Official

Cambridge
Exam
Preparation

ADVANCED
STUDENT’S

with answers

with
Cambridge One
Anthony Cosgrove and Claire Wijayatilake Digital Pack
 ambridge University Press
www.cambridge.org/elt
ambridge Assessment English
www.cambridgeenglish.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781108891455
© Cambridge University Press and Cambridge Assessment 2020
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception
and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place without the written
permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published 2020
20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3
Printed in Dubai by Oriental Press
catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library
is b n 978-1-108-89145-5 Student’s Book with answers
The publishers have no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy
of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication,
and do not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain,
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the publishers do not guarantee the accuracy of such information thereafter.
 CONTENTS
Map of the book
How to use this book

S ta r te r Take it from me 8
U n it 1 Good company 14
U n it 2 On the move 28
Progress check 1 40
U n it 3 Rolling in money 42
U n it 4 The natural world 54
U n it 5 Surfing, scrolling and swiping 66
Progress check 2 78
U n it 6 Structures and landmarks 80
U n it 7 Broadening horizons 92
U n it 8 On demand 104
Progress check 3 118
U n it 9 Cultural contribution 120
U n it 10 Living life to the fullest 132
U n it 11 A steady job 144
Progress check 4 156
U n it 12 Mind over matter 158
U n it 13 Lifestyle choices 172
U n it 14 Looking after yourself 184
Progress check 5 196

Grammar reference 198

Multi-word verb bank 226
Exam information 229
UNIT TITLE READING AND USE OF ENGLISH LISTENING WRITING
Starter Language learning Future prospects Advanced' English
Take it fro m m e
p.8

P a rt 5 Distractors in listening tasks P a rt 1

G o od c o m p a n y Dunbar's number An essay
p.14 The reality of twins
P a rt 3
Friends or contacts?
Family sizes

2 P a rt 2 P a rt 3 Proofreading
O n th e m ove The Electric Egg Travel vloggers
p.28 The Kittiwake Holiday pleasures

P rogress check 1 p.40

3 P a rt 8 P a rt 4 P a rt 2
R olling in m o n e y Young entrepreneurs Currency A report
p.42 Digital finance apps Financial events and services

4 P a rt 7 P a rt 2 P a rt 2
The n a tu ra l w o r ld Sustainable fashion Planet 9 An email
p.54 The Great Pacific Garbage Patch W ildlife repopulation

5 P a rt 4 P a rt 1 Considering both sides of an

S u rfin g , s c ro llin g a n d Viral posts argument
s w ip in g Bitcoin
p.66

P rogress check 2 p.78

P a rt 6 American and British English P a rt 2
S tructures a n d la n d m a rk s The work of Zaha Hadid A proposal
p.80 Skyscrapers

7 P a rt 1 Guessing meaning from context P a rt 2

B ro a d e n in g h o riz o n s Overly ambitious? A review
p.92 Grammar schools

8 P a rt 5 P a rt 3 Signposting
On dem and Online shaming Interactive television
p.l 04 The death of cinema Citizen journalism

P rogress check 3 p.l 18

9 P a rt 6 The culture of Japan P a rt 1

C u ltu ra l c o n trib u tio n Modernisation of museums An essay
p.l 20 Geek culture

10 P a rt 2 P a rt 1 P a rt 2
L ivin g life to th e fu lle s t The rice and the chessboard Boris Becker A review
p.l 32 Explaining the urge to climb Everest Sports in schools
P a rt 3
Grassroots football
Badminton sisters

P a rt 8 Signposting in presentations P a rt 2
A s te a d y jo b Recruitment fairs A report
p.144 Work-life balance

P rogress check 4 p .l56

12 P a rt 7 P a rt 2 P a rt 2
M in d o v e r m a tte r The Wisdom of Crowds The Intelligence Trap A letter/email
p.158 The lost wallet experiment A psychology experiment

13 P a rt 1 P a rt 4 P a rt 1
L ife s tyle choices Road-schooling Alternative lifestyles An essay
p.l 72 Hotel living Positive changes

14 P a rt 4 Inferring attitude P a rt 2
L o o k in g a fte r y o u rs e lf A proposal
p.l 84

P rogress check 5 p.l 96

4
SPEAKING VOCABULARY REAL WORLD
Making conversation Past and perfect tenses review Easily confused words
Future tenses

Part 1 Question forms Personality Being courteous

Talking about yourself Verb patterns (1) - Gerunds and infinitives Negative prefixes
C2 Relationship idioms

Part 2 Determiners and quantifiers Travel Driving in the UK

Describing a pair of photos Adverb modifiers Prepositional phrases (1)
C2 Prepositional phrases

Asking for and giving Conditionals (1) Money Personal finances

clarification Verb patterns (2) - Objects, reflexives Verb collocations
and reciprocals C2 Money idioms

Buying time and keeping the Future continuous, perfect, perfect Space Out of this world?
conversation going continuous and be + to + infinitive Noun collocations
Verb patterns (3) - Multi-word verbs
C2 Future tenses for speculating about the
present and past

Parts 3 and 4 Relative clauses Multi-word verbs (1) Dealing with technology
Collaborative task and Modals (1) Language for expressing change
discussion C2 Phrases with dare

Part 1 The passive Buildings Renting a place to live

Strategies for answering Modals (2) - Modals in the past Phrases with get, have, make and do
questions C2 Building-related phrases and
collocations

Part 2 Articles Adverb + adjective collocations Education in the UK and the

Structuring your talk Countable and uncountable nouns Wordbuilding USA
C2 Expressions with bring and take

Parts 3 and 4 Reported speech and reporting verbs TV Working in the media
Interactive communication Conditionals (2) - Advanced conditionals Verbs of communication
and w ish/if only C2 Reporting verbs

Part 1 Comparison Culture and festivals Visiting Glastonbury

Pronunciation Reason, purpose and result Prepositional phrases (2)
C2 Comparative forms

Starting a presentation Substitution and ellipsis Verb prefixes and suffixes Understanding the rules of
Contrast and concession Words with similar meanings games
C2 Sports idioms

Parts 3 and 4 Emphasis (1) Work and careers Applying for a job
Justifying opinions Emphasis (2) Multi-word verbs (2)
C2 Expressions with line

Exemplification Participle and to + infinitive clauses Verbs related to mental processes Dealing with stress
Nominalisation Mood and feelings
C2 Think and thought idioms

Pausing or chunking in Pronouns (1) - /land there clauses Safety and risk Staying safe whilst travelling
naturaf speech Pronouns (2) Adjective + noun collocations
C2 Expressions with time

Part 2 Review (1) Word families relating to health Discussing food preparation
Speculating Review (2) Health
C2 Health idioms

MAP OF THE BOOK

 HOW TO USE THIS

WELCOME TO OPEN WORLD

THE COURSE THAT TAKES YOU FURTHER
Learn about the features in your new Student's Book

Q o n Now listen to the first part of the presentation

LISTENING TECHNIQUE
and answer questions 1-4. b4w* 1— <- d «U J *
Q 01J look at questions 5 - 1. Think about th*
missing partsol sp*ech lor *ach gap and think of
synonym, for th* underlined words or phrase.. Then
listen to th* second part of the presentation and
complete the gaps.
Large images at the start
of each unit introduce the
vocabul ar y

GETTING STARTED
' TltAlftlMG.
LISTENING PART 2
1 You ar* going to hear a student giving a pr*s*ntat»on
to his college astronomy club about a recent
discovery mad. by scientist, in th . United Mates.
Some hntortom scy fed fee high^oUsof fee

DID YOU KNOW?

st. look at Questsons 1-4. Then. read the Uslemng
between fee USA ond fee
I - closest gu ess scores the po int Technique' bo. and answw the question, in it. USSR in fee 1960s. 70s ond 80s corwibutod to d*
of fee fan*. Uwon
1 How Joy is fee speed cf l , 9h f ’ S ^ fe - fe e n m d y d s c o ^ d b o d y fe o u M b .
2 How many times wider is fee Eorfe in Idmpwoady hepe 4«'
<om«for«la.opfonWonoc«Km»of4.(1) facem. more oflordoUo. » - 7 <*— "
compornon wife fee Moon*
Peoplafan.u^fe.f*— P ) to desert, fe.
3 Approcmo’efy how much docs ° NASA
spoccsmt cost in US dofa's* bod/»b*h<wi*x
,4 wh<u is fee d*ometor of fee forges? osteroid cw Marwt 9 h*fo« to mifain fee mewemerfs of o group o»

Rou nd 2 - True o r false?

1 The larges? mer dscoery of weder *>
space was o vapour r1—
_______ _____ ,d i fee Earth's oceans.
2 The loofpnrts left on fee moon by artrencMs
between 1969 and 1972 ore s»M v,sbe
3 Scicrfests believe fe«ro is a pkmet mode from

diamonds
4 There is no sound in space
5 More solar energy hi*, fee earfe every hour
GRAMMAR
fear, feq ennre Earth popukfeon consumes m
VFRB PATTERNS (3) - MULTI-WORD VERBS SPEAKING
DID YOU KNOW?

9 r 9 * e* **

Much discardedpfouic x x i vffc*e(y spm fee.

^■Oa l vvfoiay accounts for ___

GRAMMAR ON THE MOVE

Scan the QR codes to watch grammar
animations in your free time to learn
about each grammar point. •
C
0
IddnYcOkhfeat
Tv* hod a very wnfor «
to U d y o u r u d o ,,^ .
E bsdTlghe <O 0 8

GRAMMAR
SPEAKING PART 1 TRAINING PUSH YOURSELF, C2
QUESTION FORMS
RELATIONSHIP IDIOMS

I look at the picture. What do you know about the

actor. Angelina Jolie. and her -rainbow family7
softAAA.
2 Match the questions in an imaginary interview with 2 Read the Part 1 question and answer below.
Angelina Jolie with their question types (A-H). Some How could the candidate improv* the language
of the questions fit more than one type. level of their answer? Match the underlined
* 'Mxfo youmndtolngmehovmviycMifranyovhcw** phrases 1-12 with phrase* A -l.
2 T-oofyourcMdren or* twin*. ar*nYdwy« look at indirect questions 1,3 and 10 in Eiercise 2.
Examiner: Who ar* you closest to in your family*
3 Could you pfoose 1*1mo whether or not you wdl odopt Ufldtfllne the introductory phrase for each that
C endd efe: (1) |M d is my (2) and »tor

PUSH YOURSELF
any more cMd*n? make them mor* polite. What happens to the word
When w* w** younger. we were (3) sqry dow and
4 Do you fer.k d is eoswr to rose a biological chid or an spent a for at im* togtdw W> ham <d~uys (4) hocUto
adopted <Md? aacdhnt refotfonslvp and s a w n * , r , (5) Ue w* <on
5 Whot wodd you do Hone of your children wwtod to tel~fatfeecfeen are feinfong (6) fed w* do
go ond for*in feeir country of birth* tomeSme, (7) or noy <-y> o+<' and -o (*)
«>vt argue and don Isped*, bur ihat n (9} q o m 1>
'•VKen dd you dead* to grv* drvcling a go* any fomly relationship I(10) teafe trust feem emd I
on fee passenger side d W ’o odd nx* to
knor (11) mey are ofwoys avaiat?* when Ineed help,
Isn't it cfeout Ime feat there w*r* mor* female dractors
in Holywood?
Thor* should be mor* opportune*, for ycxmg Oipring
adneo or wppat And -• (12) He fee tone kk*
. he clamed f e d l^ s m a g . wos
few* and refused to pay for ।L
Alfeough feey ar* f-w . FK1 o n d C ^ ar*
Learn and practise more challenging
language and skills that take you to
the next level.

3 O oo» listen to Isabel asking questions 2 and Pin their meanings (A-F)-
two different ways, in which version of each question
is Isabel confirming information (C) and in which A n-ake (somebody! cry
• M d o grudge or grw.
is she unsure and actually asking a
question (UJ? How do you know?
language to link and captain your Ideas.
C * * * ,M ^ *
■ Two of your cMdren or* D moke o bod utoahon worse
I Who or* you doses? to in your fomdyf
I Nov* good toed coanedions w<fe
2 O> you prefer to fox* a fow do** frwrxfe or
forge group of frtends*
Dwr* shosAd be mor*
OfpOrtvn.hcs for yxmg
otpinng fomde drvetors.
4
3 How often do you go out wife your friends*
What do you enjoy dang wfe your friends* 'Training' exam tasks
UoAfofthcxo*
There should be mor*
opportunities for
young aspiring fomafo j
provide guidance
on eac
EXAM FOCUS I EXAM CHECKS
Read exam tips and facts and do Check what you remember

REAL WORLD 1PHRASES YOU MIGHT USE AND HEAR]

Go outside the classroom and Learn and practise phrases you might use and hear when
into the real world. you are using English in the real world.

Scan the QR codes to watch videos of

different locations around the world
on your mobile phone or tablet.

LIFE COMPETENCIES
Develop important skills, knowledge and
attitudes that you can use in your daily life

HOW TO USE THIS BOOK 7

 PHRASES W H IC H ORDER IN
I Work with a partner and interview each other using
STRATEGY LISTENING
the questions below. Make notes about your
(1-3)
partner’s answers.
A You're having
• How long have you been learning English? me on!
• W hat aspects of learning English do you find the most B Really?
difficult/the easiest?
C W hy was that?
• Have you ever been in a real world situation in which
your English proved to be really useful? D That's true.
• Tell me about a holiday you had that was memorable E No way!
for some reason.
F That sounds
• Tell me about the last film you watched in English. Did
amazing.
you watch it with or without subtitles?
G Me too/neither.
• Tell me about any hobbies or interests that you have.
H You're so lucky!
2 Share what you learnt with the class. / 1 know what
you mean.
Look at the advice in the tip box for maintaining
J W hat a
successful conversations. Then match the
nightmare!
conversation strategies (1-3) with the active
listening phrases (A-L). Can you think of any more K Like what? 3 1

examples for each of the three strategies? L That must have

been lovely!

A successful conversation is not just about how well you speak, 4 © 002 Listen to three conversations based on
but also how well you listen and support the other speaker. Show questions from Exercise 1. Complete the third
the other person that you are actively listening both with your column of the table by noting the order in which you
body language (eye contact, nodding in agreement, etc.) and
by saying things that show you are engaging with what they are hear each phrase.
saying. Here are three common active listening strategies:
5 Work with a new partner. Ask each other one of the
• Strategy 1: Expressing your emotional response to what
questions from Exercise 1 and use the ideas in
the other speaker is saying (surprise, relief, fear, etc.)
Exercise 3 or your own ideas to keep the
• Strategy 2: Expressing comprehension of/agreement with
conversation going.
the speaker's situation/point
• Strategy 3: Asking for more detail or a follow-up question

8
 Home Latest posts About Search
[ GRAMMAR
PAST AND PERFECT TENSES REVIEW Topic of the day -
GRAMMAR ON THE MOVE
EMBARRASSMENT
Watch the video We all have those moments in life
when we mess up. And we're
pretty sure you've had some too,
moments that you wish you
0 1 GRAMMAR REFERENCE I Past and perfect tenses review:
could erase from your memory.
Page 198
Tell us about yours.
t Answer the questions.
REPLY

1 W hat is an anecdote?
2 W hat makes a good anecdote?
3 Match the pictures with the anecdotes in the text.
Everyone (1) was llstening/had been listening io the teacher
when suddenly a phone (2) started/had started ringing.
When it stopped, I made a joke that all mobiles that ring in
class should be confiscated by the teacher and then I looked
around the room to see whose it was. It was only then that
I noticed that the whole class (3) had been looking/was
looking at me. Then the penny dropped. It was my phone
that (4) has been/had been ringing. I (5) didn't turn/hadn't
turned it off before coming into class!

@angelinaballerina

In a department store last week, I (6) bumped/was bumping

into someone and knocked them to the floor. I was
mortified and started apologising profusely. It was only then
that I realised I (7) have been talking/was talking to a
mannequin! And a headless one at that! I felt so ridiculous
and went bright red, especially because a smiling sales
assistant then asked me if I thought we should call an
ambulance. Am I the only person who (8) has done/has
2 Choose the correct tense options to complete the
been doing this or does it happen all the time?
forum posts.
@derekthebeast95
3 Complete the grammar summaries with the names
of the tenses. Last year, I (9) was visiting/had been visiting the US for the
first time. One day, I decided to go to a drive-through
present perfect simple past perfect continuous restaurant for lunch. I drove up to the machine, wound down
past continuous past perfect simple the window and placed my order. Or so I thought. After a
while I (10) heard/was hearing a voice saying 'Can you drive
up to the speaker? You're talking to the trash can!' I felt like
J T h e ........................................ often provides background
such an idiot. The thing is, I (11) 've never been/'d never
information about the activities in progress when the
been to a drive-through restaurant before that, you see!
events of the story begin, or expresses an action that I only went to this one because it felt like a typical American
was in progress in the past when another shorter past thing to do.
action interrupts it.
2 Use th e ....................... to indicate that a @geographyteachernigel
completed past event occurs before another past event.
A few months ago, I called in sick for work. The previous
3 You can use th e ........................................ to ask night I (12) felt/had felt really ill. I (13) was vomiting/had been
questions about past experiences that may have vomiting all night and obviously I (14) didn't sleep/hadn't slept
happened at some point in a persons life, to describe a wink. However, after a few hours' sleep I felt much better,
an action or state that started in the past and continues so I decided to head down to the beach for a walk.
until now, or to talk about recent past events that have I (15) was/had been there about half an hour when I noticed
a present result. someone (16) has been waving/was waving at me. I waved
4 The .............. is less common in English back, but it wasn't until they came closer that I realised it
was one of the receptionists who works part-time in my
and is used to talk about an extended activity that
school. In fact, it was her that 1(17) had been speaking/
occurred and finished before another past event or
had spoken to when I called in sick that morning. I quickly
situation happened.
tried to justify why I was there and not in my bed, and to be
fair, she was fairly understanding. But I felt terrible about
4 Write notes about the key events of a funny anecdote what she might think of me. And I (18) haven't been having/
of your own. Then work in groups and take turns to haven't had a day off since!
read your anecdotes out.
/"ITARTtR TAKt IT fROM Mt
VOCABULARY
EASILY CONFUSED WORDS
Choose the correct word from each pair to complete the
sentences.

whose/ who's
1 going to English class today? Can you let the teacher
know that I might be a little late?
2 He is one of the few professors.................opinion actually matters
to me.
recipe/receipt
3 You must give me th e............... for that curry you prepared for us
last week - it was delicious!
4 Shops generally will refuse to give you a refund for something you
bought if you can't provide the original....... .
all together/altogether
5 I think it's better if we go to see the teacher................rather than
separately - she's more likely to listen if we explain it to her
collectively.
6 I can produce good English when I am not in a pressure situation.
However, doing so in an exam is a different matter........
among/between
7 I'm an actor, but I'm not working at the moment. Let's just say I'm
........ jobs!
READING
8 You know you're.................good friends when they finish your
sentences for you!
LANGUAGE LEARNING
complement/compliment Work with a partner and discuss the
9 I must................you on your accent. Where did you learn such statem ents below about language
good English?
learning. Do you agree or disagree with
10 I think her blue jeans and black leather jacket..................each other
them? Give reasons or examples from your
perfectly. It's a classic look!
own experience.
principle/principal
11 I agree in ..................with your suggestion, but I am not sure it will 1 Children are better at learning languages
actually work in reality. than adults.
12 One of the..................reasons I am learning English is to improve 2 You can't learn a language well unless you
my job prospects. learn the grammar.
3 Soon we won't need English classes or
2 0 003 Listen to four people talking about how they remember English teachers. We will just learn through
problem vocabulary. Which speaker(s) (A-D) mention(s) the apps.
following points? 4 To learn a language successfully, you have
to be prepared to make mistakes and even
1 remembers some good advice from their school days to make a fool of yourself from time to time.
2 says that words can look similar in different languages but mean 5 You learn a language much quicker if you
very different things can spend time in or live in a country where
3 says that translating from their language into English can cause it is spoken.
errors
4 invents reasons for words to be spelled in certain ways 2 Quickly read the introduction to the blog
5 records their vocabulary in a way that helps them eliminate the post. What do you expect Aureliano’s five
error they talk about tips to be?

3 Work in groups and discuss the questions. 3 Now read the text to see if you were right
about Aureliano’s advice.
1 Are there any words in English that you have problems with or
mix up? 4 Complete the blog post by putting the
2 How useful do you find it to translate English into your language? headings in the correct places (1-5).
3 Do you have any techniques for recording and learning new
vocabulary? Storage Use Association
Selection Review

10
---- languagetoday.com

BECOMING AN EXPERT LANGUAGE LEARNER

Aureliano Verdi, 22, has spent much of his life studying languages for fun. He’s fluent in 16
o f them, including Farsi, Arabic, Lithuanian and Korean, and here he describes the five
principles he uses in order to master new vocabulary quickly and effectively in any language.

Young children are often said to be the real experts when it comes to 3.............
language learning. Up until the age of aboutseven, they are able to pick In the 1880s, German psychologist Hermann Ebbinghaus
up the language they are exposed to, without the need for a teacherto established that when we learn something, we initially
explain the difference between the tenses, or between subject and object retain it quite well. But overtim e, that memory
pronouns. Somehow, they just manage to get it, and they do so deteriorates; Ebbinghausterm ed this phenomenon the
unconsciously, in other words w ithout making any real effort. So perhaps forgetting curve. But he also discovered that this
it’s unsurprising that so many courses, apps and language teaching tendency to forget can be combatted. If you revisit newly
materials claim to get you learning a foreign language as an adult in the learnt information at time intervals, it becomes less and
sam ew ayyou acquired your first languageasa child. But is that feasible? less easy to forget. What this means for vocabulary
Or even desirable? learners is that each day, you should take another look at
Adult learners should not be underestimated. It might take a child seven the words you learnt yesterday, the day before, and the
years to become reasonably proficient (albeit with a restricted day before that. That way, they should make it into your
vocabulary), whereas an adult can reach an advanced communicative long-term memory.
ability in one year. That might sound like a bold claim, but I am living 4 .............
proof, having attained intermediate to advanced level in 16 of them -
The ancient Romans had a saying: ‘Verba volant sed
and most of those were as an adult. Forme, the key to learning so many
script manent’ - ‘Spoken words fly away, but written
languages has been the ability to combine the unconscious m ethods we
words stay’. What they were trying to tell us is that you
used as children with the conscious methods used by adults. We can
need to have a way of permanently recording words in
achieve the best of both worlds by following my five principles, in order
order to retain them in memory. For some people, the
to become expert vocabulary learners, whatever the language.
physical act of writing something down aids their ability
1............. to remember it. Just scribbling it on the back of an
A language such as English hassom ething in the region of one million envelope isn’t enough - it’s got to be in a place where
words. But who knows that many? Or, more to the point, who wants to you’ll be able to access it later, maybe on your phone or in
know that many? The ability to filter out what you don’t need is a key skill a notebook.
for any language learner. If you don’t do this, and you try to look up every 5.............
single word in a text, well, that’s like reading an entire newspaper just to
Of course, having the words in your head so that you can
get to the sports page! Don’t make this mistake. Opt instead for the most
think about them isn’t enough - you need to say them.
useful words in a language. Focus on w hat’s going to be of use for you.
Butjustsayingthem to yourself isn’t enough either,
So, if you’re a doctor, you might need to know that another word fo r ‘skull’
according to Boucher and Lafleur, two researchers at the
is'cranium ’. B u tify o u ’re not, odds are that you can g etby without
University of Montreal. To effectively memorise new
knowing this word, so go for a more useful one instead!
words, you’ve got to repeat them out loud to another
2______ person. When you’ve read a text and found some words
Identifying words to learn is key, but if you try to absorb these words out to learn, try to summarise for a friend what you’ve read,
of context, you’ll have a hard time fitting them all in. So what I advise is making sure to incorporate the new words into your
that you connect new information in your head to existing information. conversation. If you’re a learner of English yourself, why
Let’s say you already know the adjective confidential (meaning secret), not try it with this text?
and then one day you learn the multi-word verb keep something to So, there you have it: the five principles which I have
yourself (meaning not share information): you could link these two items of followed to learn several languages to a pretty decent
vocabulary in your mind. You can think of keeping something to yourself level. But h e y- there’s nothing special about me. You can
as being what you would do with confidential information. Or the other do it too!
way round: confidential information is something you would keep to
yourself. The words fit together into a context like pieces of a puzzle.

5 Find words in the text which mean: > Decide what point Aureliano was making about
effective language learning when he mentioned the
1 learn completely (introduction)
following:
2 realistic (introduction)
3 achieved (introduction) 1 children aged up to seven
4 select (paragraph 1) 2 his own success as a language learner
5 gets worse (paragraph 3) 3 the sports page of a newspaper
6 continue to keep (paragraph 4) 4 the forgetting curve
7 writing quickly and without care (paragraph 4) 5 an envelope
8 make one thing become part of something else 6 Boucher and Lafleur's research
(paragraph 5)

STARTER pTAKl IT fROM ME n

 LISTENING
FUTURE PROSPECTS
Q 004 Listen to three students describing
how they think English will help them in the
future. What do they give as the main reason
for learning English?

A English will help me to travel abroad. ■

B English will improve my job prospects.
C English will enable me to reach a w ider audience.

Match the verbs and objects from the

recordings to make phrases.

conquer A
launch B myself
run out of C the world
4 enhance my D a new blog
5 push E employability
2 Correct the mistake in each of the sentences.
There may be more than one possible answer.
3 Work in groups and answer the questions. 1 Tomorrow it's snowing, so I would imagine that
1 In terms of how you expect English to help you in the future, classes are going to have to be cancelled.
which speaker(s) are you most similar to? 2 I haven't decided what I'm doing tomorrow.
2 W hat other motivations do you have for learning English? Perhaps I'm going to go cycling.
3 A: 'W ill we go out this evening? W e could try
that new restaurant that got those rave

[ g r ammar j B:
reviews.'
'Good idea - let's give it a shot!'
4 I'll drop you a line as soon as my plane will land
FUTURE TENSES in London.
5 Both teams are evenly matched so when they play
GRAMMAR ON THE MOVE each other for the first time in December, I have
Watch the video no idea who is winning.
6 Unless he actually knuckles down and studies
hard this year, I am sure he shan't pass the course.
■ Match the extracts from the listening (1-7) with the
descriptions (A-E). There may be more than one answer. 3 Choose the correct options to complete the
1 "I imagine that I'll basically be on the road until I run out
sentences. Can you explain your choice?
of cash." Sometimes both options will be possible.
2 "When I'm older, I'll still continue to work on my English." 1 W hat are you doing/going to do after your
3 "I'm saving up money by spending a year w orking on an English lesson today?
oil rig and that comes to an end next month." 2 In what ways do you hope your English is
4 "I'm going to work hard on my English, starting next week." im proving/w ill improve over the next year?
5 "M y English is going to enhance my employability." 3 Do you think you w ill still be studying/are still
6 "In fact, I am taking the Cambridge Advanced exam in studying English in ten years' time?
October." 4 Do you think that English is still going to be
7 "The idea is that if I get enough followers in the future, then spoken/is still going to speak by humans 1000
I'll be able to earn money from advertisers." years from now?
5 Is it likely that another language is going to
A expressing a future intention, desire o r promise
replace/w ill replace English as the world's main
B making a prediction about the future international language? If so, which?
C using the present simple to describe a scheduled event at 6 Do you think your teacher shall give y o u /w ill give
a known time in the future you homework at the end of today's lesson?
D using the present simple to describe the conditions for a
possible future outcome 4 Work with a partner to ask and answer the
E using the present continuous to talk about a fixed plan or questions in Exercise 3.
arrangement
4 G R A M M A R R E F E R E N C E I Future tenses: p ag e 199

12
WRITING
'ADVANCED' ENGLISH
I Work with a partner. Discuss what you think it means to be able 3 Look at the words and phrases which could
to communicate in English at an advanced level. You may use fill the 12 gaps in Damian’s email. For each
the following ideas to help you: gap, both options can be considered
correct. Which one should Damian, as an
situations you need to be able to communicate in
advanced learner, use in order to show
grammar and vocabulary
accuracy (avoiding errors) what he is capable of? Give reasons.

• pronunciation 1 a richer
• formal and informal English appropriacy b bigger
2 a I struggle with
2 Quickly read Damian’s answer to the homework his new
b are difficult
teacher has set him (ignoring the gaps). Identify his perceived
3 a area
strengths and weaknesses.
b of these
4 a This is tricky because
In order for me to help you learn as effectively as possible b What makes this tricky is the fact that
on this course, I'd like to find out about you as a learner. 5 a quite a challenge
What do you feel that you are good at with English, and b difficult
what do you find hard? Please email me your answer and 6 a Also,
write about 200 words. b One reason for this is that
a Moreover,
b As for my language skills,
over the past year or so
b this year
a and I don't need to have
without resorting to
10 probably couldn't do
couldn't have coped with
11 a the accent of my classmates
b
12 a I would be grateful for
b please give me

Now write a similar email to your teacher,

outlining your own strengths and
weaknesses as a learner of English. Use
‘advanced’ vocabulary and structures in
order to show your teacher what you are
capable of.

f JARTER f TAKE IT EROM ME 13

 1 Work with a partner. Discuss the 2 Read the quotations about social media. What idea do you think
following topics: each one is expressing? Do you agree or disagree with the ideas?

the social media platforms you use 1 'Social media has given a voice to the voiceless in society/
how often you use them 2 'Anything you say on social media can be blown out of all proportion/
why you use them 3 'Too many people use social media for self-glorification/
4 'Social media platforms are a great place to tell everyone what you're
thinking before you've had a chance to think it through/
JUSTENING1
DISTRACTORS IN LISTENING TASKS
1 0 005 Listen to and read what Sarah says about her 2 The correct answer is C. Can you explain why it is
social media habits. Then look at the multiple choice correct and the other options are wrong?
question and the highlighted words/phrases in the
options (A-D). Can you find any of the highlighted 3 You will listen to Jimmy talking about social media.
words or synonyms of them in the extract? Before you listen, read the question and options.
Work with a partner. Think of synonyms or
What does Sarah say about herself?
paraphrases for the words in each option. Option A
A She is not a very sociable person.
has been done for you.
B Being in fashion is important to her.
C People tend to misunderstand her. How does Jimmy feel about his work with social media?

D She enjoys being controversial. A It suits him because he's an extrovert.

He’s outgoing, so he enjoys it . / I t benefits him being
the centre of attention.
I never realised how controversial it would be to B The positives outweigh the negatives.
quit social media. Being part of the digital C He didn't expect so much criticism.
generation, people assume I’m incapable of D It has made him more self-confident.
being disconnected for more than a few hours a
day. When they find out I only have one social 4 © 006 Now listen and choose the correct option.
media profile - an inactive one at that - they tend
to think I’m antisocial, weird or behind the times.
Nothing could be further from the truth. In fact,
I love hanging out with friends, playing sport and
listening to music. I’d say I’m a pretty
well-balanced person - just one who can’t be
bothered to follow every trend that comes along.

14
 5 O 006 Listen again, focusing on the incorrect 3 Q 008 You will hear six people talking about
options. Match them with the distraction techniques someone they know. Match the speakers with the
in the tip box. adjectives in Exercise 2. There are four adjectives
you don’t need.
DISTRACTION TECHNIQUES IN Speaker 1 ............... Speaker 4 ...............
LISTENING TASKS Speaker 2 ............... Speaker 5 ...............
Technique 1: The words/ideas in the option are mentioned Speaker 3 ............... Speaker 6 ...............
but the speaker says something different about it.
4 Add one of the suffixes in the box to each adjective
Technique 2: The main idea from the option is mentioned but
with a negative phrase which gives the opposite meaning. to make a noun. Make any other changes needed.
Then think of other parts of speech for these words.

conscientiousness
6 © 007 Now look at the task below. Listen and choose
one option for each speaker. There are two you -ity -ness -ion
don’t need.

