SCAFFOLDING -

INTERMEDIATE
CPCCLSF3001 Licence to erect, alter and
dismantle scaffolding intermediate level

LEARNER GUIDE
CPCCLSF3001 Licence to erect, alter and dismantle scaffolding intermediate
level

INTENTIONALLY BLANK

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MODIFICATION HISTORY

Version Date Nature of Amendment

1 13 Feb 20 Creation

2 7 Jun 22 Updated Unit of Competency

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Table of Contents
LEARNER GUIDE ..................................................................................................................... 1
MODIFICATION HISTORY ................................................................................................ 3
1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 6
1.1.1 When is a Scaffold Licence Needed? .................................................................................................................. 6
1.1.2 What Types of Work can you do with a Scaffolding Intermediate Level Licence?.................................................... 6
1.1.3 High Risk Work Licence Requirements ............................................................................................................... 7
1.2 Types of Scaffolding ................................................................................................... 7
1.2.1 Basic Level Scaffolds ........................................................................................................................................ 8
1.2.2 Intermediate Level Scaffolds ............................................................................................................................. 9
1.2.3 Advanced Level Scaffolds ............................................................................................................................... 10
1.2.4 Scaffold Duty ................................................................................................................................................ 10
1.3 Plan the Job.............................................................................................................. 11
1.3.1 Assess the Task and Gather Site Information ................................................................................................... 11
1.3.1.1 Identify Forces and Loads ........................................................................................................................ 12
1.3.2 Work Health and Safety Requirements ............................................................................................................. 13
1.3.3 Duty of Care.................................................................................................................................................. 13
1.3.4 Safe Work Method Statements ........................................................................................................................ 14
1.4 Identify and Control Hazards ................................................................................... 15
1.4.1 Consultation and Communicating with Others ................................................................................................... 15
1.4.2 Hazard Identification ...................................................................................................................................... 15
1.4.2.1 Working Near Power Lines ....................................................................................................................... 16
Tiger Tails ...................................................................................................................................................... 18
1.4.3 Risk Assessment ............................................................................................................................................ 19
1.4.4 Hazard Controls ............................................................................................................................................. 20
1.4.4.1 Specific Control Strategies for Traffic ......................................................................................................... 21
1.4.4.2 Specific Control Strategies for Working around other Equipment .................................................................. 21
2.1 Prepare a Scaffolding Plan ....................................................................................... 22
2.1.1 Scaffold Task Requirements ............................................................................................................................ 23
Light Duty Scaffold.......................................................................................................................................... 23
Medium Duty Scaffold ..................................................................................................................................... 23
Heavy Duty Scaffold ........................................................................................................................................ 23
2.1.2 Scaffold Drawings .......................................................................................................................................... 26
2.2 Identify, Select and Inspect Equipment ................................................................... 32
2.2.1 Identify, Select and Inspect Associated Equipment ........................................................................................... 32
2.2.1.1 Scaffold Planks ........................................................................................................................................ 33
2.2.1.2 Ladders and Stairways ............................................................................................................................. 33
2.2.1.3 Scaffold Tubes, Tie Tubes and Fittings ...................................................................................................... 34
2.2.1.4 Couplers and Fittings ............................................................................................................................... 34
2.2.1.5 Footings ................................................................................................................................................. 38
2.2.1.6 Fibre Ropes and FSWR............................................................................................................................. 38
2.2.1.7 Screening ............................................................................................................................................... 39
2.2.1.8 Adjustable Props ..................................................................................................................................... 40
2.2.1.9 Hand Tools ............................................................................................................................................. 40
2.2.2 Identify, Select and Inspect Scaffolding Equipment ........................................................................................... 41
2.2.2.1 Mast Climbers ......................................................................................................................................... 41
2.2.2.2 Perimeter Safety Screens and Shutters ...................................................................................................... 41
2.2.2.3 Cantilevered Crane Loading Platforms ....................................................................................................... 42
2.2.3 Identify Safety Equipment Requirements ......................................................................................................... 42
2.2.3.1 Safety Harnesses..................................................................................................................................... 42
2.2.3.2 Lanyards and Energy Absorbers ................................................................................................................ 43
2.2.3.3 Inertia Reels ........................................................................................................................................... 44
2.3 Identify Communication Methods and Equipment ................................................... 45
2.3.1 Select and Inspect Communications Equipment ................................................................................................ 45
2.3.1.1 Conventional Radio .................................................................................................................................. 46
2.3.1.2 Fixed Channel Radio ................................................................................................................................ 46
2.4 Isolate Defective Equipment .................................................................................... 46

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2.5 Set Up for the Task ................................................................................................... 47

2.5.1 Implement Hazard Controls ............................................................................................................................ 47
2.5.2 Check Ground Suitability................................................................................................................................. 48
2.5.3 Prepare Footings and Foundations................................................................................................................... 50
2.5.4 Fit Safety Equipment ...................................................................................................................................... 50
2.5.5 Prepare and Position Scaffolding Equipment ..................................................................................................... 51
3.1 Erect Scaffold and Scaffold Equipment .................................................................... 51
3.1.1 Erecting a Tube and Coupler Scaffold .............................................................................................................. 52
3.1.1.1 Tube and Coupler Scaffold Requirements .................................................................................................. 54
3.1.1.2 Platform Requirements ............................................................................................................................ 54
3.1.1.3 Cantilevered Platform Requirements.......................................................................................................... 55
3.1.2 Erecting a Cantilevered Scaffold ...................................................................................................................... 55
3.1.3 Erecting a Spurred Scaffold ............................................................................................................................ 56
3.1.4 Erecting a Barrow Ramp or Sloping Platform .................................................................................................... 57
3.1.5 Ties .............................................................................................................................................................. 57
3.1.5.1 Box Tie ................................................................................................................................................... 58
3.1.5.2 U-tie ...................................................................................................................................................... 58
3.1.5.3 Through Tie ............................................................................................................................................ 59
3.1.5.4 Double Lip .............................................................................................................................................. 59
3.1.5.5 Column Tie ............................................................................................................................................. 60
3.1.6 Work Safely at Heights ................................................................................................................................... 60
3.1.6.1 Monitor Work Area and Equipment ............................................................................................................ 61
3.1.6.2 Communications ...................................................................................................................................... 62
3.1.7 Installing a Cantilevered Crane Loading Platform .............................................................................................. 62
3.1.7.1 Relocating a Cantilevered Crane Loading Platform ...................................................................................... 64
3.1.7.2 Safe Use of a Cantilevered Crane Loading Platform..................................................................................... 64
3.1.8 Installing Perimeter Safety Screens and Shutters .............................................................................................. 64
3.1.9 Setting Up a Mast Climber .............................................................................................................................. 66
3.2 Inspection and Maintenance of Scaffolds ................................................................ 67
3.2.1 Modifying or Inspecting a Scaffold ................................................................................................................... 68
3.2.2 Completing a Handover Certificate .................................................................................................................. 69
3.3 Dismantle Scaffold and Scaffold Equipment............................................................. 69
3.4 Incidents and Emergency Response......................................................................... 70
3.4.1 What is an Incident? ...................................................................................................................................... 70
3.4.1.1 Responding to an Incident ....................................................................................................................... 71
3.4.2 Workplace Emergencies ................................................................................................................................. 71
3.4.2.1 General Emergency Response................................................................................................................... 71
3.4.2.2 General First Aid...................................................................................................................................... 72
3.4.3 Incident Relating to the Use of Fall-Arrest Systems ........................................................................................... 72
3.4.3.1 Suspension Trauma ................................................................................................................................. 73
3.4.3.2 Preventing Suspension Trauma ................................................................................................................. 73
3.4.3.3 First Aid for Suspension Trauma ............................................................................................................... 74
3.4.4 Report All Hazards, Incidents and Injuries ........................................................................................................ 74
3.5 Conclude Scaffolding Operations ............................................................................. 75
3.5.1 Tidy the Work Area ........................................................................................................................................ 75
3.5.2 Inspect and Store All Scaffolding Equipment .................................................................................................... 75
3.5.2.1 Isolate Faulty Equipment and Report Defects ............................................................................................. 76
3.5.3 Remove Hazard Control Measures ................................................................................................................... 76
Appendix A – Safe Work Method Statement .................................................................. 77
Appendix B – Handover Certificate ................................................................................ 83

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1.1 Introduction
These training materials are based on the National High Risk Licence Unit of Competence CPCCLSF3001 Licence to
Erect, Alter and Dismantle Scaffolding Intermediate Level.

You will learn about:

Planning out your work.

Selecting and inspecting equipment.

Setting up for the task.

Erecting and dismantling scaffolding.

1.1.1 When is a Scaffold Licence Needed?

A scaffold licence is needed where working platforms are at a height where a person or
object could fall more than 4 metres.

1.1.2 What Types of Work can you do with a Scaffolding

Intermediate Level Licence?
A person with an intermediate scaffolding licence is legally allowed to carry out
the following tasks:

All basic scaffolding tasks:

Erection, alteration and dismantling of modular and prefabricated
scaffolds.
Erection of cantilevered materials hoists with a maximum working
load limit of 500 kilograms.
Use of ropes and gin wheels.
Installation of safety nets.
Use of static lines.
Erection of bracket scaffolds (tank and formwork).

Installation of cantilevered crane loading platforms.

Erection and dismantling of cantilevered and spurred scaffolds.

Erection and dismantling of barrow ramps and sloping platforms.

Scaffolding associated with perimeter safety screens and shutters.

Erection and dismantling of mast climbers.

Erection, alteration and dismantling of tube and coupler scaffolds

including tube and coupler covered ways and gantries.

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1.1.3 High Risk Work Licence Requirements

Once you pass your assessment you will have 60 days to apply for your licence.

You must renew your licence within 12 months of its expiry otherwise:

Your licence can’t be renewed.

You need to repeat the course and re-apply for your licence.

You need to enrol in the course again and be supervised by somebody who
has a current licence for the same class.

You can still do high risk work without a licence as long as:

You are enrolled in a high risk course for the class, and

You are being supervised by somebody who has a licence for the same class.

Any licensed worker must take reasonable steps to make sure the way they work
does not impact on the safety of themselves or any other worker. This is their legal
duty of care. Failing to work safely can result in the health and safety regulator:

Suspending or cancelling your licence.

Refusing to renew your licence.

Ordering that you are reassessed to ensure you are competent.

Your employer might ask you for evidence that you have a high risk licence before
you start any high risk work. You can show them:

Your licence.

Proof from the training company that you have passed your assessment.

Proof that you are currently completing a course for high risk work.

1.2 Types of Scaffolding

When selecting a scaffold, the specified building's design, shape, and location should be
considered.

The scaffold's ability to adapt to the structure's contours should also be taken into
account.

In addition, the purpose for which the scaffold will be used should be a factor in making
the decision of which type of scaffold should be selected.

You will need to decide what type of scaffold construction is the most appropriate for
the tasks you need to perform.

