MSTH 354: Assessment Review In-Class Activity

Temporomandibular Joint
Range of Motion
Available Motion Positioning Hand Placement Normal Range
AROM Depression 35mm
(Rule out flexion Elevation/Occlusion 0mm
and extension of Protrusion Seated NOT APPLICABLE 7mm
cervical spine) Retraction -
Lateral deviation 10 – 12mm
PROM NOT APPLICABLE
RROM See Resisted Isometric Movements in Special Orthopedic Tests
Special Orthopedic Tests
Test Purpose Action Positive Sign
Auscultation of Reduction of the The patient is asked to complete a When slipping of the
the TMJ mandibular condyle variety of movements (open, close, mandibular condyle
under the posterior laterally deviate and protrude) while occurs relative to the
disc. Subluxation the examiner places stethoscope over disc that results in a
anterior or posterior to the TMJ to listen for irregular sounds. clicking sound. Must
the disc. Crepitus can be performed 4 -5
be indicative of times.
degenerative joint
disease of the TMJ
Chvostek Test To determine Examiner taps the parotid gland If the facial muscles
pathology of CNVII overlying the masseter muscle twitch
(facial nerve)
Jaw Reflex CN V Lesion (trigeminal Place thumb on patient’s chin with the Lateral deviation or
Test nerve) jaw in relaxed resting position. Patient does not close.
closes eyes. Tap thumb with a reflex
hammer.
Resisted Muscle weakness or Examiner places palm gently under Pain or weakness
Isometric dysfunction in the patient’s chin and other hand behind
Movements temporomandibular the head. Patient attempts to open
joint mouth.
Examiner places hand under chin of
slightly opened mouth and other hand
behind head. Patient attempts to close
mouth.
Examiner places one hand over the side
of the head and the other over the
opposite jaw. Patient attempts to
deviate the jaw to the side of
resistance. Repeat on opposite side.
Functional TMJ hypomobility Patient attempts to place two or three Pain or inability to
Opening Test, flexed PIPs within mouth opening. open wide enough.
Three Finger
or Knuckle
Test
TMJ Mobility Tests for TMJ mobility, Palpate the patient’s TMJ (anterior to Deviation when the
Test muscular imbalance earlobe) and ask the patient to open patient opens are
and close their mouth while you closes mouth (C
palpate their TMJ. Make sure to deviation or S
observe TMJ and their mouth as they deviation) (TMJ
do these movements muscle imbalance)
Restriction when
patient opens their
mouth (TMJ
hypomobility)
Cervical Spine
Range of Motion
Available Positioning Hand Placement Normal Range
Motion
AROM Flexion Seated Two finger width chin
(Rule out to suprasternal notch
depression and Extension Forehead and nose
lateral deviation are level
TMJ and flexion Rotation Should reach just shy
and external of shoulder plane
rotation Lateral flexion -
glenohumeral
joints)
PROM Flexion Supine with Examiners hands cradle Tissue stretch
Extension head, neck and and control the Tissue stretch
Rotation shoulders off patient’s head during Tissue stretch
Lateral flexion the end of the cervical spine Tissue stretch
table movements.
RROM Flexion Seated with Upper back and
head and neck forehead towards
in neutral extension
Extension Upper chest of
shoulders and back of
head towards flexion
Rotation Ipsilateral shoulder and
side of head towards
contralateral side
Lateral flexion Anterior shoulder and
side of head and jaw
Special Orthopedic Tests
Test Purpose Action Positive Sign
Adson’s Test or Testing for TOS Locate the radial pulse, patient rotates If the pulse disappears
Maneuver head toward the test shoulder. Patient
 then extends the head back while the
examiner laterally rotates and extends
the patients shoulder. The patient is
instructed to take a deep breath and
hold it
Allen’s Testing for TOS Place the patient seated with their chest If the patient has
Maneuver puffed out and head facing away from difficulty maintaining
the arm being used. Therapist stands the position for a few
behind the patient and palpates the seconds, or
patient's radial pulse while they abduct experiences
the arm to 90 degrees, horizontally autonomic
abduct the arm and then bend their phenomena. If the
elbow 90 degrees. radial pulse
disappears or
noticeably decreases
these all indicate a
positive test.
Distraction Test To determine if there Place one hand under chin (modify with If pain is relieved
is pressure on the TMJ dysfunction) – other hand under
nerve roots the occiput, slowly lift the patients head
First Rib Asymmetry caused by T1: Patient in supine with C-Sp Note for asymmetry