You will listen to three speakers, Daniel, Jo and Complete the sentence with the correct form of one
Khaled, talking about social media. Before you listen, of the words from Exercise 2.
study the question. Choose from the list (A-E) an idea
about social media expressed by each speaker. 1 What I value most in life is ................ That's why I
bought a house and got a steady job while I was still
Daniel in my twenties.
Jo 2 The tour guide spoke ve ry.................about the family
Khaled who used to own the stately home.
3 One of my worst qualities is m y................. Whenever
A doesn't regret joining social media
I have an idea, I tend to act on it straight away, often
B thinks people are dishonest online
without thinking it through properly.
C is concerned about cyberbullying
4 My father worked hard all his life and my grandfather
D loves sharing pictures of their possessions too. I think I inherited their....... .
E dislikes people boasting on social media 5 I left my home town because of the................. of the
people. There seems to be a very negative attitude
7 © 007 Listen again and focus on the two answers you towards anybody with different beliefs or lifestyle
don’t need. Why might a student be distracted by choices.
these two options? 6 My best friend ve ry................bought me a new pair
of gloves as she knew I'd lost mine.
7 It was ve ry................of you not to put petrol in my car

rKOCABUMffYj when you borrowed it. I don't even have enough to get
to work tomorrow.
8 My grandfather has started behaving rather...............
PERSONALITY since he retired. For a start, he now always wears
shorts and flip-flops, no matter what the weather is.
1 Write three positive and three negative personality
traits you have. Explain your traits to another
6 Work with a partner. Take turns to choose a
student.
personality trait from Exercise 2 and describe how a
One o f my most positive traits is generosity. I ’m always the person with this trait acts. Can your partner guess
one who pays if my friends and I go out as a group. I really which trait it is?
enjoy sharing what I have. On the other hand, I ’m a very
restless person. I always want to move onto the next thing This person always remembers my birthday. She often calls

and never really settle down. me to check how I am and always comes to my aid when I
need help with something, (thoughtful)
2 Look at the adjectives below. Check their meaning
and decide if they are positive (P), negative (N) or
either (E).

conscientious insecure ......

eccentric knowledgeable ......
humble narrow-minded ......
imaginative selfish ......
impulsive thoughtful ......
 4 Complete the questions with the correct tag. Then
fGRAMMAR j practise saying them with rising and falling
intonation.
QUESTION FORMS
1 You shouldn't walk home on your own after dark,
2
GRAMMAR ON THE MOVE
2 You'd already seen that film ,..................................... ?
Watch the video
3 There are six children on your mother's side of the
family,..............................?
1 Look at the picture. What do you know about the 4 My brother would help me if I were in trouble,
actor, Angelina Jolie, and her ‘rainbow fam ily’? 2
5 You've never met a set of triplets,
2 Match the questions in an imaginary interview with 2
Angelina Jolie with their question types (A-H). Some 6 Getting married too young is not a good idea,
of the questions fit more than one type. 2

1 Would you mind telling me how many children you have?

5 Look at indirect questions 1,3 and 10 in Exercise 2.
2 Two of your children are twins, aren't they?
Underline the introductory phrase for each that
3 Could you please tell me whether or not you will adopt
make them more polite. What happens to the word
any more children?
order after these introductory phrases?
4 Do you think it is easier to raise a biologicaI child or an
adopted child? 6 Rearrange the words to form indirect questions.
5 What would you do if one of your children wanted to Why do two of these ‘questions’ not need a
go and live in their country of birth? question mark?
6 Who or what inspired you to become an actor?
7 When did you decide to give directing a go?
1 not / married / I / or / wondering / you're /
whether / was / .
8 Isn't it about time that there were more female directors
in Hollywood? 2 please / so / why / were / could / late / explain /
you / you / ?
9 There should be more opportunities for young aspiring
female directors, shouldn't there? 3 have / know / in / I'd / relatives / the / like / if /
UK / any / you / to / .
10 I was wondering what your next project is going to be.
4 telling / car / for / would / you / how / your / you /
A direct question with question word as object me / mind / much / paid / ?
B negative question 5 you / think / like / do / to / a / you'd / family /
C hypothetical question that / big / have / ?
D indirect Yes/No question
E indirect question-word question - / GRAMMAR REFERENCE Question forms: I
Page 2 0 0
F tag question
G either/or question
H direct question with question word as subject

3 Q 009 Listen to Isabel asking questions 2 and 9 in

two different ways. In which version of each question
is Isabel confirming information (C) and in which
is she unsure and actually asking a
question (U)? How do you know?

1 Two of your children are

twins, aren't they?
Two of your children are
twins, aren't they?
2 There should be more
opportunities for young
aspiring female directors,
shouldn't there?
b There should be more
opportunities for
young aspiring female
directors, shouldn't
there?
SPEAKING PAR PUSH YOURSELF C2
J Q 010 Listen to two students, Anthea and Robin,
RELATIONSHIP IDIOMS
answering a Speaking Part 1 question.

1 W hat question do you think Anthea and Robin

were asked?
2 Whose answer is better? Why?
3 W ork with a partner to ask and answer the same
question.

2 Read the Part 1 question and answer below.

How could the candidate improve the language
level of their answer? Match the underlined
phrases 1-12 with phrases A-L.

E x a m in e r: W ho are you closest to in your family?

C a n d id a te : (1) I think it is my (2) brother and sister.
When we were younger, we were (3) very close and
spent a lot of time together. W e have always (4) had an
excellent relationship and sometimes it's (5) like we can books poles tears injury chip high
tell what the others are thinking. (6) But we do
sometimes (7 ) annoy each other and we (8) sometimes 1 M y brother borrowed my car without asking and
even argue and don't speak, but that is (9 ) normal in when he returned it, there were scratches and dents
any family relationship. 1(10) really trust them and I on the passenger-side door. To add insult to
know (11) they are always available when I need help, .......... , he claimed that the damage was already
advice or support. And we (12) like the same things like there and refused to pay for the repairs.
music, fashion and TV, which helps.
2 Although they are twins, Phil and David are
......... apart in terms of personality.
A that said
3 Maggie must have a ................. on her shoulder about
B have similar tastes in
the fact that I have more followers than her on social
C I can turn to them
media because she is always going on about it.
D get on like a house on fire
4 I don't know how she got that job. She must have
E siblings
friends in ......... places.
F as if we can read each other's minds
5 I think I'm in my Mum's b a d ................ - I forgot to
G inseparable pick up her d ry cleaning like she asked me to.
H would trust them with my life 6 There were so many negative comments on my latest
/ have fallen out once in a while tweet that it reduced me t o ........, and I never cry!
J I would have to say
K get on each other's nerves 2 Match the idiomatic expressions in Exercise 1 with
L typical of their meanings (A-F).

A make (somebody) cry

3 Work with a partner. Ask and answer the Part 1
B hold a grudge or grievance against someone
questions. Try to expand your answers to three
about something
or four sentences and use more complex
C totally different
language to link and explain your ideas.
D make a bad situation worse
1 W ho are you closest to in your family? E have good social connections with
2 Do you prefer to have a few close friends or a influential people
large group of friends? F have done something to upset someone
3 How often do you go out with your friends?
4 W hat do you enjoy doing with your friends? 3 Choose two of the expressions in this section and
write your own sentences which show their
meaning clearly.

UNIT 1 GOOD COMPANY 17

 3 Read another post from the same blogger. Some
VOCABULARY words need a negative prefix so that they make
sense in the context. Find the words and add the
NEGATIVE PREFIXES
correct prefix.
1 Look at the underlined words with negative prefixes
in the blog post. Most of the prefixes mean not. Which LATEST POST ARCHIVE SEARCH

one means bad/wrong? Which one means against?

More and more young people are staying with
their parents for longer. It's not that they're
LATEST POST ARCHIVE SEARCH
capable of looking after themselves, it's just that
It seems impossible to believe that as recently as the cost of living makes it possible for them to
15 years ago social media barely existed. become dependent. In many large cities there is
Unquestionably, the internet has changed the sufficient housing, which means rents are
world, and, some would say, not for the better. credibly high. Owning a house is totally
At a family gathering at the weekend, I decided affordable for most people under 30. This leads
to ask my older relatives what they thought. My to content among young adults, who know that
grandmother, Eileen, said that the internet was their parents were home-owners at their age.
unthinkable when she was a girl and was quite A lot of graduates I know feel that they have
disapproving of the role of smart phones and been led. They were told that if they completed
social media in the modern world. For her, it is higher education, they would get good jobs and
totally inappropriate and extremely anti-social to get onto the housing ladder. This turned out to
bring phones to the dinner table, for example. be true.
I think that was an indirect criticism of me!
My great uncle, Rupert, was more concerned
4 Work in groups. Discuss the questions.
about the misinformation that is on the internet,
particularly 'fake news' stories. He actually feels 1 Do your older relations all feel the same way about
sorry for us for having the misfortune to have the internet, social media, and mobile phones?
been born in the computer age. In any case, he 2 How easy or difficult is it for young people in your
said, most of what people post online is country to buy or rent their own homes?

irrelevant nonsense in his opinion. Even my dad 3 At what age do young people in your country typically
leave home? Why? Is this a good age, do you think?
is on their side. He said many young people use
their phones irresponsibly, walking down the
street or even riding their bikes and looking at
their phones instead of looking where they are ' READING AND USE OF ।
going. If he had his way, it would be illegal to
use a smartphone while you ride ...
ENGLISH PART 5 B L
Read the first paragraph of the text and find out
2 Put the words from the box in the correct columns of what Dunbar’s number is.
the table. Each word can go in more than one category.
Then look again at the words from Exercise 1. Can you 2 Read the article quickly and make notes on the
see any tendencies about when we use each prefix? writer’s attitude to Dunbar’s number. Which parts of
the article helped you to decide?
conformist rational stable mature understood
3 Look at the question below. Choose the option that
competent sensitive able moral agreeable
best matches your notes.
professional establishment courteous logical
What is the writer's attitude to Dunbar's theory?
A The digital age has made it irrelevant.
UN-
B Some of Dunbar's evidence is not valid.
IN - C The writer is absolutely convinced by it.
DIS- D There may be some truth to it.

IR-
4 Now, answer the question below.
IL-
Which word in the text implies a deliberate reduction in
MIS numbers?
NON- A cull (line 50)
B falls (line 55)
ANTI-
C dividing (line 56)
IM - D intimate (line 59)

18
 5 Read the tip and then look at the exam question. Match the options (A-D)
Tip: Some questions relate to the writer's
with the notes (i-iv) about why they are the correct or incorrect option. purpose in giving a particular example.
Then choose the correct option. The incorrect options (distractors) may
all be points the writer makes about it
W hy does the writer talk about Christmas cards in Paragraph 4? but they won't all be the reason for the
A to highlight the change from paper to digital greetings example. You will need to read the whole
paragraph to identify the distractors.
B to illustrate the rising cost of using the postal system
C to provide another example of w hy Dunbar may be right
D to show we now have a w ider social network than before

i) This idea may be true, but it is not stated in the paragraph.

ii) The phrases 'one piece of evidence to support...' and 'particular significance' point to this being the correct answer.
Hi) This idea is mentioned but only as background information.
iv) A key word from the option is mentioned in the paragraph, but the text does not say that the whole sentence is true.

6 Now answer the question below.

W hy does the writer mention the Power Law in Paragraph 5?
A because it was the law that Dunbar applied to his theory C to suggest we should edit our friends list regularly
B to show that many people have very large networks D to show the number in McCormick's study is misleading

One piece of evidence used to support Dunbar’s number was based on

DUNBAR'S the number of Christmas cards sent and received by UK households,

typically less than 150. The last 20 years has seen a dramatic drop in the
tradition of sending actual cards in the post; instead, virtual greetings are
sent to a much larger number of acquaintances at little or no cost.

UMBER
The Christmas card example carries particular significance because it
implies a quantifiable difference between someone you actually have a
relationship with and someone you know. If you are willing to buy a card,
envelope and stamp, and spend time handwriting a message and address
and going to the post office, you probably have a social relationship with
hat comes to mind when you hear the number 150? For most that person. Clicking ‘add friend’ on social media does not imply the same

W people nowadays, the answer would be ‘nothing special’. However,

in the 1990s, many people would have associated the number 150 with
investment of time and emotion.

A quick glance at any social media site will reveal that most people have a
anthropologist and evolutionary psychologist Robin Dunbar. Although 150
huge number of contacts or ‘friends’. A 2010 study by Tyler McCormick
was ‘Dunbar’s number’, it wasn’t, as many people imagined, an exact
and two others found a mean network size of 611 contacts, so four times
number: the number was originally 148, but it has also been seen more as
larger than Dunbar would suggest is realistic. Barabasi and Albert,
a range of numbers from about 100 to 250. So what was Dunbar referring
however, explain that the ‘Power Law’ has to be applied to this statistic.
to and why was the number 150 considered so significant? Based on
This means that while a few individuals have a very large number of
wide-ranging research, Dunbar had calculated that 150 was the
connections, most people have a much smaller number. We are all aware
maximum number of ‘stable relationships’ an individual could maintain.
of the phenomenon of meeting someone at an event, adding them on
This may not have been too controversial in the late twentieth century,
social media and never having contact with them again. We have probably
but how does his theory make the transition to the digital age?
50 all done a social media ‘cull’, where we delete or ‘unfriend’ people we no
Clearly, Dunbar’s data came from the real rather than the virtual world. longer have much in common with. If anything, this seems to add support
His original work was based on workers at Bill Gore’s GORE-TEX factory, to Dunbar’s theory; we are consciously or sub-consciously aware that we
where he was interested in teamwork and group cooperation. He cannot maintain such a large network.
discovered that where the number of people working in a factory
Another interesting aspect of Dunbar’s social interaction theory is that the
exceeded 150, working collaboratively became less likely and, where it
55 key number, 150, rises and falls according to a ‘rule of 3’ formula.
did occur, less effective. What makes Dunbar’s theory more compelling is
56 Other significant numbers are based on dividing or multiplying the original
that it seemed to hold true in diverse contexts, including native American
number by 3. So for example, you might have 50 friends and
tribes, the Amish (a religious community untouched by the modern world),
acquaintances you would invite to a dinner party, 15 people you can
and the military and medieval villages described in the Doomsday book*.
59 always turn to for advice and 5 members of your intimate circle. At the
If Dunbar had uncovered a universal truth, surely it had to be explained by other end of the spectrum, you might have about 500 acquaintances and
biology. He suggested that primates, including humans, have large brains around 1500 people whose faces you can match to their names. It is
to allow them to keep pace with a large number of social contacts. worth emphasising that all these numbers are approximate, but if we
The size of an individual’s neocortex, Dunbar claims, correlates to the spend some time considering our own networks, they don’t seem to be
number of social interactions that an individual can deal with. As we all too far off the mark. Dunbar’s number predates the world of almost
know, maintaining relationships is a cognitively demanding activity, so it universal social media - yet even without knowing the changes to come,
seems to make sense that we can only handle a finite number of them. he seems to have been onto something.

f JNIT 1 [ H O D COMPANY 19
GRAMMAR
VERB PATTERNS (1) - GERUNDS
AND INFINITIVES

GRAMMAR ON THE MOVE

Watch the video

G R A M M A R REFERENCE Verb patterns (1) -

Gerunds and infinitives: Page 2 0 0

1 Q on Listen to a conversation between

classmates Heidi and Amalie. What is the
problem and what solution do they agree on?

2 O on Listen again and complete the gaps

5 Look at the pairs of sentences. Are they similar or
with the correct form of the verb in brackets.
different in meaning? Explain your answers to your
neglected to tell (fell) partner.
2 have the sense................ (ask)
1 It's difficult for me to remember all my cousins' names.
3 have the chance................ (talk)
I have difficulty in remembering all my cousins' names.
4 have a strange way o f ................ it (show)
2 Do you remember reading bedtime stories to your
5 how about we tr y ................ (get)
younger brother?
6 specialise in ...............(do)
Did you remember to read bedtime stories to your
7 hate...............(miss)
younger brother?
8 always wanted (go)
3 Zohair happened to be in Almeria at the same time as
9 famous fo r...............(forget) me.
10 no hope o f ............... (get) Lots of things happened to Zohair and me in Almeria.
11 you could tr y ................ (email) 4 I regret to tell you I'm moving out at the end of the
12 let y o u ............... an extension (have) month.
73 seems................ (be) I regret telling you I'm moving out at the end of the
month.
3 Find examples from the dialogue of the following: 5 Keith started to tell me the story of how he met Daisy.
7 verb + to + infinitive Keith started telling me the story of how he met Daisy.
2 verb + verb + -ing
3 verb that changes its meaning when followed by either
to + infinitive or verb + -ing WRITING i
4 noun + to + infinitive
5 adjective + preposition + verb + -ing 7 Read the Part 1 essay question. In groups, discuss
6 verb + preposition + verb + -ing your ideas.
7 noun + preposition + verb + -ing
8 verb + -ing (gerund) as subject Your class has interviewed some older people
9 verb + infinitive (without to) about the changing role of friends throughout life.
You have made the notes below.
4 Tick the correct sentences. Correct the sentences Which time of life is most important for
with mistakes. friendships?
7 Most of my relations enjoy participate in family • School and university
gatherings.
2 The last thing you need is to have your in-laws over for • Adult life
Some opinions expressed in the
the holidays. • Old age interviews:
3 She is incapable of to think about anyone but herself.
‘The friends you make aged 16-25
4 I tend to meet friends in cafes or parks rather than
last the longest.’
invite them to my place.
5 My grandfather had difficulty to learn how to use a ‘Friendships change as interests
computer. and responsibilities change.’
6 It's up to you forgive him for lie to you. ‘People have more time for
friendships when they are older.’

20
 Write an essay discussing friendship in two of the READING AND USE OF ENGLISH
age groups. You should explain which time in life
you think is more important for friendships, and PART 3 ’ TRAINING
give reasons to support your opinion. You may, if
you wish, make use of the opinions expressed in Look at the mind map for the word REAL. Fill in the
the discussion, but you should use your own words parts of speech. Write adj (adjective), adv (adverb),
as far as possible.

2 Work with a partner. Look at this student’s essay and

discuss the questions.

Most people recognise the Importance o-f

•friendship, o-f having people of similar interests
to turn to socially, outside of family. However,
the significance of friends cztn va.ry throughout
life’s journey, send personally speeding, I would
say th a t the older one becomes, the less
important friends ten d to be. 2 Choose one word from the REAL family for each gap.
For me, friendships matter the most during your
7 My children like the idea of being independent but
la te teens a.nd early a d u lt life. When you are
they are not so keen on the.............................. of
in secondary school, it is your friends with
paying their own way in life.
whom you share life experiences and it is them
you turn to to discuss the things th a t matter. 2 It's a b it..................... to expect to get on well
with everybody.
The generation gap between children and parents
means th a t they don’t understand each other in 3 ................................ , I don't think we can invite all
the same way. In a similar vein, friendships of our cousins to the wedding - it will cost too much.
formed a t university are often built on the
shared experience of being away from home for 3 Look at gaps 1-2 in the word formation exercise and
the firs t time, and as such can also be deep options A-D for each gap. Which part of speech is
and long-lasting. each option? Which one fits each gap?

However, when it comes to a d u lt life, I would 7 A frustrate C frustration

say th a t friends have a lesser role. Getting B frustrated D frustrating
married, buying a house and having children is 2 A supportive C supported
a full-tim e job, meaning th a t existing friendships B unsupportive D supporting
often have to ta le a backseat. You may see your
oldest friends and even form new friendships
Friends or contacts?
with, for example, work colleagues or other
parents, but these are rarely as Intimate as I find it (1) that social FRUSTRATE
those in your youth as many of them are usually media sites use the word ‘friends’ instead of
caught up in their own lives. the more neutral ‘contacts’. To me, a friend
is a person you can turn to in difficult times,
In conclusion, I think it is fa ir to say th a t who will be (2)................................when SUPPORT
during your youth, friends play cl vital role in you have problems. Also, your friends
life, but their importance often diminishes with should (3 )................................live IDEAL
the responsibilities of a d u lt life. reasonably close so that they can help out
in a crisis. I suppose a social media contact
could (4)................................care about GENUINE
7 In the first paragraph, there are two sentences.
you, but I usually trust people I know in real
What is the purpose of each?
life much more. I am fine chatting online
2 In the second and third (body) paragraphs, which with people who share the same interests -
sentence in each introduces the main argument? in my case, ballroom dancing - as it can be
3 How many supporting points are there in each of difficult in real life to find friends who share
these body paragraphs? my (5).................................for my hobby. ENTHUSE
4 What is the purpose of the final paragraph? I am still (6)................................and hoping MARRY
5 Do you think this is a good answer to the question? to meet someone in the future but I have not
Can you suggest any alternative ways to approach seriously considered online dating. For one
this essay? thing, my family’s (7 )................................ APPROVE
would put me off.
3 Write your own answer to the question in 220-260
words. 4 Now complete the rest of the gaps.

UNIT 7 GOOD COMPANY 21

 EXAM TO
[READING AND USE OF ENGLISH PART 5 1
© EXAM FACT O EXAM TIP
There are six multiple choice questions, each o f which has The correct answers are usually expressed with synonyms/
four options. They test your detailed understanding o f the paraphrase, and normally all the options are mentioned in
text, including aspects such as the writer's opinion, attitude, some form but only one will answer the question.
purpose, use o f examples and word choice.

You are going to read an article about twins. For questions 1-6, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits best
according to the text.

‘The reality of twins’

As a child, I fantasised about being a twin. My favourite The twin birth rate has risen all over the world in the last
series of books featured a pair of twins called Pat and few decades. In the United States, it rose 76 percent
Isobel O’Sullivan. They were always playing tricks on the between 1980 and 2009 from 18.8 to 33.3 per 1,000
teachers at their boarding school, pretending to be one births, which is clearly related to medical advances and
another, and the idea of having my own facsimile procedures such as IVF.
fascinated me. The reality is probably quite different.
Twins have always captured the popular imagination.
For a start, only about 10 percent of twins are identical,
Greek, Roman and Indian mythology all have examples
and having a fraternal - or non-identical - twin is not so
which illustrate the different relationships between twins.
different from having other siblings.
One theme running through many mythologies is the
The likelihood of being a fraternal twin varies according to association of twins with royalty. In one Greek myth,
several factors, while a woman’s chance of giving birth to Castor and Pollux were twins but whereas Castor was a
identical twins is stable wherever she lives. The highest mortal, Pollux was the son of the god Zeus. Pollux’s love
incidence of twins occurs in Africa, particularly among the for his twin led him to beg Zeus to let Castor live on, and
Yoruba people, which could be linked to a particular type Zeus created the astrological constellation Gemini in their
of yam in their diet. Other factors which make you more honour. In sharp contrast, there was no love lost between
prone to conceiving twins include a history of twins in the mythical twin founders of Rome, Romulus and Remus,
family, being an older mother, having had several previous best known for being nurtured by a wolf. The competition
pregnancies and being of taller and heavier build. between them led to fratricide - Remus was murdered by
his twin brother, Romulus.

22
In the modern era, too, fascinating stories abound of the At the adoption agency, the two sets of parents - one
unique bond and intuition that exists between twins. American and the other Norwegian - noticed each other
One of my teachers at school once brought her twin sister because they had chosen similar red and white checked
along on a school trip and on the bus, they regaled us gingham dresses to take their new babies home in.
with stories of their experience as twins. One day Chatting about the coincidence, the parents noticed the
apparently, Jill, the younger twin, was scheduled for remarkable similarity between the babies as well.
surgery on her ear at 2 o’clock in the afternoon. At about When they raised it with the authorities, they denied that
10am, my teacher, Jacky, was at home and suddenly the girls were related. Neither family could forget the
experienced an excruciating pain in her left ear, making meeting and eventually arranged DNA tests, which
her fall to the ground. The pain vanished as quickly as it revealed the children were identical twins. The girls met in
had appeared. Later, Jacky got a call from her mother, California when they were six and again in Norway when
telling her Jill’s surgery had been moved forward to 10am. they were eight. Although they spoke different languages
Another time, the two of them were talking on the phone and had very different lifestyles, the similarities in
when Jacky smelt burning. She mentioned this to Jill, who personality, likes and dislikes, mannerisms and tone of
ran to her kitchen to find her toast burning. I admit my 74 voice were striking. This is a recurring theme in
younger self was intrigued and convinced, though now I ‘separated at birth’ stories, revealing the role of nature in
sometimes wonder whether they were just good stories. people’s identities.

One particular case of identical twins, that of Mia Hansen In spite of the growing rate of twin births, the allure of
and Alexandra Hauglum, who were separated at birth, twins remains. Subject of myths and legends, suspicions
would later reignite my interest in this subject matter. These and intrigue, considered both ‘double trouble’ and the
Chinese twin girls were found abandoned in a cardboard greatest of blessings, twins will always remain a rich part
box as babies and put up for adoption separately. of cultures all over the world.

1 Overall, how would you describe the writer's attitude towards twins?
A jealous of people who are twins
B surprised at people's interest in twins
C interested in stories about twins
D doubtful whether twins are special
2 The purpose of paragraph 2 is to explain ...
A why some people are more likely to have twins.
B why there are more fraternal than identical twins.
C why Yoruba women are more likely to have twins.
D why the number of twins being born has increased.
3 W hydoes the writer refer to twins from Greek and Roman mythology?
A to explain how Gemini became a sign of the zodiac
B to show that twins have always been of interest
C to demonstrate the importance of twin myths
D to make the point that twins rarely get on
4 How does the writer feel about her teacher's stories?
A amazed this happened to someone she knew
B convinced her teacher had lied about them
C unsure whether to believe them or not
D absolutely sure the stories were true
5 The purpose of the anecdote in paragraph 5 is ...
A to show that twins raised apart are still very similar.
B to suggest that female babies are not valued in China.
C to criticise the authorities for lying about the twins.
D to highlight the role upbringing plays in shaping a child.
6 The phrase 'recurring theme' (line 74) suggests that Mia and Alexandra's case is ...
A unclear.
B complicated.
C exceptional.
D typical.

UNIT 1 GOOD COMPANY 23

 EXAM TO
[READING AND USE OF ENGLISH PART 3 i
© E X A M FACT o E X A M TIP
You have to complete the eight gaps in the text with the Sometimes the form o f the word you need may be negative.
correct form o f the word given at the end o f the line. Study the sentence carefully to see which part o f speech is
needed and read the sentence carefully to decide whether
you need to add a negative prefix.

For questions 1-8, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines
to form a word that fits in the gap in the same line. There is an example at the beginning (0).

The average number of children per woman has now (0)............shrunk........... SHRINK
to under two. This is (1)................................... due to the fact that the number LARGE
of women who remain (2).................................. has risen to one in five. CHILD
In much of the world, (3 )................................... is now a choice for women and REPRODUCE
many prefer to opt out. On the other end of the spectrum, there are some
families in Britain who go to the other extreme, most (4).................................. NOTE
the Radford family from Mo recam be, Lancashire, who welcomed their 21st
child last month. Like some other large families, usually from the US, the
Radfords have their own (5 )..................................TV show, which is currently REAL
called 21 Kids and Counting. The show reveals a normal, loving family full of
humour, kindness and (6)................................... All the children seem to get GENEROUS
on very well together with the older ones helping the younger ones in a
selfless manner. It is shocking to learn, however, that some people can be
very (7 )................................... when it comes to large families. Parents Sue JUDGE
and Noel have been on the receiving end of some very nasty comments. In
my view, this behaviour shows those people’s (8).................................. . SECURE
WRITING PART I: AN ESSAY.
© E X A M FACT o EXAM TIP
• You have to write 2 2 0 -2 6 0 words based on the • An essay should have a clear introduction and conclusion.
information. • In your 'body' paragraphs you present your ideas. Choose
• You must discuss two o f the three points in the 'notes' one or two points and make sure you develop your id e as/
section. arguments clearly.
• You can use opinions or come up with your own ideas.

Recently your class took part in a discussion on the impact of social media on human
relationships. You have made the notes below.
The impact of social media on human relationships

• Personal communication
Some opinions expressed in the discussion:
• Shared interests
‘It’s easy to keep in touch now that we’ve left school.’
• Support groups Tve discovered a completely new hobby.’
‘It’s good to know there are people who share my views.’
Write an essay discussing two of the impacts from your notes. You should say which
impact of social media on human relationships is more significant, giving reasons in
support of your answer.

SPEAKING PAR
© E X A M FACT O EXAM TIP
• The questions in this part are generally personal. • Look at past papers and practise answering questions.
• You are not expected to interact with the other candidate. • Try to make sure your answers are well-developed.
• Topics generally include aspects o f everyday life and • Look for opportunities to show off higher-level language.
experiences.

Work w ith a partner. Take turns asking and answering questions from Part 1 of the C l Advanced speaking exam.

Personality/relationships ial m edia

How often do you use social media?
How would you describe yourself?
What type of social media posts interest you?
Who has the biggest influence on you - your fam ily or
Do you communicate with fam ily members
yDoouyrofu
rieenndjso?y socialising in small groups or big groups?

■
Do you think it is im portant to see friends regularly? through social media?
Have you changed the way you use social
media recently?
 SOCIAL MEDIA ETIQUETTE:
to
So, you have finally decided to get on board with
social media? You have probably heard plenty of
horror stories about relationships irreparably
damaged by an ill-advised post on a social media site.

COURTEOUS Perhaps this is what has put you off being active
online in the past. Or maybe you are a young person
just starting out on social media, deciding who you
are going to ‘be’ online. Even if you are a seasoned
user, these tips will help you avoid causing offence
Read the clues and decide what each acronym and losing friends in the virtual domain.
or abbreviation means. They are all commonly 1..........................................................................
used on social media in English. Most offence is caused by posts created and posted in the
heat of the moment. Posting a commentyou may later
LOL /ai/Q/?ed.outloud^ - when you found
regret is worse in many ways than being rude in real life
something funny
because it can be read by an unlimited number of people it
O M G .. - an expression of was not intended for. You can be judged by those who don’t
surprise even know you. Sometimes giving no response can be more
BRB..... powerful than posting in haste.
ICYMI..................................... - to signal
2 ..........................................................................
something you might not have seen
Foryou, reaching level 200 of your favourite game might be
NSFW..................................... - a warning that
a joyful and significant achievement, but will others feel the
something is not appropriate in a workplace
same? People often get irritated with uninteresting or
environment repetitive posts. I once had a friend who shared her daily
N T W ..................................... - It's fine. horoscope predictions every single day. This may lead to
BTW..................................... - used to introduce people unfollowing or even unfriendingyou. In real life you
something incidentally wouldn’t keep on talking about a subject no one was
ASAP..................................... - when something interested in, so don’t do it online either.
needs to be done quickly
FO M O .................................... - constant
If you want to rant, complain or get advice on a serious
checking of social media to see what your friends matter, popular social media sites may not be the best
are doing option. People on Facebook and Instagram, for example, are
JO HT................................... - something you do to often scrollingthrough quickly while waitingforthe bus or
indicate gratitude or respect for what someone watching TV. They are not usually interested in reading your
has done in-depth thoughts on the state of the nation or giving
detailed advice on your relationship problems. There are
Work with a partner. Discuss what advice you specialist sites where this kind of content might be more
would give to someone who has recently joined appropriate.
your favourite social media platform and is
about to post for the first time. Then read the There is huge variation in the amount people post on social
text quickly. Was any of your advice given? media. They might not post anything for months and then
post many times in one day when they are on holiday, for
Match the headings (A-1) with the advice example. More than three posts per day may be considered
sections (1-6) in the text. There are some excessive. If you are posting about a special occasion, it is
headings you don’t need. often better to create one post with all the photos you want
to share rather than separate posts for each picture.
Keep them guessing
B Choose the right forum 5 ____________________________________
Avoid ambiguity Clicking ‘share’ on something only takes a second, but the
effects can last forever. Most of us have hundreds of ‘friends’
D Limit your posts
on social media, includingfamily members, friends,
Get it off your chest acquaintances, neighbours, colleagues and friends of
Consider your whole audience when sharing friends. Inevitably, among those will be people of different
Have a schedule for posting religious and political views and those with conservative
Calm down before you post and liberal outlooks. Ultimately, it is up to you which views
you wish to publicise through your social media presence,
but consider whether you really stand behind a post that
may offend your contacts.
 5

8 Work with a partner. Look at the following

situations. Choose one of them and write a
conversation using as many expressions of
politeness from Exercise 7 as you can.

