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Lecture # 11 (Sequences and Introduction To Continuous Functions) SE

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21 views

Lecture # 11 (Sequences and Introduction To Continuous Functions) SE

Uploaded by

muhammadshuja2004
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Calculus &

Analytical
Geometry
(MATH- 101)
Instructor: Dr. Naila Amir ([email protected])
▪ Book: Thomas Calculus (14th Edition) by George B. Thomas, Maurice D. Weir, Joel R. Hass, Frank R. Giordano
▪ Chapter: 10 (10.1)
Sequence as a function
• A real sequence is a function 𝑎: ℕ → ℝ ,
whose domain is a subset of the natural
numbers N and whose range is a subset of R.

• If Dom 𝑎 is a finite subset of ℕ, the sequence


is called a finite sequence otherwise it is said
to be an infinite sequence.
Sequence as a function
• The values of the sequence 𝑎: ℕ → ℝ , are usually written as

𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 , 𝑎4 , … , 𝑎𝑛 , …

instead of 𝑎 1 , 𝑎 2 , … . , 𝑎 𝑛 , … at the points 1,2, … , 𝑛, … of its domain ℕ.

• Each of the following are equivalent ways of denoting a sequence:


∞
𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 , . . . , 𝑎𝑛 , . . . , 𝑎𝑛 , 𝑎𝑛 𝑛=1
Limit of a sequence
• A sequence 𝑎𝑛 has the limit 𝐿 if for every 𝜀 > 0 there is a corresponding integer 𝑁
such that:
𝑎𝑛 − 𝐿 < 𝜀, whenever 𝑛 > 𝑁.
• We write:
lim 𝑎𝑛 = 𝐿 or 𝑎𝑛 → 𝐿 as 𝑛 → ∞.
𝑛→∞

• If we compare definition of limit of a function 𝑓 𝑥 with definition of limit of a


sequence, we observe that the only difference between lim 𝑎𝑛 = 𝐿 and
𝑛→∞
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿 is that 𝑛 is required to be an integer.
𝑥→∞

• All limit laws that hold for functions are also valid for limit of sequences.
Convergence/Divergence
• If lim 𝑎𝑛 exists, we say that the sequence converges.
𝑛→∞

• Note that for the sequence to converge, the limit must be finite.

• If the sequence does not converge, we will say that it diverges.


• Note that a sequence diverges if it approaches to infinity or if the
sequence does not approach to anything.
Definitions
A sequence 𝑎𝑛 is called:

▪ Increasing, if 𝑎𝑛 < 𝑎𝑛+1 for all 𝑛 ≥ 1, that is, 𝑎1 < 𝑎2 < 𝑎3 · · ·

▪ Decreasing, if 𝑎𝑛 > 𝑎𝑛+1 for all 𝑛 ≥ 1.

▪ Monotonic, if it is either increasing or decreasing


Example
3
The sequence is decreasing because
𝑛+5
3 3 3
> =
𝑛 + 5 (𝑛 + 1) + 5 𝑛 + 6
and so 𝑎𝑛 > 𝑎𝑛+1 for all 𝑛 ≥ 1.

Practice:
𝑛
Show that the sequence 𝑎𝑛 = is decreasing.
𝑛2 +1
Bounded Sequence
A sequence 𝑎𝑛 is:

▪ Bounded above, if there is a number 𝑀 such that 𝑎𝑛 ≤ 𝑀 for all


𝑛 ≥ 1.

▪ Bounded below, if there is a number 𝑚 such that 𝑚 ≤ 𝑎𝑛 for all


𝑛 ≥ 1.

▪ Bounded, If it is bounded above and below


Bounded Sequence
For instance,
▪ The sequence 𝑎𝑛 = {𝑛} is bounded below (𝑎𝑛 > 0)
but not above.

▪ The sequence 𝑎𝑛 = {𝑛/(𝑛 + 1)} is bounded because:


0 < 𝑎𝑛 < 1
for all 𝑛.
Remark
It is important to note that not every bounded sequence is convergent.

Example:
The sequence{𝑎𝑛 } = {(−1)𝑛 } satisfies the condition:
– 1 ≤ 𝑎𝑛 ≤ 1
So, it is a bounded sequence however we have already seen that this
sequence is divergent.
Remark
Similarly, not every monotonic sequence is convergent.