Mobility Test hypomobility of first supported; therapist palpates 1st rib bilaterally
rib or ipsilateral bilaterally, lateral to T1 and places
scalene tightness hands on the ribs post to the clavicle;
patient inhales and exhales deeply
T2: Patient in prone; therapist palpates
the 1st rib and pushes rib caudally;
repeat to other side and compare
Foraminal To determine Performed in three stages, the examiner Pain radiates into the
Compression pressure on the nerve carefully presses straight down on the arm toward which the
(Spurling’s) Test root (cervical head: 1st - head neutral; 2nd – head head is side bent.
radiculitis) (can be extended; 3rd – head extended and Neck pain w/o
stenosis, cervical rotated toward test side (complaint radiation is not
spondylosis, side) positive, neck pain
osteophytes, trophic with no radiation does
facet joints and not constitute a
herniated disc) positive test
Halstead Testing for TOS Examiner finds radial pulse and applies Absence or
Maneuver OR downward traction on the test disappearance of a
Reverse extremity while the patient’s neck is pulse indicates a
Adson’s Test rotated to the opposite side positive test for TOS
Military Brace Test for TOS. Palpate the radial pulse and draw the An absent pulse
Test Particularly effective patients shoulder back and down
for patients who
complain of
symptoms while
wearing a backpack or
 heavy coat
Roo’s test Tests for neural or Patient standing with both shoulders If the patient is unable
(EAST) vascular compromise abducted to 90 degrees and elbows to maintain this for 3
in the thoracic outlet flexed to 90. Laterally rotated the minutes or
shoulders to elbows are slightly behind experiences
the frontal plane. Patient opens and autonomic
close the hands for 3 min phenomena it is a
positive test.
Scalene Cramp To determine if there Patient rotates head to affected side, Increased pain in the
Test are scalene trigger pulls chin down into hollow above scalenes muscles
points clavicle
Vertebral Indicates if vertebral Patient supine, examiner ‘passively’ Provokes referring
Artery Test arteries are being takes the clients head into extension symptoms if the side
compressed and side flexion then rotates the neck to to which the head is
the same side and holds for 30 seconds taken is affected.
Dizziness or
nystagmus indicates
that the vertebral
arteries are being
compressed
Wright’s OR Testing for TOS Hyperabduct the arm so that the hand is Diminished pulse or
Hyperabduction (compression in the brought over the head with the elbow tingling and
test costoclavicular space) and arm in the coronal plane, Test is numbness in the
performed seated first and then in upper limb
supine position. Taking a breath or
rotating or extending the head and neck
may have additional effect. The pulse is
palpated for differences
Cervical flexion Dysfunction arising 1st: Patient flexes the C-Sp to the point Pain; possible
rotation from the C1 to C2 of pain or discomfort. 2nd: hold the headache with the
test segment position, and rotate rotation
Upper Limb Tension Test
ULTT1 or ULNT 1 ULTT2 or ULNT 2a ULTT3 or ULNT 2b ULTT4 or ULNT 3
Wrist Extension and radial
deviation
Fingers & Extension
Thumb
Forearm Pronation
Shoulder Depression to Depression Depression and Lateral rotation and
control elevation abduction (10o) depression
Elbow Flexion of 90o Extension Extension Flexion 90o or more
Shoulder Lateral rotation Medial rotation
Forearm Supination Pronation
Wrist Extension Extension Flexion and ulnar
deviation
Finger & Thumb Extension Extension Flexion
 Forearm Supination
Shoulder Abduction (110o) Abduction until Abduction until Abduction to 110o
and lateral rotation symptoms felt symptoms felt or symptoms felt
Elbow Extension until
symptoms felt
Cervical Spine Contralateral side Contralateral side Contralateral side Contralateral side
flexion flexion flexion flexion
Nerve Bias Median nerve, Median nerve, Radial nerve Ulnar nerve, C8 and
anterior musculocutaneous T1 nerve roots
interosseous nerve, nerve, axillary nerve
C5, C6, C7
Upper Limb Dermatomes, Myotomes and Reflexes
Nerve Dermatome Myotome Reflexes
Root
C1 – C2 Skull cap Cervical flexion
C3 Lateral neck Cervical side flexion
C4 Shoulder cap Scapular elevation
C5 Anterior-lateral upper arm Shoulder abduction
to base of thumb Biceps
C6 Anterior Arm to Thumb and Elbow flexion and wrist Brachii
Brachioradialis
2nd Finger Interface extension Triceps
C7 Posterior Arm to Middle Elbow extension and wrist Brachii
Finger flexion
C8 Lateral Edge of Little Finger Thumb extension
T1 Mid-Inner Forearm Finger abduction