1 A waiter has brought you the wrong meal in a

restaurant.
6 ___________________________________________
2 Somebody tells you that you are sitting in their
Some posters are deliberately vague with messages such
reserved seat on a train.
as ‘Can’t believe what has happened . . They often do this
to get a reaction as their friends will be keen to get 3 You are having dinner at someone's house and they
clarification. This is generally seen as immature attention­ serve you some food that you are allergic to.
seeking behaviour because it can cause unnecessary 4 You need some help understanding a bus timetable.
worry as people speculate that some tragedy has befallen
the poster, who has in fact, just lost their phone or broken 9 Q Watch the video about social etiquette in the UK.
a nail. Online communication already has a massive Make notes on the advice given to visitors to the UK.
potential for misunderstanding, so don’t add to this by
posting content that could be misinterpreted. • apologising
So, remember that just because you are sitting • punctuality
comfortably at home, virtual reality is also the real world. • queuing and public transport
Don’t underestimate the damage that can be done - • greeting people
to yourself and others - by careless posting, liking
• having dinner
and sharing.

Replace the highlighted words and phrases with the

synonyms below.

1 happened to 4 miscalculate
2 experienced (adj) 5 speak angrily
3 what's going on in 6 unwise
the country

5 Work with your partner again and discuss the advice

given in the text. Do you agree/disagree with it? Why?

6 Q012 You will hear three short conversations

related to etiquette in real world situations. Listen
and decide what you think each situation could be.

a Q012 Listen again and complete the gaps to make

expressions of politeness.

PHRASES YOU MIGHT USE/HEAR

Conversation 1
7 ..................................................... , but is it
OK if I sit here?
2 ............................. I've made a bit of a mess.
3 That's................................................. I don't need
much space.
Conversation 2
4
........ to give us some advice?
5 W e ll,................................................................
............................... , could you recommend
UFE COMPETENCIES
somewhere to buy a few small souvenirs?
6 help. I UNDERSTANDING AND DESCRIBING YOUR
Conversation 3 | OWN AND OTHER'S CULTURES
7 S orry..................................................................but
Find some websites which give advice to visitors to
................................................changing it?
your country. Which advice do you agree/disagree
8 I'd ________________________________________
................ give us some feedback on our website.
with? Plan a short presentation for the class on what
you think visitors to your country need to be aware of.
9 It................................................................ .

UNIT 1 GOOD COMPANY 27

 ON THE MOVE

GETTING STARTED

Complete gaps 1-4 with one word in each space. Use the clues below to
ELECTRIC CARS? help you.

Then put your knowledge to Gap I: Sometimes a Gap 2: Although faced Gap 3: The missing Gap 4: What
gap might be part of a is passive, don't fall word is part of a multi-word verb
the test with our quiz!
phrase. Here you need into the trap of writing phrase (nothing..... means get rid
to complete a three by. Which preposition of] which means o f something?
I The first ever electric car was word phrase that means completes the phrase to nothing less than.
a the Roadster, built by Elon due to or because of be fa ce d ... difficulties?
Musk's firm Tesla in California
in 2008.
b produced in Russia in the THE ELECTRIC EGG
1950's, but then converted into
In 1942, reports began circulating (0)..... o f..... a strange shiny little car
a petrol car.
that silently flashed around the streets of Paris. This turned out to be
c created by an engineer from
the invention of artist and engineer Paul Arzens, and it soon acquired
Scotland called Robert
Anderson in 1832.
a name, L’CEuf Electrique (The Electric Egg), on (1).............of its
shape. Faced (2)............. a scarcity of materials, Arzens’ approach to
2 More pollution is caused in the the design of his car had been nothing (3)............. of revolutionary.
production of His solution was to (4)............. away with the conventional shape of a
a electric vehicles (EVs). car body and instead construct a lightweight oval frame of aluminium.
b fossil fuel vehicles. This tapered to a blunt point at the rear, behind (5)............. was the
3 A law came into effect in Europe in third wheel and motor. This ran on electricity rather than petrol,
2019 requiring electric cars to be making the Egg much cleaner than most other vehicles of the day.
a quieter, b noisier. Sadly, the Electric Egg never caught on, and Arzens’ prototype was
the (6)............. one ever constructed. However, in (7).............. way
4 The first country in the world
should it be seen as a failure. Arzens demonstrated first (8).............
where more than 50% of cars
foremost that a graceful non-polluting car
were electric was
a Norway, b New Zealand. could be built with minimal resources.

5 Between 2014 and 2018, monthly

sales of electric cars in the UK
increased by ( Now complete the other
a 100%. b 1000%. four gaps.
VOCABULARY 4 Decide which of the words in Exercise 2 have other
uses/meanings in different contexts and as different

TRAVEL parts of speech. Try to work out the meaning of the

underlined word or phrase.
7 Work with a partner. Make a list of as many kinds of
7 Writing things in my phone calendar is the best way to
vehicle as you can, including ones that travel by air,
keep track of everything I need to remember to do.
by water and by land.
2 I thought learning to drive would be easy but the
2 Put the following words and phrases into the most reverse was true. I needed to take the test a few times
before I passed.
suitable transport categories in the Venn diagram.
3 I will never pass my driving test. Every time I get
Use a dictionary if you have one.
behind the wheel, I turn into a nervous wreck and
forget to do the basic things.
track (n) reverse (v) boot (n) give way (v)
carriage (n) board (v) cabin (n) shuttle (n)
4 Initially, I was a bit dubious about electric cars, but
now that I have had the long term and environmental
congestion (n) wreck (n) overtake (v)
benefits explained to me, I am fully on board with the
commute (v) divert (v)
idea.
5 I'm pretty sure that within the next few years, the
OK, so track - is that connected with production of electric cars will overtake that of
flying, driving or taking the train? conventional petroI-powered cars.

5 Which of the ideas/experiences mentioned in

Taking the train - the track means
Exercise 4 are true for you or do you agree with?
the rails the train goes on.
Compare with a partner and explain.

Yes, but you can also drive a car along a track,

which is a rough road or path or a "racing track
So, for me, it's driving and taking the train.

taking the train

1 We regret to inform you that the 3 This is a passenger announcement for

2 All passengers wishing to continue onto
d 10:43 train to Winnipeg is cancelled
H London Kings Cross station should make
all those travelling on ECT4857 to Seville.

IB due to engineering works being

H their way to the front fo u r................. of the
Please proceed to gate 14, where the

‘•’1 undertaken on th e .................

M train before we reach the next station.
aircraft is now ready fo r ................. .

4 Flight attendants will now be By­ 6 Taxis are a v a ila b le

y°u tu rn
passing through t h e , ■ggj 5 OK, so now it’s time for a travel update, and
left out of the main terminal
we’ve got reports of heavy................. on the M5
offering a range of light B|| building, or for the
motorway heading towards Birmingham after an
refreshments and duty-free items. iB S i bus to the city centre, turn right.
accident has blocked two lanes. Traffic is being
................. onto alternative routes where possible.
UNIT 2 ON THE MOVE 29
PGRAMMAR [ 2 Complete the sentences with the correct option.

T a in the farmyard, there was a tractor and an old van.

DETERMINERS AND QUANTIFIERS But no/neither vehicle appeared to be roadworthy.
b For me, there's no/neither better driving experience
than taking the Route of the Seven Lakes in South
GRAMMAR ON THE MOVE
Argentina to Bariloche.
Watch the video
2 a A one-day travel pass allows you to use public
transport throughout the whole/all city.
1 Complete this text about a traveller by adding b What makes Jodhpur such a spectacular place is that
the following words in the correct place. virtually whole/all the city is painted blue.
Use each word once. 3 a We're taking two suitcases, and each/every one weighs
about 4 kilos when empty.
plenty another every whole b In virtually each/every country I've visited, I've been
much many each touched by how hospitable people are towards
travellers.
4 a I refuse on principle to use any/whatever form of
transport which causes more than the minimum level of
pollution.
TH^MAN b The mechanic was very inventive and could mend cars
with any/whatever materials were available.
5 a My daily commute to work takes me less/fewer time
WHO’S BEEN b
than it used to.
The race will be cancelled if there are less/fewer than

EVERYWHERE
ten competitors.
6 a There is a little/little hope of us getting there on time in
such heavy traffic.
b The collision only caused little/a little damage to the
In 2016, Sal Lavallo quit his job and embarked front of the car, and fortunately it was fully covered by
on a quest to visit (1 ).............. single country on the insurance.
the planet. It wasn’t actually as ambitious as it
3 Add the word of to the correct place in the sentences
may sound. Sal had been to an international
where necessary.
school, where he had classmates from across
the ( 2 ) .............. world. He’d kept in touch with 1 I've visited several places where I didn't feel entirely safe.
them, and so there were ( 3 ) .............. of people 2 We knew it was going to be a tough journey, so we allowed
he knew he’d be able to stay with during his ourselves plenty time to get there.
journey, which would save him some money. 3 Several the beaches we visited were almost completely
deserted.
Spending so (4 ).............. time on the road, Sal
has learnt to expect the unexpected. ‘I tried to 4 Throughout the holiday, we spent at least half the time
lounging around by the pool.
enter Ivory Coast by two different land borders,
5 It seems that no amount suncream would suffice to stop Polly
but ( 5 ) .............. was closed’ Sal says. Fortunately,
from getting sunburnt.
the third was open, enabling Sal to tick off yet
6 If there's one thing I've observed in each and every one the
( 6 ) .............. country from his growing list.
countries I've been, it's this: wherever you are, people love to
One thing he’s enjoyed about visiting so party!
( 7 ) .............. countries has been the opportunity to 7 I can't believe that both us passed our driving test first time.
establish new friendships and to see what he
describes as the beauty within people. ‘I am yet 4 Complete the questions with suitable determiners from
to meet a person that I am unable to connect this section.
with and feel similar to. When I look at a map
1 What would be the best way to travel th e................length of
I see faces.’
your country, from one end to the other?
2 Do you think we should make............... trips to other
countries to cut down on air pollution?
3 Is there anything you take with you o n .................and
...............long journey you make?

5 Work with a partner. Ask and answer the questions.

- / GRAMMAR REFERENCE Determiners and quantifiers: Page 202

LISTENING PAR
Look at the blog homepages and answer the
questions in pairs.

1 W hat kind of content would you expect to find in

these pages?
2 W hat w ould/w ouldn't appeal to you about
reading them?
3 Do you follow any other bloggers or vloggers?
4 Have you ever blogged or vlogged?

2 © 013 You w ill hear a radio interviewer w ith tw o

professional travel-bloggers, Elsa and Rodney.
For questions 1-4, choose the answer (A, B, C or
D) which fits best according to what you hear.
Use the tip boxes to help you.

1 According to Elsa, how do her followers view her

life as a travel blogger?
A They recognise that her lifestyle must be
challenging.
B They underestimate the amount of w ork it
involves.
C They are jealous of those who do what they
love for a living.
D They doubt whether it can bring a
sustainable income.

Tip: This task often has questions where you identify the
opinions of the speakers. However, here you need to listen
for what Elsa says about other people's views.

2 W hat is Rodneys advice for attracting large

4 W hat do Rodney and Elsa agree about when
numbers of followers?
discussing mistakes that bloggers make?
A Add posts to your blog regularly.
A It may be some time before problems caused by
B Ensure that your blog is distinctive.
the mistakes become apparent.
C Incorporate popular search terms into
B Fear of making mistakes shouldn't stop someone
your text.
from trying new things.
D Imitate what other successful blogs do.
C It's preferable if their followers don't spot the
Tip: Notice that the interviewer asks this question using mistakes on the blog.
different words. Make sure you listen to all of Rodney's D M aking mistakes enables people to enhance
answer as he will mention all of the points in some form, their skills.
but only one of them is the thing he would recommend.
Tip: Some questions ask you to identify where speakers
3 How does Elsa feel about her earliest attempts at agree or disagree. Here, focus on what Rodney says in
writing blog posts? response to the interviewer's question about mistakes and
listen for how Elsa expresses the same idea.
A disappointed that so few people saw them
B embarrassed about the quality of the writing
C confused as to what their purpose actually 3 Decide if the statements about the Listening Part 3
was task you have just done are true or false.
D surprised that it used to take her so long to
write them 7 The format of the listening is usually an interview or a
discussion with at least two speakers.
Tip: Here we need to identify Elsa's opinion, but what she 2 There are four multiple-choice questions in the actual
says will be a paraphrase of one of the options, so don't
exam.
expect to hear the words in the option.
3 The questions are in the same order as the information
is presented in the audio.
4 The speakers will often mention aspects of all four of
the options in some way, but only one will actually
answer the question.

UNIT 2 ON TNT MOVE 31

fVOCABULARY [ 3 Complete the following sentences using the
prepositional phrases in the box.

PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES (1) in accordance with up to speed for the most part
in turn to some extent in terms of
7 Look at the extracts from the radio interview about
in reverse in two minds
travel bloggers. What is the meaning of the
underlined phrases?
7 The ascent up the mountain is gentle
'A privileged few are able to live on the road and make a ............................. , with the exception of a steep
living by writing about their experiences/ climb to the summit.
2 Staff at Ecotoura go on regular study tours at our
'You might think so, but for a start, most of my followers
resorts in order to keep............................. with
know that I quit a really lucrative job to do this. I got rid of
the full range of destinations on offer and provide
my apartment ...'
first-class customer service.
'At times I still have to spend hours getting an article 3 It was just disastrous - because of congestion I got to
just right/ the station late. This............................ meant that
I got a later shuttle train to the airport, and so I missed
2 Read the tip box. Then, look at the pairs of sentences my flight.
and decide what the difference is between the sets 4 Sunshine Travel have reported a fall in profits, caused
of phrases in bold. ............................ by rising prices in plane fuel,
as well as tough competition across the travel sector.
Tip: Prepositional phrases often consist of simple words, 5 ................................ variety of flora and fauna, I've
but their correct use is considered to be Cl level. As such,
not seen anywhere with greater bio-diversity than
they will be useful in all parts of the Advanced exam. Be
Cuba's Humboldt National Park.
careful, though! Sometimes a change of preposition in a
phrase fundamentally changes its meaning. 6 I'm ..................................... about whether to walk to
college today or just get the bus.
7 a With so many potholes in th e road, driving 7 Once we land, all foreign nationals will be requested
conditions are far from ideal. to show a completed immigration form,
b After seven months on the ro a d and the ..............................customs regulations.
adventure of a lifetime, she was delighted to be 8 Normally people buy their flip-flops and beach gear
back home again. before they fly off on holiday. This year I'm doing it
2 a No way will I ever go camping! For a start, .............................and buying my vacation
tents are uncomfortable to sleep in. Plus essentials when I get to the resort.
campsites are depressing places - and the
showers are cold! Complete the second sentence using the word in
b A t the s ta rt of the holiday, I didn't think much capitals so that it has a similar meaning to the first
of the hotel, but by the end I loved it! sentence. Use between three and six words in
3 a Commercial air travel between the UK and each gap.
Australia began in 1935, and the journey took 12
7 I partly agree that trekking can be bad for the
days, which seemed pretty quick a t the time.
environment.
b It's a really bendy road, and a t tim es I thought I
EXTENT
was going to be sick. I wasn't though, fortunately.
I agree.................................about trekking being bad
4 a Our Mountain Itinerary 75-litre backpack has
for the environment.
been in d e m a n d recently and has sold out, but
we do have lots of other great rucksacks - just 2 Diesel vehicles aren't allowed because their emissions
are dangerous.
ask our friendly staff.
b With movies, music and more on dem and, it's
ACCOUNT
the only app you'll ever need. Diesel vehicles have been banned.................................
dangerous emissions.
5 a We travelled from Argentina to Peru b y w a y
o f Chile and then Bolivia. 3 I can't decide if I should buy a bike
b That taxi is on the w a y. It should be here in 15 MINDS
minutes or so. I ................................................ to buy a bike or not.
The construction of a new road to link my town 4 This app lets me know all the latest travel information
with the capital city is currently u n d e r w a y and from around the city.
is due to be finished by 2023. SPEED
You're right in a w a y about the This app enables..................................................with
need for more electric vehicles, all the latest travel information from around the city.
but I don't think you are being 5 To comply with European law it's compulsory to wear
realistic about the implications seatbelts in vehicles.
for the car industry and for ACCORDANCE
customers. In vehicles, seatbelts must...............................................
European law.
32
 4 Decide which option(s) can be used in the following
sentences.

ADVERB MODIFIERS 1 Atlanta A irp o rt handles................ more passengers

than any other US airport.
A substantially B few C many
GRAMMAR ON THE MOVE
2 Crossing the Harbour Bridge gives an unbeatable view
Watch the video
of Sydney - and best of all, i t s ........free!
A substantially B totally C quite
7 Q 014 Listen to Rudy, who is contacting his parents 3 Jet lag tends to fe e l................worse when you travel
while on a backpacking holiday. Decide if the from west to east.

statements are true (T), false (F) or not stated (NS). A much B completely C absolutely

How do you know? 4 _______ the most crowded flight path on earth is in
Korea, from the capital Seoul to Jeju, gateway to an
1 Rudy is impressed island of beach resorts and volcanic craters.
with the island he is
A Easily B Considerably C Totally
visiting.
2 Rudy managed to 5 Look at these sentences with adverb modifiers that
sleep during his flight.
modify the whole sentence. Cross out any of the
3 Rudy was
options which do not make sense.
disappointed with the
coach he travelled on. 7 Incredibly/Sadly/Fortunately the flights weren't as
4 Rudy feels tired now. expensive as I had thought they might be.

5 Rudy is confident about his waterskiing trip. 2 TypicaIly/Generally speaking/Totally, the local
transport was reliable and comfortable.
6 Rudy is always on the lookout for ways to save money.
3 Simply/Regrettably/Obviously we weren't able to visit
2 0 014 There are 11 examples of adverb of degree + everywhere we had planned to.

adjective phrases used in the phone call. Listen again 4 Foolishly/Luckily/Sadly we didn't book a hotel in
advance, so when we arrived, we had to drag our
and note down any that you hear. The first is done
backpacks from one hotel to another, looking for
for you.
a room.
absolutely gorgeous 5 Unsurprisingly/Fortunately/Predictably, the country's
number one theme park was very crowded indeed.
3 Complete the following table with the correct adverbs
of degree. Some can go into more than one category. 4 G R A M M A R R EFER E NC E , Adverb modifiers: Page 203

completely thoroughly extremely really

incredibly pretty rather slightly a little (bit)
considerably easily far by far

ADVERBS THAT ADVERBS THAT

M O D IF Y GRADABLE M O D IF Y EXTREME
ADJECTIVES ADJECTIVES
very good absolutely amazing
really tired exhausted
bad awful
beautiful stunning

ADVERBS THAT ADVERBS THAT

M O D IF Y M O D IF Y
COMPARATIVES SUPERLATIVES
much better the best
more tired the most tired
worse the worst
more
beautiful
[! WRITING I Write a review of any holiday accommodation you have
recently stayed in. Please tell us about your level of
satisfaction with the accommodation, say how closely
PROOFREADING the accommodation matched the description and
suggest what could have been done to make your stay
7 Look at the writing task and the text written by a even better.
student. Read the teacher’s comment and look at My mum and I have just
the 12 mistakes in bold. Match the errors with the spent a weekend in a
self-catering apartment in
descriptions.
Prague, which we Were
A missing word booking through findabreak.
com. All in all, we had 2the
B incorrect tense used
really pleasurable few days.
C wrong article The flat was ideal in terms of
D wrong preposition used its facilities. There was ample
E error with word order room for the 3two of, and it
F plural used instead of singular was imaginatively decorated.
G wrong adverb used before adjective The description and photos on the website are accurate for the
most 4part although you could take issue with the flat being
H spelling mistake with single/double letter
described as 'centrally located', when in fact it's a good
/ subject/verb agreement 520-minutes walk to the main square. Having said that, it was

J error with use of infinitive/gerund conveniently close to the airport 6shutle bus, and there's plenty
K missing punctuation to do in the immediate vicinity. The ice creams from the shop
directly opposite the front door is just sensational! And if you're
2 Correct the student’s errors. up for it and don't mind 8to climb 300 steep steps, the top of
the Fortress Tower gives you an Absolutely impressive
3 Read the tip box on proofreading on the next page. panorama of all the city's sights.
Then discuss the questions below. The only suggestions I could offer the owners of the apartment
would be to consider 10getting checked the wi-fi, as the
7 Do you already proofread any piece of writing you signal was really weak "for times. Also, there was quite a lot of
produce? W hy/W hy not? traffic noise in the front bedroom, so maybe something 12could
2 Why might students be reluctant to proofread a text in done to the windows in order for it to be quieter.
an exam situation?
3 Are there any repeated errors that you make when A -full und successful answer to ol LL aspects of the
you write? question, although it is slightly too short. Remember thcct
you should write between 2.2.0 ccnd 2.00 words. However,
4 Now write your own answer to the exam question in there is a. good range of natural-sounding language, and
Exercise 1. When you have finished, spend five the tone is -friendly an d helpful. On the other hand, there
minutes proofreading your review. Did you find any are several simple but avoidable errors, which you could
avoidable errors? have fixed with more careful proofreading.

f PUSH YOURSELF C2
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES
t
A fa v o u r o f that, saying that she wouldn't sleep at night for

<
fear of being bitten by a snake.
7 Match the sentence halves (1-8) with A-H to B o f a p o lo g y fo r the mix-up with our rooms.
form the correct prepositional phrases. C re tro sp e ct we probably should have checked out the
hotel before we booked it.
7 My grandparents prefer to take their holidays o u t
D the best o f tim es, but in the winter it is a horrible
2 We hadn't initially planned on renting a kayak,
experience
but did so on
E v ic in ity o f the apartment we were staying in.
3 There's a wealth of historic attractions in the
F o f season now that they're retired because it is cheaper
4 I'd say that in
than going during the school holidays.
I wanted to rent a cabin in the jungle but my
G honesty, I wouldn't use that airline again.
partner wasn't in
H im pulse and it turned out to be the best way to explore
6 The holiday wasn't a complete disaster, but in a ll
the nature reserve.
The hotel offered us free meals b y w a y
It's not a great place to visit a t 2 Work with a partner. Discuss what the prepositional
phrases in bold mean.
 2 © 016 Listen to a candidate called Giuseppe doing
PROOFREADING IN EXAMS the task. Look again at the list A-l and tick (✓) those
• When you write, leave every alternate line empty so you that Guiseppe does in his 1-minute talk.
have space to make any corrections in your text when you
proofread it. 3 O 016 Listen to Giuseppe again, and for each pair
• Everyone's different, so it helps if you know what kinds of underline the phrases he uses to give his talk
mistake you make most often, e.g. using the wrong article, structure.
confusing homophones (like their and there} or making
1 I'd like to focus on/l'm going to talk about
sentences too long.
2 the fundamental difference is/the main difference is
• When checking your text, read each sentence separately,
3 something like that/something along those lines
starting from the end of the text.
4 presumably/probably
• You can also use your proofreading to upgrade any low-
5 in contrast/on the other hand
level language to something more comp ex. For example,
the top o f the Fortress Tower gives you a nice view an
6 looks like/looks as if
absolutely impressive panorama o f all the city's sights ... 7 have in common/share
8 in the same way/similarly

4 Work with a partner. Take turns to be the examiner

SPEAKING i and the candidate and practise the photo exam task
in Exercise 2.
7 Q 015 Listen to an examiner giving instructions
about a Part 2 Speaking task involving pictures A, B Your pictures show people travelling in water
and C. Then decide which of the following things you vehicles. Why might the people have chosen these
should aim to do. Choose YES, NO or NOT forms of transport? How might they be feeling?
NECESSARILY.

A describe in detail what each picture shows

B give reasons for opinions you state
involve your partner in a discussion
D say which two pictures you like best
E compare and contrast the three pictures
mention your own experience of being in
situations like these
G speculate on why the people in two of the
pictures are travelling in these ways
H show that you know some more obscure
vocabulary (e.g. helipad, handlebars ...)
discuss some negative aspects of travelling in
these ways for the two pictures you are talking
about

UNIT 2 ON TNT MOVE 35

 EXAM TO
READING AND USE OF
ENGLISH PART 2
For questions 1-8, read the text below and think of the
word which best fits each gap. Use only one word in each
gap. There is an example at the beginning (0).

The Kittiwake

© EXAM FACTS
• Part 3 is the longest part o f the Listening test.
• This part usually features a discussion or interview
involving two or more speakers.

O EXAM TIPS
• As the questions often focus on the attitude o f the speakers,
Launched in 1945, the American ship USS Kittiwake pay attention to any words in the question which denote
attitude, e.g. criticise, disappointing, problem.
was deployed for the next 49 years (0)..... as..... a
• Bear in mind that questions may focus on the
submarine rescue ship. Its rescues weren’t just views expressed by one speaker, or agreement (or
disagreement) between both speakers.
(1).............. to assisting submarines. For example,
in 1963, the ship picked up twelve Cubans, three of
Q 017 You will hear an interview in which two
(2).............. were children, whose boat had got into
psychologists called Matthew Partridge and Emma
trouble off the Florida Keys. However, in 1994 the
Macedo are talking about the benefits of holidays.
Kittiwake was decommissioned in Norfolk, Virginia, For questions 1-6, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which
(3)..............it faced an uncertain future. fits best according to what you hear.

When the Cayman Islands wanted a shipwreck 1 What point does Matthew make about holiday pleasures?

added to its world-class scuba-diving attractions, A Seeing their children having fun is the key for adults.
B Both child ren and adults report that they enjoy
they approached the US Maritime Administration
spending time together.
(MARAD), which keeps decommissioned ships afloat C There's a big difference between the highlights of adults
(4)..............they can safely be disposed and children.

(5)............... MARAD donates these ships for use D Adults want to repeat their childhood experiences with
their own children.
as artificial reefs (6)..............that the recipient can
2 According to Emma, the Dutch research concludes that
meet the necessary environmental standards. A it is hard to predict how enjoyable a holiday is going
Preparing the ship involved removing pollutants to be.

(7 ).............. its five decks, as well as cutting holes in B people's mood tends to fluctuate during their holiday.
C the first half of a holiday tends to be more fun than the
its hull in (8 ).............. for divers to access it.
second.
It seems fitting that the Kittiwake is now, after a D enjoyment of a holiday is closely related to the time
spent travelling.
lifetime keeping people safe underwater, a major
diving attraction.

36
 IW V ,

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so n I © P
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e
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et ci e te u a A n ir
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to d to e h E su
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REAL WORLD

Q Look at the UK road signs above. Match them

with the information each is giving.
A You are approaching a roundabout
B National speed limit applies
C No motor vehicles allowed
D No entry
E Maximum length of vehicle
F No overtaking
t I • • .I * * ।r ii • i

A rough guide to
Thinking of driving in the UK? Then check out the
DRIVING IN THE UK following tips to make sure you do so safely and legally.

REQUIREMENTS KEY DIFFERENCES FOR OVERSEAS DRIVERS W

As with most countries, you are required to have a The most obvious difference for most overseas drivers is that in the UK
driving licence and insurance. If you already have a we drive on the left. But there are a few other aspects to UK driving
licence from your own country, then you are permitted that can confuse people. Because we drive on the left, remember to go A i
to drive in the UK for the first year of your stay. clockwise around roundabouts and give way to the cars on the I
Thereafter you need to apply for a provisional licence roundabout coming from your right-hand side. Also on motorways and I
and then take a UK test. Note that if you are in the UK to A-roads, you overtake on the right of the other vehicle - it is illegal to I
visit and want to rent a car, many rental firms may do so on the left-hand side. I
require you to be over 21. UK streets are often narrower than many visitors are used to and you |
ROADS AND SPEEDS
need to keep an eye out for one-way systems and lane markings
because if you find yourself in the wrong lane, you may be forced to
Remember that UK road distances and speeds are given take a turning you hadn’t intended to.
in miles, not km. A mile is approximately 1.6 km, so for
example, 60 miles is roughly 97 km. Speaking of speed AVOID FINES
limits, it’s important to recognise the different types of There are a number of simple and common ways that people can break
road in the UK and their respective limits. M-roads are the laws of the road, so be aware of the following:
motorways - the largest and fastest roads - usually
• Seatbelts are compulsory. If you are pulled over by the police, you
with two to four lanes and with a speed limit of 70 mph.
can be fined if you or any of your passengers are not wearing one.
These usually connect city to city. A-roads are the most
common roads in the UK, and for the most part have a • Parking - yellow lines, especially double yellow lines, indicate no
speed limit of 60 mph outside of built-up areas but this parking at any time. Note that most streets in the centre of cities do
can drop to 30 mph in urban areas, and even 20 mph not allow parking or may have parking restricted until after peak
close to schools. B-roads are smaller connecting roads hours. There is usually a sign to indicate what these restrictions
whose speed limit again depends on where they are might be.
situated. Watch out for yellow speed cameras, • There are very few toll roads in the UK, but be aware that in the
especially in urban areas, or you may get a nasty fine. centre of London there is a congestion charge, currently at £11.50
per day, which should be paid in advance.

38
Read the guide to driving in the UK and decide if the B O 018 Listen again and correct the mistakes in these
statements are true or false. sentences that you might use in these contexts.

1 If you rent a car in the UK, you can use your license
from your own country.
PHRASES YOU MIGHT USE
2 You can only rent a car if you are over 21. 1 I'm lo o k in g fo r rent a car on Friday.
3 The maximum speed on any UK road is 70 mph. 2 A m I correct o f assum ing I'm OK to use that?
4 You overtake cars using the left-hand lane on a road 3 I th in k w e 'll g o the Gold package
with two or more lanes. 4 B etter y o u a re safe th a n sorry.
5 Double yellow lines mean you can only park at that 5 W e ll, I'm n o t e x p e rt, b u t I think there is a
place at certain times of the day. problem with the cooling system.
6 There is a daily charge for driving in the centre of
London. Watch the video. What do you learn about

Find words or phrases in the text that mean the the early years of Formula 1?

following: qualifying practice?

race length and duration?
1 maximum speed on a road
2 go past another car the two championships?
3 urban
4 road junction Work with a partner and answer the questions.
5 stopped and questioned
1 Why do you think motorsports are so popular?
6 made to pay a financial penalty
2 If you could test drive a Formula 1 car, would you
7 the busiest times for traffic
do so?
8 pay to use
3 Should motorsports change from using petrol engines
to electric engines?
Work with a partner. Which driving rules about your
country do you think would be most important for
an overseas visitor to know?
WATCH
Q 018 Listen to two conversations related to cars
What situations does each represent?

>018 Listen again and match the sentences halves

you might hear in these situations.

