4

This is how shadow method works, where we convert a triple integral to double integral and a
single integral and identify the limits.

Another method to evaluate limits of the triple integral is known as cross sectional method.
To begin, we cut the three-dimensional region R into slices perpendicular to one of the
coordinate axes (in a similar way of taking cross sections to surface). Then we can see that
these slices are stacked on top of each other along the third axis, i.e. perpendicular to these
slices.

So, unless the solid is a cylinder, and slices are cut perpendicular to axis of cylinder, we can
clearly see that the shape and size of cross section vary along the axis. The integral over the
solid corresponds to the double integrals over all these cross sections, summed up from
bottom most cross section to the top most cross section. Thus the triple integral over region
Rcan be written as:
𝑡𝑜𝑝
∭ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑉 = ∫ ∬ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝑅 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛(𝑧)

But considering the axis along which the slices re being taken, we can write the integral in
two more forms:
𝑡𝑜𝑝
∭ 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑉 = ∫ ∬ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦
𝑅 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛(𝑦)

𝑡𝑜𝑝
∭ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑉 = ∫ ∬ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑅 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛(𝑥)

In the earlier method, i.e. shadow method, the double integral was outside. But in the cross
sectional method, the double integral is on the inner side and the single integral is outside.

2.7EXAMPLES

Example 1

Find the signed volume under 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝒙𝒚 + 𝒆𝒚 on region 𝑹 = [𝟑, 𝟏] × [𝟒, 𝟐], using both
orders of integration

Solution
Here, we wish to evaluate ∬𝑅 (𝑥𝑦 + 𝑒 𝑦 )𝑑𝐴. As the given region is rectangle, the limits can be
easily defined.

Using order 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥:

4 2
∬ (𝑥𝑦 + 𝑒 𝑦 )𝑑𝐴 = ∫ ∫ (𝑥𝑦 + 𝑒 𝑦 )𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝑅 3 1
4 2
𝑦 2𝑥 3
=∫ [ + 𝑒 𝑦 ] 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑒 2 𝑥 − 𝑒𝑥|43
3 2 1
4
21
= + 𝑒 2 − 𝑒 = 9.92
4

Now if we change the order of integration:

2 4
∬ (𝑥𝑦 + 𝑒 𝑦 )𝑑𝐴 = ∫ ∫ (𝑥𝑦 + 𝑒 𝑦 )𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑅 1 3
2 4 2
𝑥 2𝑦 7 21
∫ ( + 𝑥𝑒 ) 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑦 + 𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 =
𝑦
+ 𝑒 2 − 𝑒 = 9.92
1 2 3 1 2 4

Example 2

Evaluate ∬𝑹 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝟐 𝒅𝑨where R is the ellipse given 𝒃𝒚 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝟐 ≤ 𝟐and using

𝟐 𝟐
the transformation 𝒙 = √𝟐𝒖 − √ 𝒗, 𝒚 = √𝟐𝒖 + √ 𝒗.
𝟑 𝟑

Solution

So, it is an ellipse, just one that is at an angle, Also, note that we used “≤2” when
“defining” R to make it clear that we are using both the actual ellipse itself as well as the
interior of the ellipse for R.

The first thing to do is to plug the transformation into the equation for the ellipse to see what
the region transforms into.

2 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2
𝟐 𝟐
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
= (√𝟐𝒖 − √ 𝒗) − (√𝟐𝒖 − √ 𝒗) (√𝟐𝒖 + √ 𝒗) + (√𝟐𝒖 + √ 𝒗)
𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑
 2 4 2 2 4
= 2𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 − 𝑢𝑣 − 2𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 + 2𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 + 𝑢𝑣
3 √3 3 3 √3
= 2𝑢2 + 2𝑣 2

Thus on transformation, the equation becomes:

𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 = 1

It is clear to see that the integrand is also equal to

𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 = 2(𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 )

Now, we try to calculate the Jacobian

2
|√2 −√ |
𝜕(𝑥, 𝑦) 3 4
| |= =
𝜕(𝑢, 𝑣) √3
| 2|
√2 √
3

Now after applying the transformations, the integral can be then written as:

4
∬ 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝟐 𝒅𝑨 = ∬ 2(𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 ) × 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑹 𝑺 √3

This integral will be much easier to evaluate if we take polar co ordinates

Thus the integral becomes:

4
∬ 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝟐 𝒅𝑨 = ∬ 2(𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 ) × 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑹 𝑺 √3
2𝜋 1
8
= ∫ ∫ 𝑟 2 𝑟𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃
√3 0 0
2𝜋
8 1
= ∫ 𝑑𝜃
√3 0 4
8 2𝜋 4𝜋
= × =
√3 4 √3

Example 3

Evaluate∬𝐷 exp(−𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝐴 where 𝐷𝑐 is the region in the first quadrant of the xy-plane
𝑐

where 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 < 𝑐 2

Solution
The region of integration is a sector of angle 90 degrees. The region can be expressed in polar
coordinates as:
𝜋
0≤𝜃≤ ;0 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 𝑐
2
𝜋
𝑐
2
−𝑥 2−𝑦 2 2
∬ 𝑒 𝑑𝐴 = ∫ ∫ 𝑒 −𝑟 𝑟𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃
𝐷𝑐 0 0
𝜋 2
𝑒 −𝑐
2 1
=∫ − + 𝑑𝜃
0 2 2
𝜋 2
= (1 − 𝑒 −𝑐 )
4

2.8SUMMARY

 When we try to evaluate double integrals by change of variables, we also have to take
care of Jacobian of transformation:

𝜕(𝑥, 𝑦)
∬ 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∬ 𝑓(𝑥(𝑢, 𝑣), 𝑦(𝑢, 𝑣)) | | 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑅 𝑆 𝜕(𝑢, 𝑣)

𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕(𝑥, 𝑦)
| | = |𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 | ≠ 0
𝜕(𝑢, 𝑣) 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣

 Surface area in terms of double integrals can be expressed as:

𝑆 = ∬ 𝑑𝑆 = ∬ √1 + 𝑓𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦)2 + 𝑓𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦)2 𝑑𝐴

𝑅 𝑅

 Fubini’s theorem for triple integral can be given as:

 𝑏 ℎ2 (𝑥) 𝑔2 (𝑥,𝑦)
∭ 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑉 = ∫ ∫ ∫ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝑄 𝑎 ℎ1(𝑥) 𝑔1 (𝑥,𝑦)

 Volume of region in a space is given by :

𝑏 ℎ2 (𝑥) 𝑔2 (𝑥,𝑦)
∭ 𝑑𝑉 = ∫ ∫ ∫ 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝑄 𝑎 ℎ1 (𝑥) 𝑔1 (𝑥,𝑦)

 Shadow method or cross sectional method splits the triple integral into double integral
and a single integral.

 Shadow method will give rise to form of:

𝑡𝑜𝑝(𝑥,𝑦)
∭ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑉 = ∬ (∫ 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝑑𝑧) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑅 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑤 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚(𝑥,𝑦)

 Cross sectional method will give rise to form of:

𝑡𝑜𝑝
∭ 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑉 = ∫ ∬ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝑅 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛(𝑧)

2.9 KEY WORDS

 Parallelepiped: Three-dimensional figure formed by six parallelograms.

 Transformation: Manipulation of a geometric shape or formula that maps the shape

or formula from its preimage, or original position, to its image

 Surface area:Amount of space covering the outside of a three-dimensional shape.

2.10 LEARNING ACTIVITY

1. Pick up a pipe and try to find the volume using cross sectional method.

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

2. Place a birthday cone under light and try to evaluate volume applying shadow
method.

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2.11UNIT END QUESTIONS

A. Multiple Choice Questions

1 𝑥 𝑥+𝑦
1. The value of ∫0 ∫0 ∫0 𝑥𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 is given by ___

a. 17/144
b. 17/72
c. 16/72
d. 15/144
𝜋
𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑟
2. The value of ∫02 ∫0 ∫0 𝑟 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃𝑑𝑧 is given by

a. 0.5
b. 1
c. 0
d. 0.25
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
3. Evaluate the following integral ∫0 ∫0 ∫0 (𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥𝑧 + 𝑦𝑧) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧

3
a. 𝑎3
4
2
b. 𝑎5
3
3
c. 𝑎5
4
5
d. 𝑎3
3

∞ ∞ 𝑒 −𝑦
4. The value of ∫0 ∫𝑥 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 is
𝑦

a. 1
b. ¾
c. Zero
d. -1
𝜋 2
2𝜋 1
5. The volume of an object given by ∫0 ∫03 ∫0 𝑟 sin 𝜙 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜙𝑑𝜃. The value of the
integral is:
𝜋
a. 3
2𝜋
b. 3
 𝜋
c. 6
𝜋
d. 4

Short Questions
3 4 0
1. Evaluate ∫2 ∫−1 ∫1 4𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑧 3 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
1 𝑧2 3
2. Evaluate ∫0 ∫0 ∫0 𝑦 cos(𝑧 5 ) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧

3. Evaluate ∭𝐸 3 − 4𝑥 𝑑𝑉 where E is the region below 𝑧 = 4 − 𝑥𝑦 and above the

region in the xy-plane defined by 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2,0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1.
4. Evaluate ∭𝐸 𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑉 where E is the region bounded by 𝑥 = 2𝑦 2 + 2𝑧 2 − 5 and the
plane 𝑥 = 1.
5. Evaluate ∭𝐸 20𝑥 3 𝑑𝑉 where E is the region bounded by 𝑥 = 2 − 𝑦 2 − 𝑧 2 and 𝑥 =
5𝑦 2 + 5𝑧 2 − 6

Long Questions
1. Let 𝜌(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) be the charge density at the point (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) inside an object R bounded
by the ellipticparaboloids 𝑦 = 5 − 4𝑥 2 − 𝑧 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝒚 = 𝒙2 + 𝒛2 /4. Set up the integral
giving the total charge inside R.

2. Evaluate the triple integral ∭𝑅 √𝑥 2 + 𝑧 2 𝑑𝑉 where Ris the region bounded by the
paraboloid 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑧 2 and the plane 𝑦 = 4
3. Evaluate ∭𝐸 2𝑥 𝑑𝑉 where E is the region under the plane 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 𝑧 = 6that lies in
the first octant.
4. Evaluate ∭𝐸 √3𝑥 2 + 3𝑧 2 𝑑𝑉where E is the solid bounded by 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑧 2 and the
plane y=8.
5. Use a triple integral to determine the volume of the region that is below 𝑧 = 8 − 𝑥 2 −
𝑦 2 above 𝑧 = −√4𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 and inside 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 4.

2.12REFERENCES

Reference Books

 Courant, R. (1988). Differential and integral calculus. Vol. 1. New York ; London:
Interscience.
 Johnston, E.H. and Mathews, J.C. (2002). Calculus. Boston: Addison-Wesley.

 Matthews, P.C. (1998). Vector calculus. Berlin ; New York: Springer.

Textbook References

 Narayan, S. and Mittal, P.K. (2008). Differential calculus [for B.A. & B. Sc. classes as
per UGC model syllabus]. New Delhi: Shyamlal Charitable Trust, Repr.

 Nikolaj Semenovič Piskunov (1965). Differential and integral calculus. Groningen: P.

Noordhoff.

Websites

 https://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/

 https://cnx.org

 https://books.google.co.in/