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Torsion 1

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16 views15 pages

Torsion 1

Uploaded by

yash kedia
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Torsion

When materials subjected to moment, the material will rotate, axis


perpendicular the moment acts. For equilibrium their must be a
moment act opposite to this moment.
If these moments acting with distance apart, material may be in
equilibrium, but material subjected to twisting.

Φ
Torsion refers to the twisting of a straight bar when it is loaded
by moments (or torques) that tend to produce rotation about
the longitudinal axis of the bar.

Torsion principle used to transmit power

1) While riding a bicycle we transfer the power to pedal


and later to gear and shaft by chain.
2) When you turn a screwdriver, your hand applies a
torque to the handle and twists the shank of the
screwdriver.
3) Other examples of bars in torsion are drive shafts in
automobiles, axles, propeller shafts, steering rods, and
drill bits.
• Cylindrical members that are subjected to torques and
transmit power through rotation are called shafts.
• Most shafts have circular cross sections, either solid or
tubular

When a circular shaft is subjected to torsion, every cross


section remains plane and undistorted. In other words,
while the various cross sections along the shaft rotate
through different angles, each cross section rotates as a
solid rigid slab
Considering a prismatic bar of circular cross section twisted by
torques T acting at the ends. Since every cross section of the bar is
identical, and since every cross section is subjected to the same
internal torque T

We term that the bar is in pure torsion

From considerations of symmetry, it can be proved that cross


sections of the bar do not change in shape as they rotate about the
longitudinal axis. In other words, all cross sections remain plane and
circular and all radii remain straight.
Assumption:

(i) The materiel is homogenous i.e of uniform elastic properties


exists throughout the material.
(ii) The material is elastic, follows Hook's law, with shear stress
proportional to shear strain.
(iii) The stress does not exceed the elastic limit.
(iv) The circular section remains circular
(v) Cross section remain plane.
(vi) Cross section rotate as if rigid i.e. every diameter rotates
through the same angle.
Considering a shaft AB subjected at A and B to equal and
opposite torques T

Torsion refers to the twisting of a straight bar when it is loaded by


moments (or torques) that tend to produce rotation about the
longitudinal axis of the bar.
Consider a circular shaft that is attached to a fixed support at one end.
If a torque T is applied to the other end, the shaft will twist, with its
free end rotating through an angle Φ called the angle of twist

B’ B’

Φ θ
Φ
A
B B

It also shows that Φ is proportional to the length 𝑙 of the shaft. In


other words, the angle of twist for a shaft of the same material and
same cross section, but twice as long, will be twice as large under the
same torque T
Consider now the solid circular shaft of radius r subjected to a torque T at one end,
the other end being fixed Under the action of this torque a radial line at the free end
of the shaft twists through an angle, point B moves to B’, and AB’ subtends an angle
Φ at the fixed end. This is then the angle of distortion of the shaft i.e the shear
strain.

B’ B’

Φ θ
Φ
A
B B

𝐵𝐵′ 𝑟θ
shear strain = tan Φ = =
𝑙 𝑙
𝑟θ
ε𝑠 =
𝑙
The shearing strain in a circular shaft varies linearly with the distance from the axis of
the shaft. It follows that the strain is maximum at the surface of the shaft.
From the definition of Modulus of rigidity or Modulus of elasticity
in shear
τ = 𝐺 ε𝑠
τ
ε𝑠 =
𝐺
Equating shear strain
τ 𝑟θ
=
𝐺 𝑙

By rearranging
τ Gθ 𝑑
= r=
2
𝑟 𝑙

Effects of Torsion: The effects of a torsional load applied to a bar are


i) To impart an angular displacement of one end cross – section with respect to the other
end.
(ii) To setup shear stresses on any cross section of the bar perpendicular to its axis
Shear stress variation due to torque
Consider an element of width dr at a distance of r1
from O and angle subtended by element is dθ
a
b
𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡𝑕 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑏 = 𝑟1𝑑θ

𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑟1𝑑 θ dr dθ dθ


O
𝑠𝑕𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑟1 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑂
τ τ′
=
𝑟 𝑟1

τ
By rearranging τ′= r1
𝑟
r1dθ
𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝐹 = τ′ dA
τ
𝑑𝐹 = r1 𝑟1𝑑 θ dr
𝑟

τ
𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑂 𝑑𝑀 = r1 𝑟1 𝑑θ dr r1
𝑟
τ
𝑑𝑀 = r1 𝑟1𝑑 θ dr r1
𝑟

τ
𝑑𝑀 = 𝑟
𝑑 θ r13 dr

2π 𝑟
τ
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑂 = 𝑑 θ r13 dr
0 0 𝑟

2π 𝑟
τ
𝑇 = 𝑑 θ r13 dr
𝑟 0 0
2π 𝑟
τ
= 𝑑 θ r13 dr
𝑟 0 0

τ 𝑟4
𝑇 = 2π
𝑟 4
Moment of area about Z axis
τ π𝑟 4 π𝑟 4
𝑇 = =J
𝑟 2 2

τ
Substitute 𝑇 = 𝐽
𝑟

𝑇 τ τ Gθ
By rearranging = From =
𝑟 𝑙
𝐽 𝑟

𝑇 τ Gθ Torsion equation
Substitute = =
𝐽 𝑟 𝑙
Torque is inherently a vector quantity. Part of the torque calculation is the
determination of direction. The direction is perpendicular to both the radius
from the axis and to the force. It is conventional to choose it in the right hand
rule direction along the axis of rotation. The torque is in the direction of
the angular velocity which would be produced by it in the absence of other
influences. In general, the change in angular velocity is in the direction of the
torque

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