Thoracolumbar Spine & Pelvis

Thoracic Spine Range of Motion
Available Motion Positioning Hand Placement Normal Range
AROM Flexion Seated with 27mm (C7-
(Rule out flexion and hands T12)
extension for cervical spine Extension crossed to 25mm (C7-
(seated) & lumbar spine opposite T12)
(standing)) Rotation shoulder -
Lateral flexion -
PROM Flexion Seated with Tissue stretch
Extension hands Tissue stretch
Rotation crossed to Tissue stretch
Lateral flexion opposite Tissue stretch
shoulder
RROM Flexion Seated with One arm on front, one
Extension hands on their back
Rotation crossed to One hand on shoulder,
opposite one hand supporting
shoulder and their back
Lateral flexion feet on the One hand on the
 floor opposite shoulder,
other hand supporting
opposing side
Lumbar Spine Range of Motion
Available Positioning Hand Placement Normal Range
Motion
AROM 70 – 80mm (T12-
Flexion
(Rule out flexion and Standing S1)
extension for thoracic Extension -
spine & flexion and Rotation Seated -
internal rotation for -
Lateral flexion Standing
hip)
PROM Flexion Supine Bring both legs to chest Tissue stretch
Stabilize lower back, Tissue stretch
Extension Sidelying pull both hips into
extension
Patients legs straight; Tissue stretch
Rotation Supine pull both legs on the
side towards head
Supine with Tissue stretch
Stablize trunk pull knee
Lateral flexion knees bent to
towards you
900
RROM Seated with Bear hug arms on
Flexion
hands crossed patient’s chest
Extension to opposite On lower back
Rotation shoulder and Hands on shoulder
Lateral flexion feet on the floor Front on GH joint
Special Orthopedic Tests
Test Purpose Action Positive Sign
Adam’s Sign Test for functional Examiner stands anterior to If curve remains, patient is
vs. Structural patient. Patient is standing then positive for structural
scoliosis of the spine bends forward to touch their toes. scoliosis. If curve
Examiner watches spine to see if straightens out, patient is
spinal curve straightens out or stays positive for functional
curves scoliosis
Approximation Test for sacroiliac Patient is in the side lying, while Test is positive if there is
(Transverse lesion or a sprain to the examiner’s hands are placed an increased feeling of
Posterior Stress) the posterior over the upper part of the iliac pressure in the sacroiliac
Test sacroiliac ligaments crest, pressing towards the floor. joints.
Gaenslen’s Test To determine SI joint Patient lies side lying with the Pain in SI area
lesion, hip pathology upper leg hyperextended at the hip.
or L4 nerve root The patient holds the lower leg
lesion flexed against the chest. The
examiner stabilizes the pelvis while
extending the hip
Gillet’s OR Tests for fixation of While the patient stands the It the PSIS of the flexed hip
Sacral Fixation posterior movement examiner palpates the PSIS with moves minimally or ‘up’
Test of the innominate one thumb and the other thumb the joint is said to be
bone with respect to parallel with the first thumb on the hypermobile or blocked
the sacrum sacrum, the patient is asked to
stand on one leg while pulling the
opposite knee up toward the chest.
This causes the innominate bone on
the same side as the PSIS thumb to
rotate posteriorly
Ipsilateral Tests for ipsilateral The patient stands with weight Normally the PSIS should
Anterior anterior rotation of equally distributed on both feet, move laterally and
Rotation Test innominate bone the examiner sits behind the superior, if these
Or Standing with respect to the patient and palpates one of the movements are lacking
Flexion Test sacrum PSIS with one thumb and the then the test is positive
sacrum on a parallel line with the
other thumb. The patient is asked
to extend the ipsilateral leg
Hoover Test Test for malingering patient lies supine and the If the patient does not lift
examiner places one hand under the leg or the examiner
each calcaneous while the patient’s does not feel the pressure
legs remain relaxed on the under the heel the patient
examining table. The patient is then is probably not really trying
asked to life one leg off the table or may be a malingerer.
keeping the knees straight as for The lifted limb is weak
the SLR. pressure under the
opposite normal heel in
increased
Kemp’s OR test for joint Patient stands with the examiner if symptoms are
Lower Quadrant dysfunction standing behind. The patient reproduced
Test extends the spine while the
examiner controls the movement
by holding the patient’s shoulder.
Overpressure is applied in
extension while the patient side-
flexes and rotates to the side of
pain. Movement continues until
limit of range or until symptoms are
produced
Kernig’s Sign OR Nerve root or Client seated with hands cupped Pain along spine and
Lasegue’s meningeal irritation behind head; have client flex head sometimes into lower limb,
Differential Test to chest and indicate if pain is pain experienced at level of
present; have client flex one hip lesion
with the knee extended
Piriformis OR tests for tonicity of Client prone, knees flexed to 90°. reduced ROM
FAIR Test piriformis Ask client to drop their ankles
toward the table
Prone Gap OR Test of the posterior Patient prone patient knee flexed Pain or reduced movement
Hibb’s Test sacroiliac ligaments 90 and hip passively medially at SI joint
rotated as far as possible. Palpate
sacroiliac joint on same side
Prone Knee Stability of the The patient lies prone. With one If hyperextension of the
Bend OR lumbar spine. hand, the examiner gently applies spine causes the patient to
Pheasant Test pressure to the posterior aspect of feel pain in the leg, the test
the lumbar spine. With the other is considered positive and
hand, the examiner passively flexes indicates an unstable spinal
the patient’s knees until the heels segment
touch the buttocks
Sacral Apex Sacroiliac joint and Patient lies in supine position, the Pain on sacroiliac joint
Pressure Ligament pathology examiner places two hands on the
patient’s ASIS and Iliac crests.
Examiner pushes down and in at a
45-degree angle.
Sacroliliac tests for sprain of Client in supine while therapist Produces pain
Compression OR the posterior applies pressure to ASIS (pressure
Squish Test ligaments toward sacrum)
Sacroiliac tests for sprain of Client in supine while therapist Unilateral gluteal or
Distraction OR anterior SI ligaments applies crossed-arm pressure to posterior leg pain
Gap Test ASIS (pressure = down and out) produced
Slump Test Impingement of The patient sits on the examining Symptoms of sciatic pain or
dura and spinal cord table and is asked to “slump” so reproduction of the
or nerve roots that the spine flexes and the patient’s symptoms.
shoulders sag forward while the
examiner holds the chin and head
erect. The patient is asked if any
symptoms are produced. If no
symptoms are produced, the
examiner passively extends one of
the patient’s knees to see if
symptoms are produced. If no
symptoms are produced the
examiner, then passively dorsiflexes
the foot of the same leg to see if
symptoms are produced. This is
repeated with the other leg.
Straight Leg Tests for a herniated Patient will be supine. Ask the Recreation of the patient’s
Raise or disc or a sciatic patient to adduct and medially symptoms like pain,
Lasegue’s Test nerve impingement rotate the leg little bit and then numbness and tingling
by putting stress on have them flex the leg.
the sciatic nerve to Add more pressure by asking them
see if there’s root to dorsiflex the foot and flex the
compression in the neck.
lumbar spine.
Supine-to-Sit or Testing for pelvis Client lies supine with legs straight. If one leg moves up farther
 Long Sitting Test torsion or rotation Therapist ensures that the medial than the other = functional
and/or lumbar malleoli are level. Client asked to sit leg length difference
pathology up and therapist observes whether
one leg moves up (proximally)
rather than the other leg.
Thigh Thrust Stresses posterior The patient is supine while the Pain in the sacroiliac joint
Test pelvic ligaments examiner passively flexes the hip on on thrusting
the test side to 90 degrees. Using
one hand to palpate the sacroiliac
joint, the examiner thrusts down
through the knee and hip on the
test side.
True Leg Length to determine if there examiner must set the pelvis square 1-1.5 cm discrepancy is
is a leg length (client lifts hips off the table and set normal anything more
discrepancy them down), then the legs should indicates a true leg length
be 20 cm apart and parallel to each discrepancy
other. Measure from the ASIS (just
inferior to) to the medial malleolus
(just inferior to)
Valsalva Test is used to Examiner asks the patient to take a A positive test is indicated
Maneuver determine the effect deep breath and hold it while by increased pain, which
of increased bearing down. may be caused by
pressure on the increased intrathecal
spinal cord. (Possible pressure.
Herniated disc)
Lower Limb Dermatomes, Myotomes and Reflexes
Nerve Dermatome Myotome Reflexes
Root
L1 Over trochanter and groin
Hip flexion
L2 Anterior mid-thigh
L3 Over knee Knee extension
Patellar tendon
L4 Below medial malleolus Ankle dorsiflexion
L5 In web space between 1st Extensor Digitorum
Great toe extension
and 2nd toe Brevis Achilles
S1 Below lateral malleolus Ankle plantarflexion or ankle tendon
bottom of foot eversion
S2 Posterior leg and calcaneus Knee flexion

