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STRAIGHT LINES
CARTESIAN COORDINATE SYSTEM If P divides AB in the ratio m : n externally then P is
1. Cartesian or rectangular coordinate system: A pair of given by
perpendicular lines taken as reference axis to identify
points in the plane of the perpendicular lines is called
Cartesian system. The point of intersection of the
reference axes is called origin. The horizontal axis is
called x-axis and the vertical axis is called y-axis.
These perpendicular lines divide the plane into four
quadrants as shown below.
mx 2 − nx 1 my 2 − ny1
x= ,y=
m−n m−n
(i) For any given ratio m : n there exists two points on
the straight line AB, one internal to line segment
AB and other external to line segment AB , except
when the ratio is 1 : 1 in which case the point P is
mid point of AB and lies in between A and B.
m
2. Abscissa and ordinate: If P(x, y ) is any arbitrary point Hence ≠ −1.
n
in cartesian plane then x is called the abscissa and y is (ii) If in any given situation the formula used is that of
called the ordinate of the point P.
m
3. Equation of a curve: The relation between abscissa and internal division but ratio turns out to be
ordinate of any arbitrary point on the curve which is n
satisfied by all the points on the curve is called equation negative then point P lies outside line segment AB.
of the curve. m
(iii) Substituting = λ , the coordinates of point
4. Locus: The trajectory of a point P(x, y ) which moves n
under certain set of conditions is called locus of the λx 2 + x 1 λy 2 + y1
P becomes x = ,y= . While
point P under the conditions. The equation of the λ +1 λ +1
trajectory is called equation of the locus. using above form it is assumed that n ≠ 0 . But
5. Distance formula: Distance between two points n = 0 gives the point B(x 2 , y 2 ) . Hence above
A(x 1 , y1 ) & B(x 2 , y 2 ) is AB = (x 2 − x 1 )2 + (y 2 − y1 )2 . form represents all the points on straight line AB
except point B.
(iv) Mid point: The coordinates of the mid points
of A (x 1 , y1 ) and B(x 2 , y 2 ) is given by
 x 1 + x 2 y1 + y 2 
 ,  .
 2 2 
7. Slope of a straight line: If a line makes angle θ with
positive direction of x-axis measured in anticlockwise
sense then slope m of the line is defined as m = tan θ .
However if θ is measured in clockwise sense then the
6. Ratio formula: If P(x, y ) divides the join of two points slope m = tan (−θ) .
A (x 1 , y1 ) and B(x 2 , y 2 ) in the ratio AP : PB :: m : n
internally then point P is given by

mx 2 + nx 1 my 2 + ny1
x= ,y=
m+n m+n

C A T J E E , R a m a n N i w a s , N e a r A k a s h v a n i , M e h mo o r g a n j , V a r a n a s i , P h : ( 0 5 4 2 ) 2 3 6 3 4 5 5 . we b s i t e : c a t j e e . i n
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8. Slope of the line joining two points: If A (x 1 , y1 ) and b

y−0 = − (x − a )
B(x 2 , y 2 ) are two points in xy-plane then the slope m a
 y − y1  ⇒ ay = −bx + ab
of the line AB is given by m = tan θ =  2  . ⇒ bx + ay = ab
 x 2 − x1 
bx ay
⇒ + =1
ab ab
x y
⇒ + =1
a b
17. Equation of line whose perpendicular distance from
origin is P and the perpendicular makes an angle α with
x-axis is x cos α + y sin α = P.
Proof:
P P
Clearly OA = & OB =
EQUATION OF A STRAIGHT LINE cos α sin α
9. Equation of x-axis: y = 0  P   P 
∴A ≡ ,0  & B ≡  0, 
10. Equation of y-axis: x = 0  cos α   sin α
11. Equation of the line passing through (a , b ) and parallel Hence the line AB is given by:
to x-axis is y = b . x y
+ = 1 ⇒ x cos α + y sin α = P .
P P
cos α sin α
18. Parametric equation of a straight line: The line passing
through (x 1 , y1 ) and making an angle θ with positive
direction of x-axis is given by x = x1 + r cos θ,
y = y1 + r sin θ , where magnitude of r represents
12. Equation of the line passing through (a , b ) and parallel distance between the points (x 1 , y1 ) and (x, y ) .
to y-axis is x = a .

13. Equation of a straight line passing through (x 1 , y1 ) and

having slope m is (y − y 1 ) = m(x − x 1 ) .
14. Equation of straight line passing through (x 1 , y1 ) and Proof:
y − y1 = m(x − x 1 ) ⇒ y − y1 = tan θ(x − x 1 )
y −y
(x 2 , y 2 ) is y − y1 = m(x − x 1 ) , where m = 2 1 . x − x 1 y − y1
x 2 − x1 ⇒ = = r (say )
cos θ sin θ
15. Equation of straight line having slope m and intersecting
⇒ x = x 1 + r cos θ, y = y1 + r sin θ
y-axis at (0, c ) is y = mx + c .
Again x − x 1 = r cos θ
 ⇒ ± (x − x 1 ) + (y − y1 ) = r
2 2
16. Equation straight line intersecting x-axis at (a, 0) and
y − y1 = r sin θ 
x y
y-axis at (0, b) is + = 1 . Hence magnitude of r represents distance between the
a b
points (x 1 , y1 ) and (x, y ) . It is to be noted that for
Proof:
If the line intersects x-axis at A (a , 0) and y-axis at positive values of r points are obtained on the line lying
on one particular side of the point (x 1 , y1 ) , while for
B(0, b ) then A and B are two points on the line. Hence
negative values of r points are obtained on the other
b − 0 −b
Slope of AB = = . side of (x 1 , y1 ) . Hence, if for one positive value of r it
0−a a
is verified that the point (x, y ) lies to left of (x 1 , y1 )
Hence equation of the line AB is
C A T J E E , R a m a n N i w a s , N e a r A k a s h v a n i , M e h mo o r g a n j , V a r a n a s i , P h : ( 0 5 4 2 ) 2 3 6 3 4 5 5 . we b s i t e : c a t j e e . i n
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then in that particular parametric form all the points lie Proof:
to left of (x 1 , y1 ) whenever r is positive and to right
side of (x 1 , y1 ) whenever r is negative.
19. General equation of a straight line is Ax + By + C = 0 .
 A −C
Expressing in y-intercept form y =  −  x +  .
 B  B 
A
Hence m = − , when B ≠ 0.
B
ANGLE BETWEEN LINES
20. Angle between two lines: the acute angle θ between two
Let the line ℓ , whose equation is y = mx + c , makes
lines having slopes m1 & m 2 is given by
angle α with positive x-axis. If ℓ 1 & ℓ 2 are the lines
m − m2 inclined at angles θ with ℓ as shown in figure then
tan θ = 1 .
1 + m1m 2 angle made by ℓ 1 is (α + θ) and angle made by ℓ 2 is
Proof: (α − θ) with positive direction of x-axis. Hence
Let slope of ℓ 1 be m1 and slope of ℓ 2 be m 2 . Also Slope of ℓ 1 = tan (α + θ)
let ℓ 1 makes angle α & ℓ 2 makes angle β with tan α + tan θ m + tan θ
= =
positive direction of x-axis. Hence 1 − tan α . tan θ 1 − m tan θ
β = θ+α Slope of ℓ 2 = tan (α − θ )
m 2 − m1 tan α − tan θ m − tan θ
⇒ tan θ = tan (β − α ) = = =
1 + m1m 2 1 + tan α . tan θ 1 + m tan θ
m1 − m 2 Clearly the lines passing through the point P(x 1 , y1 )
∴ tan(acute angle) = and making angle θ with y = mx + c must be parallel
1 + m1m 2
21. Angle between two lines when one line is parallel to to ℓ 1 & ℓ 2 . Hence the proof follows.
y-axis: If one of the lines is parallel to y-axis & slope of 23. Two straight lines equally inclined to a given line: The
the other line is m 2 then the acute angle θ between the slope m of the line ℓ which is equally inclined to two
1 lines ℓ 1 and ℓ 2 , having slopes m1 & m 2 respectively,
lines is given by tan θ = .
m2
 m − m1   m − m2 
Proof: is given by the equation   = −  .
 1 + mm 1  1 + mm 2 
Let m1 be the slope of the line parallel to y-axis. Hence
Proof:
1 Let the lines ℓ 1 , ℓ 2 , ℓ makes angles α, β, γ with
= 0 . To find angle θ between the lines proceed as
m1 positive x-axis measured in anticlock-wise sense as
follows: shown in figure below.
1
1− × m2
m1 − m 2 m1
∴ tan θ = =
1 + m1 m 2 1
+ m2
m1
1− 0× m2 1
= = .
0 + m2 m2
22. A line inclined at an angle θ with a given line: The
equation of the lines passing through the point Since the line ℓ is equally inclined to both ℓ 1 & ℓ 2
P(x 1 , y1 ) and making an angle θ with the line
therefore ∠ABC = ∠ACB = θ , say.
 m + tan θ  In triangle BED : θ + γ = β ⇒ θ = β − γ
y = mx + c are given by (y − y1 ) =  (x − x 1 )
 1 − m tan θ  In triangle CDF : (π − θ) + γ = α ⇒ θ = π + (γ − α )
 m − tan θ 
and (y − y1 ) =  Hence β − γ = π + (γ − α )
 (x − x 1 ) .
 1 + m tan θ  ⇒ tan (β − γ ) = tan (π + (γ − α ))
C A T J E E , R a m a n N i w a s , N e a r A k a s h v a n i , M e h mo o r g a n j , V a r a n a s i , P h : ( 0 5 4 2 ) 2 3 6 3 4 5 5 . we b s i t e : c a t j e e . i n
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tan β − tan γ tan γ − tan α 30. Any line perpendicular to the line ax + by + c = 0 is of
⇒ =
1 + tan β. tan γ 1 + tan γ. tan α the form bx − ay + λ = 0 . Also the line passing through
m2 − m m − m1  m − m1   m − m2  the point (x 1 , y1 ) and perpendicular to ax + by + c = 0
⇒ = ⇒   = − 
1 + mm 2 1 + mm1  1 + mm1   1 + mm 2  is given by the equation bx − ay = bx 1 − ay1 .
24. If the line ℓ is equally inclined to two lines ℓ 1 & ℓ 2 DISTANCE OF A LINE FROM A POINT
then it is parallel to one of the angle bisectors of 31. To find the length of the straight line drawn through a
ℓ 1 & ℓ 2 . In other words there are two sets of lines, each given point in a given direction to meet a given line:
set parallel to one of the angle bisectors of ℓ 1 & ℓ 2 , Let ℓ 1 ≡ Ax + By + C = 0 . Let a line be drawn through
which are equally inclined to two lines ℓ 1 & ℓ 2 . the point P(x 1 , y1 ) making an angle θ with x-axis
which intersects the line ℓ 1 at Q.
PARALLEL LINES
25. Identical lines: Two lines a 1 x + b 1 y + c1 = 0 ,
a 1 b 1 c1
a 2 x + b 2 y + c 2 = 0 are identical if = = . In
a 2 b2 c2
other words the line a 1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0 coincides with
the line a 2 x + b 2 y + c 2 = 0 if there exists a k ≠ 0 such
that a 1 x + b 1 y + c1 = k (a 2 x + b 2 y + c 2 ) .
Equation of line PQ in parametric form:
26. Parallel lines: For ℓ 1 to be parallel to ℓ 2 the sufficient
x = x 1 + r cos θ
condition is slope of ℓ 1 = slope of ℓ 2 . Above rule is
y = y1 + r sin θ
applicable always except when the lines are parallel to
y-axis. Let for r = r1 point Q is obtained.
∴ A (x 1 + r1 cos θ) + B(y1 + r1 sin θ) + C = 0
27. Any line parallel to the line ax + by + c = 0 is of the
 Ax 1 + By1 + C 
form ax + by + λ = 0 . Also the line passing through the ⇒ r1 = − 
point (x 1 , y1 ) and parallel to ax + by + c = 0 is given  A cos θ + B sin θ 
by the equation ax + by = ax1 + by1 . Ax1 + By1 + C
∴ PQ = r1 =
A cos θ + B sin θ
28. Equation of the line parallel to two given parallel lines
Also co-ordinates of Q are given by :
ax + by + c1 = 0 & ax + by + c 2 = 0 and dividing the
  Ax1 + By1 + C 
distance between them in the ratio m : n is x = x 1 + −   cos θ
mc 2 + nc1   A cos θ + B sin θ 
ax + by + = 0 . In particular the line that
m+n   Ax1 + By1 + C 
divides the distance between the parallel lines in to two y = y1 + −   sin θ
  A cos θ + B sin θ 
c + c2
equal halves is ax + by + 1 =0. 32. The perpendicular distance a line from a point: The
2 perpendicular distance d of the line Ax + By + C = 0
PERPENDICULAR LINES
Ax1 + By1 + C
29. For ℓ 1 to be perpendicular to ℓ 2 : Let slope of ℓ 1 be from the point P(x 1 , y1 ) is d = .
m1 and slope of ℓ 2 be m 2 . Also let ℓ 1 makes angle A 2 + B2
α & ℓ 2 makes angle β with positive direction of 33. Using the above formula it follows that:
x-axis. Hence (i) Perpendicular distance of the point P(x 1 , y1 ) from
x-axis is y1 .
α + 90 o = β
(ii) Perpendicular distance of the point P(x 1 , y1 ) from
( )
⇒ tan 90 o + α = tan β y-axis is x 1 .
⇒ − cot α = tan β (iii) Perpendicular distance of the point P(x 1 , y1 ) from
⇒ m 1 m 2 = −1 the line x = a is x 1 − a .
(iv) Perpendicular distance of the point P(x 1 , y1 ) from
Above rule is applicable always except when lines are the line y = b is y1 − b .
parallel to co-ordinate axes.

C A T J E E , R a m a n N i w a s , N e a r A k a s h v a n i , M e h mo o r g a n j , V a r a n a s i , P h : ( 0 5 4 2 ) 2 3 6 3 4 5 5 . we b s i t e : c a t j e e . i n
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34. Coordinates of foot of perpendicular: If a perpendicular 38. Using the above rule of reflection it follows that:
PM is dropped from the point P(x 1 , y1 ) to the straight (i) Reflection of the point A (x 1 , y1 ) about the line
line ax + by + c = 0 then coordinates of the foot of the y = x is A / (y1 , x 1 ) .
x − x 1 y − y1
perpendicular M (x, y ) is given by = (ii) Reflection of the point A (x 1 , y1 ) about x-axis is
a b
 ax + by1 + c  A / (x1 ,− y1 ) .
= − 1  , a ≠ 0 & b ≠ 0 . However if a = 0
 (iii) Reflection of the point A (x 1 , y1 ) about y-axis is
 a 2 + b2 
then the foot of perpendicular is given by x − x1 = 0 A / (− x 1 , y1 ) .
y − y1  ax + by1 + c  39. Reflection of one line from another line: If a ray of
& = − 1  . Similarly if b = 0 then it
 light is sent along the line ℓ 1 ≡ y = m1 x + c1 and
b  a 2 + b2 
gets reflected from the line ℓ ≡ y = mx + c and
x − x1  ax + by1 + c 
is given by = − 1  and y − y1 = 0 .