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1.2.1 Basic Level Scaffolds

The following table outlines the main types of basic level scaffolds.

Name Description Example

A Mobile Scaffold is an independent, free-standing,

movable scaffold mounted on castors. It is useful for
maintenance where multiple points must be accessed.

Mobile Scaffold
Castors for mobile scaffolds need to have wheel locks.
Castors for a mobile scaffold cannot have a pneumatic
tyre. Plan bracing is needed in a mobile scaffold to stop
the scaffold from twisting when it is moved.

A Birdcage Scaffold consists of more than two rows of

standards, connected by ledgers and transoms. It is
Birdcage Scaffold
intended for use on one level only, and is commonly used
for working on a ceiling.

A Modular or Frame Scaffolding (steel, fibreglass or

aluminium) is assembled from prefabricated frames,
Modular or braces and accessories.
Frame
Scaffolding
Free-standing modular scaffolds can be built to a height
of 3 times the minimum base width.

A Bracket Scaffold is a scaffold that has a platform

carried on frames attached to or supported by a
Bracket Scaffold permanent or temporary construction.

Bracket scaffolds are often used for maintenance work.

A Tower Scaffold can be a mobile, modular, or tube

and coupler variety. Tower scaffolds are generally fitted
with a single work platform with ladder access and have
only 2 rows of standards. Tower scaffolds are popular
where there is a limited amount of space to erect a
Tower Scaffold scaffold.

Unless otherwise stated by the manufacturer, a light duty

aluminium tower scaffold should not exceed a height of 9
metres.

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1.2.2 Intermediate Level Scaffolds

The following table outlines the main types of intermediate level scaffolds.

Name Description Example

A Tube and Coupler Scaffold is erected using scaffold

tubes connected with couplers.

Tube and Coupler

These are useful where the scaffold must be erected in a
specific shape to match a structure, or prefabricated
scaffolds will not meet the requirements of the task.

A Single Pole Scaffold contains a single row of standards,

and is completely dependent on the structure it is placed
Single Pole against for support.
Scaffold
A single pole scaffold is often used for bricklaying or
other masonry work.

A Cantilever Scaffold is a scaffold that is supported by

cantilevered load-bearing members.
Cantilever
Scaffold It is commonly used where surface conditions are
unacceptable, or the required height of the work platform
makes conventional scaffolds unsuitable.

A Spurred Scaffold is partially supported by inclined load-

bearing members called ‘spurs’.

They are used where there is insufficient load bearing

Spurred Scaffold capability for standards, or where the scaffold must be
configured in a way that does not have all standards
resting on the ground/supporting structure. An example
of this is a scaffold that is built around and above an
entryway.

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1.2.3 Advanced Level Scaffolds

The following table outlines the main types of advanced level scaffolds.

Name Description Example

A Suspended or Swing Stage Scaffold can be either raised

Suspended or or lowered, as it has a suspended platform.
Swing Stage
Scaffold These types of scaffolds are commonly associated with
window washers.

Hung Scaffolds are temporary structures suspended by

tubes, wire ropes or chains from a permanent structure
and are used to access areas that would otherwise be
difficult or unsafe to access by other means.

Hung Scaffolds They are usually made from steel, aluminium or timber
components.

Hung scaffolds CANNOT be raised or lowered when in

use. Some can, however, travel horizontally with the aid
of girder trolleys or mobile suspension rigs.

1.2.4 Scaffold Duty

Scaffolds have different size requirements and rated capacities according to their duty:

Duty Minimum Working Platform Width Maximum Load Allowed on Platform

450mm
Light Duty This is the minimum clear access required 225kg per bay
for a non-working or access only platform.
Medium Duty 675mm 450kg per bay
Heavy Duty 900mm 675kg per bay

The configuration and the parts that make it up generally determine the duty of a scaffold.

You need to make sure the scaffold you intend to erect will be the correct duty depending on the requirements of the job,
and the types of loads that will be resting on the scaffold while it is erected.

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1.3 Plan the Job

Careful planning is the first step in completing a task safely.

By making sure you are aware of all of the requirements of the job, and the steps required to carry it out properly you can
help to keep the work site and workers as safe as possible.

1.3.1 Assess the Task and Gather Site Information

The first thing to do when planning a task is to work out exactly what it is you need to
do. Simply put, you will need to assess the task.

To do this, you will need to collect all the information you require about the tasks,
personnel, local site conditions and equipment.

Site information may include:

Ground conditions and suitability.

Hazards that exist on site or that are associated with the completion of the
task.

Access and egress (entry and exit) to the work area.

Equipment that is being used on site.

You can find task and site information in documentation such as:

Safe Work Method Statements (SWMS).

Site-specific Job Safety Analyses (JSA).

Task plans.

Manufacturer’s specifications.

Make sure you can accurately interpret and understand structural charts and plans.
They will help you decide which scaffolding equipment and tools you will need and
what methods and procedures you will use throughout the task.

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When planning out the task, some things you may consider are:

Task plans.

Access and egress to and from the work area.

Plant and equipment required to carry out the task.

Availability of the equipment to carry out the task.

Weights or any other information that will allow you to plan out the job
properly.

Location and specifics of the task.

Induction or training of personnel.

Safe Work Method Statements.

Identification of hazards and risk assessment.

1.3.1.1 Identify Forces and Loads

A 'load' is any type of force exerted on an object. It is important to understand the relevant forces and loads that are
associated with the scaffolding work you will be doing. Forces and loads apply to scaffolds and the structures they are
attached to.

When constructing a scaffold there are a range of forces and loads you may need to consider.

Dead Loads – The weight of a scaffold or hoist and its components before it is
loaded.

Live Loads – The weight of the equipment and personnel on the scaffold (in each
bay).

Static Load – A load that is not moving (consistent load).

Dynamic Load – Force made by a moving load on a resisting structure or

component.

Wind Load – The force made by wind on a structure or its components.

Environmental Load – The weight of environmental factors such as water, dust

and debris that may be on the scaffold.

Each standard is designed to hold at least 1/3 of the duty live load per bay.

For example a medium duty scaffold that can hold 450kg per bay requires each
standard to hold at least 150kg.

It is important to know the weight of any material you place on a scaffold.

If you place too much weight on a scaffold it may collapse.

Some loads may have the weight marked on them or they may come with a
consignment note or weighbridge certificate.

You may have to calculate the weight of a load using appropriate mathematical
procedures and formulas. Remember to add the weight of pallets, boxes and drums
when lifting loads.

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The weights of some common materials can be found in the table below.

Material Weight
Cubic metre of concrete 2.4 metric tonnes
Cubic metre of water 1 metric tonne
Cubic metre of earth or clay 1.9 metric tonnes
Cubic metre of steel 7.84 metric tonnes
1000 common bricks 4 metric tonnes

1.3.2 Work Health and Safety Requirements

Work Health & Safety (WHS) is defined as laws and guidelines to help keep your workplace safe.

These can be broken down into four main types:

Law Explanation
Acts Laws to protect the health, safety and welfare of people at work.
Regulations Gives more details or information on particular parts of the Act.
Codes of Practice Are practical instructions on how to meet the terms of the Law.
Give you the minimum levels of performance or quality for a hazard, work process or product
Australian Standards
such as AS/NZS 1576. Note: other valid Australian Standards may also apply.

1.3.3 Duty of Care

All personnel have a legal responsibility under duty of care to do everything
reasonably practicable to protect others from harm by working safely and
following instructions.

The following personnel have a duty of care:

Employers and self-employed persons.

Persons in control of the workplace.

Supervisors.

Designers.

Manufacturers.

Suppliers.

Workers.

Inspectors.

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1.3.4 Safe Work Method Statements

A Safe Work Method Statement (SWMS) details how specific hazards and risks, related to the task being completed, will
be managed and is developed by the employer for their workers.

SWMS fulfil a number of objectives:

They outline a safe method of work for a specific job by identifying associated
hazards and giving instructions of how these need to be managed.

They provide an induction document that workers must read and understand
before starting the job.

They assist in effectively coordinating the work, the materials required, the
time required and the people involved to achieve a safe and efficient outcome.

They are a quality assurance tool.

To complete a SWMS:

1. Break the job down into logical steps taking into consideration what is
required to be achieved by the task.

2. Against each step, identify the workplace hazards in this activity i.e. the
ways that a person (or plant) could be injured or harmed (or damaged)
during each step.

3. Decide on measures required to mitigate hazards i.e. what could be done to

make the job safer and prevent injuries or harm that may occur.

4. Identify roles and responsibilities for actions and outcomes to make sure
risk/hazard controls are carried out under supervision.

5. Ensure the SWMS is fully understood by all personnel prior to commencing

the task.

The Safe Work Method Statement must be available for inspection at any given time.

Safe Work Method Statements may also be referred to as Safe Work Procedures (SWP) or Job Safety Analysis (JSA). It
must be prepared in consultation with those people who will be doing the job.

A sample SWMS is available in Appendix A.

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1.4 Identify and Control Hazards

HAZARDS CREATE RISK. CHECK FOR HAZARDS.

A RISK is the chance of a hazard hurting you or somebody else or causing some damage.

A HAZARD is the thing or situation that causes injury, harm or damage.

If you can remove or at least control a HAZARD you can reduce the RISK involved.

1.4.1 Consultation and Communicating with Others

Make sure you talk to the following people about hazards before you start work:

Safety officers.

Site engineers (where applicable).

Supervisors.

Colleagues.

Managers who are authorised to take responsibility for the

workplace or operations.

Health and safety representatives.

It is important to communicate with workplace personnel and safety officers before starting on a worksite to ensure that
the scaffold team is aware of any workplace policies, site-specific procedures and hazards.

1.4.2 Hazard Identification

Part of your job is to look around to see if you can find any hazards before you start.

A good tip is to check:

Above head height – remember that scaffolding may be above your head.

At eye level – look around to see if there is anything in the way of where you
want to place the scaffold.

On the ground (and below) – Have a look at the ground conditions - will it
support the weight of the scaffold and load?

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Common workplace hazards include:

Ground conditions:
Underground services.
Non-weight bearing surfaces.
Recent excavations.
Soil conditions (e.g. recently filled trenches).

Poor lighting.

Overhead hazards:
Power lines.
Overhead service lines.
Obstructions.
Falling objects.

Surrounding structures:
Buildings.
Obstructions.
Facilities.
Trees.
Equipment.

Traffic:
Pedestrians.
Personnel.
Vehicles.
Mobile plant.

Weather:
Wind.
Lightning.
Rain.

Workplace-specific hazards:
Dangerous materials.
Falling from heights.

1.4.2.1 Working Near Power Lines

Working near power lines can be dangerous if you are not careful.

It is very important that you know the safe operating distances for different types of
power lines and the steps you must take if your job needs you to work closer than the
safe distances.

Generally, if you need to work closer than the safe work distance you must:

Contact the local electrical authority for permission to work closer (this is
called an exemption).