PHRASES YOU MIGHT HEAR

1 I would suggest you go for
2 It will work out
3 There is an insurance excess of £500
4
5
It offers fully comprehensive cover
We aim
I®
6 Can you pop
I think I've got
8 They will have you up

A with the exception of scratches and dents,

B our weekly rental package.
and running again in no time. MANAGING THE SHARING OF TASKS IN A PROJECT
D cheaper for you than paying a daily rate.
E to please. Work in groups of three. Choose a famous car to
F the bonnet open? research and prepare a short presentation on it that
G to the bottom of this. covers the following points. Agree on who will
H in the event of an accident. produce each part of the presentation, what
materials you will use and how you will present it to
the class.
the origins of the car
what made the car famous
why you chose the car

UNIT 2 ON THE MOVE

 pr ogr ess chi
PERSONALITY TENSES
7 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the 4 Choose the correct option to complete the text.
words in the box.

insecure knowledgeable narrow-minded

humble conscientious creative

7 Joan never went to university, and yet she's incredibly

.............................. about a range of subjects, from before I started travelling
astronomy to zoology.
2 In m y.................................... opinion - and I may be Hope. Fear. Excitement. I've been on a
wrong about this - Dixon will get the job. round-the-w orld backpacking trip for three
3 She was lacking confidence and often felt a sense of months now, and the experience
..................... about her appearance, even though (1 )................................... all o f those things.
many considered her to be phenomenally beautiful.
When I left home and hit the road, I d id n 't
4 Although he thinks of himself as being tolerant and open,
really know what to expect because I
he can actually be ve ry............................. about
(2 ).................................... solo before. I was a
some things.
rookie, and to be honest, I d id n 't have much
5 Dave's always been careful and methodical, and he is always
idea of what I (3 )................................... .
ve ry.............................about checking his work.
Basically, I (4 )..................................... my
6 My brother was incredibly..................................... as
guid e b o o k for the first few weeks. So if I
a child and was always pretending to be a dinosaur, or
inventing a brand new language, that kind of thing. could give my younger self some travel
advice, here's what I'd say.
Firstly, bear in mind that people are the best
QUESTION FORMS resource. You aren't the first person to travel
2 Rearrange the words to form sentences. the world. You (5 )..................................... new
continents - there's a well-worn travel trail
7 your / he / graduated / brothers / has / One / of / o u t there, and people to guide you along the
just / hasn't / ? way. So ask the hostel receptionist to
2 you / What / would / I / didn't / told / believe / you / recom m end a place to grab a bite to eat, or
say / if / you / I / ?
see what a travel b lo g g e r says about the
3 starts / Would / you / what / mind / confirming / the / museum she (6 )................................... the
time / party / ?
other day.
4 you / mouth / full / refrain / Please / could / from /
Remember that trip to Cuba in 2019 when
with / your / talking / .
you packed more toiletries than you could
5 you / your / you're / agree / overly / that / dependent /
carry? Save yourself the hassle and only pack
on / phone / Don't / ?
the essentials. Then you (7)
.................................. less to carry. Trust me,
NEGATIVE PREFIXES there's no way you'll need as many things as
you (8 )................................... when you're on
3 Find and correct the mistakes in the sentences.
the road!
We had the misfortune to have a totally uncompetent
builder working for us, who completely misunderstood
what he was asked to do.
It's irrational to argue that because buying a home is 7 a has provided b provided
inaffordable that therefore there's no point saving up 2 a haven't travelled b hadn't travelled
for one! 3 a was doing b had been doing
The President accused the media of being discourteous to 4 a just followed b have just followed
him and of trying to unstabilise the government through 5 a aren't discovering b don't discover
fake news. 6 a has visited b visited
Before you enter the building you need to unable the 7 a are going to have b will have
alarm system. Let me know if you are incapable of doing a b
8 think will think
this and I will send someone to help you.
GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES ADVERB MODIFIERS
5 Choose the correct option to complete the 8 Choose the correct option to complete the sentences.
sentences.
7 It was easily
1 I hope you can forgive m e................your birthday. a the filthiest hotel room I'd ever seen.
a for not remembering b not to remember b an exceptionally filthy hotel room.
2 It'll be up to yo u ...............a taxi home after the 2 His driving skills are absolutely
party. a bad and I wonder how he passed his test.
a for organising b to organise b awful and I wouldn't be surprised if he has an
3 I'm sad because Mark has moved away and I accident.
didn't get the chance...............goodbye before 3 Vegetarian food can be considerably
he left. a more nutritious than you might expect.
a of saying b to say b good for you when cooked well.
4 I really regret................ more sport when I was at 4 I'd say that Janine is by far
college.
a more extrovert than either of her sisters.
a not having played b not to have played b the most outgoing person in her family.
5 He seems to be absolutely incapable...............
5 In some countries, putting your feet on the table is
when he's been tactless.
considered extremely
a to realise b of realising a unacceptable.
6 There's no way I will get that homework done by
b anti-social.
tomorrow, so I am thinking of asking the teacher if
she will let m e................an extension.
a having b have PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES (1)
9 Read Alice’s travel plans and add in the missing
TRAVEL prepositions.

6 Complete the sentences with a word or phrase

from the box in the correct form. I've always wanted to take a year out when I finish school,
but for a while I was in two minds about whether to spend
boot board reverse overtake give way
it working or travelling. So I've opted for the best of both
worlds - the plan is to start by working to save up some
7 The easiest way to get into a parking space is by
money, and then spend a couple of months the road. It has
........ into it.
to be that w ay round of course account of the cost of the
2 Families with young children are invited to
trip! People with language skills like me are very much
the aircraft now.
demand in the workforce in my hometown apparently, so
3 Don't ever...............the vehicle in front unless you
know it's absolutely safe to do so. I'm reasonably hopeful I should get a job no time!

4 The...............of our family car is so tiny that we When my dad was my age he drove across the US from
have bought a luggage rack to go on the roof. east coast to west coast. I'm going for a very similar
5 What typically happens at busy intersections is that itinerary, except that I'm doing the trip reverse, starting in
smaller vehicles........ to larger ones, and in LA and heading for New York. Dad was only 18 and didn't
general the system works well. think it was a big deal the time. But, contrast, my trip's like
the biggest deal ever for him and mum, though I guess it's
DETERMINERS AND QUANTIFIERS sweet that they're concerned about me! There's no w ay I'd
do the trip on my own, so I'll have my two besties (Chanelle
7 Choose the correct word for each gap. and Poppy) company. And we're not driving (like my dad
did). Instead, accordance with his 'suggestion', we're taking
7 Nowadays, nearly...............hotel in the world has
an online booking system, (each/every) trains. We'll be visiting cities the most part, like Denver and
Chicago. But times we'll probably get off the beaten track
2 The cab never showed up, so we ended up walking
the....... way home, (whole/all) and head out into some of the national parks.

3 Plans have been announced to extend the city's We're so excited - it's going to be this absolutely amazing
metro and construct................ seven stations, journey, literally of course, and also terms of being
(another/more) completely independent for the first time.
4 When planning a journey, I choose...............
mode of transport costs the least, (any/whatever)
5 The city transport authority owns...............of
buses, so in theory there should never be a
shortage in the event of things going wrong,
(plenty/enough)
 J959826 9 U ? W

►69UP

55 eoes

GETTING STARTED j

GRAMMAR
attitude towards money? CONDITIONALS (1)
a You can't take it with you - spend it now!
b Money doesn't buy happiness. GRAMMAR ON THE MOVE
c Money makes the world go round.
Watch the video
2 What do you do if you need money to buy something
expensive?
a Save up until you have the money you need.
-z GRAMMAR REFERENCE I Conditionals (1): Page 204
b Borrow the money from a bank or pay for it on
your credit card. 1 Find three examples of conditional questions in the
c Arrange to pay for it in instalments on direct quiz. What type of conditional questions are they:
debit. Zero, First, Second or Third?
3 What would you do if you suddenly inherited a huge
2 Work with a partner. Discuss what the form(s) and
sum of money?
function of each conditional type in Exercise 1 are.
a Treat yourself to luxuries, like an expensive house
or a sports car. Zero conditional = lf+ present tense (conditional clause),
b Invest it wisely so that you never had to work present tense (result clause).
again. We use zero conditional to express facts and for things which
c Donate some of it to your favourite charity. are generally true.
4 Amrit found a £50 note on the pavement outside a
shop. He handed it over to the shop assistant in case 3 Look at these less common conditional structures.
the owner came in to claim it. What would you have Decide what type each one is. How did you decide?
done if you had found it?
J Max is going to do the charity fun run provided he
a Exactly the same as Amrit. gets enough sponsorship.
b Handed it in at the police station instead. 2 Supposing I suddenly became very wealthy, I'd invest
c Kept it and treated yourself to something nice. in the development of a young entrepreneur or a
start-up tech company.
2 Read the questions and underline any useful 3 As long as they're careful with their spending, it is
vocabulary related to money. Dossible for young people to survive on their student
oan.
4 I am taking some extra spending money with me in
case I see something I really like.
5 If you should need a larger overdraft, please let us
know and we can arrange it.

42
 4 Complete the conditional sentences with the words 5 Complete the sentences with your own ideas to make
in the box. You must use all the words. Then decide conditionals.
what type of conditional you think each sentence is.
1 I only lend money to people on condition that ...
2 Unless house prices decrease soon, ...
have been even if when would
3 I would accept a lower salary in my job as long as ....
unless if assuming could
4 Assuming that I have enough money, ...
1 Leah donates money to the wildlife charity every 5 I don't give money to charity unless ...
month......... she can't really afford it. 6 I wouldn't have bought...
2 If I were to tell you the perks were excellent,...............
you consider working for us?
3 ............. I've finished all my work, I'll come to the
festival with you.
4 Our accountant made some recommendations which,
........ followed, will put us back in profit for the
next financial year.
5 ............. I'm very much mistaken, this year will be our
best ever in terms of profits.
6 If the project had managed to stay on budget, we
might........ able to afford to employ more staff.
7 I'd spend my whole life travelling the world on a luxury
cruise ship if I ....... afford to.
8 ............. you take out a mortgage, you are always at
risk of having your home repossessed by the bank.

' VOCABULARY]
MONEY 2 Write one of the words in italics from Exercise 1 next
to each definition.
7 Match the two halves of the sentences.
7 being successful and having lots of money
7 My uncle is filing for bankruptcy
2 when you spend more money than you have in your
2 The millionaire's son squandered all of his inheritance bank account
money 3 when a business's costs and their profits are the same.
3 Tom's new business idea is expected to be quite 4 legally declared as unable to pay one's debts
lucrative;
5 wealthy
4 The deal they offered was a total rip-off;
6 items of value owned by a person of business
5 Thanks to booming economies in many countries,
7 to waste money
6 The opportunity for our farmers to take out business
8 total amount spent
loans
9 not worth what you paid
7 Government expenditure on education has risen
70 profitable
8 Because I forgot to cancel my direct debit,
9 Most businesses don't make a profit in their first year; Choose the better option.
70 The company has a large number of assets,
7 Working in the Middle East can be very prosperous/
A due to an increase in the birth rate. lucrative for professionals.
B you end up paying way more than the normal price. 2 It was my own fault that my account became
C in fact, they're lucky if they manage to break even. overdrawn/bankrupt. I spent way beyond my means.
D including property, vehicles and stock. 3 Sometimes the government seems to be squandering/
E on holidays, partying and in casinos. expending our taxes on things that don't benefit the
country.
F in fact, he's hoping to retire on the proceeds.
4 Because Deepa was only selling the products for £30
G has led to greater prosperity in the region.
each, her profits were so low that she only managed to
H Europeans are much more a#/uent than they used
rip-off/break even.
to be.
5 Increased affluence/assets is the natural outcome of a
I I ended up with an overdraft.
flourishing economy.
J because his business has failed.
4 Write your own example sentences using the incorrect
options in Exercise 3.

UNIT 3 ROILING IN MONTY 43

LISTENING i TRAINING

Look at the pictures which show forms of currency in the past. What does
each show and where/when do you think they were used instead of money?

© 019 You are going to listen to a speaker talking about salt being used
as currency. You will hear the recording twice. Answer question 1.
1 What reason does she give for salt being used as money?
A It was common.
B Laws had made it scarce.
C It was inexpensive.

3 © 019 Listen again and answer question 2.

2 What does the speaker want to know about the topic?
A why the regulations existed
B how common the practice was
C whether it's related to a saying

4 © 020 You are now going to listen to a speaker talking about seashells
as currency. Read both questions first and then listen and answer.
1 What reason does the speaker give for their use?
A They were hard to imitate.
B Supply was plentiful.
C People thought they were more attractive.
2 What does the speaker want to know about the topic?
A the way in which the currency form affected language
B how the currency was moved from place to place
C where the shells originally came from

5 © 020 Listen again and check your answers to both questions.

6 Read the tip box below and think about the previous four exercises.
Which technique do you prefer for this kind of exam task?

LISTENING TECHNIQUE
Technique 1 - Focus on answering one question per listening.
Technique 2 - Attempt to answer both questions on the first listening and use
the second listening to check your answers.

© 021 You are now going to hear two more speakers talking about forms of currency.
You will hear them consecutively and then hear the recording again. Look at the task
and think about the listening techniques in Exercise 6. Then listen and choose the
correct options (A-E).

TASK 1 TASK 2
Choose from the list (A-E) the reason for this currency form Choose from the list (A-E) what the speaker wants to know
being used. about this currency form.
A People preferred it. Speaker 1 l_ A what happened to the Speaker 1 l_
product afterwards
B There was a plentiful supply. Speaker 2 B whether it is still used today Speaker 2 l_
C It cou d be easily transported. C why regulations existed

D The state controlled its D how commonly used it is

production.
E It allowed people to get E whether it relates to a saying
round legal restrictions.

EJ
J WRITING 2 : A REPORT
7 Read the exam task below. Then discuss and make notes on good
and bad financial habits that young people might have.

Your school or college has recently run a short Manage

Your Finances course for students. You took the course and
have been asked to write a report on your own spending
habits. Your report should say what your spending habits
were like before the course, what you learnt and how you
have applied it.

Bad habits: Impulse buying - buying things that you hadn’t planned
to, can’t afford and possibly don’t really need...

2 Read this report that a student wrote in answer to the question

in Exercise 1. Number each paragraph in the order you think it
should appear and then choose the correct heading for each.

WRITING TECHNIQUE
For a report or proposal, it's a good idea to give each section a
heading so that it has a clear structure. Make sure everything in
the section relates to the heading.

What the course taught me

Introduction
Recommendations
My spending habits before the course
Changes to my spending habits

I have already begun to change my habits. I now keep detailed records of everything I spend. I try to plan
ahead and take food and drink with me from home. I often walk instead of using the bus but only if it's a short
distance! I have even downloaded an app to help me find good prices when I'm shopping.
B ___________________________ □
Like most students, I don't have a lot of money. I have a student loan as well as a part-time job in a supermarket.
I was always spending more than I had in my account and having to ask my parents to help me out. I never
really tried to keep track of where my money was going; all I know is that it was nearly impossible to manage.

I encourage all college students to take the Manage your Finances course. I believe it will help all of us to
graduate with much less debt.

During the course we were made to list all our spending over the course of a month. What surprised me most
was how much I was wasting on unnecessary purchases, such as expensive drinks and snacks when I was out.
I was stunned to learn how all the small amounts added up over time. It was a real eye-opener!

I attended the college's Manage your Finances course from 23rd to 25th April. This report explains the effect this
programme has had on my own financial behaviour.

3 Replace the underlined words and phrases in the report with a better alternative from the box.

get the best deals going into overdraft overpriced my outgoings

make ends meet our expenditure am on a limited budget squandering

4 Look again at the ideas in Exercise 1 and the text in Exercise 2. Underline any ideas that you could
use to answer the exam task. Then write your own answer to the question using the same
paragraph structure.

UNIT 3 ROLLING IN MONTY 45

I GRAMMAR
VERB PATTERNS (2) - OBJECTS, REFLEXIVES
AND RECIPROCALS

GRAMMAR ON THE MOVE

Watch the video

7 Read the grammar information. Label the highlighted words

in the dialogue as direct object (D) or indirect object (I).

A direct object is the receiver of the action.

An indirect object is the person or thing for whom /which the
action is done.
A: Could you possibly lend me a tenner? I'm a bit short on cash
at the moment.
B: Again? You're always borrowing money from me!

2 Add suitable direct and indirect objects to the sentences.

What do you notice about the order of direct/indirect 4 Complete the gaps with a reflexive pronoun
objects when there is a preposition? (myself, herself, etc.), reciprocal pronoun
7 Shane's boss o ffe re d ................................... (each other, one another) or an object
2 The insurance company compensated................f o r ................. pronoun.
3 W ould you be able to advance..................................?
7 You can't sponsor................. Someone else
4 Your bad advice cost.................................... needs to sponsor you.
5 Lindsay w ith d re w ................ fro m ................. . 2 If you rent it out, the house will pay for
................ in five years.
3 Rearrange the words to form sentences.
3 It's vital to communicate w ith ................ if
7 to / about / and / can / each / Varnia / other / I / talk / you're in business together.
anything / . 4 Miguel and I tend to h e lp ................. out with
2 blames / business / family / for / failure / the / himself / odd jobs since we live next door to
the / Tony / of / .
3 able / 16 / be / to / after / should / Children / by / 5 You really need to p a y ................ back the
themselves / the / look / age / of / . money he lent you.

4 and / M y / clothes / sister / often / I / another's / wear / 6 Carla is really a p p ly in g ................. to her
one / . studies this semester - she's getting excellent

5 Family / presents / to / Day / give / Christmas / each / grades.

members / other / on / . O u r business broke even last year. O ur
profits and losses cancelled................out.
Ann is delighted that the manager
nom inated................. for Employee of the
Month.

5 Decide if you agree with the following

statements.

7 People who get into financial difficulties

should only blame themselves.
2 These days, it is incredibly easy to get
yourself into debt.
3 If you start a small business, it is important
that you and your main partners trust one
another implicitly.
4 I don't trust myself with money.
5 W e cannot rely on anyone to help us to be
financially responsible; we have to teach
ourselves how to be so.

G R A M M A R R E F E R E N C E I Verb patterns (2) -

Objects, reflexives and reciprocals: Page 2 0 5
READING AND USE OF ENGLISH PAR
1 Work in groups. Discuss the questions.
BEN PASTERNAK
1 W ho are the most successful entrepreneurs you
know of?
Although he dropped out of school in the tenth grade,
2 W hat do you think is a good age to start your own Ben Pasternak was voted one of the world's most
business? Why? influential teens by TIME magazine. Having started by
3 W hat characteristics make a good entrepreneur? creating iOS games Impossible Rush and Impossible
Diol, which became the number one trending apps in
2 Read the exam task below but don’t read the text several countries, he moved on to developing a buying-
yet. Then look at the exam strategies and decide if and-selling app specifically for teens called Flogg. His
you think they would be useful for this exam task success only grew with his next project, video chat
and why. Compare your ideas in groups. Dlatform Monkey, which he designed 'to fill the
oneliness void in teenagers'. Having reached 15 million
users and generated $2 million, Ben sold the platform to
You are going to read an article about young rivals, Holla. This young entrepreneur symbolises the
entrepreneurs. Choose from the sections creativity of the teen years. As the co-founder of
(A-C). The sections may be chosen more Monkey, Isiah Turner put it, Tm afraid to not be a teen
than once. in two years. Nobody takes you seriously as an adult'.

Which entrepreneur

1 set up a business based on an innate natural MINTZ

talent?

2 produced a product aimed at a specific age 'I love a challenge and I love problem solving,' says
group? 18-year-old Noa Mintz, who founded her company
Nannies by Noa when she was only 12. Perhaps because
3 used their stardom to advertise their business? she was herself a child, Noa instinctively knew what
4 has been formally recognised for their qualities were needed in a babysitter. She started off
achievements? matching family and friends with the ideal carers for their
children, and decided to turn her matchmaking skills into a
5 does the writer feel has the potential for
business. Nannies by Noa is a high-end agency, placing
continued success? staff with families in affluent areas of New York City and
the Hamptons. Often considered a low-skilled job,
7 Quickly read the whole text before you start looking nannying with Noa requires creativity, New York 'savvy'
at the options. and sometimes even a college degree. O f those who apply
for the prestigious positions on offer, the acceptance rate is
2 Underline the key words in the options.
very low due to the exceptionally high standards. Despite
3 Look for the exact key words in the options in the
being hugely successful, Noa has hired a CEO to run her
sections of the text.
business for her, so that she can continue her education.
4 Look for synonyms/paraphrases of the key words in
the options in the texts.
5 Look at all the options and for each section of the
text check all the options to see if they match the AMBER ATHERTON
information in the section.
6 Look at each option individually and then quickly Versatile entrepreneur, Amber Atherton, had already
skim-read all the sections and look for a match. tried business ideas as diverse as cuddly toys, e-cards and
7 If you find two text sections that match an option,
selling books online, when she achieved success running
write them both down next to the question and then
her ewellery business, MyFlashTrash. After a spell as a
move onto another option. When you have finished,
model and with a few acting roles under her belt, her
go back and choose the most suitable option. appearance on the reality show Mode in Chelseo gave
her the chance to get her company and products into the
8 Quickly check all your answers again when you
public eye, gaining her celebrity - and even royal -
have finished.
customers and led to her selling MyFlashTrash for an
estimated $2 million in 2016. Like all good business
3 Now do the exam task and use the strategies you
people, Amber moves with the times, her next business,
think are best.
Zyper, being a response to the social media age. Zyper is
4 Compare your answers with a partner and explain a community marketing software which enables brands to
engage with the top 1% of their customers, offering them
how you found the answers.
free products and other rewards. With world-famous
brands Topshop, Estee Lauder and Godiva chocolates
among her clients, Amber is definitely one to watch.

UNIT 3 ROILING IN MONEY 47

 ■

I
PUSH YOURSELF. C2
MONEY IDIOMS
7 Read the texts and focus on the money idioms in
bold. Match the idioms (1-10) with the meanings
(A-l). One of the meanings matches two idioms.

I'mfascinated by (1) rags to riches stories, and the other day

Iwas reading about Howard Schultz, the billionaire former
CEO of Starbucks, the coffee chain. Normally you expect such
people to have been (2) born with a silver spoon in their
mouth, but Schultz's experience was the opposite. He was
raised in a low income area and for many of his early years his
VERB COLLOCATIONS family (3) lived hand to mouth, struggling to (4) make ends
meet, and yet now he apparently has a net worth of almost
7 Choose verbs in the box that collocate with the $3 billion.
expressions in italics in sentences 1-10. There
may be more than one possibility.

pay make spend waste lose

My husband is terrible when it comes to money. Our bank
7 ...............no time in spending your wages balance is always (5) in the red, and yet we both earn
2 ...............money on unnecessary things
reasonable salaries. Ithink the problem is that he comes from
a family that has always (6) lived beyond its means. His
3 ...............off your debts
sister for example, works in a local supermarket and regularly
4 ...............a fortune on a deal
(7) splashes out on things she can't afford. I mean, she
5 ...............for the course in instalments drives a Porsche for heaven's sake - they (8) cost the earth!
6 ...............business due to the recession Iwould have to (9) break the bank to get one of those.
7 ...............a donation to charity Anyway, my husband is going to have to change his habits.
8 ...............someone back what you borrowed We are saving to get the deposit together for a mortgage this
9 ...............top dollar for rare items year and we'll need to (10) tighten our belts if we are going
10 ...............a living by selling cars to manage that.

Complete the sentences with the correct form of a

A in debt, owing money...............
verb collocation from Exercise 1.
B reduce costs and live more economically...............
7 In 2018 Jeff Bezos, CEO of Am azon,...............of C be really expensive...............
$2 billion to the homeless.
D be able to manage to pay for the things you need
2 I'm sure Bob w ill...............spending the money he
inherited from his grandfather.
E come from a wealthy and privileged background
3 He used to be a multi-millionaire but h e ...............
by investing too much in a company that later went
F spend money freely and without w o rry ...............
bankrupt.
G have barely enough money to live o n ...............
4 The antique shop in our tow n...............for rare
H start poor but later become extremely wealthy
editions of super hero comics from the 1950s
and 60s.
I spend more than you can a ffo rd...............
5 It's important for students to start...............their
student loan as soon as they get a job.
2 Work with a partner and answer the questions.

3 Work with a partner and answer the questions. 7 What are three things that you would like to have but
which cost the earth?
7 How do members of your family make a living?
2 Who are three famous people who you think were
2 Have you ever paid for anything in instalments?
born with a silver spoon in their mouth?
3 Do you ever waste money on unnecessary things?
3 Do you enjoy retail therapy - splashing out on things
What?
when you need to be cheered up?
4 Have you ever forgotten to pay back money you
4 What percentage of the population of your country
owed someone?
would you say regularly struggle to make ends meet?
5 Do you know any companies that have lost
5 Why do you think so many people in society live
business recently? Why?
beyond their means?

48
[ SPEAKING
ASKING FOR AND GIVING CLARIFICATION
1 You are going to listen to two students discussing a
topic related to money. Look at the words/phrases in
the box below from the conversation and if necessary,
check their meaning. What do you think the discussion
will be about?

cryptocurrency QR code decentralised

hack transaction verify online scammer
log in counterfeit peer-to-peer network

2 © 022 Now listen to the discussion. What is happening

in the conversation?
1 The two students are disagreeing about something.
2 One of the students is explaining something to the other.
3 The two students are discussing a technical problem.

3 © 022 Look at the phrases for checking understanding

and clarifying ideas. Then listen again and number
them in the order you hear them.
Let me rephrase that.
You've lost me there.
W hat do you mean by ...?
I'm afraid I don't follow.
I'm sorry I didn't quite get that last part.
So what you're saying is ...
Basically
W hat I mean is ...
Put simply
W hat I mean by that is ...
To put it in a nutshell

© 022 Listen again and put the phrases from Exercise 3 in the correct columns of the table.

CHECKING UNDERSTANDING CLARIFYING A N IDEA

5 Work with a partner and do the task below. Then swap roles.

Student A : Choose a topic from the list below that you know a lot about (or another topic of your own
choosing) and talk about it with Student B. Clarify any points using phrases from Exercise 4.
Student B: Listen to Student A and pretend you understand very little. Use the phrases and questions from
Exercise 4 to check your understanding.
Possible topics:
• how a credit card works
• opening a bank account
• how a mortgage works
• how the stock market works
• online fraud (phishing, spyware, trojans, etc.)
• using an online payment service such as PayPal
• online banking

UNIT 3 ROILING IN MONTY E l

 EXAM TO
LISTENING PAR
© E X A M FACTS O EXAM TIPS
• You hear five monologues o f around 30 seconds each on • Some candidates prefer to focus on one question per
the same topic. listening whereas others prefer to try to answer both
• You answer the same two questions for each monologue, questions the first time they listen and use the second time
choosing from a list o f eight options. to check the answers.

Q 023 You w ill hear five short extracts in which people are talking about events and services related to money.

Task 1 Task 2
For questions 1-5, choose from the list (A-H) the For questions 6-10, choose from the list (A-H) how
purpose of each event or service. each speaker feels about the event or services he or
she describes.
While you listen you must complete both tasks.

Speaker 1 1 .............. Speaker 1 6 ...............

Speaker 2 2 .............. Speaker 2 7 ...............
Speaker 3 3 .............. Speaker 3 8 ...............
Speaker 4 4 .............. Speaker 4 9 ...............
Speaker 5 5 .............. Speakers 10..............

A to collect useful data about shopping habits A curious about how it made money
B to make money from unwanted items B convinced it should be banned
C to publicise its benefits for the young C confident it would be enjoyable
D to give assistance to those who are less fortunate D confused about what it is for
E to get their business noticed E doubtful of consumer benefits
F to increase understanding of personal finance F interested in how it differs from similar events
G to encourage people to shop locally G annoyed that they wasted money on it
H to help the environment through recycling H disapproving of its appropriacy

fWRITING PART 2: A REPORTI

© E X A M FACTS o EXAM TIPS
• One o f the Part Two options is to write a report either for • Use a report format, which will usually include headings.
a superior (for example, your boss or college principal) or • Use appropriate language for making suggestions and
your peer group (classmates or colleagues). recommendations.
• You will have a prompt to draw on, but you can also use • Use formal language, especially if writing to a superior.
your own ideas and experience. Even if writing to peers, avoid very informal language.

Over the last year your school or college has been raising money in support of a local charity. You have been asked to
write a report for the staff and students on the past year of fundraising activities for the charity.
In your report you should briefly describe the chosen charity and its aims, evaluate the overall success of the fundraising
and explain which activities were the most successful.

50
[READINGANDUSEOFENGLISHPART8 j © EXAM FACTS
You are going to read six reviews of digital finance apps. For questions • You need to identify which paragraph
o f a text information contains the
1-10, choose from the reviews (A-F). The reviews may be chosen more answers to the questions.
than once. • The text is usually either a single text
divided into sections or several short
Which app separate texts on the same subject
1 claims to be particularly useful for those with little experience of financial matter.
investment?
2 can assist someone whose debts have involved them in a legal process?
3 can be programmed to provide information you have requested as soon as
it is available?
o EXAM TIPS
• Underline the key words/ideas in each
4 requires users to buy a piece of equipment to use alongside the app? question and look for which paragraph
5 can give you advance notice of anticipated future prices? or section expresses them, but be
aware that they will be expressed in
6 enables you to benefit financially from expert opinion?
different words.
7 generates information for people working in a particular industry?
• Often there will be more than one
8 claims to be of particular value to people who are extravagant? section that mentions the same topics or
9 has expanded rapidly into a worldwide market? ideas as the question, but only one will
EXACTLY match the question.
10 provides information specific to wherever you happen to be?

A Landrock D CrystalGro
Endorsed by no less than the Chief Financial Officer of a CrystalGro is a great app for those who want their money
major international bank, this free app is described by its to grow but don’t know where to start. You link the app to
creators as a ‘financial champion’, meaning that it puts your debit and credit cards, and when you make a
customers’ needs first and gives them tailor-made purchase, it rounds up the amount and puts the difference
guidance on taking control of their money. Landrock in index funds recommended by Brandon Carter, the
tracks your spending and identifies wasteful behaviour, international prize winning economist. To make it work
such as paying for subscriptions you don’t use and paying best for you, you need to keep spending, but it’s easy to
more than you need to for utilities. This app is the ideal ‘set it and forget it’, so that you are automatically growing
investment if you tend to squander your hard-earned cash your money. CrystalGro charges a fee but as long as your
and regularly get into debt before payday, as it comes up account is active, you’ll be quids in!
with practical ways of reducing unnecessary expenditure.
E Sparrowhawk
You can also set up a savings account within the app for
all the money you will save! With over 30 million apps installed, Sparrowhawk is a
super popular way to save money on travel and holidays.
B Jeremiah
This app monitors the cost of millions of worldwide flights
Jeremiah was developed five years ago in response to the daily so that it is able to predict likely changes. Type in
knowledge that one third of food is wasted. Jeremiah your home city, chosen holiday destination and the range
combines a tablet app, which identifies the type of food of dates you are interested in, and you can receive clear
being binned, and an electronic scale to work out the information on how much your journey is likely to set you
value of the food wasted. This awareness prompts chefs back at any time throughout the year. It’s invaluable if you
and other senior staff in professional kitchens to have flexibility in your travel requirements and means
reconsider their production methods and reduce waste. In you’re no longer at the mercy of the enormous fluctuations
the first couple of years, one restaurant, Cariota’s, saved in the travel industry that you would otherwise suffer from.
over £4000 in a month, and more than 150 kitchens cut
F Betony
the amount of food wasted by half.
Betony is aimed at anyone who wants to save money, but
C Willow
it has been of particular benefit to those recovering from
This award-winning app aims to help users reduce bankruptcy. Once your bank account is linked to the app,
expenditure by drawing their attention to the best offers it checks your spending and transfers what you can safely
and discounts around. Willow covers all your needs from afford to your Betony account. Betony guarantees that you
food, clothes and beauty products to flights, hotels and will not go overdrawn while using the app, giving you
car rentals. All the best deals around your current location peace of mind while you budget and save. By using this
are displayed on a map, making it easy to avoid getting app, hotel manager Sylvia Reynolds saved over $10,000
ripped off. You also have access to a huge number of in two years, which she was then able to grow through
coupons, online codes and cashback offers, and you can careful investment. Use Betony free for three months and
set up alerts based on products you are currently then a small fee applies. The popularity of the app has
interested in. There is also a useful section on relevant rocketed, and it is now being used across the globe,
consumer law as it might affect you. making an estimated total saving of $25 million a year.