Example:
The sequence 𝑎𝑛 = {𝑛} is monotonic however, since
lim 𝑛 = ∞,
𝑛→ ∞
so, the given sequence is divergent.
Bounded and Monotonic Sequence
▪ If a sequence is both bounded and monotonic, then it must be convergent.
▪ If 𝑎𝑛 is increasing, then the first term is less than every other term of the sequence
and it is the infimum of the given sequence. Moreover, if 𝑎𝑛 ≤ 𝑀 = sup 𝑎𝑛 : 𝑛 ∈ ℕ
for all 𝑛, then the sequence is bounded above and all the terms are forced to crowd
together and approach some number 𝐿, i.e.,
lim 𝑎𝑛 = sup 𝑎𝑛 : 𝑛 ∈ ℕ ⟹ 𝐿 = 𝑀 = 𝐒𝐮𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐦𝐮𝐦.
𝑛→∞

▪ A sequence that is increasing and bounded above is convergent.


▪ Likewise, a decreasing sequence that is bounded below is convergent and
lim 𝑎𝑛 = inf 𝑎𝑛 : 𝑛 ∈ ℕ ⟹ 𝐿 = 𝑚 = 𝐈𝐧𝐟𝐢𝐦𝐮𝐦.
𝑛→∞
Note: For a decreasing sequence, the first term will be greater than any other term of the sequence so the first term will be
supremum of the given sequence in this case.
Theorems:
• Every bounded, monotonic sequence is convergent.

• An unbounded sequence is divergent.

Note: Converse of above theorems is not true.


Commonly occurring limits in sequences
ln 𝑛
1. lim = 0.
𝑛→∞ 𝑛
1/𝑛
2. lim 𝑛 = 1.
𝑛→∞
1/𝑛
3. lim 𝑥 = 1. (𝑥 > 0)
𝑛→∞
𝑛
4. lim 𝑥 = 0. ( 𝑥 < 1)
𝑛→∞
𝑥 𝑛
5. lim 1 + = 𝑒𝑥 . any 𝑥
𝑛→∞ 𝑛
𝑥𝑛
6. lim = 0. (any 𝑥)
𝑛→∞ 𝑛!
Note: In Formulas (3) through (6), 𝑥 remains fixed as 𝑛 → ∞.
Commonly occurring limits in sequences
1 𝑛
7. lim 1 + = 𝑒.
𝑛→∞ 𝑛

1 𝑛 1
8. lim 1 − = .
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 𝑒

1/𝑛
9. lim 1 + 𝑛 = 𝑒.
𝑛→0
Practice Questions
Book: Thomas Calculus (14th Edition) by George B. Thomas,
Maurice D. Weir, Joel R. Hass, Frank R. Giordano

• Chapter: 10

• Exercise: 10.1
Q # 1 – 87
Continuity

▪ Book: Thomas Calculus (14th Edition) by George B. Thomas, Maurice D. Weir, Joel R. Hass, Frank R. Giordano
▪ Chapter: 2 (2.5)
Objectives
• Determine continuity at a point and continuity on open and closed
intervals.

• Use properties of continuity.

• Understand and use the Intermediate Value Theorem.


Continuity
▪ The idea of continuity is a direct consequence of the concept of limit.
▪ CONTINUOUS MOTION is motion that continues without a break.
▪ Calculus wants to describe that motion mathematically, both the distance
traveled and the speed at any given time, particularly when the speed is not
constant.
▪ In any real problem of continuous motion, the distance traveled will be
represented by a "continuous function" of the time traveled because we
always treat time as continuous.
▪ Therefore, we must investigate what we mean by a continuous function.
Continuity
▪ In mathematics, the term continuous has much the same meaning as it
has in everyday usage.

▪ Informally, to say that a function f is continuous at 𝑥 = 𝑐 means that


there is no interruption in the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) at 𝑐.

▪ That is, its graph is unbroken at 𝑐 and there are no holes, jumps, or gaps.
Most of the techniques of calculus require that functions are continuous.
A function is continuous if we can draw it in one motion without picking up pencil.
Continuity Test
Example
Show that 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 1 is continuous at 𝑥 = 1.
Solution:
1)𝑔(1) = 2.

2) lim 𝑔 (𝑥) = 2.
𝑥→1

3) lim 𝑔 (𝑥) = 𝑔(1) = 2.


𝑥→1
Since all conditions of continuity test are satisfied so we conclude thath𝑔(𝑥)
is continuous at 𝑥 = 1.
Example
𝑥 + 1; 𝑥 < 2
Is the function𝑓(𝑥) = ቊ continuous at 𝑥 = 2?
2𝑥−1; 𝑥 ≥ 2
Solution:
1) 𝑓(2) = 3.

2) lim− 𝑓 (𝑥) = 3,
𝑥→2

lim+ 𝑓 (𝑥) = 3,
𝑥→2

∴ lim 𝑓 (𝑥) exists and lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 3.


𝑥→2 𝑥→2

3) lim 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑓(2) = 3.


𝑥→2
Since all conditions are satisfied so we conclude that 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous at 𝑥 = 2.

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