Have the power lines shut off. If this is not possible then have the power lines
insulated.

Use a spotter (depending on local laws and rules).

Distances are different depending on the state or territory you are working in and the voltage of the power lines. You
should check with the local electrical authority for information and advice to find out the voltage of power lines in your
work area.

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Queensland

The Queensland Electrical Safety Regulation breaks down the distances in detail. Exclusion zones are broken down not
only by size of power line but also by the competency level of the operator. This means that the requirements should be
clarified with the electrical authority before work commences even if the distance appears to be outside the zones.

The following minimum distances are provided as guidance:

Power Line Type Distance

Up to 132kV 3.0m
132kV up to 330kV 6.0m
330kV and above 8.0m

New South Wales

In New South Wales, for anyone who is not accredited, equipment operation may not be any closer than the following
distances to power lines:

Power Line Type Distance

Up to and including 132kV 4.0m
Above 132kV up to and including 330kV 6.0m
Above 330kV 8.0m

To work closer than these distances requires authority from the relevant electrical authority and adherence to cl.64(2)(e)
of the regulations.

Australian Capital Territory

In the ACT mobile plant operators and persons erecting or working from scaffolding must maintain a safe minimum
distance to power lines as outlined in the table below:

Power Line Type Distance

Less than 33kv 4.0m
33kV or more (transmission lines) 5.0m

Victoria

In Victoria the Framework for Undertaking Work Near Overhead and Underground Assets states that equipment must not
be closer than the following distances to power lines:

Power Line Type Distance

Distribution lines up to and including 66kV (power poles) 6.4m (or 3.0m with a qualified spotter)
Transmission lines greater than 66kV (towers) 10m (or 8m with a qualified spotter)

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Tasmania

In Tasmania equipment must not be closer than the following distances to power lines:

Power Line Type Distance

Up to and including 133kV (poles) 6.4m (or 3m with a safety observer)
Greater than 133kV (towers) 10m (or 8m with a safety observer)

South Australia

In South Australia mobile plant operators and persons erecting or working from scaffolding must maintain a safe minimum
distance to power lines as outlined in the table below:

Power Line Type Distance

Up to 132kv (including 132kv poles) 6.4m (or 3.0m with a spotter)
132kv or more (including 132kv towers) 10.0m (or 8.0m with a spotter)

Western Australia

In Western Australia this falls under Regulation 3.64 from the OSH Regulations and states the following as the minimum
distances:

Power Line Type Distance

Up to 1kV (insulated) 0.5m
Up to 1kV (uninsulated) 1.0m
Above 1kV and up to 33kV 3.0m
Above 33kV 6.0m

Northern Territory

In the Northern Territory equipment must not be closer than the following distances to power lines:

Power Line Type Distance

Up to and including 132kV (distribution lines) 6.4m (or 3m with a spotter)
Greater than 132kV (transmission lines) 10m (or 8m with a spotter)

Tiger Tails

Tiger tails are used to clearly show the location of overhead power lines. Tiger tails DO NOT insulate the power lines so
exclusion zones and safe operating distances must still be used, even when tiger tails are in use.

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1.4.3 Risk Assessment

Once you have identified the hazards on site or related to the work you will be doing you need to assess their risk level.

Risk levels are worked out by looking at 2 factors:

You can use a table like the one shown here to work out the risk level:

Consequence
1. Insignificant 2. Minor 3. Moderate 4. Major 5. Catastrophic
First Aid Required Medical Attention Long Term Illness Kill or Cause
and Time Off Work or Serious Injury Permanent
Likelihood Disability or Illness

1. Rare Low Low Moderate Moderate Moderate

2. Unlikely Low Low Moderate Moderate High
3. Possible Low Moderate High High Extreme
4. Likely Moderate Moderate High High Extreme
5. Almost Certain Moderate High High Extreme Extreme

For example, a hazard that has a Major consequence and is Almost Certain to occur has a risk level of Extreme.

Consequence

1. Insignificant 2. Minor 3. Moderate 4. Major 5. Catastrophic

First Aid Required Medical Attention Long Term Illness Kill or Cause
and Time Off Work or Serious Injury Permanent
Likelihood Disability or Illness

1. Rare Low Low Moderate Moderate Moderate

2. Unlikely Low Low Moderate Moderate High
3. Possible Low Moderate High High Extreme
4. Likely Moderate Moderate High High Extreme

5. Almost Certain Moderate High High Extreme Extreme

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The risk level will help you to work out what kind of action needs to be taken, and how soon you need to act.

The table below is an example of a site risk policy:

Risk Level Action

This is an unacceptable risk level

Extreme
The task, process or activity must not proceed.

This is an unacceptable risk level

The proposed activity can only proceed, provided that:
1. The risk level has been reduced to as low as reasonably practicable using the hierarchy
of risk controls.
High 2. The risk controls must include those identified in legislation, Australian Standards, Codes
of Practice etc.
3. The risk assessment has been reviewed and approved by the Supervisor.
4. A Safe Working Procedure or Work Method Statement has been prepared.
The supervisor must review and document the effectiveness of the implemented risk controls.

This is an unacceptable risk level

The proposed activity can only proceed, provided that:
1. The risk level has been reduced to as low as reasonably practicable using the hierarchy
Moderate
of risk controls.
2. The risk assessment has been reviewed and approved by the Supervisor.
3. A Safe Working Procedure or Work Method Statement has been prepared.

The proposed task or process needs to be managed by documented routine procedures, which
Low
must include application of the hierarchy of controls.

The action you take will depend on:

1.4.4 Hazard Controls

Once hazards and risks have been identified and assessed you need to work
out what the best way to manage them will be.

The Hierarchy of Hazard Control is the name given to a range of control

strategies used to eliminate or control hazards and risks in the workplace.
Hazard controls should be applied before you start work, or as soon as a
hazard is identified during the work.

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The Hierarchy has 6 levels.

Always start at the top of the list and work your way down.

Hierarchy Level Explanation

1. Elimination Completely remove the hazard. This is the best kind of hazard control.
2. Substitution Swap a dangerous work method or situation for one that is less dangerous.
3. Isolation Isolate or restrict access to the hazard.
4. Engineering Controls Use equipment to lower the risk level.
Site rules and policies attempt to control a hazard. Includes Safe Work
5. Administrative Controls
Practices.
The least effective control. Use PPE while you work. This should be selected at
6. Personal Protective Equipment
the planning stage of your work, and checked before starting the job.

You may need to use a range of control measures to reduce the risk to an acceptable level.

Hazard controls need to be implemented before you start work or as soon as a hazard is identified during the work.

1.4.4.1 Specific Control Strategies for Traffic

If the work area is going to be shared with pedestrians, site personnel, vehicles or mobile plant, you will need to make
sure you have selected appropriate control measures. These may include:

Using a flag person to control traffic.

Setting up flashing hazard lights.

Organising hoardings, gantries or scaffolding.

Setting up warning signs and barriers.

Setting up pedestrian and vehicle exclusion zones.

1.4.4.2 Specific Control Strategies for Working around other Equipment

If the scaffold is to be constructed within the working radius of a crane on site, or close to other equipment with moving
parts there is a hazard of the scaffolding being struck or hit by the crane or equipment.

In this situation you will need to implement a number of control strategies including:

Safety exclusion zones to prevent access to the danger area – this may
include a flag person.

Workplace communications to assist in coordinating movements within

the work area.

Barriers or other physical means of preventing the equipment from

making contact with the scaffold.

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2.1 Prepare a Scaffolding Plan

When you are planning out the scaffolding task and the use of scaffolding equipment it is very important to consult with
other people involved in the job. You may need to talk to supervisors, colleagues, managers responsible for
workplace/operations, and other scaffolders/site workers.

The procedures and techniques you plan to use to complete your tasks should conform with all legal requirements related
to scaffolding work including:

Relevant commonwealth, state or territory Work Health & Safety (WHS)

legislation.

Local government regulations.

Scaffolding standards and codes of practice.

Australian Standard AS/NZS 1576.

This Australian Standard outlines the performance requirements and methods of

structural and general design for access and working scaffolds. In general these
requirements also apply to other types of working scaffolds.

The purpose of a working scaffold is to provide a safe place of work with safe access
suitable for the work being done. The Australian Standard sets out the structural and
operational requirements for working scaffolds.

Your plan should include information on how you intend to carry out the task
(sequence), how you intend to deal with any unidentified hazards and what
components you will use to complete the scaffold.

The details of the scaffold plan may include:

Your plan should refer to the scaffold plans or drawings and any other relevant
documentation such as work method statements or site procedures.

These drawings can be used as a reference to determine the scaffold

elements/parts that are required to erect it and the configuration of work
platforms, ladder access and other components or associated equipment.

Make sure everybody involved in the scaffolding work is familiar with the plan
and understands what they need to do.

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2.1.1 Scaffold Task Requirements

It is important that you are familiar with the configurations and limitations of
scaffolds, especially when considering different duty scaffolds, different materials
(aluminium or steel) and methods of access. All of these factors will influence the
design of the scaffold.

The following tables will help you to identify the limitations of different scaffolds and
the allowable number of full-length working platforms (assuming that all but the
base lift may potentially be used as a working platform).

Light Duty Scaffold

Maximum number of full length working platforms on light duty scaffold (access from base lift)
Tube Type Scaffold Height
8m 8m – 16m 16m – 24m 24m – 33m
Aluminium 4 N/A N/A N/A
Steel 4 3 N/A N/A

Maximum number of full length working platforms on light duty scaffold (access from building)
Tube Type Scaffold Height
8m 8m – 16m 16m – 24m 24m – 33m
Aluminium 4 4 3 3
Steel 4 7 6 6

Medium Duty Scaffold

Maximum number of full length working platforms on medium duty scaffold (access from base lift)
Tube Type Scaffold Height
8m 8m – 16m 16m – 24m 24m – 33m
Aluminium 1 N/A N/A N/A
Steel 4 1 N/A N/A

Maximum number of full length working platforms on medium duty scaffold (access from building)
Tube Type Scaffold Height
8m 8m – 16m 16m – 24m 24m – 33m
Aluminium 3 2 2 2
Steel 4 5 5 4

Heavy Duty Scaffold

Maximum number of full length working platforms on heavy duty scaffold (access from base lift)
Tube Type Scaffold Height
8m 8m – 16m 16m – 24m 24m – 33m
Aluminium N/A N/A N/A N/A
Steel 4 N/A N/A N/A

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Maximum number of full length working platforms on heavy duty scaffold (access from building)
Tube Type Scaffold Height
8m 8m – 16m 16m – 24m 24m – 33m
Aluminium 2 2 2 2
Steel 4 4 3 3

Note: Light duty platforms are 0.45m x 1.5m per bay. Medium duty platforms are 0.9m x 1.8m per bay. Heavy duty
platforms are 1.0m x 2.4m per bay. In the tables above ‘N/A’ represents a scaffold configuration that is not allowed.