UNIT 3 ROLLING IN MONEY 51

RE AL WORLD

Choosing a bank account

Work with a partner and discuss the
questions. Opening your first bank account is something that
needs careful consideration. But how do you choose
Do you have a bank account of any type?
a bank account? Here are some points to consider:
If so, what factors did you consider when
choosing your bank and the account type?
Do you do any banking online? Would you 1. Can a fully online bank meet all my needs?
use an online-only bank?
Young people are usually quite (1) tech-savvy. They are much more likely
to operate their bank account from their phone and visiting the branch in
Choose the advice that you think will be
person is probably a relatively rare event. Online banks (which don’t have
given by the writer in the guide. Then read physical branches) are an attractive prospect because they often offer
and check. higher rates of interest. However, there are times when it might be
Choose a 'physical' bank rather than
preferable to speak to your bank face to face, such as withdrawing large
a fully online one.
amounts of cash or seeking financial advice regarding a loan. This will
almost certainly be easier in a real bank branch.
Always choose the account with the
highest interest rate. 2. Interest rates, fees and penalties
Make sure the account you choose
When choosing a bank account, look at what is on offer and (2) weigh up
doesn't charge fees for other
what is best for your circumstances. If you want to save then look for
bank services.
accounts that offer higher interest rates but be aware that this may be at
Choose a bank with a branch close to
the cost of limited access to your cash. Some charge monthly fees but
where you live.
offer benefits in return, such as travel and mobile phone insurance and car
Beware of attractive offers for new breakdown cover that may be useful to you. Some offer free overdraft
customers. facilities for when you spend more than is in your account, but others may
charge for this service.
Look at the numbered words and phrases in
the text and choose the best synonym for 3. Accessibility of branches
each. Choose a, b or both. Almost all high street banks tend to offer the same basic services: a debit
I a technophobic b technophile card, online banking, ATM access, branch access and even a cheque book,
so it may (3) come down to whether there is a branch near where you
2 a evaluate b consider
live, work or study. Remember though, that you are likely to be with the
3 a be conditional on b depend on
bank longer than you are in your student accommodation, college or
4 a confused by b deceived by workplace, so make sure your bank has plenty of branches wherever you
5 a take into account b consider are likely to be in the future.

4. Don’t be (4) taken in by short-term benefits

Banks compete fiercely for student business with various rewards given in
return for opening an account with them. Some even offer you a cash
reward for doing so. Such offers might seem superficially attractive, but
ask yourself how useful they really are to you personally and weigh them
up against the possible disadvantages of that bank in the long term.

5. Take your time and seek advice

Your family and friends may all have experience with different banks, so
take time to chat to them and find out what they recommend. (5) Bear in
mind, though, that not all advice may be relevant to your circumstances.
Give yourself enough time to look into all your options. However, if you’re
starting university, don’t leave it until you arrive - you’ll be too busy to
52 dedicate the time this important decision deserves.
 dn
a
m
e
d
no
Work with a partner. Do you agree or disagree with D o You are going to watch the video about the
re
any of the advice in the article? Is there any other world’s top 5 financial centres. Look at the list and ra
e
advice you would add? decide which order (1st to 5th) you think they will b
eh
appear in. Then watch the video to check and make (
Q 024 You will hear three dialogues related to n:
notes on each. p
money. Answer the questions. ot
Tokyo
Conversation 1
London
W hat type of bank account does the customer want
New York
to open?
Hong Kong
W hat is the bank going to send the customer?
Singapore
W hat does the teller say about online security?
C onversation 2
1 W hat does the customer want to do and why?
2 W hat does the shop assistant offer her?
WATCH
Conversation 3
W hy does Dominique have no money?
W hat suggestion does Pete make?
Is Pete sympathetic to Dominique's situation?

Q 024 Choose the better option for each sentence.

Then listen to Conversations 1 and 2 again and check.

PHRASES YOU MIGHT HEAR

We just need to see some proof of identity/
identification for you both.
You'll have a password/passcode and you'll set up
security/safety questions with secret answers to
protect your account.
Unfortunately, we can't give a refund/return on these
items because they were in the sale.
The credit note is valuable/valid for up to six months.

025 Listen to Conversation 3 again. Complete the

phrases they use. Then match them with the
meanings.

PHRASES YOU MIGHT USE

I am fla t..................
Sorry, Dominique, but this time I cannot
y o u ............... .
I am pretty m uch...................................
until the end of the semester.
I .................................the money I
for the fees, just to get by.
Sooner or later you are going to have to

You have..............
Dad long enough.
me and Mum and LIFE COMPETENCIES
saved up
TAKING CONTROL OF LEARNING
rescue financially
Go online and find a video in English on managing
be responsible for your own financial obligations personal finances that you think would benefit
have just enough money to live on and nothing extra
students in your class. Present it to the class and
take out money you had saved, especially when you
explain why you chose this video in terms of:
shouldn't
borrowed money from other people, exploiting their the content of the video
generosity the presentation of information in the video
no money the language level of the video

UNIT 3 ROLLING IN MONEY 53

[ GETTING STARTED
Work in groups. Do the quiz.

[l is t ening PART 2 TRAINING

So, yo u th in k yo u k n o w a b o u t space? You are going to hear a student giving a presentation

Then put y o u r k n o w le d g e to the test to his college astronomy club about a recent
w ith this intergalactic quiz! discovery made by scientists in the United States.
First, look at Questions 1-4. Then, read the ‘Listening
Round 1 - closest guess scores the p o in t Technique’ box and answer the questions in it.
How fast is the speed of light?
PLA N E T 9
2 How many times wider is the Earth in
Darren says that the newly discovered body should be
comparison with the Moon?
considered as a planet on account of its ( 1 ) ................ .
3 Approximately how much does a NASA People have used the phrase ( 2 ) ................ to describe the
spacesuit cost in US dollars?
body's behaviour.
W hat is the diameter of the largest asteroid ever Planet 9 helps to explain the movements of a group of
discovered? ( 3 ) ................ objects in the Kuiper Belt.
5 In which year will the orbit of Halley's Comet It was noticed that all of these objects were at the same
next bring it past the Earth? ( 4 ) ................ in their orbit of Planet 9.
This could be only the ( 5 ) ................ planet discovered in
the solar system in modern times.
Round 2 - tru e o r false?
As one of the first planets in the solar system, Planet 9
The largest ever discovery of water in outer
might have developed by collecting ( 6 ) ................ .
space was a vapour cloud which contains almost
as much water as in all the Earth's oceans. Planet 9's orbit can be explained as being the resuIt of the
effects of Jupiter's ( 7 ) ................ on it.
2 The footprints left on the moon by astronauts
At present there is still no ( 8 ) ................ to support Batygin
between 1969 and 1972 are still visible.
and Brown's theories about Planet 9.
3 Scientists believe there is a planet made from
diamonds.
There is no sound in space.
5 More solar energy hits the earth every hour
than the entire Earth population consumes in
a year.

Bonus round: (1 point for each)

Name all the planets in our solar system.
 2 © 026 Now listen to the first part of the presentation
and answer questions 1-4. LISTENING TECHNIQUE
Always read the notes/questions before you listen, and decide
3 Q 027 Look at questions 5-8. Think about the what part of speech (noun, verb, adjective, adverb, phrase) is
missing parts of speech for each gap and think of needed to fill each gap. Remember that the speaker is probably
synonyms for the underlined words or phrases. Then going to use synonyms and paraphrases of the words in the
sentences around the gaps.
listen to the second part of the presentation and
Look at these clues for questions 1-4.
complete the gaps.
(1) W hat could be a characteristic (noun) of the body which
4 Work with a partner. Think of some ideas for a name makes it a planet?
if Planet 9 is confirmed as a planet and have a class (2) How many words are you listening for here?

vote on the best. (3) W hat parts of speech would you expect to go before objects
here in this sentence?
(4) The key to this answer is to listen out for a synonym of same

f VOCABULARY in the audio. What synonyms can you think of?

SPACE
1 Decide which of these words form compound nouns 3 Complete the sentences with words and phrases
with space in English. from the box that collocate naturally with space in
these contexts.
suit / spacesuit craft/ship satellite
planet shuttle orbit
breathing confined hard disk waste
rocket asteroid outer
stared parking storage personal bar
race travel aliens
probe tourism station 1 I couldn't save that file because I don't have enough
............................. space on my laptop.
Complete the sentences with a compound noun from 2 So many people in my street have cars that sometimes
Exercise 1 in the correct form. it can be real y tough to find a ............................
space.
1 A ......................................needs to be able to keep an
astronaut safe and withstand extremes of temperature. 3 Claustrophobia is the fear o f....................................
spaces.
2 Some historians say that the high costs of the
.............................between the USA and the 4 For a moment, he said nothing and just
USSR in the 1960s, 70s and 80s contributed to the ............................ into space.
eventual disintegration of the Soviet Union. 5 The teacher has extended the deadline for the class
3 I desperately hope that.................................... will project until next week, so we have a little extra
become more affordable, as my ultimate dream is to .............................space.
orbit the earth myself. 6 Why are you going out with him? He's a complete
4 In 1977, NASA launched two unmanned .............................of space.
.............................intended to study Saturn, 7 The space..................................... on your keyboard is
Jupiter and their moons. the long button at the bottom.
5 In order for a ..................................... to escape the 8 Many people feel uncomfortable when you get too
Earths gravity, it needs to hit a velocity of 11 km per close to them and invade their............................
second. space.

4 Go online and find more examples of common

collocations with the word space. Choose five
collocations or phrases that you think would be the
most useful to learn.

UNIT 4 THS NA TURAL WORLD

WRITING PART 2: AN EMAIL
1 Look at the following possible environmental 3 Now read Filip’s reply to George and answer the
projects/policies. Rank them 1-10 (with 1 being the questions.
most and 10 the least) in terms of how worthwhile
1 How many projects/policies does Filip mention in
you think they are or would be in your country.
his email?
charging extra tax on vehicles running on fossil fuels 2 Does he answer both of George's questions in relation
like petrol or diesel to each project/policy?
having car and vehicle free zones in cities 3 Is his email written in formal language?
stricter regulations for industrial emissions and 4 What is the function of the highlighted phrases?
contamination with severe punishments for violations Can you think of any other phrases you could use?
building more wind and solar power farms 5 Does Filip show a good variety of more complex
making solar panels for homes more affordable language?
banning hunting of animals
reintroducing new populations of wild animals to an Hi George,
area sparsely populated by humans Thanks very much for your email. Your research
organising public litter collections sounds intriguing and I am happy to give you my
protection of endangered species perspective on it.
As you know, my area is renowned for its beautiful
2 Look at the exam task below: an email from an
beaches and coastal scenery. These attractions
English-speaking friend. Answer the questions. draw millions of visitors every year but, regrettably
as a result, such heavy tourism is having a
negative environmental impact and something
As part of my course, I'm researching what is being needs to be done about it. Given that this damage
done around the world to help protect the is being caused by tourism, it is my firm belief that
environment. I'd really love to know what kind of
the profits made by local businesses in these areas
environmental projects or policies you would like to
should in part pay for their protection. As far as I
see in your country, and what the benefits of these
am aware this is currently not the case, and I am
could be.
convinced that this needs to change.
If you could let me know, I'd be really grateful, and I
look forward to hearing from you. I’d also like to see money being invested in
environmental education both for tourists visiting
George
these areas and in our schools nationally. People
are more likely to want to take care of the
1 What two questions does George want answers to in environment if they understand the damage that
reply to his email? they are causing to the ecosystem. To my mind,
2 Remember that your answer needs to be between 220 a lot of environmental destruction is caused by
and 260 words. How many projects/policies do you ignorance. For example, if people are taught how
think you would need to include? to safely light campfires, we could avoid many of
the fires that devastate our forests every year.
3 Do you think the email reply should be written using
Based on personal experience, I would say that
formal, informal or neutral English?
once people become aware of the impact of their
actions, they will change. Moreover, if we ensure
that our kids are environmentally aware, they will
put pressure on older generations to behave more
responsibly.
Anyway, I hope that’s useful. I’d be really interested
to read your project once you’ve finished!
All the best,

Filip

4 Now write your own reply to George in 220-260

words. Think about your answers in Exercise 3 and
try to improve on any weaknesses you found in
Filip’s answer.
' GRAMMAR I PUSH YOURSELF C2
FUTURE CONTINUOUS, FUTURE PERFECT FUTURE TENSES FOR SPECULATING ABOUT
SIMPLE, FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS THE PRESENT AND PAST
AND 0 E + TO + INFINITIVE

GRAMMAR ON THE MOVE

DID YOU KNOW ?
Watch the video The future continuous, future perfect simple and future
perfect continuous can also be used to say what we imagine
to be true at this moment or even in the past. Look at this
conversation. Speaker B gives three possible answers using
I Complete the sentences with the verbs in the each of these tenses:
box. Use be + to + infinitive if possible and will + A: Where's dad? Has he gone to work?
infinitive where not. B: Yes, but he'll probably have arrived by now.
[= He's probably arrived.]
melt announce build become survive OR
B: I'm not so sure - the roads look very busy today, so he'll
1 The government...............tough new anti-littering probably be sitting in a traffic jam somewhere.
laws next week. = He's probably sitting.]
2 If the planet..............., we need to address the OR
key environmental problems now. B: Well' it's rush hour so he'll probably have been sitting in
3 The new electric car factory...............on the a traffic jam for the last 30 minutes!
outskirts of town. [= He has probably been sitting.]

4 Some experts predict that the polar ice caps

....... in the next 20 years.
Complete the dialogues by adding the verb in
5 Extreme weather conditions...............more
brackets in a suitable tense.
common unless we stop deforestation.
A: How come I haven't seen any hedgehogs for a
2 Complete the sentences using the future long time?
continuous, future perfect simple or future B: Well, it's winter now, so they
perfect continuous form of the verb in brackets. .............................at this time of year,
Each group of sentences will use the same tense. (hibernate)
A: Can I borrow the car, Mum?
a Next week is an important anniversary.
B: Well, I'm not planning on using it and your
It..................................... two years since I
father............................. it. Yes, that will be
became a vegan to help the environment, (be)
fine, (probably not need)
b The government's target for reducing vehicle
A: I haven't seen Sam for months. What do you
pollution.................................... by 2025.
think he'll............................ at the
(reach)
moment? (do)
a Supposedly, by around 2040 we
B: No idea. You know Sam. Since we saw him last,
.................................... petrol cars any more,
I can almost guarantee that he
(drive)
.............................for that environmental
b .................................... us on our visit to the
charity he joined, (still work)
nature reserve tomorrow? (join)
A: I hear you're going to visit some distant relatives
a When you come to visit us, we
this week.
..................................... in our eco-house for
B: That's right. It's been so long since I have seen
six months, (live)
them that I am sure they............................
b Don't expect him to help you this evening. He
what I look like by now. (forget)
..................................... in the garden all day
and will be tired and in need of a rest, (work)
2 Work with a partner. Write the names of some
people who are not in the same room as you are
3 Make optimistic and pessimistic predictions for
now. Tell your partner what you think they will be
the year 2050 using the grammar from this
doing, will have done or will have been doing. Use
section.
the future perfect and future continuous.
Pessimistic - The polar ice caps will have melted and sea
levels w ill have risen dramatically. My sister w ill probably have finished work now. I guess
Optimistic - We won’t be using plastic packaging for food she’ll be waiting for the bus a t the moment.
products anymore.

G R A M M A R R E F E R E N C E I Future continuous, Future

perfect simple, Future perfect continuous and be + to +
infinitive: Page 2 0 6

UNIT 4 ra f NATURAL WORLD 57

 TRACING 1
READING AND USE OF ENGLISH PAR
J Work with a partner. Say how 2 Read an article on sustainable fashion.
important the following Find the numerical information in the
considerations are for you when article. What does it refer to?
buying clothes. Be honest! 20 percent clothing production is responsible
what brand the clothes are for 20 percent o f global water pollution.

how much the clothes cost 350,000 tonnes one year

second biggest £255
what is in fashion at that time
how long the garment is likely to last 60 percent

whether the fabric is natural or

3 Four paragraphs have been removed from the article. Choose from
synthetic
the paragraphs A-E the one which fits each gap (1-4). Use the tips to
how far the item has travelled between
the factory and the shop help you. There is one extra paragraph which you do not need to use.
what the brand or manufacturer does
to help or harm the environment 4 Write the plan for a short blog post that gives tips and suggestions
on the topic ‘How to buy clothing more sustainably’.

SUSTAINABLE fashion
The environmental impact of the fashion industry is In contrast, the movement for sustainable
overwhelming. In fact, clothing production is responsible fashion advocates manufacturing and
for 20 percent of global industrial water pollution, and the buying processes that are kinder to the
industry as a whole is often said to be the world’s second environment. Many brands are adopting
biggest polluter. Every year, t he U K sends 350,000 tonnes eco-friendly fabrics such as Tencel, which
of clothing to landfill, and with the majority of this being is made from wood pulp, and can be
made from manmade materials such as polyester, it’s not recycled without the need for any
going anywhere any time soon. Many people are arguing chemicals. Denim, hemp and the likes of
that it’s lime to rethink this approach, especially given the recycled cashmere also tick the
questionable practices of some of the world’s major ‘sustainable’ box.
fashion producers.
Option A begins with the phrase In contrast and
mentions 'sustainable' fashion which is 'kinder to the
But wastefulness isn’t restricted to high-end stores. Arguably, the environment'. Which paragraph in the text mentions
consumer on the street is just as guilty. We’re buying 60 percent something which isn't sustainable and isn't kind to the
more clothing than fifteen years ago, but only keeping it for half as environment?
long. And it’s been estimated that 60 percent of all clothing made
globally ends up destroyed or in landfill within a year of production.
Others, however, take a bolder and less
conventional approach in order to highlight
The fact that firms are embracing this sort of approach perhaps issues of environmental concern, such as
shouldn’t seem too surprising. After all, what better way for a the horrific amount of plastic that finds its
corporation to signal to their consumer base that they believe in way into the oceans of the world, where it
helping the environment than by using materials that do just that? threatens the marine ecosystem. Fashion
3 designers such as Stella McCartney, as
The result of one such collaboration is a £255 winter coat, well as brands such as Adidas and Gucci
produced by the Danish fashion brand Moshi Moshi. It looks and are increasingly partnering with
feels just like a normal padded coat, and if you weren’t told environmental conservation groups and
otherwise, there’s no way you’d be able to tell that it was made sourcing materials for their products which
entirely from plastic bottles. ‘The fabric is very fine and has its have been converted from plastic salvaged
own design challenges,’ says the label’s owner Jenny Egsten- from the seas.
Ericson, ‘but the idea is to learn and get better with time, as we
believe this is a long-term strategy.’ This option begins with the word Others and talks
about how some people take a certain approach to
4 environmental problems. Where in the text is another
It’s a persuasive notion, and one that may well prove to be a group of people's approach mentioned?
major disrupter to the fashion world in the years to come.

58
f VOCABULARY 2 Complete the review, choosing the correct
collocation for each gap.

NOUN COLLOCATIONS NEWS REVIEWS ABOUT SEARCH

1 Match sentence halves 1-4 and A-D to complete the noun

One to watch with all the family ...
collocations in bold.

1 The creatures I find it most pleasurable to watch are birds of Coming soon to OnDemondTV is a
2 The predator at the top of the food stunning new eight-part documentary
series, O ur Fragile Planet. Presented by
3 These days there's almost no-one who denies that climate
(1) world - known/renowned ecologist
4 Mankind's relentless use of fossil
Dr Susie Walker, each episode focuses on
A change is one of the key issues facing our planet. a distinct natural (2) habitat/inhabitant,
starting with the Sierra Maestre mountain
B fuels over the last century has had a devastating impact.
C chain in this habitat is of course the mighty lion.
(3) range/group in Cuba. Walker's focus is
on the incredible (4) diversity/difference of
D prey - I'm just in awe of them! species within each of these locations, and
she makes a (5) complete/convincing case
that all of them, from the top predators to
the lowliest creature at the bottom of the
food (6) sequence/chain are highly
dependent on each other.
The breathtaking footage is amongst the
best ever seen in a wild ife documentary.
From the (7) marine/ocean mammals of
Australia to the lemurs of Vietnam, the
Many labels are known to destroy their unsold stock coverage makes this (8) crucial/compelling
rather than offer it at reduced prices and lower the viewing. The commentary is informative
perceived exclusivity of the brand. Some luxury too, with clear explanations of, for
manufacturers have even burnt billions of dollars’ example, how ocean (9) flows/currents
worth of clothing for this reason. play a key role in the redistribution of
nutrients throughout the globe. Perhaps
This paragraph mentions negative practices in the fashion unsurprisingly, some of the most
industry. Which part of the text introduces this idea in its final (10) noticeable/memorable scenes involve
sentence? animals hunting, with the sequence
in which a tiger moves in on its
prey in episode 3 being a
Buying second-hand clothing is another effective
particular highlight. We won't
way to keep down the amount of clothes that are
tell you how it ends - you'll
manufactured in a way that poses a threat to the have to tune in to find out!
environment. If you are buying a second-hand
garment instead of a new one, no extra industrial
Verdict ★ ★★★★
processing or production has been done in order
for you to have your new piece of clothing, and so
the environment benefits. Read the tip, then classify the collocations in
Exercises 1 and 2.
The key word here is another. Does the text have a paragraph
which mentions a different way to reduce the amount of
manufactured clothes?
DID YOU KNOW?
Collocations are words which naturally are used together
Whether it will be of course remains to be seen, in a language. Here we are focusing on noun collocations
but what is certain is that a highly professional and they come in different types:
appearance is achievable using these kinds of • adjective + noun • noun + o f + noun
manufacturing techniques. ‘The idea that • noun + noun • noun + adjective
sustainable fashion must be of lower quality, made It is a good idea to record words which strongly collocate
from less durable materials, or is generally less together to make your language sound more natural.
attractive is an outdated concept,’ says founder of
the RiLEY Studio, Riley Uggla.
4 Work in groups. Decide what makes a truly
What does it refer to in this option? great wildlife documentary programme. Use
some of the collocations from this section in
your discussion.

~UNIT 4 'THE NA TURAl WORLD 59

I GRAMMAR
VERB PATTERNS (3) - MULTI-WORD VERBS

GRAMMAR ON THE MOVE

Watch the video

1 Read the information in the Grammar reference

on page 207 and categorise the multi-word verbs
according to type. Then decide what each means.

1 How we d is p o s e o f our waste now will affect

future generations. 3 Decide whether the underlined adverbs in the following
2 Politicians need to p u t their differences a s id e sentences are in an appropriate position. Move any
for the benefit of the environment. that aren’t.
3 Too much plastic e n d s u p in the oceans,
1 Greenpeace was set initially up in Canada, but now
contaminating life there, but no one takes
operates throughout the world.
responsibility for c le a n in g it up.
2 It starts as a tiny seed but turns gradually into an
4 More and more species are d y in g o u t due to
enormous plant.
deforestation and destruction of natural habitats.
3 Much discarded plastic ends ultimately up in the ocean.
5 W e cannot le a v e it to governments to s o rt o u t
4 The oil industry accounts for significantly more a ir pollution
the environment; we need more direct action.
than any other.
6 M any manufacturers have d o n e a w a y w it h
5 W e plan to do away completely with disposable cups in all
micro-plastics, which k ill o f f marine life.
of our stores.
7 A lot of people have g o n e b a c k to growing
their own fruit and vegetables rather than buying
4 Rewrite the sentences to make them clearer.
mass-produced versions in supermarkets.
8 Governments across the world need to p u t 1 It is expected that it will take weeks or even months to clear
to g e th e r a plan to force industries to take the 45-kilometre-long oil slick up.
responsibility for the environmental damage 2 Environmental pressure groups have put several measures to
they cause. force companies to monitor their pollution levels forward.
9 Scientists are working to co m e u p w it h new 3 I'm planning to set a completely vegan cafe which will
types of plastic that are more biodegradable. advocate animal welfare up.
10 I c a ll o n governments around the world to 4 Foresters have had to chop ash trees affected with
resolve these issues together. disease down.

2 Look at the following sentences and focus on the Work in pairs. Use the multi-word verbs in this section and
multi-word verbs. Correct any mistakes in the make a list of suggestions or ideas for protecting the
word order. Then decide what each multi-word environment.
verb means.
W/e need to stop d isp o sin g o f plastic waste in the oceans as we
W hy do supermarkets in s is t o n using so much are k illin g o f f marine life.
plastic packaging on food products, and how is
G R A M M A R R E F E R E N C E I Verb patterns (3) -
Multi-word verbs: Page 207
Should cafes and restaurants be required to d o
a w a y plastic straws and cups w ith ?
If an oil tanker causes a spill in international
waters, whose responsibility should it be to
c le a r u p it?
Do you think that environmentalists' concerns are
exaggerated, or are they b a c k e d by science up?
W hat kind of fuel do the majority of vehicles in
your country ru n o n , and how is this affecting
air quality?
Should renewable energy be lo o k e d u p o n
as being morally superior to fossil fuels?

60
[ SPEAKING DID YOU KNOW?
Different cultures have different ideas on how long a silence
BUYING TIME AND KEEPING THE feels comfortable during a conversation. In English-speaking
CONVERSATION GOING countries such as the UK and the US, one to two seconds feels
comfortable. Anything longer can feel awkward. Therefore,
7 © 028 Match the HR manager’s questions w ith Mariza’s • feel free to wait one or two seconds before replying if you
answers during her job interview w ith a firm called Green need to think of what to say

Power For Tomorrow (GPFT). Then listen and check. • if you need longer than one or two seconds, then say
something in order to buy yourself some time
7 How do GPFT's core values reflect your own beliefs about This applies in formal situations such as the Speaking exam or
the environment? a job interview, as well as in social situations.
2 Being a recent graduate, do you think you have enough
experience for this post?
3 How would someone who knows you well describe you?
4 What do you think you'd be doing if you hadn't chosen
this career?
5 What do you hope you'll be doing in ten years' time?

...............Whilst it is true that I've only been in full-time work

for a year, during that time I have also gained valuable skills
by being involved in running various student groups. I am
sure this will benefit me in the role with GPFT.
...............Well, I'd like to be making a difference, to be
building a better future in some way. And I very much hope
that can be with GPFT.
...............If you asked a colleague or line manager, they'd
say I'm committed, focused and serious. But my friends look
upon me as a bit of a joker!
...............I've always been fascinated by the environment
and wildlife, so perhaps I'd have trained as a vet.
...............I'm passionate about reducing household
emissions, and I know the company shares this vision ...

© 028 Listen again and add the phrases Mariza used to

buy time.

Match 1-5 w ith A-E to make longer responses you could

use to keep a conversation going. Then decide the
function of each complete response.
how to begin to answer that.
I know what you mean - B I didn't catch that.
That's a tricky one to answer, I've had a very similar experience myself,
could you explain what you mean?
I wouldn't even know [ but I'll give it a go.

saying that you need more information

explaining that the question is difficult to answer
iii) asking for more information from the questioner
iv) empathising with what the other speaker has just said

4 Work w ith a partner. Practise taking turns and keeping the conversation going w ith
appropriate phrases from this section by discussing the follow ing opinions.

If all school children spent By living in cities, Depriving animals of It's inevitable that some
an hour a week collecting we lose sight of the their liberty by species of animal will die
and disposing of litter from beauty of nature. keeping them in out over time. This has
our streets, then the world zoos is inhumane. always been the case,
would be a better place. and protecting
endangered species is a
waste of time and money.

~UN/T 4 ~THE NATURAl WORLD 61

 EXAM TO
LISTENING PAR f WRITING PART 2: AN EMAIL]
© E X A M FACTS © E X A M FACTS
• In Part 2, you will hear a monologue, which contains • Part I and Part 2 have the same number o f marks.
information and is often a lecture or a presentation. • You must write between 220 and 260 words.
• The missing information is a word or short phrase stated
in the audio and should be written in capital letters on the
answer sheet.
Q EXAM TIPS
• Identify exactly what you are being asked to do, and
o E X A M TIPS underline any questions or instructions.
• Make notes on a separate piece o f paper and plan your
• Read the notes before listening to understand the subject email before you begin writing your actual answer.
and predict what the missing information is.
• Halfway through writing your answer, check your notes
• Check answers make sense, fit grammatically, are spelt again.
correctly and don't repeat information already in the notes.

You have received an email from an English friend.

0 029 You will hear a student called Matt Brady giving a
presentation on the subject of wildlife repopulation. For
questions 1-8, complete the sentences with a word or
I’m planning to come to your country for a week with
short phrase.
two friends from my college. We’d like to visit some
Matt describes rewilding as a particular approach to nature reserves during our stay. Can you suggest two
(1) of the environment. or three nature reserves we could visit? What would
Matt says that the word rewilding usually doesn't feature in we be able to see and do there, and what makes each
one so special for visitors from other countries?
(2 )................................ .
Matt feels that the success of the rewilding project at Knepp was Thanks for your help!
remarkable because it is so close to a large
Matilda
(3 )________________ •
Knepp now has the UK's highest number of one species of
(4 )________________ . Write your email in reply.
The location of a red kite reintroduction programme in Wales
has become a (5 ).................................
Matt was surprised to learn that bison can live away from
(6 )................................. in Holland. ’READING AND USE OF ENGLISH
Matt mentions the grey wolves in Yellowstone to give an
example of a project which is (7 ).................................
Matt argues that a rewilding pro ect can be considered a
success if it can be continued without
© E X A M FACTS
(8 )________________ .
• The whole text (including the removed paragraphs) is up
to 8 0 0 words long.
• This task tests that you understand how texts fit together,
and how ideas are developed throughout a text.

Q EXAM TIPS
• Start by reading the gapped text first so that you
understand the structure o f the whole text.
• Remember that each o f the missing paragraphs must make
sense with the one after it, as well as the one before it.
• Understanding what words like pronouns and linking
words/phrases refer to can help you.
You are going to read an extract from a magazine article.
Six paragraphs have been removed from the extract. Choose from the paragraphs A-G the one
which fits each gap 1-6. There is one extra paragraph which you do not need to use.

The Great Pacific Garbage Patch

The world’s largest accumulation of ocean plastic is located between A The results demonstrate that pollution
Hawaii and California. Journalist Jamie Adamson reports on the most at sea, while densely clustered within
extensive analysis ever of this area. the patch, is still scattered. It does not
form a solid mass, and does not fit the
According to current estimates, some 2 million tonnes of plastic enter
‘trash island’ model.
the world’s oceans each year by means of rivers. Along with another
10 million tonnes arriving from other sources, that’s a staggering B It is the currents within the oceans
truckload of rubbish every single minute simply being dumped in the which play the most significant role in
sea. Plastic of course comes in all shapes and sizes. Food packaging the distribution of plastics around the
and drinks bottles are particularly common in oceans, as are nets world. In certain locations these
and other debris from fishing trawlers. Much of this plastic is simply currents converge, and one
thrown overboard, and more than half of it is less dense than water. consequence of this is the creation of
what have become unceremoniously
1 ..................
known as ocean garbage patches.
Another consequence of plastic’s resilience is that it takes a very
C Factors such as wind speed, sea state
long time to be broken down into smaller pieces, which in turn pose a
and buoyancy will influence the depth
threat to smaller sea creatures. In fact, it enters every single level of
below the surface of a plastic object.
the food chain, from miniscule plankton right up to whales. It even
Buoyant plastic will generally resurface
ends up in the seafood on our plates, as it simply will not degrade.
in calmer waters, and diminutive items
Plastic can last years at sea, during which it can be transported over
(sometimes referred to as nurdles) will
vast distances.
generally take longer.
2 .............
D Many of the world’s top
Perhaps the most widely known is the one in the Pacific, between the oceanographers were consulted as to
American states of Hawaii and California. It covers an area of roughly the most suitable way to get the plastic
1.6 million square kilometres (three times the size of France). To out of the sea and back to land, where
formulate this number, the team of scientists behind the research it could be disposed of safely. After
conducted the most elaborate sampling method ever co-ordinated. days of discussion, they were able to
reach a consensus.
3 .............
E While shocking in itself, this is in fact a
The scale of the patch exceeded all expectations. The mass of the
conservative estimate as the team only
1.8 trillion pieces of plastic it contained was estimated at 80,000
took into consideration the most
tonnes, equivalent in weight to 500 jumbo jets.
densely packed central area (with
4 ............. concentration levels as much as
hundreds of kilogrammes per square
And arguably they should have - the patch is constantly changing in
kilometre). Had the research team
location and shape, and items will shift towards the centre and then
included the less densely packed
back away from it. So the fact that an object has moved beyond a
peripheral boundaries, the figures
certain arbitrary point should not be taken as indicating that it is no
could easily be 20 percent higher.
longer part of the patch. In fact, only floating objects influenced more
by currents and less by wind are likely to remain in a similar position F For this reason, it does not sink, but
for long. remains on or close to the surface,
where it is frequently mistaken for food
by fish, birds or marine mammals, and
In order for the researchers to be in a position to identify the most swallowed. These creatures can then
suitable methods for cleaning up the garbage, they also need to starve, as the material they have
measure the vertical distribution, as not all plastic in the patch is swallowed is simply indigestible and
visible at the surface. yet their stomachs are full.