Shoulder
Range of Motion
Available Motion Positioning Hand Placement Normal Range
AROM Flexion Standing 180o
(Rule out Extension 60o
flexion and Horizontal 135o
extension of adduction
cervical spine Abduction 180o
& elbow External rotation 90o
joint) Internal rotation 70o
PROM Flexion Supine Posterior aspect of GH joint and Tissue stretch
distal humerus
Extension Prone Anterior aspect of GH joint and Tissue stretch
distal humerus
Horizontal Supine Superior aspect of GH joint and Tissue stretch or
adduction distal humerus tissue
approximation
Abduction Superior aspect of GH joint and Tissue stretch or
distal humerus boney
External rotation Lateral humerus against thorax Tissue stretch
Internal rotation and distal forearm Tissue stretch
RROM Flexion Seated with Posterior aspect of GH joint with
arm at side posterior pressure on distal
with 90 humerus
Extension elbow Anterior aspect of GH joint with
flexion and anterior pressure on distal
no shoulder humerus
Horizontal rotation GH joint on same side with lateral
adduction pressure on distal humerus
Abduction GH joint on opposite side with
medial pressure on distal
humerus
External rotation Lateral elbow with pressure on
medial wrist towards external
rotation
Internal rotation Medial elbow with pressure on
lateral wrist towards internal
rotation
Special Orthopedic Tests
Test Purpose Action Positive Sign
Acromioclavicular Assess condition of Therapist cups the shoulder and Pain at the AC joint, with
Shear Test (AC AC Joint simultaneously squeezes several abnormal movements
Compression) times. Observes for abnormal
movement of the AC joint
Adhesive Capsulitis Assess for Therapist passively, slowly If the scapula engages in
Abduction dysfunction in abducts the client’s arm. movement prior to 80
ROM or restriction Therapist simultaneously notes degrees of abduction.
of scapular when the inferior angle of Painful, leathery end-feel
movement in scapula engages in movement noticed before 80 degrees
relation to GH joint abduction.
Apley’s Scratch Tests for The patient attempts to touch If unable to reach, it
Test limitations in the opposite scapula to test the indicated limitation in the
motions of the range of motion of the shoulder. motion
upper extremity.
Apprehension or GH joint capsule External rotate shoulder at 90o of Client has look of
Crank Test damage (often abduction apprehension or pulls away
anterior to stop motion; end feel is
dislocation) empty.
Drop Arm or To assess for a The therapist passively raises the If the patient's arm drops
Codman’s Test rotator cuff tear. patient's arm to 90 degrees of suddenly or experiences
abduction. The patient then pain
lowers the arm back to neutral
with the palm down.
Hawkins Kennedy Supraspinatus Patients shoulder in 90o of If pain is indicated during
Impingement Test impingement shoulder flexion with elbow internal rotation
flexed at 90o and internal
rotation of arm. Therapist places
hand on the GH joint and other
hand over the arm applying
pressure downwards
Infraspinatus Assess Client is instructed to abduct the Positive with pain or
Strength infraspinatus arm to 90 degrees and flex the weakness along
weakness, elbow to 90 degrees. Therapist infraspinatus. Possibly teres
tendonitis or applies pressure to client’s minor as it externally rotates
stairns shoulder and asked to resist the shoulder.
movement.
Jerk Test Tests for posterior Patient sits with arm flexed to Sudden jerk or clunk as the
instability or 90deg and medially rotated humeral head slides off the
posteroinferior (thumb down). Examiner flexes back of the glenoid
labral tear elbow to 90deg and applies
medial pressure to elbow while
passively horizontally adducting
arm.
Lift Off To test for a lesion Client stands with dorsum of Inability to lift hand from
Test/Gerber’s Lift of the hand on mid lumbar spine. Client back
Off Test subscapularis lifts hand away from back – if
muscle they are able to do so, apply
pressure to hand to test for
weakness
Load & Shift Assess the stability Patient seated. Therapist Normal motion anteriorly is
(Anterior) of the stabilizes the scapula to the half of the distance of the
Glenohumeral joint thorax with one hand, while the humeral head, more
other hand is placed across the movement is considered to
posterior GH joint line and be a sign of GH joint laxity
humeral head, and the web
space across the patient's
acromion. The index finger
should the over the anterior GH
joint line. The clinician should
now apply a "load and shift" of
the humeral head across the
 stabilized scapula in an
anteromedial direction to assess
anterior stability, and in a
posterolateral direction to assess
posterior instability
Neer’s Test To identify possible The examiner should stabilize the If the patient reports pain in
subacromial patient's scapula with one hand, this position
impingement while passively flexing the arm
syndrome while it is internally rotated
O’Brien Test Glenoid labrum Client stands, arm forward (90°) Pain produced inside the
lesions and elbow extended. shoulder in 1st part of test
Horizontally adduct 10° and and eliminated/↓’ed in 2nd
medially rotate so thumb faces part
downward. Apply downward
force to arm. Arm returned to
starting, palm supinated (thumb
up) and downward force applied
Painful Arc Test Impingement of While standing, have client Pain starting at 60o of
Supraspinatus and abduct shoulder through full abduction that eases off
subacromial bursae range. If client cannot actively after ~120o
move beyond range, assist to
130o then ask the client to
continue if possible
Posterior Capsule Assess posterior Patient in supine with shoulder Positive test is indicated via
Tightness instability of the at 90° abduction, some external instability, apprehension
GH joint rotation, elbow is at 90° flexion and pain.
Therapist places one hand on
shoulder (thumb directed
anteriorly with fingers are
around the back of the head of
humerus), the other hand holds
the forearm proximal to the wrist
to control the arm. The fingers at
the back of the humeral head is
used to feel for any posterior
translocation while the arm is
adducted passively until the arm
is vertical.
Punch Out Test Serratus Anterior Patient standing, flexes arm 90 Medial Border of scapula
Weakness degrees. Therapist applies wings
backwards force on patient’s
shoulder.
Scapular Load Test Scapular stability Patient standing with hands on For each direction, the
under dynamic waist (thumbs posteriorly) so scapula should not move
load that arms are 45o of abduction. more than 1.5cm position.
arms resting at sides. Examiner
applies pressure in anterior,
 posterior, inferior and superior
direction.
Scapular Stabilizer Assess serratus Client asked to lean into the wall Winging of the inferior angle
anterior weakness (performing wall push-up) of the scapula during the
down phase of the
movement. Weak serratus
anterior or injury to long
thoracic nerve. Excessive
movement of scapula
indicates weakness of
scapula stabilizers
Speed’s Test Assess for Patient’s shoulder flexed to 90 If pain in the bicipital tendon
pathology of the degrees, elbow is extended, or bicipital groove is
long head of biceps forearm supinated, and the reproduced
brachii in the therapist places hands just
groove proximal to elbow
Sulcus Sign To test for inferior Patient stands with arm by side. Depression forms below the
instability or Examiner grasps below elbow acromion AND pain/
glenohumeral and pulls arm distally. discomfort
laxity
Supraspinatus OR To test for ‘Empty Can’ – Patient have If pain or weakness is
Empty Can Test supraspinatus forward flexion and with their indicated
impingement or thumbs facing down, and
integrity of the pressure is applied downwards.
supraspinatus ‘Full Can’ – Patient has forward
muscle and tendon flexion and with their thumbs
facing up, and pressure is applied
downwards
Yergason’s Test Indicative of Patients elbow flexed 90 and Tenderness in the bicipital
bicipital tendonitis stabilized against the thorax and groove, or the tendon
or rupture of the with the forearm pronated, the popping out of the groove
transverse humeral examiner resists supination while
ligament the patient laterally rotates the
arm against resistance