Information obtained from the site or client will help you design an appropriate scaffold for the situation. The following is
an example of the information that you may be provided with when planning out the task and preparing the scaffolding
plan.

Scaffold design requirements:

Independent tube and coupler scaffold (max lift height of 2m).

Scaffold is heavy duty (steel tube).

Height of top lift is 8m.

Length between end standards is 14.4m.

Centre-to-centre transverse standard spacing 1.05m.

Number of working platforms is 3 full-length working platforms.

Location of platforms is on the upper 3 lifts.

Safety screens must be used.

Ladder access is required.

Standards must be staggered.

Platform planks are 225mm (wide) x 32mm (thick), Hardwood.

Platform width is 4 planks between the standards.

Available tube lengths (metres):

1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4
2.7 3.0 3.6 4.2 4.8
5.4 6.0 6.3

Available plank lengths (metres):

2.7 3.6

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Scaffold erection requirements:

Edge protection is guardrails, midrails and toeboards on outside and

ends of platforms.

Longitudinal bracing will be fixed to each outside panel in the end

bays and in one intermediate bay.

Ledgers will be fixed to the inside of the standards.

The first lift will be fixed with transoms set below the ledgers.

The working lifts will be fixed with putlogs and putlog couplers.

Putlogs are required on non-working platforms to carry planks for

erection purposes.

Guardrails are required on non-working platforms.

Working lifts fixed with putlog couplers require transoms set below
ledgers.

Non-working lifts require transoms or putlogs fixed with right-angle

couplers.

Braces will be fixed to the standards with swivel couplers.

Guard rails and mid rails will be fixed to the standards with right angle
couplers.

All joints will be fixed with sleeve-type end-to-end couplers.

Handballing is only feasible up to the second lift. A gin wheel or

materials hoist may be required for the erection of the higher lifts.

Relevant site information:

Scaffold may be tied to the building.

Ground surface is suitable for erection of the scaffold.

There are no cranes or other mobile plant working or traveling in the vicinity of
the proposed scaffold site.

Access and egress to the work area is suitable.

There is no electricity within 8m of the scaffold.

Pedestrians will be restricted from access to the scaffold by means of barriers,

fences and signage.

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2.1.2 Scaffold Drawings

The drawing/design will help you to work out what parts you will need. Shown here is a drawing of the scaffold that
would be used to meet these design and erection requirements:

Note: Putlogs marked in blue. Ladders, toeboards and screens have been omitted for clarity.

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Standards and ledgers need to be properly spaced and joined to maintain the stability of the scaffold. Shown here is an
example of how the tubes could be joined (using the tube lengths provided):

1.5m 2.1m 3.6m 4.2m 5.4m 6.3m

Standard Spacing:
The standard lengths shown give a joint spacing of within 300mm of a ledger while also allowing all standards to be fixed
to a ledger.

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Ledger Spacing:
The ledger lengths shown avoid end bay joints (which are not allowed) while enabling joints to occur within 300mm of a
standard.

Note: Transom joins have not been provided in the drawing as they cannot be joined for a scaffold.

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It is important that your drawings make note of the tie in points on the scaffold:

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You may also need to mark where swivel clips/couplers are being used:

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This drawing, combined with the site and job information provided will allow you to work out what parts and equipment
you will need, and the quantities of each item to erect the scaffold properly.

The table below lists the parts required for this particular scaffold:

Quantity
Part Usage Notes
Required
1.2m Scaffold tube 114 Used for transoms and putlogs.
1.5m Scaffold tube 6 Used for standards.
2.1m Scaffold tube 35 Used for standards and ledgers.
2.4m Scaffold tube 8 Used for transverse bracing.
2.7m Scaffold tube 12 Used for longitudinal bracing.
3.6m Scaffold tube 46 Used for standards and ledgers.
4.2m Scaffold tube 12 Used for standards.
5.4m Scaffold tube 17 Used for ledgers.
6.3m Scaffold tube 6 Used for standards.
2.7m Hardwood plank 6 Used for ladder access to working platforms.
3.6m Hardwood plank 42 Used for working platforms.
Used to secure transoms, ledger, putlogs (on non-working
Right angle/fixed coupler 285
platforms), ties, guardrails and midrails.
Swivel coupler 40 Used to secure bracing.
Putlog coupler 96 Used to secure putlogs on working platforms.
Sleeve type end-to-end joiners 87 Used to join standards and ledgers.
Adjustable baseplates may be required depending on surface
Baseplates 18
condition and grade.

Note: Additional components will be required depending on tie in methods used, and for edge protection around ladder
access. Tie tubes must not be joined so adequate length tubes (or extended transoms) must be selected (depending on
the configuration of the ties).

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2.2 Identify, Select and Inspect Equipment

A scaffolding task may require the use of a wide range of scaffolding, associated and safety equipment to be used and
installed.

Part of completing the planning for the scaffolding job is to identify what equipment you will need, then select and inspect
that equipment to make sure it is safe for use.

It is very important that you check all equipment before you use it to ensure that it is safe to use and suitable for the
task.

2.2.1 Identify, Select and Inspect Associated Equipment

The erection, alteration and dismantling of scaffolds requires you to use a range of associated equipment.

Associated equipment includes:

Planks.

Ladders and stairways.

Scaffold tubes.

Couplers and fittings.

Fibre ropes and Flexible Steel Wire Rope (FSWR).

Footings.

Screening.

Hand tools.

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2.2.1.1 Scaffold Planks

Planks are used to construct working platforms.

They can be made of timber, aluminium or steel.

Planks should have the correct information displayed upon them.

The usual width of a scaffold plank is 225 mm. The usual thickness of a hardwood
solid timber scaffold plank 32 mm.

Do not use scaffold planks with any of the following faults:

Possible timber plank defects:

Warped. Split. Broken.
Twisted. Knots.

Possible metal plank defects:

Twisted. End cap missing. Crushed.
Distorted. Broken weld reinforcing strap.

If any of these are present then the plank MUST NOT BE USED!

2.2.1.2 Ladders and Stairways

Ladders and stairways are used to access a scaffold.

It is not acceptable to use a personnel hoist as the only way to access a scaffold’s
working platform. If there is an emergency or mechanical breakdown, all workers on
the scaffold need an alternate and safe means of exiting the scaffold.

The following ladders cannot be used to access a scaffold:

A domestic grade (or non-industrial grade) ladder.

A step-ladder.

A single industrial grade ladder is the only type of ladder that may be used to access
the scaffold.

It is vital that you only use ladders that are in good working order.

Possible ladder defects:

Metal stiles are twisted, bent or kinked. Ladder is not industrial strength.
Crushed damaged welds or damaged feet. Ropes, braces or brackets are missing, worn or
Rungs are missing, worn, damaged or loose. broken.

If any of these are present then the ladder MUST NOT BE USED!

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2.2.1.3 Scaffold Tubes, Tie Tubes and Fittings

Scaffold tubes may be made from aluminium or steel.

The minimum outside diameter of a common scaffold tube is 48mm.

The minimum wall thickness of a common steel scaffold tube is 4mm.

The minimum wall thickness of a common aluminium scaffold tube is 4.45mm

(or 4.4mm or 4.5mm).

Possible scaffold tube defects:

Pitted. Flame cut.
Bent. Cross cut.
Split ends. Mushroom headed.
Tube wall thickness less than minimum requirements.

If any of these are present then the scaffold tube MUST NOT BE USED!

2.2.1.4 Couplers and Fittings

Couplers (or clips or fittings) are used to join two scaffold tubes. There are many
different types of coupler including:

Right-angle coupler – A non-swivel loadbearing coupler, other than a putlog

coupler, that connects two tubes at right angles.

Swivel coupler – A coupler used for connecting two tubes at any angle.

Putlog coupler – A coupler for fixing a putlog to a ledger.

End-to-end coupler – Internal expanding joint pin that connects and aligns
the tube end-to-end.

Sleeve coupler – An external end-to-end coupler for joining two tubes.

Parallel coupler – A coupler for making a lap or spliced joint between two
tubes.

The following scaffold tubes may not be joined end-to-end:

Ties.

Transoms.

Ledgers (if the join will occur within the end bay of a scaffold).

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There are two methods of tightening a coupler:

Screw-tightened coupler – A coupler in which the clamping force on

the tubes is provided by tightening the flaps around the tube by means of
a bolt and nut.

Wedge-tightened coupler – A coupler in which the clamping force on

the tubes is provided by tightening the flaps around the tube by means of
a wedge hammered into place.

Possible coupler defects:

Damaged hinges. Damaged threads or nuts.
Excessive oil, grease or paint.

If any of these are present then the coupler MUST NOT BE USED!

When couplers are used to prevent movement (as opposed to connecting scaffold tubes) they are referred to as ‘check
couplers’. Check couplers may be a right angle coupler, swivel coupler or parallel coupler that is fixed hard up against a
loadbearing coupler to increase the slip resistance along the tube.

Different configurations of scaffold tubes require check couplers to prevent unwanted movement and keep the scaffold
stable and secure.

Check couplers should be positioned to prevent movement caused by compression or tension (depending on the
configuration). You need to identify whether the affected tubes are in tension or compression.

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The diagrams below show each of these situations and where the check couplers should be positioned.

Scaffold tube (brace) in tension:

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Scaffold tube (brace) in compression:

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2.2.1.5 Footings
There are two main types of footing for a scaffold:

Footings are used to provide a stable foundation for the scaffold and to prevent
unwanted movement. Depending on the ground conditions soleplate or sole
boards may be used under the base plates to provide a more stable surface.
Make sure the soleplates are strong and rigid enough to distribute the load.

The minimum size of a square baseplate is 225 cm2 (150 mm x 150 mm) and it
should be at least 6 mm thick.

The maximum extension on an adjustable baseplate is 600 mm.

The shank (unthreaded part) of an adjustable base plate should extent at least
150 mm, or 4 x the total length of the shank (whichever is greater) past the
maximum extension. This is to ensure that there is enough of the shank sitting
within the standard to keep the scaffold stable.

The maximum load to be placed on an adjustable base plate depends on the

design of the scaffold.

U-Heads are a type of baseplate that may be used where a cantilevered scaffold
is set up on beams or needles. U-Heads may also be adjustable.

Check all footings for damage or wear before use. Check that adjustable base
plates wind and unwind smoothly and they are not bent or warped. Do not use
any equipment that is faulty or damaged.

2.2.1.6 Fibre Ropes and FSWR

Fibre ropes can be used for lifting and temporarily securing components during the erection and dismantling of the
scaffold.

The minimum diameter of fibre rope you would use for a hand line is 12 mm.

To determine the rated capacity of fibre rope use the formula:

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You must check any fibrous ropes carefully before using them. The checklist below outlines what you are looking for. If a
rope shows any of these it is unsuitable for use.

Possible fibrous rope defects:

Broken fibres/strands. Stretched rope (overloading).
Excessive wear. Abrasion.
High stranding. Chemical exposure.
Brittleness. Knots.
Sun rot. Mildew.
Discolouration due to excessive heat.