ℓ 2 ≡ y = m 2 x + c 2 is the reflected ray then ℓ 1 , ℓ & ℓ 2
a  a 2 + b2  are concurrent lines & the mirror ℓ is equally inclined
35. The distance between two parallel lines: The distance to both ℓ 1 and ℓ 2 .
between the parallel lines Ax + By + C1 = 0 &
 m − m1   m − m2 
∴   = −  .
C 2 − C1  1 + mm1   1 + mm 2 
Ax + By + C 2 = 0 is given by d = .
A 2 + B2 40. Reflection of a line from a line parallel to x-axis: If a
Proof: ray of light is sent along the line ℓ 1 ≡ y = m1 x + c1 and
Let ℓ 1 ≡ Ax + By + C1 = 0 and ℓ 2 ≡ Ax + By + C 2 = 0 gets reflected from the line y = c then the slope m 2 of
be two parallel lines. the line carrying the reflected ray is m 2 = −m1 .
41. Reflection of a line from a line parallel to y-axis: If a
ray of light is sent along the line ℓ1 ≡ y = m1x + c1 and
get reflected from the line x = a then the slope m 2 of
the reflected ray is m 2 = −m1 .
Let Q(x 1 , y1 ) be any arbitrary point on ℓ 1 . 42. If the straight line ℓ 2 is the reflection of the straight
Hence Ax 1 + By1 + C1 = 0 ⇒ Ax 1 + By1 = −C1 line ℓ 1 with respect to the line ℓ then equation of the
Now the perpendicular distance of the line ℓ 2 from the line ℓ is same as equations of the angle bisectors of the
lines ℓ 1 and ℓ 2 . Hence for a given pair of incident ray
Ax1 + By1 + C 2 C 2 − C1
point (x 1 , y1 ) is d = = . and reflected ray there exist two possible equations of
A 2 + B2 A 2 + B2 mirror. In other words if ℓ is one of the angle bisector
REFLECTIONS of the lines ℓ 1 & ℓ 2 then ℓ 1 is reflection of the line ℓ 2
about the line ℓ .
36. Reflection of a point about a line: If A / is the
reflection of the point A about the line ℓ then the line FAMILY OF LINES
AA / is perpendicular to ℓ and mid-point of AA / lies 43. Point of intersection of two lines: If a 1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0
on the line ℓ . and a 2 x + b 2 y + c 2 = 0 be two straight lines then the
37. Reflection A / (x , y ) of the point A (x 1 , y1 ) about solution to the above two simultaneous equations
the line ax + by + c = 0 is given by: represents their point of intersection.
x − x1 y − y1  ax + by1 + c  44. Family of lines passing through point of intersection
= = −2 1  ,a ≠ 0 & b ≠ 0.
 of two lines: Family of lines passing through
a b  a 2 + b2 
point of intersection of ℓ 1 ≡ a 1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0 and
However if a = 0 then A / is given by x − x1 = 0 and ℓ 2 ≡ a 2 x + b 2 y + c 2 = 0 is given by:
y − y1  ax + by1 + c 
= −2 1  . Similarly if b = 0 then A / (a 1 x + b1 y + c1 ) + λ (a 2 x + b 2 y + c 2 ) = 0 , where λ is
b 2 2 
 a +b  a parameter. It is to be noted that above equation
x − x1  ax + by1 + c  represents all the lines passing through intersection of
is given by = −2 1  & y − y1 = 0 .
 ℓ 1 and ℓ 2 except ℓ 2 ≡ a 2 x + b 2 y + c 2 = 0.
a  a 2 + b2 
C A T J E E , R a m a n N i w a s , N e a r A k a s h v a n i , M e h mo o r g a n j , V a r a n a s i , P h : ( 0 5 4 2 ) 2 3 6 3 4 5 5 . we b s i t e : c a t j e e . i n
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45. Condition for concurrency of three lines: let THE ANGLE BISECTORS:
ℓ 1 ≡ a 1 x + b 1 y + c1 = 0 51. Equations of angle bisectors: The equations of angle
ℓ 2 ≡ a 2x + b2 y + c2 = 0 bisectors of the straight lines a 1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0 &
ℓ 3 ≡ a 3x + b3 y + c3 = 0 a 2 x + b 2 y + c 2 = 0 are given by
be any three straight lines such that no two lines are a 1 x + b 1 y + c1 a x + b2 y + c2
=± 2 .
parallel then ℓ 1 , ℓ 2 & ℓ 3 are concurrent if
a 12 + b12 a 22 + b 22
a 1 b1 c1
Hence there are two angle bisectors of two lines. Also
∆ = a 2 b2 c2 = 0 .
by simple geometrical considerations it is found that the
a 3 b3 c3 angle bisectors are perpendicular to each other.
46. Family of parallel lines: The family of parallel lines 52. To determine the acute angle and obtuse angle
having slope m is given by the equation y = mx + c bisectors: Let angle bisectors be represented by
where m is a constant and c is a parameter. ℓ 3 & ℓ 4 . If acute angle between ℓ 3 and one of the
RELATIVE POSITION OF A POINT WITH lines ℓ 1 or ℓ 2 is less than π/4 then ℓ 3 is the acute
RESPECT TO A LINE: angle bisector and ℓ 4 is obtuse angle bisector. On the
47. Relative position of two points with respect to a line: other hand if the acute angle determined as above is
Two points (x 1 , y1 ) and (x 2 , y 2 ) lie on same or greater than π/4 then ℓ 3 is the obtuse angle bisector and
opposite side of the line Ax + By + C = 0 depending on ℓ 4 is acute angle bisector. Using this principle and
whether Ax 1 + By1 + C and Ax 2 + By 2 + C are of rigorous simplifications the following rule may be
deduced:
same or opposite sign.
Let ℓ 1 ≡ a 1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0 , ℓ 2 ≡ a 2 x + b 2 y + c 2 = 0
48. The line ax + by + c = 0 divides the join of the be the equations of the lines such that c1 > 0 and
points A (x 1 , y1 ) and B(x 2 , y 2 ) in the ratio c 2 > 0 . Let
AP  ax + by1 + c     
= − 1  , where P is the point of  a x + b 1 y + c1   a x + b2 y + c2 
PB  ax 2 + by 2 + c  ℓ3 ≡  1  = + 2 
intersection of the line AB and the given line.  2
a 1 + b1 2   2
a 2 + b2 2 
   
49. Condition for a point to lie inside a triangle: Let
   
A (x 1 , y1 ) , B(x 2 , y 2 ) , C(x 3 , y 3 ) be the vertices of the  a 1 x + b 1 y + c1   a 2x + b2y + c2 
ℓ4 ≡   = − .
triangle ABC. Also let equations of the sides be so  a 12 + b12   a 22 + b 22 
adjusted that each side gives a positive quantity for the    
opposite vertex. If the equations of the sides in adjusted Then , if a 1a 2 + b1b 2 > 0 then ℓ 3 is the obtuse angle
form are a 1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0 , a 2 x + b 2 y + c 2 = 0 and
bisector and ℓ 4 is the acute angle bisector.
a 3 x + b 3 y + c 3 = 0 then the point P(α, β) lies on or
If a 1a 2 + b1b 2 < 0 then ℓ 3 is the acute angle bisector
inside the triangle ABC if a 1α + b1β + c1 ≥ 0 and
and ℓ 4 is the obtuse angle bisector.
a 2 α + b 2 β + c 2 ≥ 0 & a 3 α + b 3β + c 3 ≥ 0 .
53. The bisector which bisects the segment that contains a
50. Relative position of a point with respect to two parallel given point P(x1 , y1 ) : Any two non-parallel lines
lines: Let P(x 1 , y1 ) be any arbitrary point and
divide the xy-plane in to four segments. To find
ℓ 1 ≡ ax + by + c1 = 0 , ℓ 2 ≡ ax + by + c 2 = 0 be two equation of that bisector which bisects the segment that
parallel lines. Then contains a given point P(x 1 , y1 ) proceed as follows:
(i) P lies strictly in between the parallel lines if Adjust the equations of the lines such that both of them
(ax1 + by1 + c1 )(ax 1 + by1 + c 2 ) < 0 give positive quantities when (x 1 , y1 ) is substituted
(ii) P lies on or in between the parallel lines if in their equations. Let ℓ 1 ≡ a 1 x + b 1 y + c1 = 0 &
(ax1 + by1 + c1 )(ax 1 + by1 + c 2 ) ≤ 0 . ℓ 2 ≡ a 2 x + b 2 y + c 2 = 0 be the equations of the lines in
(iii) P lies strictly outside the parallel lines if adjusted form. Then the equation of the bisector that
(ax1 + by1 + c1 )(ax 1 + by1 + c 2 ) > 0 . bisects the segment tat contains the point P(x1 , y1 ) is

(iv) P lies on or outside the parallel lines if    

 a1x + b1 y + c1   a 2x + b2 y + c2 
(ax1 + by1 + c1 )(ax 1 + by1 + c 2 ) ≥ 0 .   = +  .
 a12 + b12   a 22 + b 22 
   

C A T J E E , R a m a n N i w a s , N e a r A k a s h v a n i , M e h mo o r g a n j , V a r a n a s i , P h : ( 0 5 4 2 ) 2 3 6 3 4 5 5 . we b s i t e : c a t j e e . i n
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54. Equation of angle bisectors of two parallel lines: If 59. Area of a polygon: The area of the polygon whose
ax + by + c1 = 0 and ax + by + c 2 = 0 be two parallel vertices are (x 1 , y1 ), (x 2 , y 2 ), (x 3 , y 3 ) ,... , (x n , y n ) is
lines then their angle bisectors are given by 1 (x 1 y 2 + x 2 y 3 + x 3 y 4 + ... + x n −1 y n + x n y1 ) 
 ax + by + c    A=  
 1  = ± ax + by + c 2  2 − (x 2 y1 + x 3 y 2 + x 4 y 3 + ... + x n y n −1 + x 1 y n )
 2 2   2 2 
 a +b   a +b 
⇒ ax + by + c1 = ax + by + c 2
or
ax + by + c1 = −(ax + by + c 2 )
⇒ c1 = c 2 or 2ax + 2by + c1 + c 2 = 0
rejected
 c + c2 
⇒ ax + by +  1  = 0
 2 
This line is parallel to the parallel lines and divides the
distance between ax + by + c1 = 0 and ax + by + c 2 = 0
in to two equal halves.
THE TRIANGLES
55. In a triangle the line joining mid points of any two sides 60. Centroid of a triangle: The line joining vertex to the
is parallel to the third side and half the length of the mid point of the opposite side of a triangle is called
third side. median of a triangle. The medians of a triangle are
56. If P, Q, R are the mid points of the sides AB, BC and concurrent and the point of concurrency is called
CA of a triangle ABC then area of ∆PBQ = ∆PQR centroid. Centroid always lies inside the triangle.
∆ABC 61. To find centroid of a triangle when vertices are given:
= ∆QCR = ∆APR = .
4 If A (x 1 , y1 ) , B(x 2 , y 2 ) , C(x 3 , y 3 ) be the vertices of
57. Area of a triangle when vertices are given: Area of the the triangle ABC then centroid G of the triangle is given
triangle with vertices A (x 1 , y1 ), B(x 2 , y 2 ) , C(x 3 , y 3 )  x + x 2 + x 3 y1 + y 2 + y 3 
by  1 ,  .
x1 y1 1  3 3 
1
is given by: ∆ = x 2 y2 1 . 62. To find centroid of a triangle when sides are given: If
2
x3 y3 1 sides of triangle are given then to find centroid first find
vertices by solving the sides pair-wise and then apply
If ∆ = 0 then A, B, C are collinear and vice versa.
the formula for centroid as discussed above.
58. Area of a triangle when sides are given: If the sides of
63. Each median of a triangle divides the triangle in to two
a triangle are a 1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0 , a 2 x + b 2 y + c 2 = 0 ,
triangles of equal area.
a 3 x + b 3 y + c 3 = 0 then the area the triangle is given
by the following formula:
a 1 b 1 c1
∆2
Area = , where ∆ = a 2 b 2 c 2 &
2 × C1 × C 2 × C 3
a 3 b3 c3 In above figures AD, BE and CF are the medians. Hence
C1 , C 2 , C 3 are respectively the co-factors of 1
Area of ∆ABD = Area of ∆ADC = Area of ∆ABC
c1 , c 2 , c 3 in ∆ . Hence 2
1
a1 b1 c1
2 Area of ∆ABE = Area of ∆CBE = Area of ∆ABC
2
a2 b2 c2 1
Area of ∆ACF = Area of ∆BCF = Area of ∆ABC
a3 b3 c3 2
Area =
2(a 2 b 3 − a 3 b 2 )(a 3 b1 − a 1b 3 )(a 1b 2 − a 2 b1 ) For example if A (x 1 , y1 ), B(x 2 , y 2 ) and coordinates of
middle point of BC is D(x 3 , y 3 ) then area ∆ of the
triangle ABC is given by:
∆ = 2 Area of ∆ABD

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x1 y1 1 x1 y1 1 If A (x 1 , y1 ) , B(x 2 , y 2 ) , C(x 3 , y 3 ) be the vertices of

1
= 2× x2 y2 1 = x2 y2 1 . the triangle ABC then the ex-centre I1 opposite vertex
2
x3 y3 1 x3 y3 1  − ax 1 + bx 2 + cx 3 − ay1 + by 2 + cy 3 
A is given by  ,  .
64. In any triangle centroid G divides the triangle into three  −a +b+c −a +b+c 
triangles of equal area. Similarly the ex-centre I 2 opposite to vertex B and ex-
centre I3 opposite to vertex C are given by
 ax − bx 2 + cx 3 ay1 − by 2 + cy 3