Elbow
Range of Motion
Available Positioning Hand Placement Normal Range
Motion
AROM Flexion Seated, standing 135 – 150o
(Rule out flexion and Extension with palms facing 0o
external rotation for anteriorly
shoulder and flexion Pronation Seated with elbow 90o
and extension for Supination flexed to 90o 90o
wrist)
PROM Flexion Supine Above elbow and Tissue approximation
the wrist
 Extension Prone Above the elbow Bone to bone
and the wrist
Pronation Seated with Support the Tissue stretch
patient arm at elbow, hold the
neutral wrist
Supination Support the Tissue stretch
elbow, hold the
wrist
RROM Flexion Seated Above elbow and
the wrist
Extension Above the elbow
and the wrist
Pronation Support the
elbow, hold the
wrist
Supination Support the
elbow, hold the
wrist
Special Orthopedic Tests
Test Purpose Action Positive Sign
Lateral Testing lateral Elbow on table with closed fist, pronate Pain at the lateral
Epicondylitis epicondylitis, and palpate lateral epicondyle while epicondyle
Test/ Cozens specifically extensor resisting wrist extension and radial
carpi radialis longus & deviation
brevis
Lateral Lateral Epicondylitis Patient standing, palpate lateral Pain over lateral
Epicondylitis epicondyle pronate forearm passively, epicondyle.
Test/ Mills flex the wrist and extend the elbow
Lateral Lateral Epicondylitis Patient is seated with arm on table,
Epicondylitis hand open and pronated. Patient
Test/ resists flexion of the middle finger at
Maudsley’s distal phalanx
Ligamentous Testing medial Patients arm is stabilized at the elbow Laxity, increased
Valgus collateral ligament and wrist. The patient’s elbow is flexed mobility or altered pain
Instability instability 20-30 and stabilize with the examiners that may be present
Test hand. The medial collateral ligaments compared with the
are tested applying a valgus stress uninvolved elbow
while palpating the ligaments
Ligamentous Testing lateral Patients arm is stabilized at the elbow
Varus collateral ligament and wrist. The patient’s elbow is flexed
Instability instability 20-30 and stabilize with the examiners
Test hand. The lateral collateral ligaments
are tested by applying a varus stress
while palpating the ligaments
Medial Test for Medial Stretch, resist and palpate the muscle Pain on stretch, pain on
Epicondylitis epicondylitis originating from the medial epicondyle resisted action and pain
Test on palpation
Moving Tests for partial tear of Stabilize above the elbow and at Pain between 120o –
Valgus Stress MCL forearm, abduct shoulder and flex 70o
elbow. While maintaining valgus stress,
quickly extend elbow.
Pronator Median nerve being Apply resistance towards elbow Pain and radiation
Teres compressed by extension and supination down the forearm
Syndrome pronator
Test
Tinnel’s at Tests for neurological Tap ulnar nerve where it sits in groove Tingling sensation in
elbow dysfunction of ulnar between olecranon process and medial ulnar distribution of
nerve (cubital tunnel epicondyle forearm and hand distal
syndrome) to point of compression
of nerve

Wrist & Hand

Wrist Range of Motion
Available Positioning Hand Placement Normal Range
Motion
AROM Flexion Seated with forearm 80 – 90o
(Rule out flexion Extension resting on edge of 70 – 80o
and extension Ulnar Deviation table in supinated 30 – 45o
of the elbow Radial Deviation position 15 – 20o
and MCP joints)
PROM Flexion Seated with forearm Distal forearm Tissue stretch
Extension resting on edge of and MCPS Tissue stretch
Ulnar Deviation table in supinated Bone-to-bone
Radial Deviation position Bone-to-bone
RROM Flexion Seated with forearm Distal forearm
Extension resting on edge of and MCPS
Ulnar Deviation table in supinated
Radial Deviation position

1st Metacarpophalangeal
Available Motion Positioning Hand Normal Range
Placement
AROM Flexion Seated with forearm full 50o
(Rule out Extension supinated thumb maintains 0o
flexion and Abduction contact with 2nd MCP 70o
extension of Adduction Seated thumb in abduction 30o
the wrist) Opposition Seated with forearm full Tip to Tip
supinated
PROM Flexion Supine Stabilize at the Tissue stretch
Extension wrist Tissue stretch
Abduction Tissue stretch
Adduction Tissue
 approximation
Opposition The middle of Tissue stretch
thumb and
pinky finger
RROM Flexion Seated Stabilize at the
Extension base of the
Abduction thumb
Adduction
Opposition
2nd – 5th Metacarpophalangeal Range of Motion
Available Motion Positioning Hand Normal
Placement Range
AROM Flexion Seated with 90o
(Rule out flexion and Extension forearm resting on 45o
extension of the wrist) Abduction edge of table 20o
Adduction -
PROM Flexion Supine Stabilize at the Tissue stretch
Extension posterior Tissue stretch
Abduction surface of the Bone-to-bone
Adduction hand. Bone-to-bone
RROM Flexion Seated Stabilize at the
Extension posterior
Abduction surface of the
Adduction hand.