6 ............. G This consisted of a fleet of 30 boats,

652 surface nets and two flights over
Determined measures are finally under way to reduce the amount of
the patch to gather aerial imagery of the
plastic of all shapes and sizes in the Great Pacific Garbage Patch as
debris in a range of locations. Experts
well as other patches around the world. Nobody underestimates the
used this to build up a comprehensive
challenge of this enormous task, the vast costs involved, or the
picture of the task facing them.
urgency to tackle this global environmental problem.

NATURAL WORLD 63
REAL WORLD

OUT OF Few th in g s div ide o pin io n q u ite as m uch as the p r o s a n d cons

. o f space travel, s o le t ’s h e a r the argu m e nts on both sides.

FOR - astrophysics student Sangita Devi, Mumbai, India

Out of the 72 countries that claim to have a space programme, only a handful
in fact have actual launch capacity. The rest are dependent on pooling their
expertise and resources with other nations. It’s hard to think of another area
which brings together humans from all nations w ithout conflict.

2 _________
Because space exploration gives us a different perspective, it allows us to
view our planet in a different way - quite literally. For example, it enabled us
to identify ozone depletion in the upper atmosphere and begin a conversation
about the dangers of global warming, in order to keep the planet healthy for
our children and grandchildren.

With finite supplies of energy and raw materials on Earth, we need to find
1030 Listen to a scientist talking alternative sources. The rest of the solar system may contain minerals,

about everyday inventions that are precious metals and even new materials which we can benefit from if they
can be brought back to Earth in a cost-effective way.
thanks to research into space
explorations. One of them is untrue.
Opponents of space travel and research cite its high cost as being a major
Which one?
drawback. In actual fact, only $4 per year is spent on space travel for each
person on the planet. To put it another way, space only consumes 0.05
percent of the w orld’s GDP. Surely, as a species, we can stretch to that?

AGAINST - environmentalist Rudolf Hindjou, Windhoek, Namibia

In 2017, NASA announced the discovery of three Earth-sized planets in the

so-called Goldlilocks zone, where the distance from their star means it is
neither too hot nor too cold for life. The problem is that they are 40 light years
from us, so w hat we can observe now took place a long time ago. Think of the
changes in your own life just in the past five years, and apply that on a
planetary scale: how reliable can the knowledge gained from space
Read the text about the pros and cons exploration really be?
of space exploration and match the
headings with the arguments. After six decades of space travel, there are half a million items of trash in
orbit, which are likely to stay there forever. All this debris makes space travel
Space travel is hazardous.
more risky, because an impact with a spacecraft could have deadly results.
B What about all the rubbish?

We should ask ourselves whether funding extravagant space programmes is the

D Our understanding can be advanced.
right thing to do, given that there are millions of people starving around the
We need resources, and space may world.
provide the solution.
8 _________
Much of the information gathered is
Fewer than 600 people have been into space, where they were exposed to
already out-of-date.
high levels of radiation as well as weightlessness. At present, little is known
Going into space is more affordable
about the physical effects of this following their return to Earth.
than you might think.
9 _________
H The effects of space travel on the
Several fatalities have occurred since Soviet cosmonaut Valdimir Komarov
body are not fully understood.
was killed in his April 1967 space flight when a parachute failed to open,
Space travel is one of the few human
causing his capsule to crash. The distances travelled in space are so vast that
endeavours that really crosses
it would be virtually impossible to launch a rescue mission in the event of a
borders. crew needing to be saved.
Work in groups. Can you think of any more 1
arguments for or against space exploration? Then ’
discuss whether you think space research and
exploration is a positive or negative development.

Q 031 Look at the photo in the top right-hand corner

of the page. Which famous person and company do
you think it might refer to? Listen and check.

Q 031 Listen again. Match the words to make

phrases you might use for describing achievements.

PHRASES YOU MIGHT HEAR/USE

1 make a A off
□ Prepare a one-minute presentation to tell the class
2 crowning B it all
about a person that you admire. Use some of the
3 it wouldn't be an C less than
phrases above.
4 achieve D the odds
5 defy E success of (sth) D 0 Watch the video on the Space Race. Make notes on
6 pull F achievement the sequence of events and create a time line of key
do nothing G the impossible moments starting with the Space Race and leading
8 to cap H overstatement to ... up to the present day.

Complete the sentences with a suitable phrase from

Exercise 5.

1 James W att was a prolific inventor, but his

O WATCH M3WK5K

................................. has to be the invention of the

steam engine, which led the w ay for the Industrial
Revolution.
2 Elafonisi Beach in Crete is simply stunning. In fact
...............................describe it as the loveliest place
I've ever been.
3 N obody expected Donald Trump to become US
president. And yet, in 2016, he managed to
................................ and win the presidency.
4 It's no big deal to set up your own business, but the

LIFE COMPETENCIES
real challenge is whether you can
................................ it and actually earn a decent
living from it.
5 British TV presenter David Attenborough has TAKING CONTROL OF OWN LEARNING
fascinated millions of people through his TV wildlife
documentaries. But h is...............................has to In groups, prepare a short 2 minute presentation on
be raising awareness of the fragile state of our the International Space station. Work together to
ecosystem. decide and agree on what aspects of the ISS you will
6 I was about to get rid of my computer after it stopped focus on and how you will present it to the class,
working. But my sister has managed to
including:
................................ and get it working again!
7 W hat a day! I got married and had a fantastic party. • The format of the presentation
A n d ................................, the football team I • The information you want to include
support beat Barcelona 4 - 0 in the Champions League! • Any visuals or supplementary materials you might
want to use

UNIT 4 "THE NATURAL WORLD

 J W hat is a meme?
2 W hat memes do you know that have gone viral? 3 0 033 Now listen to Jake and Zara discussing Al (Artificial
3 Look at the photos. Can you write a comment Intelligence) and answer the questions.
for each to make them into memes?
7 How would you describe the attitude of Zara to Al?
A impressed by how useful it could be
B unsure what it should be used for
LISTENING i C distrustful of how effective it will be
2 How would you describe the attitude of Jake to Al?
1 Q 032 You w ill hear Mario and Jacintha talking
A impressed by how useful it could be
about what makes an online post go viral. Who
B unsure what it should be used for
makes the following points? Write M (Mario), J
C distrustful of how effective it will be
(Jacintha) or B (both).
3 W h y does Jake mention his cat?
1 Most viral posts relate to something that has just A to promote a particular website
happened or is ongoing.
B to illustrate the diagnostic potential of Al
2 It is very difficult to define what makes content
C to highlight the potential risks involved in using Al
go viral.
3 Posts will not go viral without a strong appeal to 4 © 034 Listen to Rosie and Jim discuss technical problems
the emotions.
they are having with their computers. Answer the
4 Posts may go viral if they are unlike anything
questions.
else on the net.
1 W hich technical problem have both speakers had?
2 O 032 Now listen again and answer the exam A the inability to log into a certain website
question. B possible damage to files saved on the computer
C an inability to make hard copies of files
W hat do the two speakers agree about viral posts?
2 How do both speakers react to the solution offered by a
A Strong personal feelings play a key part.
technical support assistant?
B They tend to relate to important international
A They are concerned by what is suggested.
developments.
B They are worried that it will affect their passwords.
C There's no magic formula for understanding
their success. C They aren't surprised by it.
L
VOCABULARY
MULTI-WORD VERBS (1)
034 in Extract 3 in the Listening, the speakers use different multi-word verbs connected to computers.
Listen again and write the correct form of one of the multi-word verbs in each gap.

back up go down lock out log onto print out put in sign in speed up slow down switch on/off

Jim: I haven't been able to finish the project because my internet ( 1 )...............two days ago. After we had the fibre optic
connection (2) , the connection had reaHy ( 3 ) _____ ....but for some reason, it's now ( 4 ) ................ again.
I've been on the phone to them three times, but you know what they said ...
Rosie: Let me guess - ( 5 ) ...............a n d ..................again! That's what they usually suggest.
Jim: Exactly. Not rocket science, right? Anyway, have you got your project done?
Rosie: No, I've got technical problems too. I really need to ( 6 ) ................ the VLE to download the topics and guidelines but
I've mysteriously been ( 7 ) ................ When they prompt me to ( 8 ) ..............., I can't enter my username or
password. I'm also a bit worried about some of my files being corrupted. I haven't bothered to ( 9 ) ................ in ages.
Jim: I know what you mean. I always forget to do that and occasionally I pay the price when I find an important file won't
open just when I need it. And another thing - there's a problem with the ink in my printer, so even if I manage to do
the research on my phone and write the paper, I often can't ( 1 0 ) _____ .... . It's driving me crazy.

2 Read the extracts from blog posts. Replace the £ Look at the multi-word verbs in Exercises 1 and 2 and
words or phrases in bold with a multi-word verb the grammar reference on page 207. Then decide
from the box in the correct form and make any other which type (1-4) you think each multi-word verb is.
changes that are needed.
4 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar
shut down pop up scroll up hack into meaning as the first. You must use the word given.
filter out wipe out drop down opt in Use 3-6 words for each gap.

7 We changed our provider and speeds are much

!_/ higher now.
UP
Once in a w hile a com puter program m ing
The internet has........... sppd.PP............... since we
genius w ill appear who is able to gain
changed our provider.
unauthorised access to im po rtan t
governm ent files. Such individuals have the 2 It is vital to save a copy of your work in the cloud.
ability to steal or even obliterate vital UP
inform ation. There have even been cases ......................................in the cloud is essential.
where they have managed to prevent entire 3 You need to enter your username and password to
system s from working. access the site.
IN
You cannot enter the site unless....................................
4 I want to move to a different area because the internet
Don’t forget that due to a change in the law, is unreliable here.
you now have to actively choose to receive DOW N
em ails from com panies. If you move the page The internet..................................... , so I don't want to
upwards, you w ill see an arrow. Click on that stay here.
and the options ‘send me e m a ils’ or ‘d o n ’t 5 I didn't have my key, so I couldn't get into the building.
send me e m ails’ w ill appear underneath. OUT
Because I didn't have my key....................................

u Today’s top tips

Avoid irrelevant results in your search by using
negative key w ords w ith a m inus sym bol.
Did you know you could prevent those
annoying adverts from appearing when
you ’re trying to w rite your assignm ent? Go to
settings, type ‘ pop ups’ and select ‘ b lo ck ’.
[ GRAMMAR 2 Look at the sentences (A and B) and the underlined
clauses. Decide which clause is a defining relative
clause (D) and which is a non-defining relative clause
RELATIVE CLAUSES
(ND). Then look at the statements (1-5) about
relative clauses and label them (D or ND).

A Expandable desktop computers, many of which can

accommodate multiple graphics cards, are often a
much better option for playing PC games online.
1 Read the article on choosing a computer. Underline B The computer that I buy will have to interface
the ten relative clauses. seamlessly with other Apple devices.

1 The relative clause has commas before and

after it.
Looking for a new laptop? Chances are 2 That' can replace which' or 'who' as the
you're baffled by the number of options relative pronoun.
out there and blinded by science from all 3 The relative pronoun can be omitted when it is
the jargon you're exposed to. This simple the object of the clause.
guide will help you. 4 The relative clause is incidental to the meaning
of the sentence and could be omitted.
5 The relative clause explains exactly what is being
RAM
talked about and is essential to the meaning of
RAM stands for Random Access Memory. the sentence.
RAM can be likened to a notepad where a
computer does its real-time calculations. We all 3 Complete the sentences with a quantifier from the
use a huge number of apps these days, most of box + of + relative pronoun. There may be more than
which need more memory capacity than ever one possible answer.
before. This means most users will need at least
8GB of RAM, while those who tend to multi-task many most none neither both
will need 16GB. one several some much

Processors 1 Students, most/many of whom are Macbook users,

tend to make choices based on fashion.
Intel, whose processors come in a range of 2 Bill Gates and Mark Zuckerberg,................are exactly
qualities, understand that different users have short of money, are two of the biggest names in the
different requirements. If you're a customer for computer field.
whom money is no object, the i7 or i9
3 The software,............... has been created in-house, is
processors provide the best overall
popular with the library users.
performance. An i3 may be minimally adequate
4 Macs and PCs,................are easy to use, have a
for those on a budget, but for times when you
number of key differences in terms of their architecture
need to balance performance and cost, the i5 is
and operating systems.
recommended.
5 There is a massive array of printers on the market,
....... also function as photocopiers and scanners.
Storage 6 The best programmers in the school,............... just
If your budget allows it, try to get a computer happens to be my brother Saeed, are going to visit a
with a Solid State Drive (SSD) rather than a software development company for work experience.
Hard Disk Drive (HDD). SSDs, which are quieter, 7 The library computers,............... are now obsolete, are
lighter and cooler than HDDs, are devoid of any barely used anymore.
moving parts. This also means they are harder + GRAMMAR REFERENCE I Relative clauses: Page 2 0 8
to damage.

Screen size
This really is down to personal choice.
For example, do you need to use multiple
windows? How portable do you need your
laptop to be? However, do be aware that
Computer Weekly magazine recently tested
12 of the most popular large-screen laptops on
the market, none of which were found to have
satisfactory battery life.

68
[ WRITING |
CONSIDERING BOTH SIDES OF AN
ARGUMENT
I Work with a partner and answer the questions.

J W hat do you know about Artificial Intelligence (Al)?

2 W hat are some of the benefits and dangers of Al?

2 Look at these extracts from students’ writing.

Ignore the gaps for now. Are any of your ideas
from Exercise 1 mentioned?

(1).............................Al is helping in
disaster situations, where algorithms can be
used to identify people most in need of help.
While rescue robots have been used since the
beginning of the 21st century, Complete the gaps with the phrases from the box.

(2 ).............................in the area of robot­

what raises it above other the reason it's so popular is
human interaction. This issue is being rectified
where they fall down is on the one hand
as Al now allows the robots to provide the
on the other hand the major weakness
necessary feedback to humans.
one of the drawbacks of there are both pros and cons to
an excellent example of the one of the most successful

(3) ..................................... Al Is Alexa. For those benefits of applications of

who are not •furollL&r Nbth this device, Lt cocn
recognise and respond to the human voice.
So, -for Instance, l-f you ask Alexei, 'W hat’s Look at the highlighted words and phrases in the article.
the time In Brazil?’, It will Instantly give you What do they refer to?
the correct answer. (4) A This issue...............................................................................................
th a t you can access all kinds o-f Information
B those.......................................................................................................
while your hands are free to get on with
C This
other tasks. There are other similar products
on the market, but (5) D these.......................................................................................................
devices Is the access Its developers have E For this reason......................................................................................
allowed to other companies, so th a t Alexa
can order an Uber or Pomlno’s pizza for you. ■ Write about the advantages and disadvantages of technology
products (devices, apps, software, etc.) that you own or know
of using phrases from Exercise 3
(6 )........................ the rapid development
My headphones:
of artificial intelligence and its myriad
An excellent example o f the benefits o f my headphones is their
applications. (7 )........................................ , Al can
excellent noise-cancelling system ...
help us complete tasks more effectively, avoiding
Where it falls down is its audio latency, which doesn’t always
human error. Unlike people, computers do not get
synchronise well when I am playing video games...
tired and nor do they need refreshment breaks.
(8 )........................................ , the more the field of Al
develops, the greater the risk of unemployment
for humans, which can cause socio-economic
difficulties for individuals and families. This can
be considered the main drawback of Al.

( 9 ) ....................................... Al is the cost of

developing applications since these rapidly
become obsolete. However, in my view,
( 1 0 ) ....................................... with Al is that while
we can train machines to learn, we cannot
teach them morals and ethics. For this reason,
computers will never take over from humans.
 ■ © 035 You will hear a conversation
VOCABULARY between Richard and Elizabeth, two
members of staff at a college. Listen and
LANGUAGE FOR EXPRESSING CHANGE
answer the questions.
■ Work in groups. Brainstorm as many verbs for expressing 1 W hat does Elizabeth say about what has
change as possible in two minutes. happened to the computer facilities in the
last two years?
improve, increase, adapt, decline ...
2 W hat changes do Richard and Elizabeth
■ Put the verbs into the correct categories. suggest?
3 W hat changes to college policy do they
lower outnumber worsen enhance exceed modify consider?
deteriorate strengthen boost intensify facilitate augment
hinder upgrade weaken m agnify multiply corrupt ■ © 035 Listen again. Complete the summary
using a correct form of one of the words
from Exercise 2.
POSITIVE NEUTRAL NEGATIVE
M E A N IN G (DEPENDS O N M E A N IN G The quality of computer provision in the college
CONTEXT) (1)............... over the last few years. In order to
(2 )............... the students' learning, they plan to
(3 )............... their hardware, including printers.
In addition, they need to buy some new software
to prevent further (4 )............... of students' files.
Another problem is that students wanting to use
■ Decide if the words in italics have a positive (P), negative (N) or
the facilities now (5 ).............. the computers that
neutral meaning (NE) in the given context. are available. Therefore, staff have decided to

1 I had already fallen for the guy but when I heard he was a (6 )..... the rules and restrict the amount of
computer games fanatic, my feelings for him intensified. time students can use the computers. These
changes should (7 ).............. learners'
2 If you force someone to do something they are afraid of, it may
experience.
well m agnify their feelings of dread.
3 The new version of the programme allows you to m odify the
settings to suit your needs.
4 W e installed the software to solve a few problems, but the end
[ GRAMMARI
result is that our problems have multiplied}
5 They have augmented the latest version of their operating system MODALS (1)
so that the security features are state of the art.

GRAMMAR ON THE MOVE

■ Complete each gap with one of the words from Exercise 2.
Watch the video
You may need to change the form or part of speech.
There may be more than one possible answer.

1 Adding video to my posts really gave my popularity a/an 0. GRAM MAR REFERENCE I Modals (1):
................ . I now have over 1000 followers. Page 209

2 The number of computers per household n o w ................. the ■ Match the modal verbs and expressions
number of TVs. with the possible functions (A-H). Some
3 Sharing a flat with my friends is re a lly ................. my ability to get can go in more than one category.
my work done.
4 I've had my phone for over two years. I think it's time for a/an enable don't have/need to can
ought to should may must might
5 In spite of all the technological developments, there has been an let needn't permit to mustn't
o ve ra ll................. in the quality of people's lives. have/need to can't be able to
6 The latest version is not that different, but a few features have been allow to
................ to justify the price tag.

A necessity/obligation ....
B deduction/speculation......................................
C a b ility .................................................................
D possibility...........................................................
E advice/recom m endation.................................
F lack of obligation/necessity..............................
G p ro h ib itio n .........................................................
H permission......................
 2 Tick the correct sentences. Correct the sentences
with mistakes in the underlined expressions.
PUSH YOURSELF C2
7 This programme is capable of reading the user's PHRASES WITH DARE
emotions.
2 It's not necessary back up your files manually in the ■ o 036 Listen to the dialogues and
cloud. Your computer wi I do it automatically. write the expressions with dare from
3 There is no way my account details were hacked. each dialogue.
It was protected by many layers of security.
7 You.................................... dare!
4 It is not mandatory for the company to refund your
money, unless the product is damaged. 2 My friends.................................... .
5 It is imperative regularly update your software. 3 W ell,...................... ............. , we're going to
6 The shop is of no obligation to exchange your have to let staff go.
purchase if it is not damaged. 4 we'll manage.
7 Because of the hack, it's vital you change your 5 Sue that I've dropped her
passwords. laptop.
8 The software we use has the ability of translating into 6 speak to me like that!
over 60 languages. 7 Don't__________________ !
9 The tech expert told me that it.is recommend to install
advert blocking software in your browser. 2 O 036 Listen again. For each phrase with dare in

10 This new app enables me to stream movies from my Exercise 1 (1-7), choose the correct meaning
phone to the smart TV. (A-G).

A to tell someone angrily not to do something

3 Read the text and think of the word which best fits
B to issue a challenge to someone to do something
each gap. Use only one word in each gap. There may
difficult
be more than one possible answer.
C to say you think something is probable
D to show disbelief about something the speaker
PUBLIC WI-FI intends to do
E to say you are afraid to do something (spoken
Most of us have at some point found ourselves (0)..having.. to
English)
log onto a public Wi-Fi networks. However, what most people
F to express shock and anger about something
don't realise is that such networks are not always secure,
someone has done
even if the passwords are (1)................ for access. Wi-Fi
G to show you are aware that what you are going
network providers are under no (2 )................ to protectyour
to say may disappoint or annoy the listener
privacy, so it is all down to you to do so. Here are a few tips for
public Wi-Fi safety:
3 Write an expression with dare in each gap.
Before you log onto a public network, you (3)................ to
atthe very least confirm the network name with the 7 If someone.................................... post something
business whose Wi-Fi you are logging into and if possible controversial, would you do it?
check the IP address to make sure the network is genuine. 2 ....................................use my smartphone
Also considerthe settings on your computer. Is it really without permission! You had no right!
(4)................ to have sharing preferences on while you are 3 The only solution is,..................................... , to
surfing the net in a coffee shop? Probably not, so close install a new hard disk.
that door to hackers immediately. ..................................... that she now regrets
Consider using a VPN (Virtual Private Network) to encrypt posting that photo online.
your data, to stop hackers being (5)................ to view it. A: I'm going to delete you from my contacts list
There are some free VPNs available, but if keeping your and block you on my social media accounts!
data from prying eyes is absolutely (6)................ then it is B: ! I'd never forgive you!
worth paying for one for added security.
It was me who hacked that webpage but I
Install a good quality, up-to-date anti-virus on your device admit it.
and/or make sure you use the firewall (software
which (7 )................ youto setthe rules for what your
network (8)................ through or blocks access for). Both
can help prevent unauthorised access to your information.
Avoid wherever (9)................ making financial transactions
on public networks. If you (10)................ do so, ensure that
the websites you are using have secure encryption. Look
forthe padlock symbol and HTTPS atthe beginning of the
web addresses.

UNITS SURFlNG.SCROLLING AND SWIPING

SPEAKING PARTS 3 AND 4 j

I Look at the Part 3 exam task. Make notes on each of

the applications and how useful they are.

PERSONALISED TV/MOVIE
RECOMMENDATIONS

4 © 037 Listen again. As you listen, complete the

SATELLITE
extracts to form phrases for expressing agreement/
NAVIGATION
disagreement.

1 But, seriously, I agree with you but only

................................. Sometimes SatNavs are more
trouble than they're worth.
2 I can see w h a t....................................... , but you're
looking at it from a customer's point of view.
3 There's som e....................................... , I suppose.
I hadn't thought of it like that.
4 That's not a lw a ys....................................... , though.
W e bought my Granddad one of those devices to
help him around the house.
5 ........................................ Sometimes they get it wrong.
6 That's........................................ , but I don't think you can
say that they benefit everyone.
7 That's........................................ , but I would still have to
go for smart devices.
WHICH OF THESE THINGS CAN BENEFIT
8 OK, I guess we will have t o .......................................
PEOPLE THE MOST?
here.

5 0 038 Listen to an extract from Lily and Pablo’s

2 © 037 Listen to two exam candidates, Lily and Pablo,
Part 4 task and answer the questions.
doing the Part 3 task. Decide if the statements are
true or false. 1 In which order do they discuss the questions?
2 W hich points that Lily and Pablo make do you
1 The task is a discussion between the candidates and
agree (A), disagree (D) or partially agree (P) with?
the examiner.
Do you think it is important for every student to
2 In the first part of the discussion, the candidates try to
have their own laptop?
assess all the options in about two minutes.
Is the government responsible for ensuring all
3 After about two minutes, the examiner interrupts the
schools have good access to the internet?
candidates even if they have not yet discussed all the
W hat do you think your life would have been
options.
like before computers?
4 The examiner then asks a more specific question and
W hat developments in technology do you think
candidates talk for approxim ately one minute.
we might see in the next few years?
5 Both candidates speak about the same amount during
the discussion.
6 Work in groups of three. Practise doing the Part 3
6 Both candidates must agree with each other in both
and Part 4 tasks in this section. Use the following
parts of the discussion.
instructions:

3 Q 037 Listen again. Who feels more positive about One student will be the examiner who asks the
each of the applications? Write P (Pablo) L (Lily) or questions and controls the time limits.
N (neither). For the Part 3 task, try to discuss all the options in the
first two minutes and when the examiner interrupts to
1 satellite navigation
ask the second question, try to agree on the one
2 targeted advertising
option you would both choose.
3 smart home devices
For the Part 4 questions, the examiner asks the
4 personalised TV/movie recommendations questions and both students respond.
5 grading exams and tests Use phrases of agreement, disagreement and partial
agreement to respond to each other's ideas.

72
READING AND USE OF ENGLISH PART 4 TRAINING

Look at the question below then read and answer

the questions in the box. Then write your answer.

ble to repair your smartphone screen

it's too badly damaged.
CHANCE
There.....................................................................................
your smartphone screen- it's too badly damaged.

You need to rewrite the highlighted part of the sentence

including the word chance. You can use 3 -6 words in k
Think about these clues.
7 Which preposition follows chance?
2 Which form of the verb follows the preposition?
3 How will you make the sentence negative?

4 Highlight the part(s) of the sentences in questions

2 Now look at this exam question and answer the
1-5 that need to be rewritten.
questions.
7 The fibre optic installation work will be completed
There was very little strength to his argument until the new
before 31st December.
data emerged.
HAVE
BY
The fibre optic installation work
His argum ent................................................................................
the new data.
the end of December.
7 W hat is the verb form for the word strength?
2 W e have no choice but to live with the appalling
2 W hat is wrong with these candidates' answers? broadband connection.
a was challenged by the new data
PUT
b became stronger because of
W e just..................................................................................
c was weak before but was strengthened by the appalling broadband connection.
3 Complete the sentence with your own answer. 3 It is absolutely forbidden for students to use a
smartphone during the exam.
3 Look at the following candidates’ answers. Have NO
they answered correctly or not? If not, correct their U n d er...................................................................................
answers. use a smartphone until the exam has finished.
4 M arion received compensation from the insurance
7 I didn't know how expensive it was o r I wouldn't have
ordered it. company because she lost her tablet.

HAD LOSS
I wouldn't have ordered it M a rio n ..................................................................................
expensive it was. of her tablet by the insurance company.

2 Lauren has to make the final decision.

5 Match the sentences in Exercise 4 with the language
WITH
points (A-D) that are being tested.
Lauren is the one withl.yyhom^the_flnal^dec rests.
3 Governments need to invent a w ay to solve the A passive voice/verb patterns
problem of climate change. B modals of obligation/inversions
UP C multi-word verbs
Governments need to make up with a solution to D future perfect
climate change.
4 The British and the Americans are similar in many ways. 6 Write your answers to the questions in Exercise 4.
COMMON
The British have many things common with
the Americans.

UNIT 5 SURFING, SCROLLING AND SWIPING 73

 EXAM TO
’READING AND USE OF ENGLISH LISTENING PAR
PART 4
© E X A M FACTS
• In Part I you listen to three unrelated extracts between
© E X A M FACTS two speakers. Each extract lasts about a minute.
• In this part o f the test, you have to complete the second • For each extract, you have to answer two multiple-choice
sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first. questions.
• This part o f the exam tests grammar and vocabulary, • You are tested on your ability to understand gist, detail,
including phrases with multi-word verbs. function, agreement, course o f action, purpose, feelings,
attitude and opinion.

o E X A M TIPS
Q E X A M TIPS
• Underline the words in the first sentence you need to
change and decide how to express them using the • Remember that feelings, attitude, opinion, purpose, etc.
word given. are unlikely to be stated directly.
• Check your answer makes sense and includes all • You might be asked for the opinion/attitude o f one or both
necessary information. o f the speakers. Listen out for phrases which indicate they
agree, disagree or partially agree with each other.

For questions 1-5, complete the second sentence so that

it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the © 039 You will hear three different extracts. For questions

word given. Do not change the word given. You must use 1-6, choose the answer (A, B or C) which fits best

between three and six words, including the word given. according to what you hear. There are two questions

Here is an example (0). for each extract.

0 I just couldn't understand why Fabio decided to stop using E xtract 1

social media. You hear two friends talking about Bitcoin, a type of digital
LOSS currency.
I was at a loss to understand 1 What precautions does the woman suggest for using
why Fabio decided to stop using social media. Bitcoin?
1 Jenny was going to sign up for an online course, but it A Ensure you research the sites you deal with.
appears she has decided not to. B Let the exchange manage your currency for you.
M IN D C Only invest what you can afford to lose.
Jenny appears........................................................................ 2 Why does the woman give the example of her friend's
signing up for the online course. experience?
2 Karl isn't sure about the potential of Al. A to show that you need to be an expert to use Bitcoin
MINDS B to illustrate that no one is safe online from criminals
K arl......................................................................................... C to show that it is possible to make a good profit if you
about the potential of Al. are careful
3 I wonder what she is trying to say in this email. E xtract 2
GETTING You hear two friends talking about online crime.
W h a t...................................................................................... 3 What does the man say about internet fraud?
in this email? A It tends to be limited to a narrow range of types.
4 The number of social networks has gone up drastically in B It's increasingly difficult to detect.
the last few years. C It has expanded the number of ways criminals can
INCREASE rob you.
There....................................................................................... 4 What do the friends agree on with regard to internet fraud?
the number of social networks in the last few years. A People should be protected from online fraud.
5 You should not forget to renew your anti-virus software. B People should be more sceptical about potential scams.
INTEREST C The elderly are the least likely to fall for internet scams.
It is ..........................................................................................
forget to renew your anti-virus software.

74
E xtract 3
You hear two friends discussing the use of robots.
5 What negative impacts of robots are highlighted by both
speakers?
A They threaten the livelihood of human workers.
B They cause boredom and loss of social contact among
workers.
C Workers are losing their traditional skills.
6 Why does the woman mention farming at the end of the
extract?
A to add strength to her point that robots increase output
B because she is sad that the poetry' of farming has
been lost
C to show she doesn't sympathise with the worker the
man talks about

[SPEAKING PARTS 3 AND 4

© EXAM FACTS
• In Part 3, you will discuss a set o f prompts and a related
question with your partner. After your discussion, you will
PART 3
be asked to come to a decision together. You are given
15 seconds to read the question and prompts before you
begin. Talk to each other about how important these factors
• You discuss the question for around two minutes and then are when choosing a computer to buy. (2 minutes)
the examiner will stop you and give you another question
to discuss which asks you to reach a decision about the
prompts.
• In Part 4, the interlocutor asks questions related to the Part
3 task subject. These tend to be more abstract and allow
you to discuss the topic in more depth. You continue to
interact with your partner as well as the interlocutor.
• Part 3 lasts about four minutes and Part 4 lasts about
five minutes.