I 2 ≡  1 ,  &
In above figure G is the centroid of the triangle ABC.  a−b+c a −b+c 
Hence area of ∆AGB = area of ∆GBC = area of ∆GCA  ax + bx 2 − cx 3 ay + by 2 − cy 3 
I 3 ≡  1 , 1  ,
=
1
area of ∆ABC . For example if A (x1 , y1 ),  a +b−c a +b−c 
3
where BC = a , CA = b , AB = c .
B(x 2 , y 2 ) and G (x 3 , y 3 ) then area of triangle ABC is
68. If vertices of a triangle are given then to find incenter or
given by: ex-centers first determine the length of sides using
Area of ∆ABC = 3 × area of ∆AGB distance formula and then apply the formulae discussed
x1 y1 1 above.
1 69. If sides of a triangle are given then to find incenter or
= 3× x2 y2 1
2 ex-centers first find the vertices of the triangle, then find
x3 y3 1 the length of sides and then apply the formulae
65. The internal angle bisectors of a triangle: In any discussed above. In an objective question, if the sides
triangle the internal angle bisectors are concurrent and are given then more practical way to find the incenter
the point of concurrency is called the incenter of the (or ex-center) is to proceed from options provided. In
triangle. Also in any triangle the internal angle bisectors such a situation find the point from options provided for
divide the side onto which they fall in the ratio of which the perpendicular distance of each side of the
adjacent sides. triangle are equal.
70. In radius r of a triangle ABC is given by
A B C
r = 4R sin . sin . sin = R (cos A + cos B + cos C − 1),
2 2 2
where R is the circum radius of the triangle ABC.
In the above figure AD, BE and CF are the angle
bisectors. Hence BD : DC :: c : b 71. Circumcenter of a triangle: The perpendicular bisectors
CE : EA :: a : c of sides of a triangle are concurrent and the point of
concurrency is called circumcentre.
AF : FB :: b : a
66. Incenter of a triangle: If A (x 1 , y1 ) , B(x 2 , y 2 ) ,
C(x 3 , y 3 ) be the vertices of the triangle ABC then the
Incentre I of the triangle is given by
 ax + bx 2 + cx 3 ay1 + by 2 + cy 3 
I ≡  1 ,  ,where a = BC ,
 a+b+c a+b+c 
b = CA , c = AB . Incenter always lies inside the
triangle.
72. Circumcentre lies inside the triangle iff the triangle is
67. Ex-centers of a triangle: In any triangle ABC the acute angled, lies on a side of the triangle (hypotenuse)
external bisectors of ∠B, ∠C and internal bisector of iff the triangle is right angled, lies outside the triangle iff
∠A are concurrent and the point of concurrency is the triangle is obtuse angled triangle.
known as center of the circle escribed to opposite of A.
This point is generally denoted by I1 .

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73. In any triangle ABC if O is the circumcentre then 78. The orthocenter of triangle lies inside the triangle iff it is
∠BOC = 2A, ∠COA = 2B, ∠AOB = 2C . Also the acute angled triangle, lies outside the triangle iff it is
perpendicular distances of the sides BC, CA, AB from O obtuse angled triangle and coincides with the vertex
are R cos A, R cos B & R cos C respectively, where R is where the right angle lies iff it is right angled triangle.
the circum-radius. 79. In triangle ABC if P is the orthocenter then
PA = 2R cos A, PB = 2R cos B, PC = 2R cos C
PK = 2R cos B. cos C, PL = 2R cos A. cos C
PM = 2R cos A. cos B .
80. Reflection of orthocenter of a triangle about the sides of
the triangle gives points all of which lie on the circum
circle of the triangle.
74. Circumcenter of a right angled triangle: If ABC is a
right angled triangle with right angle at B then mid point
of the hypotenuse AC gives the circumcentre of ∆ABC ,
since AC is the diameter of the circumcircle.

In the above figure P1 , P2 , P3 are reflections of the

point P about the sides BC, CA and AB respectively.
75. To find circumcentre of a triangle if vertices are 81. In any triangle orthocenter P, centroid G and
given: If vertices of a triangle are given then circumcentre S are collinear and centroid G divides the
circumcentre can be found in following two ways: join of orthocenter P and circumcentre S in the ratio
(i) Find the equations of perpendicular bisectors of any 2 : 1 , that is, PG : GS :: 2 : 1 .
two sides and solve them simultaneously.
(ii) If the vertices are A (x 1 , y1 ) , B(x 2 , y 2 ) , C(x 3 , y 3 )
and circumcentre is O(h, k ) then OA = OB = OC
⇒ OA 2 = OB 2 = OC 2
⇒ (h − x 1 )2 + (k − y1 )2 = (h − x 2 )2 + (k − y 2 )2
82. To determine the nature of a triangle when vertices are
= (h − x 3 )2 + (k − y 3 )2 given: If coordinates of three points A, B, C are given
The above equality gives two linear equations in then to determine the nature of triangle ABC proceed as
(h , k ) and solving them O(h, k ) can be found. This follows: Find the lengths AB, BC and CA. Let
BC = a , CA = b, AB = c .
method is preferred in comparison to first method.
(i) If a = b = c then ∆ABC is equilateral.
76. To find circumcentre of a triangle when sides are
(ii) If a = b or b = c or c = a then the triangle is
given: If sides of triangle are given then first find
isosceles.
vertices of the triangle by pair-wise solving the sides,
then apply the rule for finding circumcentre when (iii) If a + b = c or b + c = a or c + a = b then A, B, C
vertices are given. However if two of the sides are are collinear.
perpendicular then the triangle is right angled. In this (iv) If a ≠ b ≠ c then determine the largest side and
case find the coordinates of the points of intersection of thereby determine the cosine value of the largest
the perpendicular sides with the non-perpendicular side angle. If the largest angle is acute then the triangle
(i.e. hypotenuse). The mid point of the obtained points is acute angled, if it is obtuse then the triangle is
given the circumcentre. obtuse angled and if it is π / 2 then the triangle is
77. Orthocenter of a triangle: The point of concurrency of right angled triangle. For example if a > b and
altitudes of a triangle is called orthocenter. The a > c then BC is the largest side. Hence ∠A is
co-ordinates of orthocenter are obtained by the largest angle. Hence
simultaneously solving any two altitudes. b2 + c2 − a 2
cos A =
2bc
b2 + c2 − a 2
If > 0 then ∆ABC is acute angled
2bc
triangle.

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b2 + c2 − a 2 ∠A = ∠B & correspondingly CA = CB. Similar

If − 1 < < 0 then ∆ABC is obtuse results hold when TB = TC or TC = TA .
2bc
angled triangle. (c) If TA , TB , TC are all positive or all negative then
b2 + c2 − a 2 the triangle is acute angled triangle.
If = 0 then ∆ABC is right angled (d) If any two of TA , TB , TC are positive and the other
2bc
triangle. one is negative then the triangle is obtuse angled
triangle. For example if TA > 0, TB > 0 and
b2 + c2 − a 2
If = −1 then A, B, C are collinear. TC < 0 then ∆ABC is obtuse angled and the obtuse
2bc
angle lies at ∠C .
b2 + c2 − a 2
(v) If = 0 and b = c then the triangle is (e) If any two of TA , TB , TC are negative and the
2bc
isosceles and right angled triangle with right angle other one is positive then the triangle is obtuse
at A. angled triangle. For example if TA < 0, TB < 0 and
83. To determine the nature of a triangle when sides are TC > 0 then ∆ABC is obtuse angled and the
given: If equations of three straight lines are given , no obtuse angle lies at ∠C .
two of which are parallel then nature of the triangle is 84. All the vertices of an equilateral can not be rational.
decided as follows: Let the lines be a 1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0 , Proof:
a 2 x + b 2 y + c 2 = 0 and a 3 x + b 3 y + c 3 = 0 . Let ABC be an equilateral triangle whose all the vertices
are rational. Hence slopes of the sides are rational. Let
a1 b1 c1
m1 , m 2 , m 3 be the slopes of the sides AB, BC and CA
(i) If ∆ = a2 b2 c2 = 0 then the lines are respectively. Hence
a3 b3 c3
∠B = 60 o
concurrent.
m1 − m 2
(ii) If ∆ ≠ 0 and two of the three lines are ⇒ tan 60 o =
perpendicular then the triangle is right angled 1 + m1m 2
triangle. rational
(iii) If the triangle is right angled then determine the ⇒ 3=
rational
equations of angle bisectors of the perpendicular
lines. If the third side is parallel to one of the above ⇒ 3 = a rational quantity
determined angle bisectors then the triangle is But this is a contradiction. Hence all the vertices of an
isosceles right angled triangle. equilateral triangle can not be rational.
(iv) If no two sides are perpendicular and ∆ ≠ 0 then
85. If ABC is an isosceles right angled triangle with right
proceed as follows: Let slope of the lines be
angle at B and coordinates of the extremities of the
hypotenuse are A (x 1 , y1 ) and C(x 2 , y 2 ) then possible
m1 , m 2 , m 3 .
coordinates of the vertex B are
 (x 1 + x 2 ) ± (y1 − y 2 ) (y1 + y 2 ) ∓ (x 1 − x 2 ) 
 ,  .
 2 2 
That is, possible coordinates of the vertex B are
 (x 1 + x 2 ) + (y1 − y 2 ) (y1 + y 2 ) − (x 1 − x 2 ) 
 ,  &
 2 2 
Evaluate TA , TB , TC defined as follows:
 (x 1 + x 2 ) − (y1 − y 2 ) (y1 + y 2 ) + (x 1 − x 2 ) 
m1 − m 2  ,  .
TC =  2 2 
1 + m1 m 2
86. If ABC is an equilateral triangle whose any two vertices
m 2 − m3
TA = are (x 1 , y1 ) and (x 2 , y 2 ) then the possible coordinates
1+ m2m3 of the third vertex are given by:
m 3 − m1  (x 1 + x 2 ) ± 3 (y1 − y 2 ) (y1 + y 2 ) ∓ 3 (x 1 − x 2 ) 
TB =  
1 + m 3 m1 
,

 2 2 
(a) If TA = TB = TC = 3 or TA = TB = TC = − 3 That is, possible coordinates of the third vertex are
then the triangle is equilateral.  (x1 + x 2 ) + 3 (y1 − y 2 ) (y1 + y 2 ) − 3 (x1 − x 2 ) 
(b) If TA = TB or TB = TC or TC = TA then the  , &
 2 2 
triangle is isosceles. Also, if TA = TB then  
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 (x1 + x 2 ) − 3 (y1 − y 2 ) (y1 + y 2 ) + 3 (x1 − x 2 )  D(x 4 , y 4 ) taken in order are vertices of a quadrilateral
 , .
 2 2  ABCD.
 
THE QUADRILATERALS
87. Quadrilaterals: If A, B, C, D are four arbitrary points
on a plane, no three of which are collinear, then the lines
joining these points in clockwise sense or anticlockwise
(i) Verification for parallelogram: Find mid point of
sense encloses a quadrilateral.
AC and mid point of BD. If they coincide then
ABCD is a parallelogram. Hence ABCD is a
parallelogram if
 x 1 + x 3 y1 + y 3   x 2 + x 4 y 2 + y 4 
 ,  ≡  , 
 2 2   2 2 
In above figure ABCD is a quadrilateral. The line (ii) Verification for rhombus, square, rectangle: First
joining opposite vertices are called diagonals viz: verify for parallelogram. If it is a parallelogram
AC & BD . then find length of the sides AB, BC, CD, DA and
(i) In any quadrilateral the sum of all the internal find slopes of the sides AB and BC.
angles is 2π , that is ∠A + ∠B + ∠C + ∠D = 2π . If AB = BC = CD = DA and AB is not
(ii) If opposite sides of a quadrilateral are parallel then perpendicular BC then ABCD is a non-square
it is called parallelogram. rhombus.
π If AB = BC = CD = DA and AB is perpendicular to
(iii) If in a parallelogram the angles are then it is
2 BC then ABCD is a square.
called a rectangle. More specifically in a non-square If AB = CD & BC = DA and AB is perpendicular
rectangle the sides are not of equal length. to BC then ABCD is a rectangle.
(iv) If length of sides of a quadrilateral are of equal (iii) To verify for trapezium, co-linearity: Find slopes
length then it is called a rhombus. of the lines AB, BC, CD, DA. If exactly one pair of
(v) If the angles are π / 2 in rhombus then it called a AB & CD or BC &DA are parallel then ABCD is a
square. trapezium. However if all the lines AB, BC, CD,
(vi) If two sides of a quadrilateral are parallel and two DA have same slope then the given points are
are non-parallel then it is called a trapezium. collinear.
(vii) In a trapezium if the non-parallel sides are of equal (iv) To verify for cyclic quadrilateral: Find slope of the
length then it is called an isosceles trapezium. lines AB, BC, CD, DA. Let the slopes be m1 , m 2 ,
(viii) If all the vertices of a quadrilateral lie on a m 3 , m 4 respectively.
circle then it is called a cyclic-quadrilateral. For
a cyclic quadrilateral ABCD, PA . PC = PB . PD
and ∠A + ∠C = ∠B + ∠D = π . Also in any
quadrilateral ABCD if one of the conditions
PA . PC = PB . PD or ∠A + ∠C = π or
∠B + ∠D = 0 is satisfied then it is a cyclic  m − m1   m 4 − m 3 
If  2  + 