Special Orthopedic Tests

Test Purpose Action Positive Sign
Allen Test Determines the Patient is asked to open and close the Hand does not flush red
(bilateral) patency of the radial hand several times as quickly as when one artery is released
and ulnar arteries possible and then squeeze the hand
and determines tightly. The examiners thumb and
which artery index finger are placed over the radial
provides the major and ulnar arteries, compressing them.
blood supply to the The patient then opens the hand
hand while the pressure is maintained over
the arteries. Each artery is tested
separately by releasing the pressure
over that artery to see if the hand
flushed or not.
Finklestein’s Used to determine Patient makes a fist with the thumb Pain over the abductor
Test the presence of a de inside the fingers. The examiner pollicus longus and extensor
(bilateral) Quarvain’s disease, a stabilizes the forearm and ulnar pollicis brevis tendons at
tenosynovitis in the deviates the wrist the wrist
thumb
Froment’s Abductor Pollicis Patient attempts to grasp a piece of Positive test is when the
Sign muscle paper between the thumb and index examiner pulls the paper away
 finger. and the terminal phalanx of
the thumb flexes because of
paralysis of adductor pollicis
muscle.
Hoffman’s Upper limb reflex for Holds the patient’s The interphalangeal joint of
Sign spinal cord middle finger and briskly flicks the the thumb of the same
compression distal phalanx hand flexes/adducts.
Murphy’s to determine a Patient is asked to make a fist. If the head of the third
Sign lunate dislocation metacarpal is level with the
second and forth
metacarpals, the sign is
positive and indicates a
lunate dislocation
Phalen’s Test Testing for carpal Examiner flexes wrists maximally and Tingling in the thumb,
tunnel syndrome holds this position for 1 minute by index, middle and lateral
pushing the patient’s wrists together half of the ring finger
Pinch Grip Pathology to the Asked to pinch the tips of the index If the patient is unable to
Test anterior finger and thumb together. Should be pinch tip-to-tip and instead
interosseous nerve. able to see a tip-tip pinch. has an abnormal pulp-to
pulp pinch of the index
finger and thumb.
Reverse Testing for Carpal Therapist extends client’s wrist while Tingling in the thumb, index
Phalen’s Tunnel Syndrome asking the client to grip the therapist’s finger, and middle and
(Prayer) Test hand. Therapist then applies direct lateral ½ of the 4th digit
pressure over the carpal tunnel for 1
minute. [2nd method: Have client’s
hands in prayer position and bring
hands toward waist keeping palms
together]
Tinnel’s @ Testing for carpal Examiner taps over the carpal tunnel Tingling or paresthesia into
the wrist tunnel syndrome at the wrist. the thumb, index finger and
middle and lateral half of
the ring finger (median
nerve distribution). Must be
felt distal to the point of
pressure to be positive
Triangular Triangular Examiner holds the patient's forearm Pain, clicking, crepitus in
Fibrocartilage Fibrocartilage with one hand and the patient’s hand area of TFCC
Complex Complex tear or with the other. Then examiner then
(TFCC) Load injury axially loads and ulnar deviates the
or Sharpley’s wrist while moving it dorsally and
Test palmarly or by rotating the forearm.

Hip
Range of Motion
Available Positioning Hand Placement Normal Range
Motion
AROM Flexion Supine 110 – 120o
(Rule out Extension Prone 30o
flexion and Lateral rotation Supine OR Prone 45o
extension at Medial rotation depending on patient 45o
the lumbar ability)
spine and knee Abduction 40 – 60o
joint) Supine
Adduction 30 – 40o
PROM Flexion One hand posterior Tissue stretch/
Supine knee, other on ipsilateral approximation
hip
Extension One hand anterior knee, Tissue stretch
Prone
other on ipsilateral hip
Lateral rotation One hand lateral knee, Tissue stretch
Medial rotation other on medial foot Tissue stretch
Abduction One hand posterior Tissue stretch
knee,
Supine other on contralateral
hip
Adduction One hand posterior Tissue
knee, approximation
other on ipsilateral hip
RROM Flexion One hand top of knee,
Supine
other under ankle
Extension One hand back of knee,
Prone
other on lumbar spine
Lateral rotation One hand top of knee,
Supine
Medial rotation other hold ankle
Abduction Lateral ankles
Adduction Medial ankles
Special Orthopedic Tests
Test Purpose Action Positive Sign
90-90 Straight Hamstring Pt lies supine and flexes both hips to A knee angle less than 125
Leg Test tightness or nerve 90o and grasps behind knees. Patient degrees
root symptoms actively extends each knee as much as
possible. Examiner measures angle of
knee.
Craig’s Test Tests for femoral Client prone with knee flexed to 90°. Angle less than 8°
anteversion Therapist palpates posterior aspect of (retroversion); angle greater
greater trochanter. Hip is passively than 15° (anteversion)
rotated medially and laterally until the
greater trochanter is parallel to the
table.
Ely’s Test Testing the length Pt. lies prone and the therapist As heel approaches
(bilateral) of rectus femoris passively flexes client’s knee (heel to buttocks, hip buckles into
buttocks) flexion
FABER Test for hip joint Patient lies supine and the examiner The leg remains above the
(Patrick’s) test pathology, may places the patient’s leg so that the foot opposite straight leg or
be illiopsoas of the test leg is on top of the knee of there is pain in the Hip or SI
spasm or the SI the opposite leg. The examiner slowly joint, the hip joint may be
joint may be lowers the test leg to the table while affected, illiopsoas spasm or
affected stabilizing the opposite hip the SI joint may be affected
Kendall Test Test for tightness The patient lies supine while the Knee is not flexed at 90° and
(bilateral) in the quads and examiner passively flexes both thighs. thigh stays up away from
hip flexors Pt lowers test leg with kneed flexed table
(mostly rectus over edge of the table.
femoris)
Ober’s Test Assesses the Patient is in the side lying position with If contracture is present the
tensor fascia the lower leg flexed at the knee and hip leg remains abducted and
latae for for stability. The upper hip is abducted does not fall to the table. If
contracture or and extended with the knee flexed to there is pain over the
trochanteric 90. The examiner slowly lowers the greater trochanter bursitis is
bursitis upper limb. (can be done with knee suspect
extended as well) Hip stabilization is
vital
Piriformis Tests for Patient is side-lying, tested hip facing Recreation of sciatic-like
Stress Test piriformis up. Have the patient inch as close to symptoms (i.e. pain,
syndrome the edge of the table as possible, numbness/tingling in the
towards the therapist. Straighten the buttock and possibly down
bottom leg, and flex the tested hip to the back of the leg)
60°. While stabilizing the hip with one
hand, use the other hand to apply a
downward pressure around the knee,
pushing towards the ground. This
applies stress on the piriformis over the
sciatic nerve (patient should be close
enough to the edge of the table that
their knee is able to clear the table).
Thomas Test Used to assess a The patient lies supine while the If there is contracture
(bilateral) hip flexion examiner checks for excessive lordosis, present the leg raises off the
contracture, the which is usually present with tight hip table. The angle of
most common flexors. The examiner flexes one of the contracture can be
contracture of patient’s hips, bringing the knee to the measured. If the thigh
the hip chest to flatten out the lumbar spine abducts it’s called a “J” sign
and the patient holds the flexed hip indicative of tight iliotibial
against the chest band
Trendelenburg Assesses the Patient is asked to stand on one lower If the pelvis on the opposite
Test stability of the hip limb, normally the pelvis on the side drops when the patient
and the ability of opposite side should raise, test should stands on the affected leg a
the hip abductors always be performed on the normal positive test is indicated,
to stabilize the side first indicating weak gluteus
pelvis on the medius or and unstable hip
femur (i.e. hip dislocation)
Knee
Range of Motion
Available Motion Positioning Hand Placement Normal Range
AROM Flexion Seated 135o
(Rule out flexion and Extension 0o
extension of hip and Medial Rotation -
plantarflexion and Lateral Rotation -
dorsiflexion of
ankle)
PROM Flexion Supine Distal thigh and distal ankle, Tissue
slides foot along table to flex approximation
the knee.
Extension Distal thigh and distal ankle, Tissue stretch
lifts ankle off table holding
thigh steady
Medial Rotation Seated with Distal thigh and distal ankle, Tissue stretch
legs off the rotate tibia medially.
Lateral Rotation table and Distal thigh and distal ankle, Tissue stretch
90o rotate tibia laterally.
RROM Flexion Seated with Distal thigh and distal ankle,
legs off the patient flexes knee against
table and resistance.
Extension 90o hand on opposite shin;
patient’s knee is placed on
arm as a fulcrum. Patient
extends knee; examiner
provides resistance.