O EXAM TIPS
• In the decision-making part o f Part 3, try not to dominate
the conversation. Invite your partner to speak, and
respond to what they say.
• For both parts o f the exam, use phrases you have learnt
for giving your opinion, agreeing and disagreeing.

Decide which TWO factors are the least important.

(1 minute)

PART 4
Discuss the questions with a partner. (5 minutes)
1 Do you think that technology is deliberately made to go out
of date quickly in order to boost sales for the
manufacturers?
2 To what extent is being tech-savvy important for young
people's social status nowadays?
3 Do you agree that technology can highlight the differences
between the rich and poor members of a society?
4 How important is it for governments to pass laws to limit
what can be shared online?

f JNIT 5 r W RUNG , SCROLLING AND SWIPING 75

 Work in groups. Answer the questions, then read the text to check your ideas.
J What types of malware have you heard of?
2 Have you had any experience with any of them? malwa re

Read the article. Choose words from the box to complete the gaps.

reinstall lapses payload capture unauthorised pop-up

hostage currencies preloaded self-replicate input infections

HOME NEWS LATEST POSTS POPULAR POSTS ABOUT SEARCH

Types of MALWARE
Malware - earlier known as viruses - began as harmless experiments or practical jokes as computer-savvy individuals tried to
discover what was possible with new computer technology. The term malware comes from the words malicious and software
and is believed to have been coined by Yisrael Rada in 1990. Malware seems an appropriate name given that nowadays its main
purpose is to cause disruption or gain (1)............access to personal or organisational information. Although we may not all be
computer experts, we all use computers, so a basic understanding of the various types of malware can help us protect
ourselves, our data and our devices from attack.

VIRUSES TROJAN HORSES

Like the kind of viruses humans can catch, computer These nasties are named after the wooden horse from Greek mythology in
viruses are (2 )................ that want to spread as widely as which the Greeks hid themselves, presenting the horse as a gift. Like the
possible by any means possible. They are self-replicating horse from the story, these malicious programmes arrive within wanted
and can only be detected with special antivirus security software presenting themselves as useful applications. Once inside, they
programmes. install keyloggers which (6 )................passwords, banking details, account
names and other confidential information.
WORMS
Worms are also programmes that (3 )................ within a RANSOMWARE
computer but they have the specific aim of destroying data Ransomware is considered one of the most dangerous types of malware. It is
and files, which they will keep doing until all the files are also one of the most advanced and fastest growing. Introduced to the system
empty. Whereas viruses add themselves within existing through a Trojan horse, the ( 7 ) ................ is disguised as a legitimate file,
files, worms are carried within their own containers. sometimes even one offering protection against viruses when it is in fact
Worms look for (4 )................ in security which allow delivering them. As the name suggests, ransomware holds the user’s data
them to access computers or phones via email or (8 )................until a ransom is paid. The programme threatens to either
instant messages. publish or delete data unless the victim pays up. The use of this kind of
malware increased dramatically in 2013 with the introduction of digital
KEYLOGGERS
(9 )................ , which made it easier to collect payment. However, paying a
Keyloggers are able to record information typed on a
ransom does not guarantee the user access to their data as the system is
keyboard. They then send a copy to the hacker, who will
infected from the inside, locking the computer and rendering it useless.
extract information such as credit card details,
usernames and passwords. They usually only work with ROOTKITS
physical keyboards, not virtual keyboards or other Rootkits allow several types of malware to enter a computer’s system at the
(5 )................ devices. same time. Hackers often try to gain administrator privileges in order to install
it but there are some that can be installed automatically. Rootkits are
particularly difficult to detect as they can prevent detection software from
doing its job. It is often impossible to remove them as they can reside deep
inside the operating system. The only cure is to (10)................the OS.
76
 3 Decide which types of malware have the following
characteristics, according to the article.
a You are going to watch a video about Alan Turing, a
key pioneer of computer development and famous
for code-breaking during the Second World War.
1 can/cannot be detected by anti-virus programmes
Answer the questions.
2 come in disguise
3 have increased due to a new online product 1 What is code-breaking/cryptography?
4 probably won't work on a new smart phone 2 Can you break the following codes?
a 5 18 9 6 8 = virus
You will hear three conversations between a b 9 26 13 8 12 14 4 2 6 9 22 =
computer helpdesk and customers. Before you
listen, make a list of problems that customers might 24 26 8 2 2 - 8 2 2 1 3 8 18 7 1 8 5 22 =
call a helpdesk about.
d 20 9 22 2 4 26 9 22 = _______
The screen is frozen.
Some new software won’t install. e 7 9 12 17 26 13 19 12 9 8 22 =

Q 040 Listen to the conversations and make notes on f 26 7 7 26 24 19 14 22 13 7 =

the customers’ problems and helpdesk solutions.

0 Watch the video about Alan Turing and make

O 040 Listen again. Complete the questions and
notes on the following:
statements you might hear in a conversation with a
computer helpdesk. • his academic career
• his time at Bletchley Park as a codebreaker
PHRASES YOU MIGHT USE/HEAR • his post-war work

C o n v e r s a tio n 1 • recognition of his achievements

? Hi. I'm having problems w ith ....................................

my password.
2 Is..................................... on? Don't forget that
passwords a re .................................... . O WATCH
C o n v e r s a tio n 2
3 I think my computer's been....................................
by a virus.
4 Have you recently.................................... any new
software on your computer or have you opened any
..................................... from people you don't know?
5 Have you tried.................................... any other
computer programmes that you have running in the
2

6 Click o n .....................................all at the same time •O O O O O O □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □

to access Task Manager.
7 I may need to .................................... your computer.
C o n v e r s a tio n 3
8 Go to .....................................and select Apps.
Can you see our App there?
9 We're going to delete it a n d ....................................
it.
JO Now open the App and go to the

LIFE COMPETENCIES
PARTICIPATING WITH APPROPRIATE
GREYWARE
Greyware refers to files and applications which, while not criminal in CONFIDENCE AND CLARITY
intent, can be annoying and worsen the performance of the
computer. Two of the most common types of Greyware are Adware In groups, research the contributions made by other
and Spyware. Adware are advertisements in (11)................ people who played a role in the development of
windows, some of which cannot be closed. Although the intention is computer technology. Share your findings with your
simply to advertise products, they can cause considerable
group. Then agree on whose contribution you think
inconvenience to the user. Adware is also an issue on mobile
phones, and some cheap Android phones are even (12)................
was the most significant, giving reasons and
with it. Spyware is closely related to Adware as it tracks the user’s presenting your final choice to the class.
internet activities in order to send targeted adverts. The good news
is that most antivirus software can detect and delete greyware.
UNIT 5 f W R U N G , SCROLLING AND SWIPING
 pr ogr ess chi
CONDITIONALS VERB PATTERNS (2) - OBJECTS,
REFLEXIVES AND RECIPROCALS
7 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar
meaning to the first sentence, using the word in 3 Tick the correct sentences. Correct the sentences
bold. Use between three and six words, including the with mistakes.
word given.
1 It is entirely your fault, Mark. You have no one but you
7 "If you can provide a 10% deposit, there won't be any to blame.
problems with getting a mortgage." 2 The repairs to my car ended up costing a lot of money
LONG to me.
He told me that there wouldn't be any problems with 3 Can you sponsor myself for the half-marathon I am
getting a mortgage........................................................ going to run for charity?
provide a 10% deposit. 4 My boyfriend and I trust each other implicitly.
2 "Give me a call the moment you arrive back home." 5 Please help each other to the buffet. There are paper
SOON plates and cutlery over there.
She told me to give her a call 6 Can you explain me why you didn't let me know
..................................................................... back home. before now?
3 She is determined to come despite the fact that the
weather will be awful. NOUN COLLOCATIONS
EVEN
She is determined to come 4 Correct the highlighted words by either changing the
............................................................................. awful. form of the word or by changing the word for a more
4 If there is an emergency, please call this number. common collocation.
EVENT

emergency, please call this number.

Please take something to eat with you because you
SHARK
might get hungry. BITES BACK!
CASE
Please take something to eat with you While it is fair to say that the previous series wasn’t
hungry. exactly (1) impulsive viewing, this latest series about
the most feared of (2) sea predators in its natural
(3) inhabitant is a return to form.
MONEY
What makes this new season stand out is that it has
2 Complete the sentences with words from the box chosen to give a (4) centred role to (5) climactic change
in the correct form. One option is not needed. and its impact on sharks, whether that be on their
migratory habits or how warming oceans are driving
lucrative affluent squander them outside of their traditional hunting grounds in
rip off bankruptcy asset search of food. We get to follow a Great White, the apex
predator of the food (6) ladder, migrating from its
1 Profits dropped so much that the feeding grounds off the Californian coast on a 4000 km
company w ent...............due to lack of journey to Hawaii. In one (7) memorial scene, we get to
funds. It had to sell all of its................ , see it trying to catch baby seals, something which has
including the company headquarters, to be seen to be believed.
to pay off its debts. Overall, this was a fascinating insight into one of the
2 Don't buy those trainers. They are a most amazing and (8) diversity species on the planet.
complete................ You can get better Don’t miss it.
ones for half the price.
3 I can't believe yo u ...............all of your
inheritance on partying.
4 My parents are relatively................ due
to some sound financial planning.
They certainly have more disposable
income than I do.
VERB PATTERNS (3) - MULTI-WORD VERBS LANGUAGE FOR EXPRESSING CHANGE
5 Complete the sentences using the multi-word verbs and 7 Complete the second sentence so that it has a
nouns/pronouns in brackets in the correct form. similar meaning to the first, using one of the
words from the box in the correct form.
There was so much mess after that party but Neil helped
.................................... (clear up/it/me).
exceed lower deteriorate
We have......................................(run out of/cheese). Could
upgrade hinder outnumber
y o u .................................... (pick up/a packet/me) on your
way home?
1 There were twice as many female applicants
You shouldn't let people like him ......................................(push
for the job as male applicants.
around/you). You have t o .................................... (stand up
The number of female applicants................ the
to/him)
male applicants by two to one.
In the previous election, I .................................... (vote for/the
2 Diplomatic relations between the two countries
Conservative Party), but the party has failed to
have worsened in recent weeks.
.................................... (sort out/the political crisis) and
.................................... (put aside/personal rivalries), so I think There has been................ relations between
I will vote Liberal in the next election. the two countries in recent weeks.

I can't believe that racism is still so prevalent in sport. It is time 3 Cutting down on salt in your diet can lead to a
that the authorities.................................... (stamp out/it). reduction in the risk of heart disease.

Can you help m e......................................(put together/this Cutting down on salt in your d ie t................ the
new sofa bed)? I have.................................... (read through/ risk of heart disease.
the instructions), but I can't.................................... (work out/ 4 You shouldn't pay more than £900 for that car.
them). The price of that car shouldn't....... £900.
Can you believe that they.................................... (shut down/ 5 The terrible weather conditions made it difficult
my Twitter account)? Someone......................................(hack for rescuers to locate any survivors of the
into/it) and posted some offensive tweets. air crash.
The terrible weather conditions...............the
search for survivors of the air crash.
RELATIVE CLAUSES
6 The airline changed our seats from economy
6 Choose the correct option to complete the sentences. class to first class for free.
There may be more than one possible answer. Our seats...............from economy class to
first class for free.
This new fitness app will benefit anyone...............struggles to
find the time to exercise.
A who B - C which D that
MODALS
I spoke to the protesters, many................were angry that the 8 Complete the sentences with a single word.
government had broken its promise to improve public
transport. 1 There is...............way that I am lending you
A of who B of whom C of that D of which my guitar. You don't look after things.
There are times................ I get really frustrated by how long 2 I'm incapable...............walking past a clothes
my journey to work takes. shop without popping in to check out the latest
A which B where C when D that offers.

The environment minister,................ had only joined the 3 You____ ..... drive me to the airport; I have
government three months ago, was sacked after it was already booked a taxi.
revealed that he had received bribes from a fossil fuels 4 It is ...............that you upgrade your anti-virus
company. software at least once a year to avoid falling
A that B which C who D whom victim to malware.

My teacher gave me extra homework to help me get through 5 Would you b e ...............to pick me up after
the exams,...............I will be eternally grateful. my yoga class tonight?

A something which B for something which 6 The problem is that the shop is ...............no
obligation to refund the money if you have
C something for which D something for that
already worn the clothes you bought.
Was the podcast................you listened to yesterday any
7 They ____ ..... have arrived by now. I wonder
good?
what is taking them so long.
A that B which C - D who
8 The President has refused to ...............
I'd love to live in a place................the weather is always
journalists to attend the press conferences
pleasant as it is always raining here.
unless they agree with his policies.
A which B where C whose D -

PROGRESS CHECK 2 79
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GETTING STARTED
Look at the photographs and
answer the questions.

What job do you think each one

shows?
What kinds of things do the
□eo
Duilc
Which job do you think would
be the most
• exciting?
• lucrative?
• suitable for you personally?
What other jobs can you think of
related to buildings and
construction?

VOCABULARY
BUILDINGS
Put the following words into the 2 Answer the questions
appropriate category.
1 What are the difference(s) between a b u n g a lo w and a sem i-detached
house?
attic/loft bungalow
2 Which would you expect to have more inhabitants: a te rra ce d home or
demolish DIY cellar
a mansion?
tool hallway install
3 What nouns can be made from dem olish, re n o va te and install?
makeover mansion renovate
4 Which word is associated with horses?
semi-detached skyscraper
5 How many different to o ls can you name for working on a building?
multi-storey stable terraced

PARTS OF A BUILDING TYPES OF BUILDING BUILDING WORK

80
 3 Complete the sentences with an appropriate word from Exercises 1 or 2. 4 Work with a partner and
You may need to change the form. answer the questions.

7 My home is looking a bit shabby, and I really think it's time it was a given a 7 If you could do a makeover on
thorough........ . any room in your home, which
2 Lord Montague Barnley de Vazquez lives in a luxurious twelve-bed room room would you choose and
what would you do?
3 I cou Idn't possibly live in a ................ because I have a fear of heights. 2 Is DIY a popular hobby in
4 The workman was unable to complete the................ of the central heating your country?
because he hadn't brought the correct................ for the job. 3 Would you prefer to live in a
5 We used to use o u r................ for storage but now we are thinking o f............... luxury penthouse in a
it and turning it into a bedroom. skyscraper or in a large
mansion?

IU S TE N IN G I

AMERICAN AND BRITISH ENGLISH

7 0 041 Listen to two speakers describing typical homes in their country. Identify where each speaker is from and the
types of homes each mentions.

condos skyscrapers bungalows stately homes subdivisions cottages mansions block of flats
duplexes terraced houses apartment blocks semi-detached houses studio flats

SPEAKER UK OR US TYPES OF H O U S IN G M ENTIONED NOTES

1

2 Q 041 Listen again and make notes on what the 4 Describe the typical homes that people in your
speakers say about the types of homes. country, town or city live in. Share your ideas with
the class. Use words from Exercises 1 and 2 where

Look at the following pairs of words and phrases. appropriate

Which of each pair is from the UK (British English)

5 Go online and research other typical differences
and which is the US (American English) equivalent?
between British and American English. Use the
apartment following categories to help you:
center centre
pronunciation
drugstore chemist's
grammar
first floor ground floor
spelling
pavement sidewalk
neighbour
post code
parking lot car park
urbanization urbanisation
elevator
 Q 043 Now listen to three more candidates answering
SPEAKING PAR TRAINING
a Wh- question. Which strategy is each using?

Candidate 1
Candidate 2 ...............
Candidate 3 ...............

A improvising an answer when you do not have a

definitive response
B giving different interpretations of the question and then
answering
C providing a clear answer and then presenting various
reasons for this answer

3 Work with a partner. Take turns to be the examiner

and candidate and answer the following questions.
Use some of the strategies from the previous
1 Q 042 Listen to three candidates answer a question exercises to vary your answers where appropriate.
from Part 1 of the Speaking exam. Match the
Q uestions fo r S tudent A
candidates (1-3) with the strategies (A-C) for
• What kind of building do you live in?
answering the Yes/No question.
• Is it easy to get from your home to the local shops?
Candidate 1 • Have you made any changes to your home recently?
Candidate 2 ............... • What kind of home would you like to live in when you
Candidate 3 are older? (Why?)
Q uestions fo r S tudent B
A giving an ambivalent answer, rather than choosing just
yes or no • Have you lived in the same home all your life?

B offering different interpretations of the question • How typical is your home for people in this area?

C focusing on the reasons for the answer • Would you like to live in a skyscraper? (Why?/
Why not?)
If you could change anything about your home, what
would it be? (Why?)
GRAMMAR
THE PASSIVE

GRAMMAR ON THE MOVE

Watch the video

- z G R A M M A R REFERENCE The passive: Page 210

J Q 044 Look at the photos and listen to a podcast

about unusual buildings. Then decide if the
statements are true or false.

C rooked House, Sopot, Poland

1 The designers got the idea from a children's book.
2 Photographing the building isn't allowed.
B ibliotheca A le x a n d rin e , A le x a n d ria , Egypt
3 The building's architects were from Norway.
4 It has been said that the building looks similar
to an eye. Bibliotheca Alexa ndrina,
Alexandria, Egypt
S u tya g in House, A rk h a n g e ls k , Russia
5 The owner didn't obtain planning permission for
the building.
6 The house still exists today.

82
 Q 044 Listen again and complete the missing words 3 Find and underline any examples of the following
in the extracts below. passive structures in the extracts in Exercise 2.

Crooked House, Sopot, Poland 7 past simple passive

7 They !4<ere /nsp/red by illustrations in a storybook 2 present perfect simple passive
produced for kids. 3 present continuous passive
2 The building looks as though it's ................. between a 4 modal passive
giant's fingers. 5 have (sth) done
Bibliotheca A lexandrina, A lexandria, Egypt 6 passive infinitive
3 I t ................ just in tim e ................. in 2002.
4 Up to eight million books................ there, although not 4 Read the blog post about the new home of a couple
all this space is ................ .. from Brazil and answer the questions.
Sutyagin House, A rkhangelsk, Russia
7 W hy did their flat need renovating?
5 I t ................. to be the tallest wooden house in the
world.
2 Did they do everything that they wanted to?

6 H e _____ ......to prison for extortion before it

3 Did they finish the work in the time they had
imagined?

7 The b u ild in g ................ a fire hazard, and the local

4 W hat big lesson did they learn about DIY?

authorities had the main tower

DID WE

W hen my new husband Lucas and I m oved into our

a p a rtm e n t in C uritiba, we agreed (1) th a t needed
renovating - and renovating big tim e ! To be honest,
I d o u b t th a t (2) anything been d on e to it fo r ages,
in fa c t p ro b a b ly (3) even since th e block b u ilt in the
m id 1970s. If m oney w asn't an issue, we'd ju st rip
e veryth in g o u t (4) and th e w hole lo t re p la ce d :
kitchen units, flim sy old doors, stained carpets and
so on. But u n fo rtu n a te ly we live in th e real w orld, our
b u d g e t was tig h t, and d o in g th e w hole lo t at once
ju st w asn't g o ing to be feasible. So we m ade a list of
jo b s (5) which had to p rio ritis e d , and things which
could be p o s tp o n e d . We fig u re d th a t th e m ost
econom ical way to g e t th e place loo kin g m ore
hom ely was to d ecorate th e walls. As it's only a small
a partm ent, we reckoned we could (6) g e t th e w hole
lot over a w eekend if we w orked hard. Lucas and I
b o u g h t fo u r d iffe re n t colo ured tins o f paint fro m our
local hardware store and g o t g o in g . O f course,
(7) before any walls be p a in te d , (8) th e w hole room
e m p ty in g . So we had to take all th e fu rn itu re o u t of
each room to make sure paint (9) d id n 't spilled all
over it . A nd then we p ut a plastic d u stsh e et dow n
so we could p a in t th e ceilings (10) w ith o u t paint
splashed all over th e flo o r. So, d id we g e t it finished
in a weekend? N o t a chance! If it's ta u g h t me one
th in g a b o u t DIY, it's this: pre pa ra tio n is as big a jo b
as th e actual m akeover itself!

5 Correct the underlined sections of the text above by adding

the following missing words to make passive forms.

get could it getting be done was needed have had

U N IT 6 STRUCTURES A N D LANDM ARKS 83

VOCABULARY j
PHRASES WITH GET, HAVE, MAKE AND DO
1 Q 045 Listen to the manager of a firm of builders
talking to his team about a job. Answer the questions.

1 What is the building job that the firm of builders will do?
2 How long do they have to complete the work and why?
5 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar
2 O 045 Complete the extracts from the dialogue by
meaning to the first, using the word given. Do not
writing up to three words in each gap. Listen again
change the word given. You must use between three
and check.
and six words, including the word given.
1 Before we get in the van and get
1 I don't mind supermarkets, but I don't fancy living next
/ • ••
to one.
2 We're going to be making......................................an
AGAINST
attic conversion today.
I have..................................... , but I wouldn't like to live
3 Do you have...................................... attic conversions?
next to one.
4 We made a ......................................doing them.
2 The loft extension will start next year.
5 I've given my word that we will do
UNDER
The loft extension w on't................................... next year.
6 Do you g e t...................................... ?
3 I tried as hard as I could to dispose of the rubbish as
7 I've made a ...................................... to get done on the
instructed.
first day.
UTMOST
8 We have......................................to meet that deadline.
I ......................................rid of the rubbish as instructed.
9 Lets make......................................

3 Match the verb phrases from Exercise 2 with the

definitions (A-G). READING AND USE OF l
A establish a reputation for yourself ENGLISH PART 6 B L
B understand what you are told
C object to something Match the buildings designed by Zaha Hadid (1-3)
D try your best with the descriptions (A-C).
E have to do something because there's no other
A 'a gravity-defying snow-white iceberg that erupts from
alternative
the ground like a twisting rollercoaster'
F begin something (x2)
B 'a sleek, silvery form ... an architectural show-stopper
G write down things to do or buy that could hardly be more 21st century'

4 Match the sentence halves 1-5 and A-E.

passengers towards their gate with
1 Two coats of paint should d o maximum efficiency'
2 Ladies and gentleman, I have no
3 After lengthy delays, the project eventually g o t
4 Buying a guidebook is recommended in order to g e t
5 TPR Construction provide excellent customer 1g8 - -
service and always m ake

A the job and give you a nice even finish,

B the m ost o u t o f your visit to this fine Heydar Aliyev Centre,
medieval building. Baku, Azerbaijan
C a p o in t o f checking that the client is
fully satisfied before issuing the final bill.
D u n d e r w a y last March, and
construction is due to be
completed next October.
E h e sita tio n in awarding this
year's Innovative Design Prize to Beijing Daxing
Abraham Moskowitz. International Dongdaemun
Design Plaza,
Seoul, Korea
2 Read the articles quickly and answer the questions. 4 Now read the other extracts and underline any text
that also talks about the speed that Hadid’s career
1 Are all four articles talking about the same subject?
developed. Then decide who expresses a different
2 Do you think the writers of the articles express the
same ideas and opinions? opinion from Jeremy.

5 Answer questions 2-4, following the same

3 Look at question 1. Then read Helen Jeremy’s
procedure.
extract and find what she says about how quickly
Hadid’s career developed.

You are going to read four extracts from articles about the architect Zaha Hadid. For questions 1—4, choose
from the articles A-D. The articles can be chosen more than once.

Which critic

1 has a different opinion to Jeremy about how quickly 3 expresses a similar view to Older about the
Hadid’s career developed? importance of teamwork in Hadid’s company?

2 disagrees with Onilski about whether Hadid differed 4 gives a different reason from the others as to why
in approach from people she learnt from? some of Hadid’s designs were never realised?

* 6 workofarchitect
PUSHING THE B O U N D A R IE S Zaha Hadid
HELEN JEREMY
CLARE OLDER
From Guangzhou to Naples, the world is now familiar with the
graceful buildings of Iraqi-born architectZaha Hadid, a With her right-hand man Patrik Schumacher, Zaha
graduate of the Architectural Association in London. But there Hadid assembled a truly multi-national dream team of
was a time when it looked as though none of her buildings directors, associates and designers, which enabled
would ever make it off the drawing board. For many, her Zaha Hadid Architects (ZH A) to stay on top of an
designs were justtoo difficult to realise. And yet, Hadid impressive portfolio of groundbreaking designs. In
managed to go from ambitious wannabe to mainstream recent decades, clients have been queuing up to get a
success story in no time at all. To say that she was in demand touch of the Hadid magic. But this success is a far cry
would be an understatement. A tthetim e of her death in 2016, from Hadid's early days, which included, for example,
her company, Zaha Hadid Architects, had multiple major her winning design in 1983 for a resort complex known
projects on the go, including building Africa's tallest skyscraper as The Peak in Hong Kong. An ambitious project
in Egypt and a new airportterminal in Beijing. Of course, involving overlapping cantilevered storeys and
skyscrapers and airports don't just get built by lone geniuses; endorsed by eminent engineer Peter Rice, it came to
they require extensive networks of technical and professional nothing when itturned outthatthe client did not have
expertise, something that she understood only too well. the funds. Similar problems have dogged Hadid's career
more than most, with projects for Cardiff Bay Opera
House and Tokyo's Olympic Stadium also being aborted.

B N IC K O N ILSKI
TIM CLINCH
When Zaha Hadid setup her practice inthe 1980s, it seemed
unlikely that she would one day join the ranks of architectural
greats of her day, such as Frank Gehry and Rem Koolhaus. Hadidthrived as a student atthe Architectural
In factthe latter was hertutorwhen she trained atthe Association, where she went on to teach after
Architectural Association in London, and from him she graduating. She also worked for hertutorthere, Rem
inherited her utopian architectural vision. Buildings, it was Koolhaus. It was atthistim e that she made the shift
argued, could influence people for the better. And yet her early from 'paper architecture' to the physical reality of
designs seemed like unbuildable fantasies, characterised by actually making things. However, unlike her mentors,
bold designs in which no join was a right angle and no line was Hadid was unwilling to compromise simply in orderto
straight, earning herthe nickname 'Queen ofthe Curve'. It took get something built. For her, it was all or nothing, and
years of hard work for Hadid to make a name for herself as an she did her utmost to promote her radical visions of
architect who could not just design, but build on an epic scale. what could be constructed. Hadid's unconventional
And she did so with style, such as in her magnificent Heydar designs posed challenges which construction
Aliyev cultural complex in Baku, Azerbaijan. For me, Hadid companies had never encountered before, and so
was simply a genius, and I have no hesitation in declaring her many of them never sawthe light of day.
to be the greatest architect of her generation.

U N IT 6 STRUCTURES A N D LANDM ARKS 85

f GRAMMAR i 4 Read the comments section of a news station’s
website. Choose the correct option to complete
them. There are two answers you don’t need.
MODALS (2) - MODALS IN THE PAST
O DarinaBallerina
5 GRAMMAR ON THE MOVE Can’t believe the builders thought they
Watch the video (1)....................................to keep the money. That’s like
saying that if your plumber finds your wedding ring
down the kitchen sink, he can keep it!
- / G R A M M A R REFERENCE Modals (2) - Modals in the past
Page 211
JoeyBoy
1 Read the sentences and choose the best option. I’m a builder and personally I (2)...................................
Sometimes both are possible. If so, is there a quiet. I bet the worker who found it is wishing he’d
difference in meaning? done the same!

She had to have/must have had the roof repaired

Nakahata
after the storm because it was so badly damaged.
I could be/could have been an architect, but in the What a shocking decision! What was the judge thinking?
end, I chose to become a structural engineer.
He (3)...................................the new owners keep what
was in the home they had paid for. The deceased man’s
I didn't have the time or the money to repaint the
daughters sold the house knowing that money
whole house, but I could/was able to get
(4)................................inside it somewhere. By selling the
the bedrooms finished.
house, they abandoned their claim to anything still there.
Three members of the British rock 0 9 Q 3
band Pink Floyd would/used to be
architecture students before might have been D should have been
pursuing full-time careers in music. hidden allowed
What disappointed me about that should have let E would have kept
museum visit was that we didn't have couldn't have F wouldn't have
to/weren't allowed to take any photos been lost allowed
once we were inside for security reasons.
The builders were supposed to follow/ought to have 5 Decide which comments in Exercise 4 you most agree
followed the new energy saving regulations when they with and why. Share your ideas with the class.
built that office block, but clearly they didn't.

2 Match the sentence halves and add any necessary

punctuation. There may be more than one possible I WRITING
PAR
answer.
A PROPOSAL
1 The building could have collapsed
2 The building would have collapsed 1 Read the exam task and look back at the report exam
3 The building should have collapsed task in Unit 3 (page 45). Then read the statements
4 The building might not have collapsed and write R (Report), P (Proposal) or B (Both).
5 The building can't have collapsed
6 The building must have collapsed The college you attend has announced that there will
be an organised trip to a local building in order to
A I saw it this morning and it was fine.
learn about the architecture of the area. You have
B there is no other possible explanation as to why it is
been asked to write a proposal identifying a suitable
in ruins.
building, explaining what could be learnt by visiting it,
C so we consider ourselves very lucky that it didn't.
and suggesting what can be done to make the visit a
D but the demolition crew underestimated the amount of success for the students.
explosives needed.
Write your proposal.
E if it had been built using quality materials.
F had it not been for its earthquake-proof design.
1 The focus tends to be on evaluating a past situation.
3 Q 046 Listen to the news story and answer the 2 The focus tends to be on making and justifying
questions. recommendations for the future.
1 Where was the $500,000 dollars found? 3 The target audience is usually either a superior, e.g.
2 Who found the money initially? a supervisor/professor, or your peer group, e.g.
students/colleagues.
3 Who tried to claim the money?
4 The language should be quite formal and objective.
4 Who fi nally received the money after the case went
5 You can use headings to introduce sections.
to court?
86
Match the two extracts from proposals written by
different candidates with the exam iner’s
PUSH YOURSELF C2
criticisms (A-C). There is one extra option.
BUILDING-RELATED PHRASES AND
1 One local building that blew me away when I
visited it was the La Lonja de la Seda in old town
COLLOCATIONS
Valencia - I've wanted to go back for ages. 7 Match the words to make phrases in this unit.
We must go there!!!
2 If you're in central Jakarta, why not check out the 7 drawing A boom
National Museum of Indonesia, where there's 2 fire B angle
absolutely tons of highly enjoyable 'edu-tainment' 3 suspension C proof
inside! 4 right D bridge
5 earthquake- E hazard
A The candidate is insisting on their choice, rather
than recommending a place. 6 building F catching

B The candidate uses a chatty informal style rather 7 eye- G drill

than a more formal tone appropriate to the task. 8 know the H board
C The candidate is focusing too much on their
2 Complete the sentences with a phrase from
□references, rather than thinking of what might
□enefit the other students. Exercise 1.

7 The building's flimsy wooden doors are considered a

Read these sentences from a student’s proposal
...............................and will need replacing to
and match them to the questions the student is comply with the latest building regulations.
answering in the proposal task (A, B or C). 2 We've been over-optimistic with our plans for next
year's budget, so we need to go back to the
A Where could you recommend?
..............................and do it again.
B W hy would you recommend it?
3 Japan's Akashi-Kaikyo......................................has a
C How can such a visit be made successful for students?
central span of nearly two kilometres, and is
1 My suggestion is for the group to travel to our considered a marvel of modern engineering.
provincial capital, Milan, to visit the Galleria Vittorio 4 Polish architects Szotynscy and Zaleski designed their
Emanuelle II. Crooked House without a single straight line or
2 I would strongly recommend that we arrange a ..............................in the facade.
professional guide for our visit, who can answer 5 Structures in cities situated on fault Iines such as
any questions students have. Jakarta, Istanbul and Manila are designed in order to
3 This building is, in my opinion, not only one of the be a s ............................. as possible.
finest examples of nineteenth century architecture in 6 OK everybody, yo u.................................... . First we
the city, but also it would be free to enter as it is a clear the upstairs rooms and get everything packed
public shopping mall, saving the college money. into the van. Then we move onto the downstairs
4 In order for the trip to be interesting, I would suggest furniture.
that students are taught something about the 7 During th e .................................... of the 1980s and
building in advance of the trip itself. 90s, the city's population almost doubled.
5 I am confident that this excursion would be both 8 Hong Kong's Rainbow Building features a colourful
rewarding and enjoyable, enabling all the students a n d ............................ facade.
to get the most out of the day.