 = 0 then ABCD is a

quadrilateral.  1 + m 2 m1   1 + m 4 m 3 
(ix) The lines joining the mid points of the sides of any cyclic quadrilateral.
quadrilateral always enclose a parallelogram. 89. To verify the nature of a quadrilateral when sides are
given: If equations of four straight lines are given then
determine slopes of each of the lines. If the lines
represent two pairs of parallel lines then find the
distances between each pair of parallel lines. Let these
distances be P1 and P2 . To verify for nature of the
quadrilateral enclosed by the given lines proceed as
In the above figure PQRS is a parallelogram. follows:
(x) Non-rectangle and non-square parallelograms are (i) If no two lines are parallel then it is a simple
non-cyclic-quadrilaterals. In other words rectangle quadrilateral.
and square are always cyclic quadrilaterals while (ii) If exactly two lines are parallel and two are non-
parallelograms other than squares and rectangles are parallel then it is a trapezium.
not cyclic. (iii) If the lines represent two pairs of parallel lines then
88. To verify for nature of a quadrilateral when vertices it is a parallelogram.
are given: Let A (x 1 , y1 ), B(x 2 , y 2 ), C(x 3 , y 3 ),
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(iv) If the lines represent a parallelogram and any two of (vii) If the parallelogram is not a rhombus or square
the non-parallel lines are perpendicular and then the diagonals are not perpendicular to each
P1 ≠ P2 then it is a non square rectangle. other, that is, AC not perpendicular to BD. Also, if
(v) If the lines represent a rectangle and P1 = P2 then it the diagonals of a parallelogram (not arbitrary
quadrilateral) are perpendicular to each other then
is a square. it is a rhombus or square.
(vi) If the lines represent a parallelogram and P1 = P2 (viii) If the parallelogram is not a square or rectangle
and no two of the non-parallel lines are then the diagonals are not of equal length.
perpendicular then it is a non-square rhombus. 91. Area of a parallelogram: If P1 and P2 be the distances
between the parallel lines and θ is the angle of
Proof:
parallelogram then the area A of the parallelogram is
If the parallelogram ABCD is a rhombus then the
PP
necessary and sufficient condition is given by A = 1 2 .
DM AN sin θ
AD = AB ⇒ = If the sides of a parallelogram are
sin θ sin θ
a 1 x + b 1 y + c1 = 0
⇒ DM = AN ⇒ P1 = P2
a 1 x + b1 y + c 2 = 0
a 2 x + b 2 y + d1 = 0
a 2x + b2y + d2 = 0
90. Properties of a parallelogram: Let ABCD be a
parallelogram as shown in figure.
(c1 − c 2 ). (d1 − d 2 )
Then area A is given by: A =
a1 b1
a2 b2
92. Area of a rhombus: To calculate area of a rhombus we
(i) Opposite sides of a parallelogram are parallel, use the formula derived for parallelogram. Also, if
that is, AB | | CD & BC | | AD . Also in any ABCD is a rhombus whose lengths of diagonals AC and
quadrilateral if opposite sides are parallel then it is 1
BD are d1 , d 2 then area of the rhombus is d1d 2 .
always a parallelogram. 2
(ii) The length of opposite sides of a parallelogram are 93. A second degree curve passing through the vertices of
equal, that is AB = CD and BC = AD . Also in a triangle: If ℓ 1 = 0 , ℓ 2 = 0 , ℓ 3 = 0 represent the
any quadrilateral if opposite sides are of equal sides of a triangle then the equation of any second
length then it is a parallelogram. degree curve (circle, parabola, ellipse, hyperbola or
(iii) The opposite angles of parallelogram are equal, pair of straight line) passing through all the
that is, ∠A = ∠C and ∠B = ∠D . Also in any three vertices of the triangle must be in the form of
quadrilateral if opposite angles are equal then it is λ ℓ 1 ℓ 2 + µ ℓ 2 ℓ 3 + γ ℓ 3 ℓ 1 = 0.
a parallelogram.
(iv) The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other, LOCUS:
that is, PA = PC and PB = PD . Also in any The equation of the path described by a point which moves
quadrilateral if the diagonals bisect each other then under given condition or conditions is called its locus. To
it is a parallelogram. find locus of a point we generally proceed as follows:
(v) If the parallelogram is not a rhombus or square (i) Assume the coordinates of the moving point, that is the
then the diagonals are not corresponding angle point whose locus is to be found, to be (h , k ) .
bisectors. Also, if the diagonals of a quadrilateral
are corresponding angle bisectors then it is a (ii) Write the given condition or conditions in mathematical
rhombus or square. form using (h , k ) as if h & k are both known quantities.
(vi) If the parallelogram is not a square or rectangle
then the diagonals don’t divide each other into four (iii) Eliminate the variables (if any) to get relationship
equal parts. That is, in non rectangle &non square between h & k.
parallelogram PA = PC and PB = PD but (iv) Now replace h by x & k by y in the result obtained in
PA ≠ PB . Also, if the diagonals of a quadrilateral step(iii).
divide each other into four equal parts then the
quadrilateral is a rectangle or square.

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EXERCISE
NCERT SECTION: the slope of the line AB and using it, find what will be
1. Draw a quadrilateral in the Cartesian plane, whose the population in the year 2010?
vertices are (−4,5), (0,7 ) , (5,−5) & (−4,−2 ) . Also, find its 15. Write the equations for the x and y-axes.
area. 1
16. Passing through the point (−4, 3) with slope .
2. The base of an equilateral triangle with 2a lies along the 2
y-axis such that the mid-point of the base is at the 17. Passing through (0, 0 ) with slope m.

3.
origin. Find vertices of the triangle.
Find the distance between P(x 1 , y1 ) and Q(x 2 , y 2 )
( )
18. Passing through 2,2 3 and inclined with x-axis at an

when: angle of 75 o .
(i) PQ is parallel to the y-axis, 19. Intersecting the x-axis at a distance of 3 units to the left
(ii) PQ is parallel to the x-axis of origin with slope –2.
4. Find a point on the x-axis, which is equidistant from the 20. Intersecting the y-axis at a distance of 2 units above the
points (7,6 ) and (3,4) . origin and making an angle of 30 o with positive
5. Find the slope of a line, which passes through the origin, direction of the x-axis.
and the mid-point of the line segment joining the points 21. Passing through the points (−1, 1) and (2, − 4) .
P(0,−4 ) & B(8, 0 ) .
22. Perpendicular distance from the origin is 5 units and the
6. Without using the Pythagoras theorem, show that the angle made by the perpendicular with the positive x-axis
points (4,4) , (3,5) and (−1,−1) are the vertices of a
is 30 o .
right angled triangle.
23. The vertices of ∆PQR are P(2,1), Q(−2,3) and R (4,5) .
7. Find the slope of the line, which makes an angle of 30 o Find equation of the median through the vertex R.
24. Find the equation of the line passing through (−3, 5) and
with the positive direction of y-axis measured
anticlockwise.
perpendicular to the line through the points (2, 5) and
8. Find the value of x for which the points (x ,−1) , (2,1)
and (4,5) are collinear.
(−3, 6) .
9. Without using distance formula, show that points 25. A line perpendicular to the line segment joining the
(−2,−1) , (4,0), (3, 3) & (−3,2) are the vertices of a points (1, 0 ) and (2,3) divides it in the ratio 1 : n . Find
parallelogram. the equation of the line.
10. Find the angle between the x-axis and the line joining 26. Find the equation of a line that cuts off equal intercepts
the points (3, − 1) and (4,−2) .
on the coordinate axes and passes through the point
(2, 3) .
11. The slope of a line is double of the slope of another line.
1 27. Find equation of the line passing through the point (2,2)
If tangent of the angle between them is , find the and cutting off intercepts on the axes whose sum is 9.
3
slopes of the lines. 28. Find equation of the line through the point (0, 2 )
12. A line passes through (x 1 , y1 ) and (h , k ) . If slope of making an angle
2π
with the positive x-axis. Also, find
the line is m, show that k − y1 = m(h − x 1 ) . 3
the equation of lines parallel to it and crossing the y-axis
13. If three points (h ,0), (a , b ) & (0, k ) lie on a line, show at a distance of 2 units below the origin.
a b 29. The perpendicular from the origin to a line meets it at
that + = 1 .
h k the point (−2, 9 ) , find the equation of the line.
14. Consider the following population and year graph, find
30. The length L (in centimeter) of a copper rod is a linear
function of its Celsius temperature C. In an experiment,
if L = 124.942 when C = 20 and L = 125.134 when
C = 110 , express L in terms of C.
31. The owner of a milk store finds that, he can sell 980
liters of milk each week at Rs14/liter and 1220 liters of
milk each week at Rs16/liter. Assuming a linear
relationship between selling price and demand, how
many liters could he sell weekly at Rs17/liter?

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32. P(a , b ) is the mid-point of a line segment between axes. 48. Find the coordinates of the foot of perpendicular from
x y the point (−1, 3) to the line 3x − 4 y − 16 = 0 .
Show that equation of the line is + = 2 .
a b 49. The perpendicular from the origin to the line y = mx + c
33. Point R (h , k ) divides a line segment between the axes meets it at the point (−1, 2 ) . Find the values of m and c.
in the ratio 1 : 2 . Find equation of the line. 50. If p and q are the lengths of perpendiculars from the
34. By using the concept of equation of a line, prove that the origin to the lines x cos θ − y sin θ − k cos 2θ and
three points (3, 0 ) , (−2, − 2 ) and (8, 2 ) are collinear. x sec θ + y cos ecθ = k , respectively, prove that
35. Reduce the following equations into slope intercept p 2 + 4q 2 = k 2 .
form and find their slopes and the y-intercepts.
(i) x + 7 y = 0 51. In the triangle ABC with vertices A(2, 3), B(4,−1) and
(ii) 6 x + 3y − 5 = 0 C(1, 2) , find the equation and length of altitude from the
(iii) y = 0 vertex A.
36. Reduce the following equations into intercept form and 52. If p is the length of perpendicular from the origin to the
find their intercepts on the axes. line whose intercepts on the axes a and b, then show that
(i) 3x + 2 y − 12 = 0 1 1 1
= + .
2 2 b2
(ii) 4x − 3y = 6 p a
(iii) 3y + 2 = 0 53. Find the values of k for which the line (k − 3)x
37. Reduce the following equations into normal form. Find
their perpendicular distance from the origin and angle
( )
− 4 − k 2 y + k 2 − 7 k + 6 = 0 is
(a) Parallel to the x-axis,
between perpendicular and the positive x-axis. (b) Parallel to the y-axis,
(i) x − 3 y + 8 = 0 (c) Passing through the origin.
(ii) y − 2 = 0 54. Find the values of θ and p, if the equation
(iii) x − y = 4 x cos θ + y sin θ = p is the normal form of the line
38. Find the distance of the point (−1, 1) from the line 3x + y + 2 = 0 .
12(x + 6 ) = 5(y − 2 ) . 55. Find the equations of the lines, which cut-off intercepts
on the axes whose sum and product are 1 and –6,
39. Find the points on the x-axis, whose distances from the
respectively.
x y
line + = 1 and 4 units. 56. What are the points on the y-axis whose distance from
3 4
x y
40. Find the distance between parallel lines: the line + = 1 is 4 units.
3 4
(i) 15x + 8 y − 34 = 0 & 15x + 8y + 31 = 0
57. Find perpendicular distance from the origin of the line
(ii) ℓ(x + y ) + p = 0 & ℓ(x + y ) − r = 0
joining the points (cos θ, sin θ) and (cos φ, sin φ) .
41. Find equation of the line parallel to the line 58. Find the equation of the line parallel to y-axis and drawn
3x − 4 y + 2 = 0 and passing through the point (−2, 3) . through the point of intersection of the lines
42. Find the equation of the line perpendicular to the line x − 7 y + 5 = 0 and 3x + y = 0 .
x − 7 y + 5 = 0 and having x intercept 3. 59. Find the equation of a line drawn perpendicular to the
43. Find angles between the lines 3x + y = 1 & x + 3 y = 1 . x y
line + = 1 through the point, where it meets the
4 6
44. The line through the points (h , 3) and (4, 1) intersects y-axis.
the line 7 x − 9 y − 19 = 0 at right angle. Find the value of
60. Find the area of the triangle formed by the lines
h.
y − x = 0, x + y = 0 and x − k = 0 .
45. Prove that the line through the point (x 1 , y1 ) and
parallel to the line Ax + By + C = 0 is 61. Find the value of p so that the three lines 3x + y − 2 = 0 ,
A(x − x 1 ) + B(y − y1 ) = 0 . px + 2 y − 3 = 0 and 2x − y − 3 = 0 may intersect at one
46. Two lines passing through the point (2, 3) intersects
point.
62. If three lines whose equations are y = m1 x + c1 ,
each other at an angle of 60 o . If slope of one line is 2,
find equation of the other line. y = m 2 x + c 2 and y = m 3 x + c 3 are concurrent, then
47. Find the equation of the right bisector of the line show that m1 (c 2 − c 3 ) + m 2 (c 3 − c1 ) + m 3 (c1 − c 2 ) = 0 .
segment joining the points (3, 4 ) and (−1, 2 ) .
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63. Find the equation of the lines through the point (3, 2 ) 77. A person standing at the junction (crossing) of two
straight paths represented by the equations
which make an angle of 45 o with the line x − 2 y = 3 . 2x − 3y + 4 = 0 and 3x + 4 y − 5 = 0 wants to reach the
64. Find the equation of the line passing through the point path whose equation is 6 x − 7 y + 8 = 0 in the least time.
of intersection of the lines 4x + 7 y − 3 = 0 and Find equation of the path that he should follow.
2x − 3y + 1 = 0 that has equal intercepts on the axes.
OBJECTIVE:
65. Show that the equation of the line passing through the
origin and making an angle θ with the line y = mx + c
(Only one option is correct)
78. The points P(a , b + c ), Q(b, c + a ) and R (c, a + b ) are
y m + tan θ
is = ± . such that PQ = QR if
x 1 − m tan θ (a) a, b, c are in A.P (b) a, b, c are in G.P
66. In what ratio, the line joining (−1, 1) and (5, 7 ) is (c) a, b, c are in H.P (d) none of these
divided by the line x + y = 4 ? 79. P and Q are points on the line joining the points
A(25, 37) and B(55, −17) such that AP = PQ = QB, then
67. Find the distance of the line 4x + 7 y + 5 = 0 from the the mid point of PQ is
point (1, 2 ) along the line 2x − y = 0 . (a) (30, 20) (b) (30, 54)
(c) (40, 10) (d) (15, 10)
68. Find the direction in which a straight line must be drawn
80. If A and B are the points (−3, 4) and (3, −4) respectively
through the point (−1, 2 ) so that its point of intersection
then the coordinates of the point C on AB produced
with the line x + y = 4 may be at a distance of 3 units such than AC = 3BC are
from this point. (a) (0, 0) (b) (−6, 8)
69. The hypotenuse of a right angled triangle has its ends at (c) (6, −8) (d) (−6, −8)
the points (1, 3) and (−4, 1) . Find the equation of the 81. In the equation y − y1 = m(x − x 1 ) if m and x 1 are
legs (perpendicular sides) of the triangle. fixed and different lines are drawn for different values
of y1 , then:
70. Find the image of the point (3, 8) with respect to the line (a) The lines will pass through a single point
x + 3y = 7 assuming the line to be a plane mirror. (b) There will be a set of parallel lines
(c) There will be one line only
71. If the lines y = 3x + 1 & 2 y = x + 3 are equally inclined (d) None of these
to the line y = mx + 4 , find the value of m. 82. The point P(a , b ) lies on the straight line 3x + 2 y = 13
72. If sum of the perpendicular distances of a variable point and the point Q(b, a ) lies on the straight line
P(x , y ) from the lines x + y = 5 = 0 and 3x − 2 y + 7 = 0 4 x − y = 5 , then the equation of line PQ is:
is always 10. Show that P must move on a line. (a) x − y = 5 (b) x + y = 5
(c) x + y = −5 (d) x − y = −5
73. Find the equation of the line which is equidistant from
83. The co-ordinates of point P on the line y = x for which
parallel lines 9 x + 6 y − 7 = 0 and 3x + 2 y + 6 = 0 .
PA + PB is minimum where A ≡ (1, 3), B ≡ (3, 2) is
74. A ray of light passing through the point (1, 2 ) reflects on (a) (2, 2) (b) (1, 2)
the x-axis at point A and the reflected ray passes 5 5 7 7
(c)  ,  (d)  , 
through the point (5, 3) . Find the coordinates of A.  3 3  3 3