If any of these are present then the rope MUST NOT BE USED!

Flexible steel wire ropes (FSWR) are used for the termination of static lines and as guys for scaffolds.

To determine the rated capacity of FSWR use the formula:

You must check any FSWR carefully before using it. The checklist below outlines what you are looking for. If a FSWR
shows any of these then it is unsuitable for use.

Possible FSWR defects:

Missing or illegible rated capacity markings. Excessive number of broken wires.
Bird-caging (Strands loosened from proper tight lay). Severe kinking or fractures from bending or reeving.
More than 10% wear in the rope diameter. Crushed/damaged strands.
Splice, ferrule, eye or thimble damage. Abrasion wear.
Squashed FSWR. Stretched or overloaded FSWR.
Knotted FSWR. Core collapse.
Severe/serious corrosion (indicated by loose and
High stranding.
springy wires).
Chemical exposure. High temperature exposure.

If any of these are present then the rope MUST NOT BE USED!

2.2.1.7 Screening
Sheeting or Screening is used to protect workers from environmental hazards such
as dust and sunlight.

Do not use flammable material such as hessian for sheeting.

An engineer should always check the design of a sheeted scaffold.

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2.2.1.8 Adjustable Props

Adjustable props are used to support temporary beams (needles) for cantilevered scaffolds and similar equipment, such
as cantilevered crane loading platforms (CCLP).

Generally, adjustable props come with two mechanisms for adjustment:

1. A pin (sometimes called a prop or “G” pin) is used for coarse

adjustments.

2. A threaded collar is used for fine adjustments.

Make sure that all parts move and lock properly and that the prop is rated for
the job. If you are unsure check with the manufacturer.

2.2.1.9 Hand Tools

There are many different tools and maintenance equipment you can use for the various different tasks needed to
construct a scaffold including:

Tape measures.

Podgers.

Wrenches.

Cutters.

Wire nips.

Hammers.

Sledge hammers.

Hammer drills.

Shovels.

Wheelbarrows.

Spirit and torpedo levels.

Spanners and box spanners.

A scaffold belt can be used to carry hand tools while working.

All tools and equipment used for the erection, alteration and dismantling of
scaffolds must be used in accordance with the manufacturer’s specifications,
organisational policies and procedures and safe work practices.

Read the operators manual before using any equipment for the first time.

Do not exceed the limitations of the equipment – it could be extremely

dangerous and could damage the equipment.

Always check that all tools and equipment are functioning correctly and that they do not show any signs of damage or
wear.

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2.2.2 Identify, Select and Inspect Scaffolding Equipment

Scaffolding equipment is made up of the equipment that is used with the scaffold while
the scaffold is in use. This equipment is often installed once the scaffold is in place, or
during the erection process.

Scaffolding equipment includes:

Basic level equipment:

Materials hoists.
Gin wheels.
Static lines.
Safety nets.

Intermediate level equipment:

Mast climbers.
Perimeter safety screens and shutters.
Cantilevered crane loading platforms.

2.2.2.1 Mast Climbers

Mast climbers are made up of work platforms that are raised and lowered along 1 or
more masts using a hoist mechanism. They may need to be tied to a building under
circumstances prescribed by the manufacturer to make sure they remain stable
during use.

Mast climbers are generally not suitable for use if the profile of a structure changes
at different elevations (e.g. if the upper floors of a building ‘step’ back or balconies
extend from the building).

The erection and dismantling of mast climbing work platforms must be carried out,
or be directly supervised, by a person holding an appropriate high risk work rigging
or scaffolding licence.

Mast climbers should be inspected in accordance with site procedures and

manufacturer’s instructions before use.

Further information on mast climbing work platforms is provided in AS 2550.16

Cranes – Safe Use – Mast climbing work platforms.

2.2.2.2 Perimeter Safety Screens and Shutters

Perimeter safety screens and shutters are designed to prevent workers and any
debris, tools or materials falling from a height.

Safety screens generally extend one floor above the floor they are installed on.

The top of the screen should be high enough to provide edge protection for the
floor that is to be built before any personnel can gain access to it.

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2.2.2.3 Cantilevered Crane Loading Platforms

Cantilevered Crane Loading Platforms (CCLPs) are used to place loads with a
crane into work areas high up off the ground.

A structural engineer or a person who is competent in the design of scaffolding

should be consulted about the design and installation of a CCLP.

2.2.3 Identify Safety Equipment Requirements

Depending on the requirements of the job, you may need to use safety equipment to reduce the risk to an acceptable
level.

Safety equipment includes:

Safety harness.

Lanyard.

Energy absorber.

Inertia reel.

All safety equipment should be selected at the planning stage.

Safety equipment needs to be inspected before and after use.

2.2.3.1 Safety Harnesses

In most cases of working at heights a full body harness should be worn.

Harnesses must be correctly fitted in accordance with manufacturer’s instructions to

ensure effectiveness.

Workers should connect the fall-arrest line to the attachment point on their harness
(dorsal attachment point in the middle of the back, or the chest connection) that will
provide the best protection in the situation it is being used.

Safety harnesses must meet the requirements of AS/NZS 1891 Industrial fall-arrest
systems and devices.

A fall-arrest harness must be inspected before use.

Common defects that will condemn a safety harness from use are:

Fraying.

Splitting.

Any obvious signs of damage to any part of the harness.

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Shown here are some examples of things you need to check the harness for:

Component Condition/Fault to be Checked

Cuts or tears.
Abrasion damage.
Webbing Excessive stretching.
Damage due to contact with heat, corrosives or solvents.
Deterioration due to rotting, mildew, or ultraviolet exposure.
Distortion of hook or latch.
Cracks or forging folds.
Wear at swivels and latch pivot pin.
Snap Hooks Open rollers.
Free movement of the latch over its full travel.
Broken, weak or misplaced latch springs (compare if possible with a new snap hook).
Free from dirt or other obstructions, e.g. rust.
Excessive ‘vertical’ movement of the straight portion of the D-ring at its attachment point of
the belt, so that the corners between the straight and curved sections of the D become
completely exposed.
NOTE: Excessive vertical movements of the D-ring in its mounting can allow the nose of larger snap
D-rings hooks to become lodged behind the straight portion of the D, in which position the snap hook can
often accidently ‘roll out’ of the D under load.
Cracks, especially at the intersection of the straight and curved portions.
Distortion or other physical damage of the D-ring.
Excessive loss of cross-section due to wear.
Distortion or other physical damage.
Buckles and Cracks and forging laps where applicable.
adjusters Bent tongues.
Open rollers.
Broken, cut or worn threads.
Stitching
Damage or weakening of threads due to contact with heat, corrosives, solvents or mildew.

2.2.3.2 Lanyards and Energy Absorbers

Lanyards are used to stop tools falling from heights. These lanyards are connected to the tool and wrap around the wrist
or belt of the scaffolder.

There should be a minimum of slack in the fall-arrest lanyard between you and the anchor point, which should be as high
as the equipment permits.

The energy absorber should restrict the fall distance to a maximum of 2 metres
before the fall-arrest system takes effect.

Avoid work above the anchor point, as this will increase the free fall distance in
the event of a fall, resulting in higher forces on the body and greater likelihood
of the energy absorber snagging on obstructions.

To reduce injuries caused by a fall, energy absorbers should be used as part of

the fall arrest system.

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2.2.3.3 Inertia Reels

Inertia reels provide a worker with a relatively free range of movement or extra reach
compared to a lanyard, with the added safety feature of being able to lock in the event of a
fall, arresting the descent of the worker.

Inertia reels should not be used in the following situations:

While working on a sloped surface (e.g. a steeply pitched roof) or any other surface
where a fall may not be a quick vertical one.

Locked as a constant support for a worker during normal work.

In conjunction with a lanyard.

Inertia reels must comply with AS 1891.3 Fall-arrest devices.

Shown here are some examples of some things you need to check an inertia reel for:

Component Condition/Fault to be Checked

Cuts.

Rope (Fully Abrasions or fraying.

Extend Rewind Stretching.
Drum Damage due to contact with heat, corrosives, or solvents.
Anchorages) Excessive dirt or grease impregnation.
Check that the rope end is securely anchored to the drum.
a) Mountain ring:
Physical damage or wear.
Cracks.
Mounting security.
Anchorage Body b) Anchorages body proper:
Physical damage.
Check for the entry of foreign bodies.
Loose or missing screws, nuts or similar objects.
Position of the clutch compression indicator button.
Check rope guides for excessive wear or ridging.
Locking
Check that the rope-locking mechanism locks and holds securely.
Mechanisms and
Rope Guides Ensure that the rope runs freely through the anchorage, and that on rewind drum
anchorages the rope rewinds completely without loss of tension.
Hardware Examine the condition and locking action of any associated snap hooks or links.

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2.3 Identify Communication Methods and Equipment

You should always communicate with those around you while you work. Make sure you understand any instructions given
to you.

Communication procedures can include:

Manufacturer’s guidelines (instructions, specifications, checklists).

Industry operating procedures and relevant codes practice.

Workplace procedures (work instructions, operating procedures, checklists).

Reporting and recording procedures (equipment defect/s).

Workplace communications may take the form of:

Verbal and non-verbal language.

Written instructions.

Signage.

Hand signals.

Listening.

Questioning to confirm understanding, and appropriate worksite protocol.

Toolbox meetings.

Talk to the appropriate personnel (e.g. supervisors, colleagues or managers) to discuss

the best methods for communication while you are still at the planning stage of the job.

2.3.1 Select and Inspect Communications Equipment

It is important that any two-way radio system provides clear signals without any interference on the channel.

Any communication equipment should also be inspected before use for faults or
defects and proper functioning.

The two types of two-way radio are conventional and fixed channel.

Depending on site requirements and policies you may also be allowed to use a
mobile phone to communicate with other personnel during the scaffolding task.

Make sure all equipment is working properly and that you can communicate with
other workers clearly (without interference) BEFORE you start the job. Do not use
any communication equipment that is not consistently working properly.

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2.3.1.1 Conventional Radio

Great care must be taken when allocating frequencies/channels to make sure that there
are no other operators using the same frequency in the area.

Interference on your frequency can be a safety hazard. Stop work until the radio is
checked or a new frequency selected and allocated.

2.3.1.2 Fixed Channel Radio

Fixed channel radio is a computer controlled two-way system that locks other radio
users out of your selected frequency.

With a fixed channel radio it is possible to have several separate groups on one site
communicating by radio without interfering with each other.

This radio is recommended for large sites.

2.4 Isolate Defective Equipment

If you identify any equipment that is defective, damaged or faulty you must not
use it. The equipment needs to be isolated from use to stop anybody from
accidentally using it and the defect needs to be reported to an authorised person.

Make sure you complete any isolation procedures as required.

This may include tagging or locking out equipment and completing fault reports or
other documentation.