Special Orthopedic Tests

Test Purpose Action Positive Sign
Anterior Tests for ACL Patient is supine with hip flexed to 45°, Test is positive with
Drawer Test stability or injury knee flexed to 90°, and foot comfortably excessive movement (>6
for Knee on table. Examiner may sit on patient’s mm) of tibia relative to
foot for stability. Examiner holds patient’s femur. Anterior cruciate
proximal tibia and applies pressure ligament (ACL) is injured if
anteriorly. excessive movement is in
anterior direction. Posterior
cruciate ligament (PCL) is
injured if opposite.
Apley’s To determine if Patient lies prone with knee flexed 90. Restriction or discomfort
Compression there is a The patient’s thigh is then anchored to
Test meniscus injury the examination table with the examiners
knee. The patient’s tibia is then medially
and laterally rotated combined with
compression
Apley’s To determine if Patient lies prone with knee flexed 90. Restriction, excessive
Distraction there is a The patient’s thigh is then anchored to movement or discomfort
Test ligamentous the examination table with the examiners
injury knee. The patient’s tibia is then medially
and laterally rotated combined with
distraction
Bounce Meniscal tear Pt starts supine with knee in full flexion If you get a mushy or dead
Home Test and extend at a faster pace. stop not bounce
Brush, Stoke, Assess for The examiner begins just below the joint A wave of fluid passes to
Bulge OR minimal effusion. line on the medial side of the patella, the medial side of the joint
Wipe Test stroking proximally far as the and bulges just below the
suprapatellar pouch two or three times medial distal portion or
with the palm and fingers. With the border of the patella.
opposite hand, the examiner strokes
down the lateral side of the patella.
Clark’s Sign Tests for Patient is supine with legs straight and Pain under patella
or Patellar patellofemoral relaxed. Use webspace of hand to
Grind Test dysfunction surround superior part of patella. Push
patella down while the client contracts
their quads.
Ege’s Test Medial and Patient stands with knees in extension Pain in the medial or a click
lateral Meniscus and feet about 30-40cm apart. felt by patient. If there is
tears To test the medial: ask patient to point pain lateral or a click felt by
toes out and do a squat. patient
To test the lateral: ask patient to point
toes inward and do a squat
Lachman’s Anterior Pt in supine with involved leg beside the Mushy or soft end feel
Test instability (ACL therapist. Therapist holds client’s knee when the tibia is moved
injury) between full extension and 30°. Grab forward and disappearance
femur with one hand and pull tibia of the Infrapatellar tendon
forward with the other hand. slope
McConnell Test for Patient is seated with femur slightly Test is positive if pain is
Test chondromalacia laterally rotated. Patient performs REDUCED when medial
patellae isometric quadriceps contractions at pressure is applied.
(softness in 120°, 90°, 60°, 30°, and 0° with each
subpatellar contraction held for 10 s. Examiner
cartilage) passively returns patient’s knee to full
extension and supports it. Then the
examiner applies medial pressure to
patella. The patient performs the
isometric contraction at the painful angle
while examiner maintains medial
pressure.
McMurray’s Meniscus tear Palpate jt. Line with client in supine and Snap or click & pain or
Test knee flexed. Bring leg into extension and locking
external rotation with a valgus force.
Bring leg into extension and internal
 rotation with a varus force
Noble Used to Patient lies supine and the knee is flexed At approximately 30 of
Compression determine to 90 accompanied by hip flexion. The flexion the patient
whether iliotibial examiner then applies pressure with the complains of severe pain
band friction thumb to the lateral femoral epicondyle over the femoral condyle its
syndrome exists or 1-2 cm proximal to it. While positive.
near the knee maintaining that pressure the leg is
slowly extended
Patellar Test for patella Patient is in supine with knee flexed at 30 In a positive test the patient
Apprehensio dislocation degrees. Therapist press with both may be apprehensive of the
n Test thumbs on the medial side of the patella displacement of the lateral
to force it laterally displacement of patella and
for the knee back into full
extension.

No pain is indicated
however, the patient may
feel like the patella might
dislocate.
Patellar Deep Tests for motor The patient is seated with their eyes No reflex.
Tendon function at the closed or looking away. The therapist
Reflex knee joint papates for the patellar tendon, and uses
a reflex hammer to tap it.
Posterior Tests for PCL Patient is supine with hip flexed to 45°,
Test is positive with
Drawer Test stability or injury knee flexed to 90°, and foot comfortablyexcessive movement (>6
for Knee on table. Examiner may sit on patient’s mm) of tibia relative to
foot for stability. Examiner holds patient’s
femur. Anterior cruciate
proximal tibia and applies pressure ligament (ACL) is injured if
posteriorly. excessive movement is in
anterior direction. Posterior
cruciate ligament (PCL) is
injured if opposite.
Posterior Sag PCL tear Supine. Hip flexed to 45 and knee to 90 Tibia sags from PCL being
Sign degrees torn
Thessaly Test To test for any The patient stands flat footed on one leg A meniscus tear is felt and
meniscus lesions. while the examiner provides his or her patient experiences medial
hands for balance. The patient then flexes or lateral joint line
the knee to 5° and rotates the femur on discomfort.
the tibia medially and laterally three
times while maintaining the 5° flexion.
The good leg is tested first, and then the
injured leg. The test is then repeated at
20° flexion
Valgus Tests for medial Therapist pushes the knee medially while Excessive movements; +ve
Instability instability the ankle is stabilized in slight lateral in extension can = injury to:
Test (medial collateral rotation (leg held between therapist’s MCL, post. oblique
ligament) arm and trunk). Knee first in full ligament, ACL, PCL,
 extension and then slightly flexed to 20- semimembranosus; +ve
30° with some flexion can =
injury to: MCL, post.
oblique ligament, PCL,
posteromedial capsule
Varus Tests for lateral Therapist pushes knee laterally while the Excessive movement; +ve in
Instability instability (lateral ankle is stabilized. First done in extension extension can = injury to:
Test collateral and then with the knee flexed to 20-30° LCL, posterolateral capsule,
ligament) arcuate-popliteus complex,
biceps femoris tendon, PCL,
ACL, lateral gastroc, ITB;
+ve with flexion can = injury
to: LCL, posterolateral
capsule, arcuate-popliteus
complex, ITB, biceps
femoris tendon
Waldon Test Patellofemoral Therapist palpates the patella while Pain or crepitus (cracking,
syndrome and patient performs several slow deep knee popping, clicking)
functions in a bends (can be unilateral or bilateral)
similar fashion
to the step-up
test and the
eccentric step
test