75. Prove that the product of the lengths of the 1 1 x y x y

  84. If + = 0 , then lines + =1 & + =1
perpendiculars drawn from the points  a 2 − b 2 , 0  ab /
ba / a b b /
a/
  are:
  x y (a) Parallel
and  − a 2 − b 2 , 0  to the line cos θ + sin θ = 1
  a b (b) Inclined at 60 o to each other
is b 2 . (c) Perpendicular to each other
(d) Inclined at 30 o to each other
76. Show that the path of a moving point such that its
distances from two lines 3x − 2 y = 5 & 3x + 2 y = 5 are 85. The lines x cos α + y sin α = p1 & x cos β + y sin β = p 2
equal is a straight line. will be perpendicular if:

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π π 93. Line formed by joining (− 1, 1) and (5, 7 ) is divided by a

(a) α ± β = (b) α =
2 2 line x + y = 4 in a ratio of:
π (a) 1 : 2 (b) 1 : 3
(c) α − β = (d) α = β
2 (c) 2 : 3 (d) 1 : 4
86. If u = a 1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0 , v = a 2 x + b 2 y + c 2 = 0 and 94. In what ratio does the y-axis divide the join of (− 3, − 4 )
a1
=
b 1 c1
= , then the curve u + kv = 0 is: and (1, − 2) :
a2 b2 c2 (a) 1 : 3 (b) 2 : 3
(a) The same straight line u (c) 3 : 1 (d) None of these
(b) Different straight line
(c) It is not a straight line 95. The foot of the perpendicular on the line 3x + y = λ
(d) None of these drawn from the origin is C. If the line cuts the x-axis and
y-axis at A and B respectively then BC : CA is
87. If a + b + c = 0 and P ≠ 0 the lines ax + (b + c )y = P ;
(a) 1 : 3 (b) 3 : 1
bx + (c + a )y = P and cx + (a + b )y = P are such that (c) 1 : 9 (d) 9 : 1
they 96. The straight lines L1 ≡ 4x − 3y + 2 = 0,
(a) do not intersect (b) intersect
(c) are concurrent (d) none of these L 2 ≡ 3x + 4 y − 4 = 0 and L 3 ≡ x − 7 y + 6 = 0
(a) form a right-angled triangle
88. If a line is such that the intercept cut off from y-axis is
twice that from x-axis and the line passes through (1, 2) ,
(b) form a right angled & isosceles triangle
(c) are concurrent
then its equation is:
(d) none of these
(a) 2 x + y = 4 (b) 2 x + y + 4 = 0
(c) 2 x − y = 0 (d) 2 x − y + 4 = 0 97. The triangle joining the points P(2, 7 ), Q(4, − 1) ,
R (− 2, 6) is:
89. The equation of the straight line whose intercepts on
x-axis and y-axis are respectively twice and thrice of (a) Equilateral triangle
those by the line 3x + 4 y = 12 , is: (b) Right angled triangle
(a) 9 x + 8 y = 72 (b) 9 x − 8 y = 72 (c) Isosceles triangle
(c) 8x + 9 y = 72 (d) None of these (d) Right angled & isosceles triangle
98. Coordinates of the orthocenter of the triangle whose
90. The equation of line whose mid-point is (x 1 , y1 ) in sides are x = 3 , y = 4 and 3x + 4 y = 6 , will be:
between the axes, is: (a) (0, 0) (b) (3, 0)
x y x y 1
(a) + =2 (b) + = (c) (0, 4) (d) (3, 4)
x 1 y1 x 1 y1 2
x y 99. The orthocenter of the triangle formed by the lines
(c) + =1 (d) None of these x + y = 1 , 2 x + 3y = 6 and 4 x − y + 4 = 0 lies in
x 1 y1
quadrant:
91. For what values of a and b the intercepts cut off on the (a) First (b) Second
coordinate axes by the line ax + by + 8 = 0 are equal in (c) Third (d) Fourth
length but opposite in signs to those cut off by the line 100. The orthocenter of ∆ formed by the lines xy = 0 and
2 x − 3y + 6 = 0 on the axes: x + y = 1 is:
8 8
(a) a = , b = −4 (b) a = − , b = −4 1 1 1 1
3 3 (a)  ,  (b)  , 
2 2 3 3
8 8
(c) a = , b = 4 (d) a = − , b = 4 1 1
3 3 (c) (0, 0) (d)  , 
4 4
92. If the origin remains below and also to the left of the
101. The orthocenter of the triangle with vertices
line ax + by + c = 0 , where a, b, c are non-zero real
 
numbers, then  2, 3 − 1 ,  1 ,− 1  &  2, − 1  is:
 2   2 2   2
(a) ac must be negative 
(b) bc must be negative  3 3 −3  1
(c) both ac and bc must be negative (a)  ,  (b)  2, − 
5 6   2
(d) either ac < 0 or bc < 0 

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5 3 −2 1 1
(c)  ,  (d)  ,−  108. In an isosceles triangle ABC, the co-ordinates of the
4
 4   2 2 points B and C on the base BC are respectively (2, 1)
102. The incenter of the triangle formed by the axes and the x
and (1, 2) . If the equation of the line AB is y = , then
x y 2
line + = 1 is
a b equation of line AC is:
  (a) 2 y = x + 3 (b) y = 2 x
a b ab ab
(a)  ,  (b)  , 
 1
 2 2  a + b + ab a + b + ab  (c) y = (x − 1) (d) y = x − 1
2
a b  ab ab  109. ABC is an isosceles triangle in which A is
(c)  ,  (d)  
3 3  2 2
,
2 2 (−1,0), ∠A = 2π / 3, AB = AC and AB is along the
a + b + a + b a + b + a + b 
x-axis. If BC = 4 3 then the equation of the line BC is
103. The distance between the orthocenter and circumcenter
of the triangle with vertices (0, 0), (0, a) and (b, 0) is (a) x + 3y = 3 (b) 3x + y = 3
(a) 1 a 2 − b2 (b) a + b (c) x + y = 3 (d) none of these
2
1 110. The ends of the base of an isosceles triangle are (2a , 0)
(c) a − b a 2 + b2
(d)
2 and (0, a ) . The equation of one side is x = 2a . The
104. A and B are two fixed points whose co-ordinates are equation of the other side is
(3, 2) and (5, 1) respectively. PAB is an equilateral (a) 3x + 4 y − a = 0 (b) 3x − 4 y + 4a = 0
triangle on the side of AB opposite to the origin. The (b) x − 4 y − a = 0 (d) none of these
co-ordinates of the orthocenter of the triangle PAB is
111. If ABC is an isosceles right angled triangle with right
 1 3 1 
(a)  4 − , + 

angle at B and coordinates of A and C are respectively
 2 3 2 3 (1, 2) and (4, − 2) then coordinates of vertex B can be
 1 3 1   3 9   5 −1  9 1  5 −3
(b)  4 − , − 
 (a)  , ,  ,  (b)  ,  or  , 
 2 3 2 3 2 2 2 2  2 2 2 2 
 1 3 1   9 −3  −1 3  9 3 1 3
(c)  4 + , +  (c)  ,  or  ,  (d)  ,  or  ,− 
 2 2   2 2 2 2 2 2
 2 3 2 3
(d) none of these 112. If a, b, c form an AP with common difference d (≠ 0 )
105. The equation of base of an equilateral triangle is and x, y, z form a GP with common ratio r (≠ 1) then
x + y = 2 and vertex is (2, − 1) , then the length of the the area of the triangle with vertices; (a , x ) , (b, y ) and
side of the triangle is equal to: (c, z ) is independent of
2 1 (a) a (b) d
(a) (b)
3 3 (c) x (d) r
3 113. The area bounded by the curves x + 2 y = 1 and x = 0
(c) (d) 3
2 is:
106. If the vertices of a triangle are (0, 0), (a, 0) and 1 1
(a) (b)
( )
a / 2, 3a / 2 , the coordinates of the incenter of the
(c) 2
3
(d) 3
2
triangle are
(
(a) a / 3, a / 2 3 ) (
(b) a / 2, a 3 / 6 ) 114. If the points (k , 2 − 2k ) , (1− k , 2k ) & (− k − 4, 6 − 2k ) ,

(c) (a / 6, a 3 / 2) (d) (3a / 4, 3a / 4 ) be collinear, then the possible values of k are:

1 1
(a) ,−1 (b) 1, −
107. The distance between the orthocenter and circumcentre 2 2
of the triangle with vertices (1,2) , (2,1) and (c) 1, − 2 (d) 2, − 1
1
( 1 
) (
 3 + 3 , 3 + 3  is
 2 2 
) 115. If a, b, c are in AP with non-zero common difference
and x, y, z are in GP then the points (a, x), (b, y) and
(c, z) are collinear if
(a) 0 (b) 2
(a) x 2 = y (b) x = z 2
(c) 3 + 3 (d) none of these

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(c) y 2 = z (d) x = y = z 123. At point (a , 0) a vertical straight-line of length a is

drawn; call its top point P1 . P(0, 2a ) is a point on
116. The condition to be imposed on β so that (0, β) lies on
or inside the triangle having sides y + 3x + 2 = 0 , y-axis. PP1 meets x-axis at x = x 1 . A new vertical line
3y − 2 x − 5 = 0 and 4 y + x − 14 = 0 is: of length a is drawn at x = x 1 ; call its top point P2 .
5 7 PP2 meets x-axis at x = x 2 . This process is repeated as
(a) 0 < β < (b) 0 < β < shown in figure.
3 2
5 7
(c) ≤β≤ (d) None of these
3 2
117. Let O be the origin and let A(1, 0), B(0, 1) be two
points. If P(x, y ) is a point such that xy > 0 and
x + y < 1 then
(a) P lies either inside ∆OAB or in third quadrant
(b) P can not be inside ∆OAB
(c) P lies inside the ∆OAB
(d) None of these The sum of areas of triangles POx 1 , POx 2 , POx 3 ,...,
118. The vertices of a triangle are A (−1, − 7 ) , B(5, 1) and POx n −1 and POx n is
C(1, 4) . The equation of the bisector of the angle ABC is (a) Area of ∆POx n +1 − Area of ∆POx 1
(a) x + 7 y + 2 = 0 (b) x − 7 y + 2 = 0 (b) Area of ∆POx n + 2 − Area of ∆POx n +1
(c) x − 7 y − 2 = 0 (d) x + 7 y − 2 = 0 (c) Area of ∆POx n +1
(d) none of these
x1 y1 1 a1 b1 1
119. If x 2 y2 1 = a2 b 2 1 , then the two triangle 124. The distance between the lines 3x − 2 y = 1 and
x3 y3 1 a3 b3 1 6 x + 9 = 4 y is:
with vertices (x 1 , y1 ) , (x 2 , y 2 ), (x 3 , y 3 ) and (a 1 , b 2 ) , 1 11
(a) (b)
(a 2 , b 2 ) , (a 3 , b 3 ) must be: 52 52
(a) Similar (b) Congruent 4 6
(c) Never congruent (d) None of these (c) (d)
13 13
120. Let ABC be an isosceles triangle with AB = AC . If
125. If L1 = 0 and L 2 = 0 be two intersecting lines then
base BC is parallel to x-axis and m1 & m 2 are the
number of points, whose perpendicular distance from
slopes of medians drawn through the angular points B
L1 is 2 units and that from L 2 is 5 units, is
and C, then
(a) m1 m 2 = −1 (b) m1 + m 2 = 0 (a) one (b) zero
(c) four (d) infinite
(c) m1 m 2 = 2 (d) none of these
126. If the point (a , 2) is a point between the lines
121. Let equation of side BC of a triangle ABC be
3x + 4 y = 2 and 3x + 4 y = 5 then
x + y + 2 = 0 . If co-ordinates of its orthocenter and
(a) −2 < a < −1 (b) a < −1
circumcenter are (1, 1) and (2, 0) respectively then
(c) a > −1 (d) none of these
circum radius of the ∆ABC is
127. The figure which is designed by the lines
(a) 2 (b) 5
ax ± by ± c = 0 is:
(c) 34 (d) none of these (a) Rectangle (b) Square
122. Let equation of the side BC of a triangle ABC is (c) Rhombus (d) None of these
x + y + 2 = 0 . If coordinates of its orthocenter and 128. Two sides of a rhombus ABCD are parallel to the lines
circumcenter are (1, 1) and (2, 0) respectively, then y = x + 2 and y = 7 x + 3 . If the diagonals of the
coordinates of A is rhombus intersect at the point (1, 2) and the vertex A is
(a) (−3, − 3) (b) (5, 5) on the y-axis, then the possible coordinates of A are:
(c) (4, 4) (d) none of these  5  5  5
(a) (0, 0) or  0,  (b)  0,  or  0,− 
 2   2   2

C A T J E E , R a m a n N i w a s , N e a r A k a s h v a n i , M e h mo o r g a n j , V a r a n a s i , P h : ( 0 5 4 2 ) 2 3 6 3 4 5 5 . we b s i t e : c a t j e e . i n
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 5
136. The points A (1, 3) & C(5, 1) are the opposite vertices of
(c)  0, −  or (0, 0) (d) None of these
 2
rectangle. The equation of line passing through other
129. Two sides of a rhombus, lying in the first quadrant, are two vertices and of gradient 2, is:
given by 3x − 4 y = 0 and 12 x − 5 y = 0 . If the length of (a) 2 x + y − 8 = 0 (b) 2 x − y − 4 = 0
the longer diagonal is 12, the equations of the other two (c) 2 x − y + 4 = 0 (d) 2 x + y + 7 = 0
sides of the rhombus are:
180 468 137. A rectangle has two opposite vertices at the points (1, 2)
(a) 3x − 4 y − = 0 , 12 − 5y =
130 130 and (5, 5) . If the other vertices lie on the line x = 3 ,
180 468 then the coordinates of the other vertices are:
(b) 3x + 4 y + = 0, 12 x − 5y = (a) (3, − 1), (3, − 6 ) (b) (3, 1), (3, 5)
130 130
180 468 (c) (3, 2), (3, 6) (d) (3, 1), (3, 6)
(c) 3x − 4 y − = 0 , 12 x + 5 y =
130 130 138. If P = (1, 0), Q = (− 1, 0) and R = (2, 0) are three given
(d) None of these points, then the locus of a point S satisfying the relation