Faulty equipment may need to be labelled and rejected, destroyed or returned to

the manufacturer for repair (depending on the type and severity of the fault).

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2.5 Set Up for the Task

Once you have selected all of the equipment you will need and made sure it is safe to use you will need to start setting up
for the task.

Planning and preparation are essential to conducting the work safely and on schedule.

This includes:

2.5.1 Implement Hazard Controls

Once you are ready to start setting up the scaffold make sure you have implemented the necessary hazard control
measures.

Talk to other workers in the area to make sure they are aware of the control
measures you plan to use.

Hazard prevention/control measures may include:

Power disconnected by competent authority (where applicable).

Safe and adequate access and egress (entry and exit).

Safety tags on electrical switches and isolators.

Safety observer (spotter) inside an exclusion zone (e.g. electric/power

lines).

Power line warning systems (e.g. Tiger tails).

Setting up barricades and traffic control to keep the area clear.

Pedestrian control (barricades, signs, etc.) to limit the number of

people in the area.

Moving any obstructions out of the way.

Setting up adequate lighting in the work area.

Some hazards are caused by the work being done so you may need to move
obstructions such as equipment, materials or debris, or install trench covers if
working near excavations.

Always wear the required PPE for the job. Make sure that any control measures
are consistent with workplace and safety standards. If you are unsure, check
with your WHS officer or supervisor.

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2.5.2 Check Ground Suitability

Before setting up the scaffold or any other equipment you need to check the ground conditions to make sure the
scaffolding tasks are conducted on a firm surface capable of supporting the structure or task in a safe manner.

You also need to determine if a larger or more suitable base is required for the scaffold
and equipment erection.

The scaffold or equipment could become unstable during operation if the ground is
rough, uneven or soft. Backfilled trenches may not have compacted completely and are
dangerous to set up the equipment on.

Check to make sure there are no underground services running through the area where
you plan to set up the plant.

The pressure of the equipment could cause damage to the underground

services/pipes/cables.

All scaffolding tasks need to be carried out on a firm surface that is going to be able to
support the scaffold safely. Different ground conditions and soil types can have an effect
on the stability of a scaffold construction. You will need to establish the suitability and
capacity of the ground before setting up the scaffold.

If you are unsure about the load bearing capacity of the ground refer to a soil report
from a competent person such as an engineer with experience in scaffolding structural
design/analysis and knowledge of the relevant Australian Standards (such as AS 1576).

You must also check the load bearing limits of suspended concrete floors, building roofs
and landings if loads, scaffolds or equipment is going to be resting on them.

To make sure the ground is strong, firm and level enough to keep the scaffold erect,
level (horizontally straight), plumb (vertically straight) and stable you need to know 2
things:

The weight of the scaffold.

The load bearing ability of the ground.

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To work out the dead load weight of the scaffold, add the weight of all components resting on each baseplate (including
the weight of the baseplate itself).

To do this add:

You will need to check with the manufacturer for the specific weights of all
scaffold components that you are using.

Tubes may vary in weight between 1.5kg – 5kg per metre depending on what
they are made from (e.g. aluminium or steel) and the thickness of the tube
walls.

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2.5.3 Prepare Footings and Foundations

A scaffold must have a firm footing to keep it stable and secure.

Sole plates/boards and base plate or screw jacks are used to provide a secure
foundation.

The size of a sole plate depends on the combined dead load, and the live load
weights.

To work out how long these need to be you need to know the total weight that
will be placed on the specific sole plate and the weight bearing ability of the
ground you are setting up on.

To work this out add the dead load to the live load (the live load is calculated as
1/3 of the scaffold duty per bay) and divide the answer you get by the load
bearing pressure (measured in kg/m2), then divide this answer by the width of
the sole plate to determine the required length of the sole plate.

2.5.4 Fit Safety Equipment

All safety equipment needs to be fitted before starting the scaffolding work. You
need to make sure it is appropriate for the task and that it fits you correctly. Never
begin a scaffolding task without the appropriate safety equipment.

Safety systems (such as static lines) and working at heights where there is a chance
of falls, require the use of a full body fall-arrest harness and installed anchor points.

Safety equipment also includes Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). Always make sure you are wearing the correct PPE
for the task and worksite.

Generally at a minimum this would include:

Hard hat or safety helmet.

Safety gloves.

Steel-capped work boots.

High-visibility clothing.

Check for signage on site or talk to a manager or supervisor if you are unsure of the PPE requirements for the site.

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2.5.5 Prepare and Position Scaffolding Equipment

All equipment and scaffolding needs to be prepared in line with site procedures, the scaffolding plan and the
manufacturer’s specifications before you start the work.

Any equipment and plant that you will be using throughout the scaffolding work
needs to be correctly and safely positioned. This could include positioning plant
and equipment or moving scaffolding components into position where it can be
safely accessed.

It also includes coordinating resources so that you have everything that you
need in or close to the work area.

This will allow you to erect the scaffold and equipment without having to
continuously leave the work area, or disrupt operations that may be taking place
elsewhere on the worksite.

3.1 Erect Scaffold and Scaffold Equipment

Erecting a scaffold and scaffold equipment requires careful planning, knowledge
of equipment and procedures, accurate site information and good
communication skills.

Equipment should be unloaded as close as possible to the work area and

arranged in a logical order.

An engineer will also need to be consulted with in determining the weight

bearing capacity of the surface the scaffold will be erected on compared to the
size and weight of the scaffold.

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3.1.1 Erecting a Tube and Coupler Scaffold

Erecting a scaffold requires careful planning, knowledge of equipment and
procedures, accurate site information and good communication skills.

An example of a typical scaffold erection could be:

1. Place two baseplates on the supporting surface.

2. Place two standards on the baseplates.

3. Fix a transom to the lower parts of the standards at the required height.

4. Fix two ledgers at the base of the standards at 90 degrees to the

transoms.

5. Place two more standards on two more baseplates and fix to the other
end of the ledgers.

6. Fix transoms to the upper parts of the standards at the required height.

7. Fix two ledgers at the top of the standards at 90 degrees to the

transoms.

8. Check that the structure is stable – adjust the level of tubes as required.

9. Continue this process to create the required number of bays.

10. Fix putlogs in position to create working platforms.

11. Place planks on the putlogs to create a safe working surface to erect the
next lift.

12. Install appropriate access (e.g. ladder or stairway).

13. Repeat steps 2 – 11 to create the second lift.

14. Install handrails, guardrails and toeboards where required as you create
working platforms.

15. Fix diagonal bracing with swivel couplers.

16. Fix ties to the scaffold in the appropriate positions.

17. Install safety screens as required by the scaffold design.

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It is important to make sure that:

Standards, transoms, ledgers, putlogs, braces, and ties are positioned

and fixed correctly.

Scaffold is squared, level and plumb.

Safety screens, toeboards, guardrails and midrails are fixed.

Toeboards, guardrails and midrails are fixed.

Ladder positioned correctly and fixed.

Scaffold matches the drawing or plans.

If an uncompleted scaffold must be left overnight you must remove all access to the scaffold and isolate or barricade off
the area. Use signage and physical barriers to prevent unauthorised access to the scaffold.

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3.1.1.1 Tube and Coupler Scaffold Requirements

Tube and coupler scaffold requirements:

Make sure the scaffold is not higher than 33m.

Make sure you do not make the bay lengths too wide or too long for
the duty of the scaffold. The bay of a single-pole scaffold should be no
more than 1.8 metres long.

The lift height of an independent scaffold should be no more than 2

metres (3 metres if double standards are used).

Make sure you measure the correct positions on scaffold tubes where
couplers are to be placed. Mark clearly where the couplers are to be
placed showing which side of the line they are to be aligned.

Make sure couplers are square and placed the right way up. Always use
compatible couplers in the same lift.

Make sure all transoms, ledgers, guardrails, midrails and braces are
fixed firmly and in their correct positions.

If braces need to be joined use a lapping or splicing technique.

Toeboards should be fixed to standards with a gap of no more than

10mm. Where equipment or materials are stacked to a height that is
above the height of the toeboard a guardrail, toeboard and infill panel
are required for edge protection.

Make sure a tube and coupler scaffold does not carry too many
platforms. For example, a 33m high medium duty scaffold can carry
four full length platforms if made of steel tubes but only two if made of
aluminium tubes. A 20m high steel tube scaffold should have no more
than 5 platforms.

3.1.1.2 Platform Requirements

Platform planks should all be the same thickness. They should be lashed securely using a spliced eye or clove hitch with
half hitches around the putlogs. Planks may be lapped at the returns of the scaffold, or to match irregular building
profiles.

The slope of a platform should be at an angle of no more than 3 degrees in all

directions.

Platform planks should be placed close together and overhang putlogs no less
than 150mm and no more than 250mm.

Where bay widths are not fully covered by the planks (e.g. on a birdcage type
scaffold) you may use a structural plywood as an underlay to the platform
planks where gaps are up to 150mm wide.

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3.1.1.3 Cantilevered Platform Requirements

When putlogs are cantilevered so that extra planks can be used the bay should
be at least 950mm (four planks) wide.

Two 225mm planks can be supported by the cantilevered portion of the putlogs.

This can be done by ensuring the transom beneath the cantilevered platform is
extended to support another ledger on the working face and by using putlog
clips to connect the putlogs to all three ledgers.

3.1.2 Erecting a Cantilevered Scaffold

Cantilevers scaffolds are set up on cantilevered steel members called ‘needles’.

A steel beam used as a needle for a cantilevered scaffold should be at least

75mm wide. It should be positioned so that 75% or ¾ of its length is ‘inboard’
and supporting the cantilevered section known as ‘outboard’.

Anchorage bolts should have lock nuts to stop them loosening. Anchorage bolts
should be at least 15mm in diameter at the inboard end of a needle (do not use
drilled-in anchors).

The first lift of ledgers and transoms on a cantilevered scaffold should be as

close as possible to the needles.

The scaffold should be tied to the building at the first lift.

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3.1.3 Erecting a Spurred Scaffold

Spurred scaffolds may be used where the conditions make it unfeasible to erect a cantilevered scaffold, or a scaffold that
is erected from the ground.

When erecting a spurred scaffold:

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3.1.4 Erecting a Barrow Ramp or Sloping Platform

Barrow ramps and sloping scaffolds are designed to allow you to safely and easily access low level working platforms with
wheeled equipment (such as a wheelbarrow).

All barrow ramps and sloping scaffolds must conform to the following standards:

If installing cleats they should be 450 mm apart with a 100 mm gap

between them for the wheel of a barrow.

The lower ends of sloping ledgers should be placed on soleplates.

Sloping guardrails and midrails should be fixed to standards with swivel

couplers so that they match the slope of the platform (providing the
best possible protection).

Cleats and lashing are both acceptable methods of preventing ‘plank

creep’ on a sloping platform. Cleats may be fixed to the underside of
the plank hard against the putlog, or the planks may be lashed directly
to the putlog.