Ankle & Feet

Ankle Range of Motion
Available Motion Positioning Hand Placement Normal
Range
AROM Plantarflexion Supine with heels off 50o
(Rule out flexion and Dorsiflexion table 20o
extension of knee and Inversion 20o
flexion and extension of Eversion 10o
MTPs)
PROM Plantarflexion Supine with heels off Dorsal side of Tissue stretch
table foot
Dorsiflexion Plantar side of Tissue stretch
foot
Inversion Lateral side of Tissue stretch
foot
Eversion Medial side of Tissue stretch
foot
RROM Plantarflexion Supine with heels off Plantar side of
table foot
Dorsiflexion Dorsal side of
foot
 Inversion Medial side of
foot
Eversion Lateral side of
foot
1st Metatarsophalangeal Range of Motion
Available Positioning Hand Placement Normal
Motion Range
AROM Flexion Supine 45o
(Rule out plantarflexion
and dorsiflexion ankle and Extension 70o
flexion and extension of IP
joints)
PROM Flexion Supine Dorsal side of proximal Tissue
phalanx stretch
Extension Plantar side of proximal Tissue
phalanx stretch
RROM Flexion Supine Plantar side of proximal
phalanx
Extension Dorsal side of proximal
phalanx
2nd to 5th Metatarsophalangeal Range of Motion
Available Positioning Hand Placement Normal
Motion Range
AROM Flexion Supine -
(Rule out plantarflexion Extension -
and dorsiflexion ankle and Adduction -
flexion and extension of IP Abduction -
joints)
PROM Flexion Supine Dorsal side of proximal Tissue
phalanx stretch
Extension Plantar side of proximal Tissue
phalanx stretch
Adduction Outside of toes Tissue
stretch
Abduction Inside of toes Tissue
stretch
RROM Flexion Supine Dorsal side of proximal
phalanx
Extension Plantar side of proximal
phalanx
Adduction Inside of toes
Abduction Outside of toes
Interphalangeal Range of Motion
Available Motion Positioning Hand Placement Normal
 Range
AROM Proximal Flexion Supine -
(Rule out flexion and Proximal Extension -
extension MTP Distal Flexion -
joints) Distal Extension -
PROM Proximal Flexion Supine Plantar side of middle Tissue stretch
phalanx
Proximal Extension Dorsal side of middle Tissue stretch
phalanx
Distal Flexion Plantar side of distal Tissue stretch
phalanx
Distal Extension Dorsal side of distal phalanx Tissue stretch
RROM Proximal Flexion Supine Plantar side of middle
phalanx
Proximal Extension Dorsal side of middle
phalanx
Distal Flexion Plantar side of distal
phalanx
Distal Extension Dorsal side of distal phalanx
Special Orthopedic Tests
Test Purpose Action Positive Sign
Anterior Used to assess any injuriesThe patient lies in supine with A positive test may be
Drawer of to the anterior talofibulartheir foot relaxed. The examiner obtained with a tear of
Ankle ligament, which is the moststabilizes the tibia and fibula, only the anterior
frequently injured ligamenthold the patient's foot in 20 Deg. talofibular ligament.
in the ankle. of plantar flexion and draws the
talus forward.
Fiess Line A test to assess for pes Patient seated. Therapist marks A positive test would be if
planus. the medial malleolus and medial the navicular drops more
surface of the base of the 1st than 10 mm.
metatarsal, and draws a line
between them. Then patient
stands with their feet
approximately 1 inch apart.
Homan’s Sign Used to test if a patient has The patient lays in supine. The A positive test is indicated
deep vein therapist begins by supporting by pain will be
thrombophlebitis. the knee and dorsiflexing the experienced in the calf.
foot. The therapist will then There can also be loss of
begin to palpate the calf for the the dorsalis pedis pulse,
dorsalis pedis pulse. swelling or pallor.
Morton’s Test Checks for neuroma Therapist squeezes Pt’s Tingling, numbness, and
(benign nerve metatarsal heads together pain within the foot. Pain
growth/tumor) inferior to that comes solely from
metatarsals the metatarsals alone (no
numbness or tingling)
may indicate a fracture.
Talar Tilt Hypermobility of the Patient is supine/sitting. Pain or excessive anterior
Anterior Talofibular Therapist stabilizes the patient’s movement
Ligament or instability of distal leg with one hand and
the ankle grasps the calcaneus with their
other hand. Place patient’s foot
into 10-15 degrees of plantar
flexion and apply an anterior
glide
Thompson’s Used to test for a rupture The patient lies in prone with A positive test equals the
Test or 3rd degree strain of the their foot over the edge of the absence of plantarflexion
Achilles tendon table. The therapist then begins of the ankle
to squeeze the patient’s calf
muscle, which should cause the
foot to plantar flex.
Tinnel’s Sign To test for peripheral nerve Patient is supine or seated. Tingling down into the
of Ankle injury. Nerve compression Therapist taps over medial ankle foot
syndrome and tarsal tunnel which is behind the medial
syndrome. malleolus (posterior tibial
nerve/medial plantar nerve) and
over the dorsal of the ankle near
the neck of the talus (deep
peroneal nerve)
Windlass Test Checks for plantar fasciitis With Pt standing so that the foot Plantar fasciitis: pain
for Plantar and/or hallicus rigidus is flat on a surface with the toes along sole of foot, at
Fasciitis dangling off, the hallux is attachment of plantar
passively fully extended fascia
Hallicus rigidus: lack of
hallux ext