130. Equations of diagonals of the square formed by lines SQ 2 + SR 2 = 2SP 2 is:

x = 0 , y = 0 , x = 1 & y = 1 are: (a) A straight line parallel to x-axis
(b) A circle through origin
(a) y = x , y + x = 1 (b) y = x , x + y = 2
(c) A circle with centre at the origin
1 (d) A straight line parallel to y-axis
(c) 2 y = x, y + x = (d) y = 2 x , y + 2 x = 1
3 139. If sum of distances of a point from the origin and line
131. On the portion of the straight line x + y = 2 , which is x = 2 is 4, then its locus is:
intercepted between the axes, a square is constructed (a) x 2 − 12 y = 36 (b) y 2 + 12 x = 36
away from the origin, with this portion as one of its side.
(c) y 2 − 12 x = 36 (b) x 2 + 12 y = 36
If p denote the perpendicular distance of a side of this
square from the origin, then the maximum value of p is 140. The locus of a point which moves so that its distance
(a) 2 (b) 2 2 from x-axis is double of its distance from y-axis is:
(a) x = 2 y (b) y = 2 x
(c) 3 2 (d) 4 2
(c) x = 5 y + 1 (d) y = 2 x + 3
132. ABCD is a square, having its vertices A and B on the
positive x-axis and positive y-axis respectively. If vertex 141. Two points A and B have coordinates (1, 0) and (− 1, 0)
C is (12, 17) then co-ordinates of vertex D are respectively and Q is a point which satisfies the relation
(a) (15, 5) (b) (17, 5) AQ − BQ = ±1 . The locus of Q is:
(c) (27, 12) (d) (18, 10) (a) 12 x 2 + 4 y 2 = 3 (b) 12 x 2 − 4 y 2 = 3
133. If the sum of the distances of a point from two (c) 12 x 2 − 4 y 2 + 3 = 0 (d) 12 x 2 + 4 y 2 + 3 = 0
perpendicular lines in a plane is 1, then its locus is:
142. Given the points A (0, a) and B (0, −a), the equation of
(a) square (b) circle
(c) straight line (d) two intersecting lines the locus of point P(x, y) such that |AP−BP| = 6 is
x2 y2 x2 y2
134. The points A (− 4, − 1), B(− 2, − 4 ), C(4, 0) and D(2, 3) (a) −
=1 (b) −
+1 = 0
a2 −9 9 a2 −9 9
are the vertices of:
(a) Parallelogram (b) Rectangle x2 y2 x2 y2
(c) − =1 (d) − +1 = 0
(c) Rhombus (b) None of these 9 a2 −9 9 a2 −9
135. One side of a rectangle lies along the line 143. The locus of the mid-point of the distance between the
4 x + 7 y + 5 = 0 . Two of its vertices are (− 3, 1) & (1, 1) . axes of the variable line x cos α + y sin α = p , where p
Then the equations of other sides are: is constant, is:
(a) 7 x − 4 y + 25 = 0 , 4 x + 7 y = 11 and 7 x − 4 y − 3 = 0 1 1 4
(a) x 2 + y 2 = 4p 2 (b) + =
(b) 7 x − 4 y − 25 = 0, 4 x + 7 y − 11 = 0 and x 2
y 2
p2
7x − 4y − 3 = 0
4 1 1 2
(c) 4 x + 7 y + 25 = 0 , 7 x − 4 y − 11 = 0 and (c) x 2 + y 2 = (d) − =
2 2 2
p x y p2
7x − 4y − 3 = 0
(d) None of these
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144. The ends A, B of a straight-line segment of constant (c) x 2 + y 2 + 2xy cot 2α − a 2 = 0

length c slide upon the fixed rectangular axes OX, OY
respectively. If the rectangle OAPB be completed, then (d) x 2 − y 2 + 2 xy cot 2α − a 2 = 0
the locus of the foot of the perpendicular drawn from P
to AB is: 151. If A is (2, 5) , B is (4, − 11) and C lies on
9 x + 7 y + 4 = 0 , then the locus of the centroid of the
(a) x 2 / 3 + y 2 / 3 = c 2 / 3 (b) x 2 + y 2 = c 2
∆ABC is a straight line parallel to the straight line:
(c) x 2 / 3 − y 2 / 3 = c 2 / 3 (d) None of these (a) 7 x − 9 y + 4 = 0 (b) 9 x − 7 y − 4 = 0
145. A variable line through the point (p, q) cuts the x and y (c) 9 x + 7 y + 4 = 0 (d) 7 x + 9 y + 4 = 0
axes at A and B respectively. The lines through A and B
parallel to y-axis and the x-axis respectively meet at P. 152. Point P(2,4) is translated through a distance 3 2 units
If the locus of P is 3x + 2 y − xy = 0 , then measured parallel to the line y − x − 1 = 0 , in the
(a) p = 2, q = 3 (b) p = 3, q = 2 direction of decreasing ordinates, to reach at Q. If R is
(c) p = −2, q = −3 (d) p = −3, q = −2 the image of Q with respect to the line y − x − 1 = 0 ,
146. The ends of a rod of length ℓ move on two mutually then coordinates of R are
(a) (− 1,1) (b) (5,7 )
perpendicular lines. The locus of the point on the rod
which divides it in the ratio 1 : 2 is: (c) (6,6) (d) (0,0)
2 2
x2 y ℓ2 x2 y ℓ2 153. A person has to move from the point A(1, 2) to point
(a) + = (b) + = B(3, 7 ) touching y-axis at point P, then co-ordinates of
1 4 9 4 1 9
P for which the distance traveled by the man is
x 2 y2 ℓ2 x 2 y2 ℓ2 minimum is
(c) − = (d) − =
1 4 9 4 1 9  13   13 
(a)  0,  (b)  0, 
147. A line cuts the x-axis at A (7, 0 ) and y-axis at B(0, − 5) .  2  4
A variable line PQ is drawn ⊥ to AB cutting the x-axis (c) (0,13) (d) None of these
in P and the y-axis in Q. If AQ and BP intersect at R,
then the locus of R is: 154. If a, b, c are in harmonic progression, then straight line
(a) x (x − 7 ) + y(y + 5) = 0 x y 1
+ + = 0 always passes through a fixed point, that
(b) x (x − 7 ) − y(y + 5) = 0 a b c
point is:
(c) x (x + 7 ) + y(y − 5) = 0
(a) (− 1, − 2 ) (b) (− 1, 2)
(d) None of these
 1
148. If for a variable line
x y
+ = 1 , the condition (c) (1, − 2) (d) 1, − 
a b  2
155. The lines ax + by + c = 0 , where 3a + 2b + 4c = 0 , are
a −2 + b −2 = c −2 (c is a constant), is satisfied, then the
locus of foot of the perpendicular drawn from origin to concurrent at the point:
1 3
(b) (1, 3)
this is:
(a)  , 
c2 2 4
(a) x 2 + y 2 = (b) x 2 + y 2 = 2c 2
2 3 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 (c) (3, 1) (d)  , 
(c) x + y = c (d) x − y = c 4 2
156. Angle between the lines x = 2 and x − 3y = 6 is:
149. A (a , 0 ) & B(− a , 0) are two fixed points of triangle ABC.
π
The vertex C moves in such a way that (a) (b) tan −1 (3)
cot A + cot B = λ , where λ is a constant. Then the 2
locus of the point C is: 1
(a) yλ = 2a (b) ya = 2λ (c) tan −1   (d) none of these
 3
(c) y = λa (d) None of these
157. The angle between the two lines y − 2 x = 9 and
150. Two points P(a, 0) and Q(−a, 0) are given. R is a x + 2 y = −7 , is:
variable point on one side of the line PQ such that
∠RPQ − ∠RQP is 2α. Find the locus of R. (a) 60 o (b) 30 o

(a) x 2 − y 2 − 2xy cot 2α − a 2 = 0 (c) 90 o (d) 45 o

(b) x 2 − y 2 − 2xy cot 2α + a 2 = 0

C A T J E E , R a m a n N i w a s , N e a r A k a s h v a n i , M e h mo o r g a n j , V a r a n a s i , P h : ( 0 5 4 2 ) 2 3 6 3 4 5 5 . we b s i t e : c a t j e e . i n
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158. The acute angle between the lines y=3 and 64 −8 64 8

(c) a = ,b = (d) a = − ,b = −
y = 3x + 9 is: 115 115 115 115

(a) 30 o (b) 60 o 166. The equation of the line which bisects the obtuse angle
between the lines x − 2 y + 4 = 0 and 4 x − 3y + 2 = 0 is:
(c) 45 o (d) 90 o
159. A vertex of an equilateral triangle is (2, 3) and the
(a) (4 − 5 )x − (3 − 2 5 )y + (2 − 4 5 ) = 0
equation of the opposite side is x + y = 2 . The equations (b) (4 + 5 )x − (3 + 2 5 )y + (2 + 4 5 ) = 0
of the other two sides are: (c) (4 + 5 )x + (3 + 2 5 )y + (2 + 4 5 ) = 0
( )
(a) y − 3 = 2 ± 3 (x − 2 ) (d) None of these
(b) y − 3 = (3 ± 2 )(x − 2) 167. If O be the origin and if the co-ordinates of any two
points Q1 & Q 2 be (x 1 , y1 ) & (x 2 , y 2 ) respectively,
(c) y − 3 = (4 ± 3 )(x − 2)
then OQ1 .OQ 2 . cos ∠Q1OQ 2 =
(d) none of these
(a) x 1 x 2 − y1 y 2 (b) x 1 y1 − x 2 y 2
160. Equation of one of the sides of an isosceles right angled
(c) x 1 x 2 + y1 y 2 (d) x 1 y1 + x 2 y 2
triangle whose hypotenuse is 3x + 4 y = 4 and the vertex
opposite to the hypotenuse is (2, 2) , will be: 168. The graph of y = cos x. cos(x + 2) − cos 2 (x + 1) is a
(a) x − 7 y + 12 = 0
(c) x − 7 y + 16 = 0
(b) 7 x + y − 12 = 0
(d) none of these
(a) straight line passing through the point 0,− sin 2 1 ( )
with slope 2
161. One diagonal of a square is along the line 8x − 15 y = 0 (b) straight line passing through the origin
and one of its vertex is (1, 2) . Then the equation of the (c) parabola with vertex 1,− sin 2 1 ( )
sides of the square passing through this vertex, are: (d) straight line passing through the point
(a) 23x + 7 y = 9, 7 x + 23 y = 53 (π / 2,− sin 1) and parallel to the x-axis
2