3.1.5 Ties
Ties are used to maintain the stability of the scaffold by preventing unwanted inward or outward movement.

There are 5 basic configurations that can be used to secure the tie to the structure or building:

The method you select will be determined by the building or structure that the scaffold is being tied to.

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3.1.5.1 Box Tie

3.1.5.2 U-tie

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3.1.5.3 Through Tie

3.1.5.4 Double Lip

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3.1.5.5 Column Tie

3.1.6 Work Safely at Heights

Working at heights includes any situation where a worker, or other nearby
person, is exposed to a risk of falling (from one level to another) that is likely
to cause injury to the worker or person.

All work at heights should include the use of safety equipment to prevent
hazards such as personnel and materials falling from a height.

To avoid injuries use appropriate manual handling techniques when carrying

out work tasks. Pass, receive and position components safely and confidently.

When using handlines you should keep your back straight, your knees slightly
bent and your feet placed firmly on a ledger. Use the standard as an anchor for
your body.

Stay in effective communication with other workers. All activities should be co-ordinated to ensure safety for all personnel
and the effective completion of the scaffolding tasks.

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Do not ever work on the open framework of a scaffold without fall protection
systems in place. Guardrails and midrails should be installed on working
platforms as soon as possible during the erection and dismantling of scaffolds.

The area below the work should be barricaded or fenced off to prevent
unauthorised access by other workers or the general public. Where this is not
possible, overhead protection decks such as temporary gantries, covered ways,
cantilevered catch platforms, perimeter safety screens or debris/safety nets may
need to be installed.

Check access from ground to the work area (where applicable) to make sure it is
safe, free of obstructions and meets all safety and work requirements.

All hand tools should be securely stowed on a belt to maintain the safety of all personnel.

3.1.6.1 Monitor Work Area and Equipment

You should regularly monitor the work area for changing conditions or new potential hazards. Periodically check all
equipment during work to ensure that it remains safe, effective and undamaged.

Monitor the work area and equipment to make sure that:

Safety equipment remains effective and has not been damaged.

Fall protection equipment is in place and adjusted appropriately to cater for

movement during work.

Scaffold components and fall barriers (e.g. safety nets) are in place during
work.

Existing hazard controls are monitored and modified in relation to changing

work practices or site conditions.

New hazards are identified and appropriate hazard controls are implemented
to deal with them.

When working at heights make sure that the work area is kept clean and tidy. Rubbish
should be removed regularly in a safe manner. Do not throw rubbish from the work
area to the ground. Keep access ways clear of materials, tools and equipment.

Remain aware of changing weather conditions. Sudden strong gusts of wind may cause workers to lose their balance or
cause materials or equipment to be swept over the edge of the work area. Rain may cause the surface of the work area
to become slippery. Being aware of changing weather conditions allows you to adjust your operating methods and
techniques where appropriate, or stop work altogether if necessary.

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3.1.6.2 Communications
Make sure you select the most appropriate communication equipment and methods to
coordinate the scaffolding task.

This communication could be between you and plant operators, or other members of
the scaffold team.

Communications need to be clear especially between workers who are on different

levels of the scaffold during the erection process. It is important that you are able to
coordinate the movement of scaffold components and that you work to the schedule or
plan during the erection process. It will help to ensure the stability of the scaffold and
the safety of the workers in the area.

3.1.7 Installing a Cantilevered Crane Loading Platform

Cantilevered crane loading platforms (CCLP) should be installed in accordance with
procedures and the supplier’s or manufacturer’s specifications and recommendations
for that particular model.

CCLPs need to be braced and secured into place. There are two common methods
for doing this:

1. Anchoring the needles supporting the CCPL into place using bolts through
the needle and the structure it is placed on.

2. Using props that are secured at the roof and base to prevent the platform
from shifting laterally (up and down) under load.

In some circumstances it may be necessary to use both methods at the same time.

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Once in position the platform should be flush with the floor.

Solid panels not less than 1m high should be fitted to the sides of the landing and extend at least 300mm inside the
building's face.

Platforms facing a public roadway should not extend beyond the line of the overhead protection provided for the public.

You need to conduct an inspection once the platform has been installed, before it can be used. Make sure you check for
the following:

Platform Inspection Checklist:

All bolts or connectors are secured and tightened in position.

All props are plumb and are adequately secured in place.

There is no gap between the platform floor and the slab.

Adjustable props are set with minimal jack extension.

Rear handrails are in position.

Side panels and gates are fixed into position.

Any required engineering approval is obtained.

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3.1.7.1 Relocating a Cantilevered Crane Loading Platform

Relocation of a CCLP must be carefully planned out. Before the CCLP is moved you must make sure the areas where the
platform is being moved from and to are barricaded to prevent unauthorised people entering the area.

The area below the CCLP should also be barricaded and spotters used if necessary.

Fall arrest equipment must be in place where the relocation of the CCLP results in an
unprotected edge, before the CCLP is moved.

All personnel must wear a static line with fall arrest harness and lanyard. If possible,
edge protection should be installed as soon as the CCLP is removed.

3.1.7.2 Safe Use of a Cantilevered Crane Loading Platform

When using a cantilevered crane loading platform:

Make sure the gates are closed at all times. They may be open when
moving long loads.

Keep all platforms clean and clear of loose materials or debris.

Only use a cantilevered crane loading platform in the manner for which
it was designed. Any alterations or different use of the platforms should
be to an engineered design.

Rolling cantilevered crane loading platforms can be rolled in and out of a building. Make sure that braces, locking pins and
spreader bars are in position and secured and that the tie bar at the rear of the platform is used at all times.

3.1.8 Installing Perimeter Safety Screens and Shutters

Perimeter safety screens and shutters are designed to prevent personnel and any
debris, tools or materials falling from a height.

Perimeter safety screens generally extend one floor above the floor they are installed
on.

The top of the screen should be high enough to provide edge protection for the floor
that is to be built before any personnel can gain access to it.

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The framework supporting the screen needs to be able to bear the load of the
screen. The mesh needs to be of minimum gauge 2.5mm, and have a maximum
mesh opening size of:

25mm nominal where no lining is used.

50mm nominal where lining is used.

Gaps between screens and between the screens and the structure should not exceed 25mm.

Perimeter safety screens may be installed using needles or props provided by the manufacturer and designed to be used
with a specific safety screen system.

These should be secured adequately to support the weight of the screens.

There may be different options provided by manufacturers to secure any

supporting structures to concrete or other structural members.

Always install the safety screen system in accordance with procedures and the
manufacturer’s specifications.

Always conduct work safely including the use of a fall-arrest system whenever
working near an exposed edge during the installation or removal of safety
screens and shutters.

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3.1.9 Setting Up a Mast Climber

The mast climber should be placed with the mast inwards where the mast is tied to
the building.

Always make sure that the sequence of installation does not put any personnel in
any danger and that no part of the equipment is overstressed or overburdened.

The outriggers must be fully extended and locked (as per manufacturer’s
recommendations for the actual setup of the machine) before the erection process
may begin.

Packing must be used depending on the ground conditions, and to ensure that the
towers are level, plumb and aligned. Never setup the mast climber over a trench or
excavation.

If the mast climber is being set up on a suspended concrete slab, make sure you
get a certificate of compliance from an engineer first confirming that the floor can
support the weight of the load.

A free standing mast should not be used in high winds.

The mast must be anchored to the building at spacing determined by an engineer or the manufacturer.

The building must be checked to ensure that it can withstand the strain that may occur in high winds. If the building is
not strong enough to withstand the force of the load, refer to the manufacturer’s specifications or an engineer.

Once the mast climber has been installed you will need to test all of the limit
switches and erect appropriate fencing, barriers and gates to prevent
unauthorised access to the area.

Signs displaying the rated capacity of the mast climber will need to be installed
where they can be clearly seen by any personnel authorised to use it.

Always check that the finished mast climber meets the design specifications
provided by the manufacturer.

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3.2 Inspection and Maintenance of Scaffolds

Once the scaffold has been erected it will need to be inspected by a competent
person for the following:

Stability and condition of structure.

Standards secure, plumb, correctly joined and spaced.

Ledgers secure, level, correctly joined and spaced.

Transoms/putlogs secure, level, correctly joined and spaced.

Bracing and ties in correct position and properly fixed.

Correct footings used for surface.

Sufficient and safe access to all working platforms.

Platforms positioned and secured correctly. Correct number and

dimensions of platforms for duty.

Edge protection correctly installed.

Sheeting/screens/shutters correctly installed.

Scaffold matches structural plan.

Other structures (e.g. mast climber, cantilevered crane loading platform)

installed correctly.

Once a scaffold erection, inspection or modification is completed, a licensed scaffolder needs to place an inspection record
on the scaffold.

Record Detail Explanation

Location Unit / plant number followed by area of plant.
Ref. No. Work Order number.
Date Erected Date the erection of the scaffold was complete.
This should be the Team leader/Plant Area Coordinator etc., requesting
Requested By
the scaffold. (This may be on the Work Order).
Built By This is the company who built the scaffold.
Name of Competent Person Print the name of the competent person/certified scaffolder.
Signature Signature of competent person/certified scaffolder.
Light Duty 225kg
Medium Duty 450kg As per AS/NZS 4576.
Heavy Duty 675kg

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3.2.1 Modifying or Inspecting a Scaffold

Where practicable, the competent person/certified scaffolder who erected the scaffold,
and whose name appears on the inspection record, is to be the person to perform
scaffold modifications and inspections.

Prior to modifying scaffold, the scaffolder is to:

Remove the inspection record.

Replace with a notification inspection record detailing the date and time of the
modification or inspection, the name of the person performing the modification
or inspection and the reason for the alteration where relevant.

Shown here is an example of an inspection record system of cards:

Inspection Record Card Holder Inspection Record Front Inspection Record Back

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3.2.2 Completing a Handover Certificate

You will need to complete a handover certificate when the scaffold is complete.

It should contain the following information:

The name of the client that the work has been done for.

Address of the worksite where the tasks were completed.

The location of the scaffold in the worksite.

The type of scaffold that was erected (e.g. modular, mobile).

The height and length of the scaffold.

The number of lifts and bays in the scaffold.

The duty category of the scaffold (e.g. light, medium, heavy, special).

The type of access available (e.g. ladder, ramp, stairway).

Design reference number.

Date and time of handover.

Name and signature of the responsible person.

An example of a handover certificate can be found in Appendix B.

3.3 Dismantle Scaffold and Scaffold Equipment

Dismantle the scaffold according to the correct procedures.

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Always follow the manufacturer’s instructions when disassembling equipment to ensure

the safety of all personnel in the area, to maintain stability during the process and to
prevent any damage to the plant and equipment.

Once they are no longer needed, safety systems such as static lines, fall-arrest
harnesses and safety nets should be dismantled according to the correct sequence and
procedures.

They should then be removed from the work area.

Always work methodically and follow site procedures to avoid any unplanned collapse of
plant and equipment.