(b) 23x − 7 y + 9 = 0, 7 x + 23y + 53 = 0 169. The coordinates of two consecutive vertices A and B of
(c) 23x − 7 y − 9 = 0 , 7 x + 23 y − 53 = 0 a regular hexagon ABCDEF are (1, 0) and (2, 0)
(d) None of these respectively. The equation of the diagonal CE is
162. The line joining two points A (2, 0 ) , B(3, 1) is rotated (a) 3x + y = 4 (b) x + 3y + 4 = 0
about A in anti-clockwise direction through an angle of (c) x + 3y = 4 (d) none of these
15 o . The equation of the line in the new position is:
OBJECTIVE:
(a) 3x − y − 2 3 = 0 (b) x − 3 y − 2 = 0 (One or more options may be correct)
(c) 3x + y − 2 3 = 0 (d) x + 3y − 2 = 0  a 3 a 2 − 3   b 3 b 2 − 3   c3 c 2 − 3 
170. If the points  , ,  , ,  , 
 a −1 a −1   b −1 b −1   c −1 c −1 
163. A ray of light is sent along the line x − 2 y − 3 = 0 . Upon    
reaching the line 3x − 2 y − 5 = 0, the ray is reflected where a, b, c are different from 1, lie on the line
ℓ x + my + n = 0, then
from it. Find the equation of the line containing the
reflected ray. (a) a + b + c = − m / ℓ
(a) 29x + 2 y − 27 = 0 (b) 9 x + 2 y − 7 = 0 (b) ab + bc + ca = n / ℓ
(c) 2x − 2 y − 4 = 0 (d) 29 x − 2 y − 31 = 0 (c) abc = (3m + n ) / ℓ
(d) abc − (bc + ca + ab ) + 3(a + b + c ) = 0
164. The equation of the line segment AB is y = x. If A and
B lie on the same side of the line mirror 2x −y = 1, the 171. The equation of the angle bisectors of the lines
2m
image of AB has the equation
(a) x + y = 2 (b) 8x + y = 9
y−b =
2
(x − a ) and y − b = 2M 2 (x − a ) is
1− m 1− M
(c) 7x – y = 6 (d) none of these
m+M
(a) (y − b ) = (x − a )
165. A ray of light coming along the line 3x + 4 y − 5 = 0 gets 1 − mM
reflected from the line ax + by − 1 = 0 and goes along
(b) (y − b ) = −
(1 − mM ) (x − a )
the line 5x − 12 y − 10 = 0 then one of possible values of m+M
m−M
(c) (y − b ) = (x − a )
a, b is given by
64 112 64 8 1 + mM
(a) a = ,b = (b) a = − ,b =
115 15 115 115
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y = m1 x, y = m 2 x and
(y − b ) = 1 + mM (x − a )
by the three straight lines
(d)
m−M y = a (a ≠ −1) is
a 2 (a + 2 ) − a 2 (a + 2 )
3 3
172. Let u ≡ ax + by + a b = 0 and v ≡ bx − ay + b a = 0,
(a) if a > −1 (b) if a < −1
a, b ∈R be two straight lines. The equations of the 2(a + 1) 2(a + 1)
bisector of the angle formed by k1u− k 2 v = 0 and
− a 2 (a + 2 ) a 2 (a + 2 )
k 1 u + k 2 v = 0 for non zero real k 1 and k 2 are (c) if − 2 < a < −1 (d) if a < −2
2(a + 1) 2(a + 1)
(a) u = 0 (b) k 2 u + k 1 v = 0 181. If one vertex of an equilateral triangle of side a lies at
(c) k 2 u − k 1 v = 0 (d) v = 0 the origin and the other lies on the line x − 3y = 0 , the
173. A ray traveling along the line 3x − 4y = 5 after being coordinates of the third vertex are
reflected from a line ℓ travels along the line (a) (0, a) (b) ( 3a / 2,−a / 2)
5x + 12 y = 13. Then the equation of the line ℓ is (c) (0,−a ) (d) (− 3a / 2, a / 2)
(a) x + 8y = 0 (b) x = 8y 182. The equation of the base of an equilateral triangle is
(c) 32x + 4y = 65 (d) 32x −4y + 65 = 0
3x + y − 3 = 0 and the vertex is (1, 2). The equation of
174. Straight lines 3x + 4 y = 5 and 4 x − 3y = 15 intersect at a side through the vertex is
A. Points B and C are chosen on these such that (a) x = 2 (b) y = 2
AB = BC . The equation of the line BC passing through (c) 3x − y = 3 − 2 (d) x − 3 y = 2 3 + 1
the point (1, 2) is:
(a) x + 7 y + 13 = 0 (b) x − 7 y + 13 = 0 183. If (α, β), (x, y ) and (p, q) are the co-ordinates of the
(c) 7 x + y − 9 = 0 (d) None of these circumcenter, centroid and orthocenter of a triangle,
then
175. In a right angled triangle ABC right angled at C, CA = a (a) 3x = p + 2α (b) 3x = 2α + p
and CB = b. If the angular points A and B slide along (c) 3y = 2p + β (d) 3y = 2β + q
x-axis and y – axis respectively then C lies on
(a) ax + by = 0 (b) bx + ay = 0 184. The points A(0, 0) , B( cos α, sin α ) & C( cos β, sin β )
(c) bx – ay = 0 (d) ax – by = 0 are the vertices of a right angled triangle if
α −β 1 α −β 1
176. If x + 2y + 3 = 0, x + 2y −7 = 0 and 2x − y −4 = 0 form (a) sin = (b) cos =−
three sides of a square, the equation of the fourth side is 2 2 2 2
(a) 2 x − y − 6 = 0 (b) 2 x − y + 6 = 0 α −β 1 α −β 1
(c) cos = (d) sin =−
(c) 2 x − y − 14 = 0 (d) 2x − y + 14 = 0 2 2 2 2
177. The points (a, b), (b, c) and (c, a) form the vertices of a SUBJECTIVE:
right angled triangle if 185. A straight line cuts the sides BC, CA and AB of a
(a) a = b triangle ABC in points P, Q and R respectively. Prove
(b) b = c  BP  CQ  AR 
(c) c = a that     = −1 . (Assume each ratio to be
 PC  QA  RB 
(d) a, b, c are three consecutive integers
positive for internal division and negative for external
178. The sides of a triangle are x + y = 1, 7y = x and division).
3y + x = 0 . Then which of the following is an interior 186. Find the tangents of the interior angles of the triangle
point of the triangle whose sides are given by the equations x + 2 y = 0 ,
(a) Circumcentre (b) Centroid x + 4 y − 6 = 0 and x − 4 y − 6 = 0 .
(c) Incentre (d) Orthocenter
187. The vertex A of triangle ABC is given to be (1, 3) and
179. All points lying inside the triangle formed by the point the medians BE and CF are x − 2 y + 1 = 0 and y − 1 = 0 .
(1, 3) , (5, 0) and (− 1, 2) satisfy: Determine the other two vertices.
(a) −3x − 4 y + 15 > 0 (b) x + 3y − 5 > 0
(c) x − 2 y + 5 > 0 (d) All of the above 188. The vertices of a triangle are (at1 t 2 , a (t 1 + t 2 )) ,
(at 2 t 3 , a (t 2 + t 3 ))
, (at 3 t1 , a (t 3 + t1 )) . Find the
180. If m1 , m 2 are the roots of the equation orthocenter of the triangle.
x 2 − ax − a − 1 = 0 , then the area of the triangle formed 189. Two sides of a triangle are given by the equations
3x −2y + 6 = 0 and 4x + 5y −20 = 0. If the orthocenter
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of the triangle be the point (1, 1), determine the equation 200. A straight line through the point of intersection of
of the third side. x y x y
the straight lines + = 1 and + = 1 meets the
190. Using co-ordinate geometry show that the centroid ‘G’ a b b a
of a triangle divides the join of its orthocenter H and the coordinates axes in A and B. Show that the locus of the
circumcenter S in the ratio of 2:1. mid-points of AB is the curve 2(a + b )xy = ab(x + y ) .
191. The distance between two parallel lines is 1. A point A 201. A line is such that its segment between the straight lines
lies between the lines at a distance a from one of them. 5x − y − 4 = 0 and 3x + 4 y − 4 = 0 is bisected at the
Find the length of the side of the equilateral triangle
ABC, the vertex B of which lies on one of the parallel point (1,5) . Obtain its equation.
sides and the vertex C on the other. 202. P is the point (− 1, 2) ; a variable line through P cuts the
192. Prove that the lines (a + b)x + (a − b )y − 2ab = 0 , co-ordinate axes in A and B respectively. Q is a point on
AB such that PA, PQ and PB are in harmonic
(a − b)x + (a + b )y − 2ab = 0 and x+y=0 form an progression. Find the locus of Q.
a 203. Through the origin O a variable straight line is drawn to
isosceles triangle whose vertical angle is 2 tan −1   . cut the lines y = m1 x + c1 and y = m 2 x + c 2 at Q and
b
193. The line 3x + 2y = 24 meets the y-axis at A and the R respectively. Find the locus of the point P on this
x-axis at B. The perpendicular bisector of AB meets the variable line such that OP is the geometric mean
between OQ and OR. Assume that P, Q, R are all in one
line through (0, −1) parallel to x-axis at C. Find the area
side of point O.
of the triangle ABC.
204. A man moves from the point A (1, 1) to the point B(3, 2)
194. The vertex A of a triangle ABC is the point (−2, 3). The
touching the line 2 x + 3y + 1 = 0 at the point P. Find the
lines x −y −4 = 0 and 2x −y −5 = 0 are perpendicular to
the sides AB and AC respectively. The right bisectors of minimum distance the man has to cover and
the sides meet at P(3/2, 5/2). Find the equations of the co-ordinates of point P.
medians to the sides AB and AC. 205. In a triangle the vertex A is (4, −1) and x −1 = 0 and
195. AD, BE, CF are the perpendiculars of ∆ABC; A, D, E, F x − y−1 = 0 are the internal bisectors of angles B and C
respectively. Find the coordinates of vertices B and C.
 16 − 23 
are the points (−4, 5),  , , (4,1), (− 1,−4) ; find the
5 5 
206. The sides of a triangle are U r = 0 , where (r = 1, 2, 3)
equations of the sides of the triangle and the co-
and U r = x cos α r + y sin α r − Pr . Show that the
ordinates of B and C.
orthocenter of the triangle is given by:
196. The vertices B and C of a triangle ABC lie on the lines U1 cos(α 2 − α 3 ) = U 2 cos(α 3 − α1 ) = U 3 cos(α 1 − α 2 )
3y = 4x and y = 0 respectively, and the side BC passes
 2 2 207. The vertices of a triangle are (a cos θ r , a sin θ r ) ,
through the point  ,  . If ABOC is a rhombus, O where r = 1, 2, 3 . Prove that the orthocenter
 3 3
being the origin, find the possible equations of the line H = (a ∑ cos θ1 , a ∑ sin θ1 ) .
BC and the coordinates of A. 208. The circumcenter of a triangle with vertices
197. Find the coordinates of the vertices of a square inscribed A (a , a tan α ) , B(b, b tan β) and C(c, c tan γ ) lies at the
in the triangle with vertices A(0, 0), B(3, 0), C(2, 1); origin, where 0 < α, β, γ < π / 2 , α +β+ γ = π ,
given that two of its vertices are on the side AB.
a > 0, b > 0, c > 0 . Show that its orthocenter lies on the
198. The points (1,3) and (5,1) are two opposite vertices of a α β γ α β γ
line 4 cos cos cos x − 4 sin sin sin y = y
rectangle. The other two vertices lie on the line 2 2 2 2 2 2
y = 2 x + c . Find c and the remaining vertices. 209. Determine all values of α for which the point

199. The line

x y
+ = 1 cuts the positive axes in A and B.
(α, α )2
lies inside the triangle formed by the lines
a b 2 x + 3y − 1 = 0, x + 2 y − 3 = 0 and 5x − 6 y − 1 = 0.
A variable line cuts the positive axes in A′ and B′ such
210. A line ‘L’ is drawn from P(4, 3) to meet the lines
that OA + OB = OA′ + OB′ then prove that the locus of
L1 : 3x + 4 y + 5 = 0 and L 2 : 3x + 4 y + 15 = 0 at points
the point of intersection of the lines AB′ and A′B is the
line x + y = a + b. A and B respectively. From ‘A’ a line perpendicular to
L is drawn meeting the line L 2 at A 1 . Similarly from
point ‘B’ a line perpendicular to L is drawn meeting the
line L1 at B1 . Thus a parallelogram AA1 BB1 is
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formed. Find the equations of ‘L’ so that area of (b) lie on an ellipse
parallelogram AA1BB1 is least. (c) lie on a circle
(d) are vertices of a triangle
211. One diagonal of a square is the portion of the line
x y IITJEE 2000 (SCREENING)
+ = 1 , which is intercepted between the axes. Find
a b 7. Let PS be the median of the triangle with vertices
the coordinates of other two vertices of the square. Also P(2, 2), Q(6, −1) and R(7, 3). The equation of the line
prove that if two opposite vertices of a square move on passing through (1, −1) and parallel to PS is
two perpendicular lines, the other two vertices also (a) 2 x − 9 y − 7 = 0 (b) 2 x − 9 y − 11 = 0
move on two perpendicular lines. (c) 2x + 9 y − 11 = 0 (d) 2 x + 9 y + 7 = 0
212. Given n straight lines and a fixed point O (x 1 , y1 ) .
Through O is drawn a variable straight line meeting 8. The incentre of the triangle with vertices 1, 3 , (0,0) ( )
these lines in the points A 1 , A 2 ,....., A n and on the and (2, 0) is
variable line a point A is taken such that:  3 2 1 
(a) 1,  (b)  , 
n 1 1 1 1  2  3 3
= + + + ...... + . Prove that the
OA OA1 OA 2 OA 3 OA n
 2 3  1 
locus of the point A is a straight line. Assume that (c)  ,  (d) 1, 
3 2 
A, A 1 , A 2 , A 3 ,..., A n are all in one side of point O.    3

213. Two triangles ABC and PQR are such that the
perpendiculars from A to QR, B to RP and C to PQ are
concurrent. Show that the perpendiculars from P to BC, IITJEE 2001 (SCREENING)
Q to CA and R to AB are also concurrent. 9. The number of integer values of m, for which the
x-coordinate of the point of intersection of the lines
3x + 4 y = 9 and y = mx + 1 is also an integer, is
QUESTIONS ASKED IN IITJEE:
IITJEE 1996 (a) 2 (b) 0
1. A rectangle PQRS has its side PQ parallel to the line (c) 4 (d) 1
y = mx and vertices P, Q and S on the lines y = a, x = b 10. Area of the parallelogram formed by the lines
and x = −b, respectively. Find the locus of the vertex R. y = mx, y = mx + 1, y = nx and y = nx + 1 equals
m+n 2
IITJEE 1998 (a) (b)
2. If P(1, 2), Q(4, 6), R(5, 7) and S(a, b) are the vertices of (m − n ) 2 m +n
a parallelogram PQRS, then 1 1
(a) a = 2, b = 4 (b) a = 3, b = 4 (c) (d)
m−n m+n
(c) a = 2, b = 3 (d) a = 3, b = 5
3. The diagonals of a parallelogram PQRS are along the IITJEE 2002 (MAINS)
lines x + 3y = 4 and 6 x − 2 y = 7 . Then PQRS must be a 11. A straight line L through the origin meets the lines
(a) rectangle (b) square x + y = 1 and x + y = 3 at P and Q respectively.
(c) cyclic quadrilateral (d) rhombus.
Through P and Q two straight lines L1 and L 2 are
4. If the vertices P, Q, R of a triangle PQR are rational
points, which of the following points of the triangle drawn, parallel to 2 x − y = 5 & 3x + y = 5 respectively.
PQR is (are) always rational point(s)?
Lines L1 and L 2 intersect at R. Show that the locus of
(a) centroid (b) incentre
(c) circumcentre (d) orthocentre R, as L varies, is a straight line.
(A rational point is a point both of whose coordinates
are rational numbers) IITJEE 2002 (SCREENING)

5. Using co-ordinate geometry, prove that the three

12. Let P = (−1, 0), Q = (0, 0) and R = 3,3 3 be three ( )
altitudes of any triangle are concurrent. points. Then the equation of the bisector of the angle
PQR is
IITJEE 1999
3
6. If x 1 , x 2 , x 3 , as well as y1 , y 2 , y 3 , are in GP (a) x+y=0 (b) x + 3 y = 0
2
with the same common ratio, then the points
(x 1 , y1 ), (x 2 , y 2 ) and (x 3 , y 3 ) (c) 3x+y=0 (d) x +
3
y=0
2
(a) lie on a straight line
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13. A straight line through the origin O meets the parallel (a) P lies on the line segment RQ
lines 4 x + 2 y = 9 and 2 x + y + 6 = 0 at points P and Q (b) Q lies on the line segment PR
respectively. Then the point O divides the segment PQ (c) R lies on the line segment QP
in the ratio (d) P, Q, R are non-collinear
(a) 1:2 (b) 3:4 20. Consider the lines given by L1 : x + 3y − 5 = 0 ,
(c) 2:1 (d) 4:3 L 2 : 3x − ky − 1 = 0 , L 3 : 5x + 2 y − 12 = 0 .
IITJEE 2003 (SCREENING)
14. The number of integral points (integral point means both Match the Statements / Expression in Column I with the
the coordinates should be integer) exactly in the interior Statements / Expressions in Column II and indicate
of the triangle with vertices (0, 0), (0, 21) and (21, 0), is:
(a) 133 (b) 190 your answer by darkening the appropriate bubbles in the
(c) 233 (d) 105 4× 4 matrix given in the ORS.
15. Orthocenter of triangle with vertices (0, 0), (3, 4) and
(4, 0) is: Column I Column II
 5 (a) L1 , L 2 , L 3 are concurrent, if (p) k = −9
(a)  3,  (b) (2,12 )
 4 (b) One of L1 , L 2 , L 3 is parallel to at least one of the
 3
(c)  3,  (d) (3,9 ) 6
 4 other two, if (q) k = −
5