Unplanned collapse can result in serious injuries to personnel and damage to equipment
and materials.

3.4 Incidents and Emergency Response

Emergencies can happen quickly and without warning when work is being
conducted at heights.

If all necessary precautions, hazard control measures and safety equipment have
been used then the risk of serious consequences is reduced.

However you should always be prepared to take action in an emergency situation,

even if that action is as simple as calling for help.

3.4.1 What is an Incident?

An incident is:

An accident resulting in personal injury or damage to property.

OR

A near miss or dangerous occurrence which does not cause injury but
may pose an immediate and significant risk to persons or property, and
needs to be reported so that action can be taken to prevent recurrence.

All incidents MUST be reported!

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3.4.1.1 Responding to an Incident

If an unsafe incident or event occurs during scaffolding operations you should:

3.4.2 Workplace Emergencies

Site emergencies may include:

Injury to personnel.

Fire (electrical, chemical, gas, mechanical, paper, wood or natural).

Gas leak.

Toxic and/or flammable vapour emissions.

Vehicle/machine accident.

Chemical spill.

Structural collapse.

3.4.2.1 General Emergency Response

In the case of an emergency:

1. Remain calm.

2. Raise the alarm with your supervisor, safety officer, other people at the
workplace and emergency services (Dial 000).

3. Communicate the following details:

a) That there is an emergency situation.
b) The nature of the emergency.
c) Where any unsafe areas are.

4. Evacuate if necessary (refer to site emergency plans).

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3.4.2.2 General First Aid

First Aid kits must be supplied by your employer. The location of these kits should be clearly marked with signage.

In the case of an emergency where somebody requires first aid, notify your supervisor or first aid officer and they will
take action.

3.4.3 Incident Relating to the Use of Fall-Arrest Systems

If a worker who is using an individual fall-arrest system falls from an edge, the system may act as a pendulum.

This may result in the worker hitting the ground (called ‘swing down’) or swinging back into the building or structure
(called ‘swing back’).

These situations may also be referred to as ‘the pendulum effect’.

Swing down can occur if the lanyard slides back along the perimeter edge of the roof as a worker falls, until it is vertical.

When this happens, the worker may hit the ground (or lower level), or the lanyard may break from being dragged across
the edge of the roof.

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3.4.3.1 Suspension Trauma

Suspension trauma can occur with a fall-arrest system when a person has an
arrested fall and is suspended in an upright, vertical position with the harness
straps causing pressure on the leg veins.

The lower legs’ capacity to store large amounts of blood reduces the return of
blood to the heart, slowing the heart rate, which can cause the person to faint.

This may lead to renal failure and eventually death, depending on a person’s
susceptibility. This condition may be worsened by heat and dehydration.

3.4.3.2 Preventing Suspension Trauma

The following techniques can be used to help prevent suspension trauma in a
person who is hanging in a fall-arrest harness:

Never work alone when using a harness as fall protection.

Wherever possible use a fall-arrest harness that allows the legs to be

kept horizontal.

If possible keep the time a worker spends in suspension after a fall

limited to less than five minutes. This can be achieved by providing
foothold straps or a way of placing weight on the legs.

If you find yourself in a situation where you are suspended in a fall-arrest harness
after a fall, attempt the following action:

1. Move your legs in the harness and push against any footholds to relieve
pressure on your upper legs.

2. Move your legs as high as possible and tilt back so that you become as
horizontal as possible.

The quickest possible rescue of a person suspended in a full body harness is vital.

For this reason, workers should be capable of conducting a rescue of a fallen worker
and be familiar with on site rescue equipment and procedures.

If a worker has fallen and is hanging suspended in a safety harness for a prolonged
period of time (5 to 30 minutes) it is absolutely vital that first aid procedures are
implemented as quickly as possible.

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3.4.3.3 First Aid for Suspension Trauma

In accordance with Australian Resuscitation Council (ARC) guideline 9.1.5, first aid
management of suspension trauma should be carried out as follows:

1. Call for an ambulance (dial 000 or 112).

2. If unconscious, manage the victim according to basic life support

principles. If conscious, rest the victim in a comfortable position, ideally
lying down, and provide reassurance.

3. Loosen or remove the harness.

4. Administer oxygen if available.

5. Look for and manage associated injuries in the victim, especially if they
have fallen or been electrocuted.

6. Monitor the signs of life at frequent intervals.

Remember, care of the airway takes precedence over any injury.

3.4.4 Report All Hazards, Incidents and Injuries

Depending on the nature and severity of the situation you may need to report to:

Your supervisor.

Emergency services (e.g. police, ambulance, fire brigade and emergency

rescue).

WHS regulatory authority (e.g. WorkSafe, WorkCover).

Ask your WHS representative or supervisor at the site office for the relevant forms and procedures for reporting hazards,
incidents and injuries.

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3.5 Conclude Scaffolding Operations

Once the scaffolding task has been completed you will need to carry out any other
tasks as required by site procedures.

This may include:

Tidying the work area and removing rubbish or materials from the site.

Inspecting scaffolding and associated equipment for defects.

Isolating defective equipment in accordance with procedures and recording

and reporting defects.

Removing hazard control measures.

3.5.1 Tidy the Work Area

Once the work has been completed you need to clean up the work area. Remove
any leftover materials and debris created by the task.

Litter and other building debris can cause a tripping hazard for personnel. Make sure
all rubbish is collected and disposed of correctly.

Dispose of any debris properly without impacting negatively on the environment.

Make sure all materials are collected and removed properly.

Divide up recycling and other waste materials for correct removal and processing.

3.5.2 Inspect and Store All Scaffolding Equipment

All equipment needs to be inspected once all scaffolding operations have been
completed. Check for any damage that may have occurred while the equipment was
in use. The manufacturer’s instructions may have inspection checklists relating to
different types of equipment that should be referred to.

Make sure that you clean the equipment if necessary and that all scaffolding
equipment and parts are stored correctly in accordance with site procedures.

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3.5.2.1 Isolate Faulty Equipment and Report Defects

Any defective equipment needs to be properly isolated and removed from service to
prevent anybody from accidentally using it.

Standard procedures for isolating equipment and recording and reporting defects need
to be followed

3.5.3 Remove Hazard Control Measures

Any hazard controls that are no longer required need to be removed from the work area and stored according to
procedures.

Inform any relevant personnel that the work area has been returned to normal conditions and that your tasks have been
completed.

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Appendix A – Safe Work Method Statement

SWMS Name: SWMS Created By: Date of Creation:

SWMS Summary: Last Reviewed Date:

Company/Contractor Details: Project Details:

Name: Client:

ABN: Contact Name:

Address: Site Address:

Contact Number: Contact Number:

Email: Start Date:

How to complete this SWMS:

1. CONSULT: Consult with all persons who will be involved in the completion of the work.
2. LIST: List each of the steps in the task work being done.
3. IDENTIFY: Describe the health and safety hazards and risks arising from each step in the work.
4. RISK ASSESSMENT: Review the level of risk associated with each hazard listed.
5. CONTROL: Describe how the risks will be controlled, and describe what hazard control measures will be put in place.
6. RESPONSIBILITY: Allocate a person to be responsible for the hazard control measure.
7. REVIEW: Review the effectiveness of the control measures and apply further hazard control measures as required.

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Training/Qualifications Required To Carry Out Work: PPE Required To Carry Out Work:

Are All Workers Adequately Trained And Qualified?

Yes / No

Legislation, Australian Standards & Codes Of Practice Equipment Required To Carry Out Work:
Relevant To Work (Where Applicable):

Environmental Statement: Safety Checks Required Prior To Commencement Of Work:

Coordination With Other Trades: Permits Required For Commencement Of Work:

Have These Permits Been Acquired?

Yes / No

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Risk Analysis Matrix

Use this table to determine the level of risk associated with an identified hazard.

Consequence
1. Insignificant 2. Minor 3. Moderate 4. Major 5. Catastrophic
First Aid Required Medical Attention Long Term Illness Kill or Cause
and Time Off Work or Serious Injury Permanent
Likelihood Disability or Illness

1. Rare Low Low Moderate Moderate Moderate

2. Unlikely Low Low Moderate Moderate High
3. Possible Low Moderate High High Extreme
4. Likely Moderate Moderate High High Extreme
5. Almost Certain Moderate High High Extreme Extreme

Risk Level Action

This is an unacceptable risk level
Extreme
The task, process or activity must not proceed.
This is an unacceptable risk level
The proposed activity can only proceed, provided that:
1. The risk level has been reduced to as low as reasonably practicable using the hierarchy of risk
controls.
High 2. The risk controls must include those identified in legislation, Australian Standards, Codes of
Practice etc.
3. The risk assessment has been reviewed and approved by the Supervisor.
4. A Safe Working Procedure or Work Method Statement has been prepared.
The supervisor must review and document the effectiveness of the implemented risk controls.
This is an unacceptable risk level
The proposed activity can only proceed, provided that:
1. The risk level has been reduced to as low as reasonably practicable using the hierarchy of risk
Moderate
controls.
2. The risk assessment has been reviewed and approved by the Supervisor.
3. A Safe Working Procedure or Work Method Statement has been prepared.
The proposed task or process needs to be managed by documented routine procedures, which
Low
must include application of the hierarchy of controls.

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Safe Work Method Statement

Work Step Associated/Identified Risk Hazard Controls Revised Person

Hazards Level Risk Responsible
Level
Work your way through What hazards can be What is What hazards controls will Has the Who is
each step in the work identified for this step? the risk be put into place to deal risk been responsible for
process, giving a brief level? with the identified hazards reduced? carrying out the
description of what is for this step? work and
required at each stage. maintaining the
hazard controls?

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Work Step Associated/Identified Risk Hazard Controls Revised Person

Hazards Level Risk Responsible
Level
Work your way through What hazards can be What is What hazards controls will Has the Who is
each step in the work identified for this step? the risk be put into place to deal risk been responsible for
process, giving a brief level? with the identified hazards reduced? carrying out the
description of what is for this step? work and
required at each stage. maintaining the
hazard controls?

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Personnel Signoff

All personnel required to carry out this task need to be listed below.

By signing this SWMS, each person declares that they have carefully read the SWMS and that they understand their
responsibilities and requirements to complete the work.

Name (please print) Position / Qualification Signature Date

Senior Management Signoff

Does this SWMS meet the necessary safety requirements? Yes / No

Does this SWMS require review? Yes / No Review Date:

Additional Comments:

Name: Position: Signature: Date:

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Appendix B – Handover Certificate

Handover Date:
Handover Certificate
Handover Time:

Client Name: Contact Name:

Worksite Address: Scaffold Location On Site:

Type Of Scaffold:

Duty Category
Light Medium Heavy Special
(Please Circle)

Number Of Lifts: Height Of Scaffold:

Number Of Bays: Length Of Scaffold:

Design Reference
Type Of Access:
Number:

NOTES:

Name Of Person Responsible:

Signature Of Person Responsible:

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