IITJEE 2005 (MAINS) 5

(c) L1 , L 2 , L 3 form a triangle, if (r) k =
16. The area of the triangle formed by the intersection of a 6
line parallel to x-axis and passing through P(h, k) with
(d) L1 , L 2 , L 3 do not form a triangle, if (s) k = 5
the lines y = x and x + y = 2 is 4h 2 . Find the locus of
the Point P. IITJEE 2009
21. The locus of the orthocenter of the triangle
IITJEE 2007
formed by the lines (1 + p )x − py + p(1 + p ) = 0 ,
17. Let O(0, 0), P(3,4), Q(6,0 ) be the vertices of the triangle
OPQ. The point R inside the triangle OPQ is such that
(1 + q )x − qy + q(1 + q ) = 0 , and y = 0 , where p ≠ q , is
the triangle OPR , PQR , OQR are of equal area. The (a) a hyperbola (b) a parabola
coordinates of R are (c) an ellipse (d) a straight line
4   2 IITJEE 2011
(a)  ,3  (b)  3,  22. A straight line L through the point (3,−2 ) is inclined at
3   3
 4 4 2 an angle 60 o to the line 3x + y = 1. If L also intersects
(c)  3,  (d)  ,  the x-axis, then the equation of L is
 3 3 3
(a) y + 3x + 2 − 3 3 = 0
18. Lines L1 : y − x = 0 and L 2 : 2 x + y = 0 intersect the
line L 3 : y + 2 = 0 at P and Q, respectively. The bisector (b) y − 3x + 2 + 3 3 = 0
of the acute angle between L1 & L 2 intersects L 3 at R. (c) 3y − x + 3 + 2 3 = 0
Statement I: The ratio PR: RQ equals 2 2 : 5 . (d) 3y + x − 3 + 2 3 = 0
Statement II: In any triangle, bisector of an angle IITJEE 2013
divides the triangle into two similar triangles. 23. For a > b > c > 0 , the distance between (1, 1) and the
a. Statement I is True, Statement II is True; Statement point of intersection of the lines ax + by + c = 0 and
II is a correct explanation for Statement I
b. Statement I is True, Statement II is True; Statement bx + ay + c = 0 is less than 2 2 , then
II is NOT a correct explanation for Statement I (a) a + b − c > 0 (b) a − b + c < 0
c. Statement I is True, Statement II is False (c) a − b + c > 0 (d) a + b − c < 0
d. Statement I is False, Statement II is True
QUESTIONS ASKED IN AIEEE;
IITJEE 2008
AIEEE 2002
P = (− sin (β − α ),− cos β),
1. A triangle with vertices (4,0), (−1,−1), (3,5) is:
19. Consider three points
Q = (cos(β − α ), sin β ) & R = (cos(β − α + θ), sin (β − θ)) ,
(a) isosceles and right angled
π
where 0 < α, β, θ < . Then (b) isosceles but not right angled
4
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 [26]

(c) right angled but not isosceles (d) (3x + 1)2 + (3y )2 = a 2 − b 2
(d) neither right angled nor isosceles
2. The incentre of the triangle with vertices 1, 3 , (0,0) ( ) 8. A square of side a lies above the x-axis and has one
vertex at the origin. The side passing through the origin
and (2,0 ) is:  π
makes an angle α 0 < α <  with the positive
 3  2 1   4
(a) 1, (b)  , 

 2  direction of x-axis. The equation of its diagonal not
  3 3
passing through the origin is:
2 3  1  (a) y(cos α − sin α ) − x (sin α − cos α ) = a
(c)  ,  (d) 1, 

3 2 
   3 (b) y(cos α + sin α ) + x (sin α − cos α ) = a
3. Three straight lines 2x + 11y − 5 = 0 , 24x + 7 y − 20 = 0 (c) y(cos α + sin α ) + x (sin α + cos α ) = a
and 4x − 3y − 2 = 0 : (d) y(cos α + sin α ) + x (cos α − sin α ) = a
(a) form a triangle AIEEE 2004
(b) are only concurrent 9. Let A (2,−3) and B(−2,1) be vertices of a triangle ABC.
(c) are concurrent with one line bisecting the angle If the centroid of this triangle moves on the line
between the other two 2 x + 3y = 1 , then the locus of the vertex C is the line:
(d) none of these (a) 2 x + 3y = 9 (b) 2 x − 3y = 7
4. A straight line through the point (2, 2) intersects the (c) 3x + 2 y = 5 (d) 3x − 2 y = 3
lines 3 x + y = 0 and 3 x − y = 0 at the points A and
10. The equation of the straight line passing through the
B. The equation to the line AB so that the triangle OAB point (4, 3) and making intercepts on the co-ordinate
is equilateral is: axes whose sum is –1 is:
(a) x − 2 = 0 (b) y − 2 = 0 x y x y
(c) x + y − 4 = 0 (d) none of these (a) + = −1 and + = −1
2 3 −2 1
x y x y
AIEEE 2003 (b) − = −1 and + = −1
5. If x 1 , x 2 , x 3 and y1 , y 2 , y 3 are both in GP with the 2 3 −2 1
same common ratio, then the points (x 1 , y1 ), (x 2 , y 2 ) (c)
x y
+ = 1 and
x y
+ =1
and (x 3 , y 3 ) : 2 3 −2 1
x y x y
(a) lie on a straight line (d) − = 1 and + =1
(b) lie on an ellipse 2 3 −2 1
(c) lie on a circle AIEEE 2005
(d) are vertices of a triangle 11. The line parallel to the x-axis and passing through
the intersection of the lines ax + 2by + 3b = 0 and
6. If the equation of the locus of a point equidistant from
bx − 2ay − 3a = 0 where (a , b ) ≠ (0,0) is
the points (a 1 , b1 ) and (a 2 , b 2 ) is (a 1 − a 2 )x
+(b1 − b 2 )y + c = 0 , then the value of ‘c’ is:
3
(a) above the x-axis at a distance of from it
2
(a)
2
(
1 2
a 2 + b 22 − a 12 − b12 ) (b) above the x-axis at a distance of
2
from it
3
(b) a 12 − a 22 + b12 − b 22 3
(c) below the x-axis at a distance of from it
(c)
2
(
1 2
a 1 + a 22 + b12 + b 22 ) 2
2
(d) below the x-axis at a distance of from it
(d) a 12 + b12 − a 22 − b 22 3
12. If a vertex of a triangle is (1, 1) and mid points of two
7. Locus of centroid of the triangle whose vertices are sides through this vertex are (−1,2 ) and (3,2 ) , then the
(a cos t, a sin t ) , (b sin t,−b cos t ) and (1,0) , where t is a centroid of the triangle is
parameter, is:  7 1 7
(a) 1,  (b)  , 
(a) (3x − 1)2 + (3y )2 = a 2 − b 2  3 3 3
(b) (3x − 1)2 + (3y )2 = a 2 + b 2  7
(c)  − 1, 
 −1 7 
(d)  , 
(c) (3x + 1)2 + (3y )2 = a 2 + b 2  3  3 3

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13. If non-zero numbers a, b, c are in HP, then the straight (a) no value of p
x y 1 (b) exactly one value of p
line + + = 0 always passes through a fixed point. (c) exactly two values of p
a b c
That point is (d) more than two values of p
 1 20. Three distinct points A, B and C are given in the 2
(a) (1,−2 ) (b) 1,−  dimensional coordinates plane such that the ratio of
 2
the distance of any of them from the point (1,0 ) to
(c) (−1,2) (d) (−1,−2 ) 1
the distance from the point (−1,0 ) is equal to .
3
AIEEE 2006 Then the circumcentre of the triangle ABC is at the
point
14. A straight line through the point A (3, 4 ) is such
5 
that its intercept between the axes is bisected at A. (a) (0,0 ) (b)  ,0 
Its equation is 4 
(a) 3x + 4 y = 25 (b) x + y = 7 5  5 
(c)  ,0  (d)  ,0 
(c) 3x − 4 y + 7 = 0 (d) 4 x + 3y = 24 2  3 

( ) falls inside the angle made by the lines

15. If a , a 2 AIEEE 2010
x y
y=
x
, x > 0 and y = 3x , x > 0 , then a belongs to 21. The line L given by + = 1 passes through the
2 5 b
point (13, 32 ) . The line K is parallel to L and has
 1  1
(a)  − 3,−  (b)  0,  x y
 2  2 the equation + = 1. Then the distance between
c 3
 1 1  L and K is
(c)  3,  (d)  , 3 
 2 2  23
(a) (b) 17
AIEEE 2007 15
16. Let A (1, k ), B(1, 1) and C(2, 1) be the vertices of a (c)
17
(d)
23
right-angled triangle with AC as its hypotenuse. If 15 17
the area of the triangle is 1, then the set of values AIEEE 2011
which ‘k’ can take, is given by
(a) {1, 3} (b) {0, 2} 22. The line L1 : y − x = 0 & L 2 : 2x + y = 0 intersect
(c) {−1, 3} (d) {−3, − 2} the line L 3 : y + 2 = 0 at P and Q respectively. The
bisector of the acute angle between L1 & L 2
(
17. Let P = (−1, 0 ), Q = (0, 0 ) and R = 3, 3 3 be three ) intersects L 3 at R.
points. The equation of the bisector of the angle STATEMENT I: The ratio PR:RQ equals
PQR is
2 2: 5
3
(a) 3x + y = 0 (b) x + y=0 STATEMENT II: In any triangle, bisector of an
2
angle divides the triangle into two similar triangles.
3 (a) STATEMENT I is True, STATEMENT II is
(c) x+y=0 (d) x + 3 y = 0
2 True; STATEMENT II is a correct explanation
for STATEMENT I.
AIEEE 2008 (b) STATEMENT I is True, STATEMENT II is
18. The perpendicular bisector of the line segment True; STATEMENT II is NOT a correct
joining P(1, 4 ) and Q(k , 3) has y-intercept −4 . explanation for STATEMENT I.
Then a possible value of k is (c) STATEMENT I is True, STATEMENT II is
(a) 1 (b) 2 False.
(c) –2 (d) –4 (d) STATEMENT I is False, STATEMENT II is
True.
AIEEE 2009 AIEEE 2012
19. The line ( )
p p2 +1 x − y + q = 0 and 23. A line is drawn through the point (1,2 ) to meet the

(p 2 + 1) x + (p 2 + 1)y + 2q = 0 are perpendicular to

2 coordinate axes at P and Q such that it forms a
triangle OPQ, where O is the origin. If the area of
a common line for

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the triangle OPQ is least, then the slope of the line JEE MAIN 2014
PQ is: 26. Let a, b, c and d be non-zero numbers. If the point
1 of intersection of the lines 4ax + 2ay + c = 0 and
(a) − (b) −4
4 5bx + 2by + d = 0 lies in the fourth quadrant and is
1 equidistant from the two axes then:
(c) –2 (d) − (a) 2bc − 3ad = 0
2
24. If the line 2x + y = k passes through the point (b) 2bc + 3ad = 0
(c) 3bc − 2ad = 0
which divides the line segment joining the points
(d) 3bc + 2ad = 0
(1,1) and (2,4) in the ratio 3 : 2 , then k equals to
29 27. Let PS be the median of the triangle with vertices
(a) (b) 5
5 P ( 2, 2 ) ,Q ( 6, −1) & R ( 7,3) . Then equation of the
11
(c) 6 (d) line passing through (1, −1) and parallel to PS is:
5
(a) 4x − 7y − 11 = 0
JEE MAIN 2013
25. The x-coordinate of the incenter of the triangle that (b) 2x + 9y + 7 = 0
has the coordinates of mid points of its sides as (c) 4x + 7y + 3 = 0
(0,1) (1,1) and (1,0) is: (d) 2x − 9y − 11 = 0
(a) 2 + 2 (b) 2 − 2
(c) 1 + 2 (d) 1 − 2

***

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ANSWERS
OBJECTIVE-1:
78. a 94. c 110. b 126. a 142. b 158. b
79. c 95. d 111. d 127. c 143. b 159. a
80. c 96. c 112. a 128. a 144. a 160. a
81. b 97. b 113. b 129. a 145. a 161. c
82. b 98. d 114. a 130. a 146. b 162. a
83. d 99. a 115. d 131. c 147. a 163. d
84. c 100. c 116. c 132. b 148. c 164. c
85. c 101. b 117. a 133. a 149. a 165. c
86. a 102. d 118. b 134. b 150. d 166. a
87. a 103. d 119. d 135. a 151. c 167. c
88. a 104. c 120. b 136. b 152. d 168. d
89. a 105. a 121. c 137. d 153. b 169. c
90. a 106. b 122. b 138. d 154. c
91. d 107. a 123. a 139. b 155. d
92. c 108. b 124. b 140. b 156. b
93. a 109. a 125. c 141. b 157. c
OBJECTIVE-2:
170. a, b, c, d 173. b, c 176. b, c 179. a, b, c 182. b, c
171. a, b 174. b, c 177. a, b, c 180. a, c, d 183. b, d
172. a, d 175. a, d 178. b, c 181. a, b, c, d 184. a, b, c, d

SUBJECTIVE:
185. To prove C ≡ (8, −1)
2 8  6 196. Equation of BC ≡ 3x − 6 y + 2 = 0
186. tan −1 , tan −1 , tan −1  − 
9 15  7
8 4
A≡ , 
187. B ≡ (−3,−1), C ≡ (5,1) 5 5
188. (−a , a (t 1 + t 2 + t 3 + t 1 t 2 t 3 )) 3  9  9 3 3 3
197.  ,0  ,  ,0  &  , ,  , 
189. 26 x − 122 y − 1675 = 0  2   4  4 4 2 4
190. To prove 198. C = −4 , Vertices are (4,4 ) & (2,0 )
2 199. To prove
191. Length = a 2 − a +1
3 200. To prove
192. To prove 201. 83x − 35 y + 92 = 0
193. 91 square unit 202. Required locus y = 2 x
194. x + 4 y − 4 = 0 & 5x + 2 y − 8 = 0 203. Locus of P is (y − m1 x )(y − m 2 x ) = c1c 2
195. AB ≡ 3x + y + 7 = 0
204. 29
AC ≡ x + 2 y − 6 = 0
205. B ≡ (1,5), C ≡ (4,−5)
BC ≡ 3x − 4 y − 28 = 0
206. To prove
B ≡ (0,−7 ) 207. To prove
208. To prove
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 3  1  212. To prove
209. α ∈  − ,−1 ∪  ,1
 2  2  213. To prove
210. equation of L is x − 7 y + 17 = 0 or 7 x + y − 31 = 0
211. To prove
QUESTIONS ASKED IN AIEEE:
QUESTIONS ASKED IN IITJEE: 1. a
1. ( ) ( )
x m 2 − 1 − ym + m 2 + 1 b + am = 0. 2.
3.
d
c
2. c
4. b
3. d 5. a
4. a, c, d 6. a
5. To prove 7. b
6. a 8. d
7. d 9. a
8. d 10. d
9. a 11. c
10. c 12. a
11. To prove 13. a
12. c 14. d
15. d
13. b
16. c
14. b
17. a
15. c 18. d
16. Required locus are y = 2 x + 1 & y = −2x + 1 19. b
17. c 20. b
18. c 21. d
19. d 22. c
20. a → s, b → p, q , c → r, d → p, q , s 23. c
24. c
21. d 25. b
22. b 26. c
23. a 27. b

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C A T J E E , R a m a n N i w a s , N e a r A k a s h v a n i , M e h mo o r g a n j , V a r a n a s i , P h : ( 0 5 4 2 ) 2 3 6 3 4 5 5 . we b s i t e : c a t j e e . i n