Focus on the underlined words or phrases in

Exercise 3. Look at the possible synonyms (a-b)
and choose the one which is most appropriate for
a proposal.

1 a recommendation b advice
2 a firmly b totally
3 a I reckon b I would say
4 a prior to b before
5 a dead sure b convinced

Work in groups. Imagine you are going to write

your own answer to the exam task in Exercise 1.
Discuss the questions in Exercise 3 and make
notes. Then present your ideas to the class.
 EXAM TO
[WRITINGPART 2 : A PROPOSAL i SPEAKING PAR

© E X A M FACTS © E X A M FACTS
• It is possible (but not certain) that Part 2 o f the Writing • The questions in Part / focus on your experience, interests
exam will include a proposal. and personal opinions.
• A proposal is similar in style to a report, but the focus • Candidates aren't required to talk to each other in Part 1.
is on making recommendations for a future project, not
analyzing something that has already happened.

OEXAM TIPS
o EXAM TIPS • Think about different ways to answer these questions. For
example, for Yes/No questions, don't just always answer
• As with a report, you may want to give your paragraphs with 'Yes' or 'No'. Use alternatives such as 'Definitely
headings in a proposal. Headings typically are written as a (not)', 'To some extent...’, 'Yes and no' or 'It depends ...'
noun phrase, e.g. A n e w a rt g allery for Tonkington to show variety. Also make sure you explain and justify
or a clause beginning with a question word (where, when, your answer.
how, why): W hy Tarnow needs a n e w sports centre • If you are asked a question that you cannot immediately
• Again, as with a report, you need to identify who you are answer, you can try strategies such as explaining your
writing for as this will help you decide if the tone needs to interpretation o f the question, or admitting you don't have
be formal or neutral. an immediate answer to that question but offering an
alternative perspective instead.

Write an answer to the question. Write your Questions for Student A

answer in 220-260 words in an appropriate style. • How interested are you in visiting old buildings?
• What's the most interesting building you have ever visited?
Your town council has recently received some
funding for improvements to public buildings and it • Is there any building in the world that you'd really like to
has asked residents for suggestions. Write a visit? (Why?)
proposal to the council in which you identify the • What would you say is the most famous building in your
building and explain why you think local people country?
would benefit from it being improved. You should • Have you ever visited a ruined building, and if so, what did
also briefly outline your recommendations for you think of it?
improving the building. Questions for Student B
Write your proposal. • Do you prefer modern buildings or historical ones? Why?
• Which building in your town do you think that visitors
should go and see?
• Do you think working as an architect would be a rewarding
career? Why?/Why not?
• Have you ever been to the top of a skyscraper, and if so,
would you recommend it? Why?/Why not?
• Do you think children should be taught about architecture
at school? Why?/Why not?

hp"[

•4*
[READING AND USE OF ENGLISH PART j ]
© EXAM FACTS O EXAM TIPS
• This task requires you to cross-reference information across four • Read each question and underline the o p inion /
different texts. attitude/idea that you need to locate.
• The four questions ask you to find similar or different opinions, • If you are given the name o f one o f the writers/texts
agreement or disagreement between the writers/texts. in the question, then identify where this information
is in that text. Then read the other texts to find the
corresponding information that the question asks for.
You are going to read fo u r te x ts about skyscrapers. • There is usually one question which requires you to
For questions 1-4, choose fro m th e te x ts A-D. The te x ts find out which writer differs or disagrees with all the
others on something.
may be chosen more than once.

iftfi ft | H
Which writer
1 offers more evidence to support Howel's view about
how living in multi-storey buildings affects health?
2 has a different view from Bergsen about what people
associate with high-rise buildings?
3 shares Parkin's opinion on how living in a tall building
affects social interaction?
4 offers an alternative explanation from the others as
to why so many skyscrapers are being built?

Skyscrapers
A Hilde Bergsen Chris Parkin

Recent years have seen the resurgence of the skyscraper Advances in construction nowadays mean that structures
brought on by improved construction technology, largely in can be made wind- and earthquake-proof at a larger size
the area of lifts which can reach speeds of up to 60 km per than ever before, prompting a skyscraper building boom
hour. Tall buildings are regarded as indicators of high-end right across the globe. So what’s it actually like to live on
luxury living and commercial success. From basement the 62 nd floor? Well, the views from up there are no doubt
swimming pools to the rooftop running tracks common in superb, but a Canadian study of heart attack victims has
high-rise blocks in Singapore, they can and should provide concluded that survival rates dropped substantially on
the amenities needed by residents to ensure that high-rise higher floors of a skyscraper because they were harder
living is beneficial to both mind and body. However, just and more time-consuming for paramedics to reach. And
because such facilities exist for people to use and get to there’s the day-to-day practical aspect of living in the sky
know one another does not necessarily mean that to consider too. Kilometre-high buildings inevitably take
inhabitants will do so. Studies suggest that the larger a longer to enter and longer to exit, and so getting out to
residential building is, the greater the chance that its see a pal down the road can become such an undertaking
residents will report some degree of loneliness. that people don’t bother, which can lead to extended
isolation, as several commentators have observed.
B Adrian Bell
D Becca Howel
In many ways, this year has felt like the year of the
skyscraper. Mind you, so did last year. I’m interested in I’ve always resented the childish quest to build as tall a
people’s perceptions of skyscrapers, largely because I structure as possible. Corporations worldwide are
want to understand what so many people have against competing with each other to show their importance and
them. In places like Hong Kong where limited space has power as though a company’s success can be measured
prompted the tendency to build skywards, they’re just the through the number of storeys its corporate HQ has. And
norm. In other places such as the UK, however, a certain yet there’s something heroic about these vast landscape­
stigma has been attached to the drab multi-storey blocks dominating structures. Increasingly, though, new
of the 1950s and 60s, and this is taking quite a time to shed. skyscrapers are less likely to be workplaces, and more
Many of the supposed drawbacks are simply overstated, likely to be the place that several hundred people call
such as the idea that living in a high-rise is unhealthy. In home. Of course, the sheer number of people sharing a
actual fact, overall life expectancy has been shown to be large building does make it easier for bugs and germs to
higher in the upper levels of multi-storeys than those spread through shared contact with door handles, lift
closer to street level. And with increasingly sophisticated buttons and hallways. But at the same time, having a
design, the current trend is for more and more large pool of neighbours means that there is a large
skyscrapers reaching higher and higher. I have a feeling supply of what poet William Butler Yeats refers to as
I’ll be calling next year ‘the year of the skyscraper’ too. ‘friends you haven’t met yet’.

U N IT 6 STRUCTURES A N D LANDM ARKS 89

REAL WORLD

Work in groups. Answer the

questions.
THINKING OF
Do you curre have you ever RENTING? THEN READ THIS FIRST
rented house, flat or room? If so,
describe the home and your feelings
about it.
flying the nest, downsizing, moving in with friends or relocating
2 Would you prefer to live alone or in
to a new area. It can give you flexibility, independence and a
a shared house? What are the
whole new lifestyle. But, like anything, there are pitfalls, and it
advantages and disadvantages of
pays to be aware of these so that you can find a place that’s
each situation?
right and make sure renting works for you.
3 Are the following statements true or
false for your country? First up is afford ability. It goes without saying that you get
a Most young people can't afford what you pay for but most people would expect to pay about
to buy a house or flat in the one third of their income on rent. Remember that you’ll also
place they grew up. need to budget for your other monthly costs like transport and
b Renting is so expensive that phone bills, so it’s sensible to have a ball-park figure in mind.
more and more young people Overestimate what you can stretch to, and you might find
are living with their parents yourself struggling to stay afloat each month. If you’re going to
after they leave school or be sharing, make sure you’re all in agreement about the
university. budget because it’s likely to be the case that if one of you
c Universities usually provide defaults, then everyone else effectively becomes liable.
cheaper accommodation for
Then make sure you’re clear on your non-negotiables - your
students in halls of residence.
must-haves. Sure, a sea view would be great, but optional
d The further you are from the
extras like that tend to push the price up. Focus on the
city centre, the more affordable
essentials, like whether there’s parking or space to keep a
accommodation becomes.
bike. Or how near to the city centre you need to be. Work out
what your daily commute time will be, especially if you will be
2 You are going to read an article
relying on public transport.
about renting a property in the UK.
First read paragraphs 1-4 of the And once all that is sorted out, it’s time to make a shortlist
article and identify the best and view some properties.
summary of the article A-C.

Renting a home can be great

provided that you know how to go
about it.
B If you're going to be renting, make
sure that your flatmates are
compatible.
There are some things you should
never economise on when renting
somewhere to live.
Find words in paragraphs 1-4 meaning s Q 047 Now listen to the negotiation and tick the
strategies Janine uses to reach an agreement.
A review the possible options and reduce them to the
most important ones 0 047 Look at the negotiation phrases from the
B afford, manage dialogue. Correct the underlined words. Then listen
C fails to pay, misses a payment and check.
D unanticipated problems
E obliged to pay PHRASES YOU MIGHT HEAR/USE
F allow enough money, plan for financially
I'm not going to be able to pay above the
G approximate amount going level.
H moving to a smaller home, often to save money Do we have some space for negotiation?
I could drop down to £790 for you.
Complete the property viewing checklist in
That's definitely a jump in the right direction.
paragraphs 5-7 with the words from the box.
I still think you are asking me to pay under the odds.
Why don't we meet halftime?
double-glazing certified tenants viewings
water pressure carbon monoxide alarms OK, I guess I could reach to that.

lockable mould tenancy central heating 8 It looks like we have an agreement.

Q Watch the video on the new Wonders of the World.

Work in groups. Can you think of anything else you Make notes on each of the following:
might add to your checklist when considering a
• The Great Wall of China: built 7th
rental property?
• Petra
Decide which strategies you think Janine should use • Chichen Itza
to negotiate a lower rent with the landlord of a flat • Machu Picchu
she is interested in. • Taj Mahal

A offer a concession • The Colosseum

B pay him a compliment • Christ the Redeemer

C agree to the asking price

D ask if the price is negotiable
E list all the things that are wrong with the flat £ O WATCH
F tell him he is being greedy and charging too much
G make a lower offer, with a reason for the reduction
H show that she has done her research into the property
•i <4
market 1

PROPERTY VIEWING CHECKLIST

Is there any , especially in

damp areas such as bathrooms?
Does it have ................................for the
windows? This makes a massive difference in
terms of soundproofing and heat retention.
What’s the ................................like? You’ll want
a proper shower, not just a dribble!
Does the property have ................................. or
does it have individual heaters in each room?

SAFETY AND SECURITY

Are there working 5 , and
when were they last tested?
Have the electrical and gas fittings been inspected k EVALUATING IDEAS, ARGUMENTS AND OPTIONS

Imagine that you are estate agents, looking to find a

home in your town for a millionaire customer with an
QUESTIONS TO ASK THE LANDLORD unlimited budget looking to buy a holiday home.
Find two suitable properties and prepare a
8
presentation outlining the advantages of each.
Why are the current ........... leaving?
has the
property had? U N IT 6 STRUCTURES A N D LANDM ARKS
I
 TASK 1
Instructions: Find the three-letter word that
'r eading and use of *
completes the word in capital letters, and finishes ENGLISH PART 1 TRAINING
the sentence in a sensible way.
EXAMPLE: I'll put some GED cheese on the pizza. Read the extracts (1-3) from a Part 1 task. Decide
(.... ......... ) what each is testing your knowledge of: A - fixed
1 The children umped into the pool and SPLED phrases, B - verb patterns or C - collocations.
around joyfu ly. (....... ) Then choose the correct answer for each.
2 VAN A is my favourite flavour of ice cream.
(.............. )
1 If we try to teach students according to their
3 The WHER is usually a bit better in the south
learning styles, it might actually...... them
of England than in the north. (.......)
from developing more useful ways of learning.
A discourage
B deny
TASK 2
W ork out which option is a top-down 2D view of C encourage
the 3D figure on the left. D allow

2 Research has not managed to .............. a

connection between teaching methods and
student achievement.

A apply
B build
C establish
1 Complete the logic tasks. Then answer the questions
below. D construct

1 W hat exactly do you think these questions are testing? 3 You can’t get your own..............all the time.
2 Do you think the ability to answer them is a good That’s not fair.
indication of whether a child will do well in studies/life?
A path
3 W hat other ways are used to assess the 'brainpower'
of children? B idea
4 Do you think everybody learns in the same way? C route
D way

92
 NEWS ARCHIVE SEARCH

2 Read the text extract. Choose the correct options I OVERLY AMBITIOUS?_______________
using the tips to help you.
It is commonly believed that being overly ambitious is a
Most of the research (1) in the last few years has negative and even destructive trait. The main reason that
concluded that the relationship between learning styles and ambition is not always highly regarded is that many people
student achievement has been greatly ( 2 ) .................. associate it with greed and with the type of people who
Before this revelation, many students ( 3 ) ...... ......... their push others out of the way to get where they want to be.
failures on their teachers, whereas it is now apparent that According to a well-respected psychologist, if we take a
they need to take ( 4 ) ................. for their own shortcomings.
randomly selected group of people, only one in ten would
7 be regarded as highly ambitious. I am personally strongly
Tip: Only one verb here naturally collocates with research. opposed to the idea that ambition is a dirty word, and I'm
deeply concerned that young people, especially women, are
A conducted C enacted being held back by such stereotypical views of ambition.
B investigated D performed So, what is a more positive way to embrace your aspirations?
First of all, it is vitally important to focus on your education
2 at the early stages of your career. The most ambitious
Tip: Two of these adjectives collocate with greatly, but people tend to be highly educated. It is also useful to be well
think about whether the adjective should have a positive or thought of by your peers, so get out there and join
negative meaning based on the whole extract. professional and social networks - both on and offline. Don't
just join and be a passive observer. Get actively involved.
A overrated C exaggerated
B augmented D enhanced

3 3 Choose an adverb from box A and an adjective from

box B for each gap.
Tip: Which of these verbs uses the structure verb + (sth) +
on + (sth/sb)?
B
disappointed
A charged C accused
utterly ridiculous
B blamed D claimed
badly located
highly aware
Tip: Which one completes the fixed phrase take................ closely available
for (sth)? widely trained
conveniently associated
A authority C acknowlegement bitterly mistaken
B ownership D responsibility
7 I find i t ....................................... that teachers are no
longer allowed to encourage any form of competition

VOCABULARY! 2
between students.
Tomas w a s .......................................with his exam

ADVERB + ADJECTIVE COLLOCATIONS results and plans to re-sit them in the summer.
3 Teachers a re ........................................ professionals, so
7 Work with a partner and answer the questions. they should definitely be paid more.
4 If you think I'm going to give up without a fight, you're
7 Do you consider yourself to be ambitious?
2 Is being ambitious considered a positive or negative
5 The college bookshop is ....................................... next to
trait a) in your country b) among your peers?
the main entrance.
3 Quickly read the extract from a blog post. Does the
6 Most students a re ........................................ that a degree
w riter see ambition as positive or negative?
does not guarantee them a job for life.

2 Find and highlight 12 adverb + adjective collocations 7 All the textbooks you will need are
................................ across the country.
in the text. One has been done for you.
8 The university is ........................................ with the
teaching hospital.

4 Write questions with three collocations from this

section to ask your partner.

When was the last time you felt bitterly disappointed by

someone or something?

5 Choose an adverb from Exercises 2 and 3 and find

more collocations for it online.

UNIT 7 BROADENING HORIZONS 93

PGRAMMAR [ 3 Match the articles in the gaps (1-11) with their
uses (A-H).

ARTICLES A Definite article - nouns that are unique, specific to a

situation, have been previously mentioned, and both
speaker and listening know what is being referred to
GRAMMAR ON THE MOVE
B Definite article - as part of some fixed expressions
Watch the video
C Definite article - certain countries, especially those
with plural names
D Indefinite article - an unspecified singular countable
G R A M M A R R E F E R E N C E I Articles: Page 212
noun, means the same as any
1 Do you know what a MOOC is? Read the text and E Indefinite article in some expressions of quantity
check if you were correct. F Indefinite articles - before a job (singular)
G Zero article - plural or collective nouns that imply in
2 Complete the gaps with a/an, the or - (zero article). general or any or all
H Zero article for the names of academic subjects,
professions or activities
---- wiki.com
4 Correct the sentences, focusing on the use of
Article Talk articles. Then compare with a partner and explain
your corrections.
MOOC stands for Massive Open Online Course.
These are courses that anyone can take for free. 1 If you join the army in the UK, you can study a
(1)............. MOOCs originated in (2)...............United corresponding degree for free.
States in 2011 and since then, over 100 million people 2 Harry is planning to join an expedition to climb the
have taken part in them around (3)............. world. Mount Kilimanjaro the next year.
The University of Stanford was one of the first to 3 I would like to do a research into the mosquito-borne
develop these large-scale study programmes. So, what diseases.
are the advantages and disadvantages of MOOCs? 4 There was a thought-provoking documentary about FBI
The main advantage, of course, is the price - they are on TV the last night.
generally free, unless you wish to be assessed and 5 Research has shown that the female students tend to
gain (4)............. certificate. Another attraction is the do better than the male students at academic subjects.
flexibility they offer for students to study alongside 6 The deadline for handing in your dissertation is the
working or other responsibilities. You can work at your Friday after next.
own pace and gain useful knowledge and experience.
The main drawback with MOOCs is that you don't have 5 Decide what the difference in meaning is between
access to a tutor. Any assessment tends to use auto­ these pairs of sentences.
grading or peer feedback. You need to be
self-motivated enough to do your work without Mauricio went to school in London.
(5)............. support you get at school or college. Mauricio went to a school in London.
Another disadvantage is that so far, (6)............. a The workers will benefit from this new law.
employers have not been keen to recognise MOOCs, Workers will benefit from this new law.
though there is some evidence that this is changing. His father is in prison right now.
A MOOC is not the best choice if you wish to enter a
His father is at the prison right now.
profession like (7)............. law or become (8)..............
There is little evidence that learning disorders are
doctor.
hereditary.
MOOCs are developing all the time. There are even
b There is a little evidence that learning disorders
(9)............. few MOOC-based degrees now. If you are
considering a specific MOOC, do your research.
Get information from people who have taken a In future, all test results will be emailed to
(10)............. course, read the reviews and make candidates.
your own decision. Undoubtedly, a MOOC is b In the future, all test results will be emailed to
not the same as a degree at a recognised candidates.
university, but the skills you
learn could definitely pave
(11)............. way for a
better future.
LISTENING
GUESSING MEANING FROM CONTEXT
7 You w ill hear a talk called ‘ Brainless learning’.
Use the title and the photos to predict what it will
be about.

2 Look at words from the talk in the box. Which ones

do you know? Write the words in the ‘traffic light’
system, according to your understanding.

clustered innate interpersonal

swivels deterrent differentiate
unicellular fuse re-evaluate variables

I don't know this word.

I think I know this word.

6 Complete the sentences about the word in bold in

this extract. Then write a definition.
'W e have all heard of different types of intelligence, such
I am sure I know this word. as interpersonal
7 The prefix infer- means

2 The root word is

3 The suffix -al tells us it is an

3 0 048 Listen to the talk. Tick off the words from

4 The meaning is
Exercise 2 as you hear them. Then write a single
sentence explaining what the talk is about.
7 Look at the extracts (1-5) and use the contextual
4 Look at the extract from the talk and the tip box.
clues or your knowledge of word-building to write a
What does clustered mean?
synonym or short definition for each of the words
'... nevertheless, they do possess neurons, albeit spread out in bold.
rather than clustered in one place/
7 A plant called Cornish M allow swivels its leaves
Tip: The phrase rather than tells us that clustered contrasts around during the night so that in the morning they
with spread out. Given this, what do you think clustered are facing the sun.
means? 2 Audrey Dussutour of the University of Toulouse created
a maze with tasty food such as oats, but blocked the
slime's access to it with bitter substances like caffeine.
5 0 049 Read and listen to the extract. Here innate A t first, the slime hesitated for several hours before
responses contrasts with learning. Which word (A-C) is making its w ay across the deterrent to reach the
closest in meaning to innate? reward.

Scientists have always known this but used to think this was
3 ... she discovered the plants were able to
differentiate between two different stimuli.
due to innate responses that had developed over many
generations. Now, however, they are beginning to define the 4 Researchers have also realised that unicellular
behaviour of non-neural organisms as a form of learning. organisms can fuse together in order to learn more
about their environment.
A taught
5 Like humans and other animals, they are able to explore
B automatic
the benefits and drawbacks of different options and
C acquired
re-evaluate their choices as variables change.

UNIT 7 BROADENING HORIZONS 95

[VOCABULARY [
WORDBUILDING
7 Q 050 Complete the words in the extracts from the 4 Complete the sentence by matching the nouns (1-7)
previous listening section on Brainless Learning. w ith the definitions (A-G).
Then listen and check.
A /a n ... is a person who ...
7 .............. ists have always known this. 7 atheist A treats mental illness
2 ............. /st M onica G agliano of the University of 2 oncologist B believes their ethnic group is
Western Australia ... 3 perfectionist better than others
3 Chris Reid of M acquarie University in Australia is a 4 royalist C is against w ar
Behavioural ist. 5 psychiatrist D doesn't believe in a god or gods

6 racist treats cancer

2 Write a list of all the nouns ending w ith -ist you can 7 F insists everything should be
pacifist
th in k of. 100% correct

3 Complete each gap w ith a suitable person ending G supports monarchies

in -ist. 5 Make the noun which corresponds to the person for

7 The................. diagnosed a serious heart condition.
all the words in Exercises 3 and 4 using the suffixes
2 After the collapse of Central and Eastern Europe below.
regimes in the late 1980s, most people stopped seeing
themselves a s ......... -ism -y -mg -ics

3 You can't offer the course only to boys. That would

make you a ......... cardiologist - cardiology

M y friend, Maya, is an excellent................. She knows

6 Work w ith a partner and answer the questions.
all about English, Spanish, Arabic, Turkish and
Mandarin. 7 W ho are your favourite novelists? W hat do you like
5 I've only visited Spain as a ................. , so I don't know about them?
it very well. 2 Do you consider yourself to be an environmentalist?
6 When driving, you must always be considerate of W h y /W h y not?
o th e r.......... 3 Are you more of an optimist or a pessimist?
7 Josh has gone to speak to th e ................. as he is not 4 How would you define a feminist? Can both men and
sure which painkillers to take. women be feminists?
8 Greta Thunberg is a Swedish-born................ who
believes politicians are not doing enough to protect
our planet.
SPEAKING i Art
o Look at the Part 2 exam question and the photos.
051

Then listen to a student called Lola. As you listen, tick off

the stages of her one-minute talk. Do you think she does
the Part 2 task well?

Compare two of the pictures and say how the learners

might feel about learning in these contexts, and how
effective the teaching methods might be in these
situations.

1 states which photos she has chosen

2 gives an overview of her answer to question 1
3 answers the first question in relation to picture 1
4 answers the first question in relation to picture 2
5 gives an overall answer to question 2
6 answers question 2 in relation to picture 1
7 answers question 2 in relation to picture 2

2 Match the extracts (A-G) with stages (1-7) of Lola’s

one-minute answer.

A In the classroom, the feelings of the students v a ry .................

most of them are listening attentively, a few look bored and
one is asleep.
B Both of these ways of learning could be effective,................
the age of the student and the subject being taught.
C In schools, there is no choice but to teach many students in
the same w a y ........., this will be more effective for
some students than for others.
D ................ I'm going to talk about the first and third pictures:
the female student learning alone and the classroom.
E The girl looks totally absorbed in her ta sk.................. she
finds it challenging but she has the time and space to figure
it out.
F ................ , the photos show people engaged in learning.
G For technical subjects like the student in the first photo is
doing, hands-on learning is best.......... , she would need
access to a teacher who could support her if she got stuck.

3 Q 051 Listen again and complete the extracts with the

words and phrases (discourse markers) Lola uses to give
structure to her answer. Why does using such language
improve your speaking?

4 Write a plan to answer the one-minute task that Lola

completed, using the same seven stages. Think of
appropriate discourse markers you can use to give your 6 Q 052 Listen to Lola’s partner, Alfredo, answer

answer structure. the follow-up question to the main task: ‘ In

which situation do you think more learning is
5 Work with a partner. Take turns to time each other giving taking place?’ Write Y (yes) or N (no) if he does
your one-minute answers and take notes on your the following in his answer.
partner’s performance. Then discuss the following:
7 identifies one or other of the situations
7 Did using Lola's seven stages help to produce a good 2 says why he thinks the students are learning
answer?
3 suggests reasons why they may be learning less
2 Did your partner use a varied range of discourse markers to in the other situation
give their answer a clear structure?

UNIT 7 BROADENING HORIZONS 97

f GMMM4R j 4 In the questions below, all the nouns in bold can be
countable or uncountable depending on context.
Decide for each whether it is C (countable) or U
COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
(uncountable) in the given context.

GRAMMAR ON THE MOVE 1 Look around the room . Can you see anything made of
paper, glass, or metal?
Watch the video
2 Tell us about a tim e you learnt something important.
3 Can you give a recent example of fake news?
1 Quickly read the blog post about someone’s bucket 4 Do you think being successful in life is down to luck or
list and answer the questions. to hard w o rk?
5 What would your dream job be?

Last year I got to cross off one of the most ambitious 5 Work in pairs and answer the questions in Exercise 4.
items on my personal bucket list: to survive a month
in the wilderness. I spent the month in Gila National - / GRAM AIAR REFERENCE Countable and uncountable
Forest, New Mexico in the South West of the United nouns: Page 213
States. It may seem like cheating but I went on a
Wilderness Awareness course first to gain the
(1) knowledges/knowledge I would need. I learnt how
to start (2) fire/fires and build basic (3) shelter/
shelters. The instructors gave us useful (4) advices/
advice on survival techniques. The most important
(5) informations/information we received was to have
(6) respect/respects for the natural world, including 1 Work with a partner and
animals, plants and the climate. They also taught us answer the questions.
specific skills such as which (7) fruit/fruits to eat and
which to avoid, (8) safety/safeties always being the 1 Have you ever used an app
top priority. It was tough at times but gave me to help you learn a language,
valuable (9) experience/experiences which will stand school subject or other skill?
me in good stead throughout my life. 2 What do you think are the advantages
and disadvantages of learning with a language app?
3 Do you think you learn more effectively using an app
1 What do you think a bucket list is? or in a classroom situation? Why?
2 Would you like to take the same course?
3 What would you put on your own bucket list? 2 Read the review of a language learning app called
Cantar! and answer the questions.
2 Read the blog post again and choose the correct form
of each noun. 1 What are the positive and negative points of this app?
2 Does the writer recommend it?
What advice does the writer give?
3 Decide for each pair of sentences which word in bold is
What is the purpose of each paragraph?
countable (C) and which is uncountable (U). What is the
difference in meaning between them?

a She is learning how to make sculptures using w o o d .

She plans to work in the w o o d tomorrow.
a The lecture will now take place in ro o m 30.
b There's not enough ro o m for us to pitch a tent here.
My new job involves a great deal of overseas travel.
It was a long jo u rn e y to reach the summit.
a Education is the most important issue in our
country right now.
b My school provided me with a good edu ca tio n
and prepared me well for the future.
It's a p ity you can't join me on the survival course.
She agreed to help him more out of p ity than
anything else.
I found out about the job by chance.
I didn't have the chance to thank you for
recommending that language app.
NEWS REVIEWS ABOUT SEARCH

PUSH YOURSELF C2
1 Cantor! is an app which aims to teach
Spanish through songs. My Spanish teacher
introduced it to us in class and I was EXPRESSIONS WITH BRING AND TAKE
immediately hooked. I'm a music lover and I
was enticed by the app's use of catchy Latin 1 Look at the highlighted phrases in context.
American songs I was already familiar with. Write definitions for each.
2 How it works is that you listen to the song 1 Lucy was definitely the right choice to be Head of
while following the lyrics on the screen of Department. W ith her skills and experience, she really
your mobile phone. After listening a couple brings a lot to the table.
of times, you click on the grammar and 2 I've found it really difficult to work with Peter. I don't
vocabulary exercises. There is a wide range know w hy exactly but he really brings out the
of activity types and you get instant w orst in me.
feedback on your performance. Somehow
3 OK, if there is no other business, let's bring the
doing tasks in the context of upbeat music is
meeting to a close.
much more engaging than doing the same
4 The students were really taken aback when they
thing in class.
heard their school was to start charging fees.
For me the only downside of Cantar! is that
5 She has been going around telling everyone she's in
the grammar and vocabulary you come
charge when she isn't. She needs to be taken
across is quite random. Whereas a school
dow n a peg or two.
syllabus provides a logical progression from
6 When Connor failed the module, he was threatening
basic to harder language, with the app you
to drop out of college, but I managed to bring him
might be exposed to advanced vocabulary
to his senses.
before you are ready to learn it. Also,
certain words like amor (love) and te quiero 7 Well, I'm not convinced. I haven't seen any evidence

(I love you) come up all the time but you to back that up, but I suppose I'll have to take your
never learn how to do practical things like w o rd fo r it.
ask for directions or order a meal! 8 If you are genuinely serious about learning the guitar,
then you have to put the hours in. Don't take this
3 Overall, Cantar! is a great way of making
the w rong way, but I don't think you have the
learning less of a chore. Nevertheless, I
patience to do that.
would suggest students don't rely wholly on
this app. Get yourself enrolled in a language
2 Complete each gap with the correct form of one of
school as well and just use the app to
reinforce what you have learnt in class. the phrases from Exercise 1.

1 W hen the principle said that one of my classmates

had been caught cheating in the exam, I was
3 Look at the final paragraph and the underlined
word which introduces it. Which of the following 2 I don't think we should include John in our study
words and phrases could be used instead? group. A fter all, what does he
2
To recap Eventually To sum up Consequently 3 M y student assured me that he hadn't plagiarised the
In summary M y final point is ideas in his essay, but I can't just
................................ It's so much better than his
usual standard of work.
4 Read these recommendation statements. Write 4 W e have investigated thoroughly and found that
P (Positive), N (Negative) or M (Mixed) next to each. no-one is at fault, so let's................................the
m a tter....................................... .
1 I recommend this ... with some reservations.
2 I'm reluctant to recommend this ... because ...
3 I wholeheartedly recommend this ...
4 I'd recommend this ... to anybody who ...
but not to those looking for ...
5 W hile there are some drawbacks to this ... ,
overall, I'd recommend it.
6 I suggest you avoid this ... at all costs.
I have absolutely no hesitation in
recommending this ...

5 Work with a partner. Use a phrase from Exercise 4

to tell them about something you have bought
recently or a piece of technology you use. Explain
why you would/wouldn’t recommend it.
 EXAM TO
[READING AND USE OF ENGLISH PART 1 1
© EXAM FACTS
• In Part /, you read a short text with eight gaps. You must
choose the best word for each gap from four options.
• The first question is done for you as an example.
• A ll the options are the same part o f speech and are often
words o f similar meaning.

Q EXAM TIPS
• Read the whole text through before attempting to fill any
o f the gaps.
• Carefully read the sentence that contains the gap. Look for
clues, such as prepositions and verb forms.
• The words next to the gap may be part o f a collocation,
so pay particular attention to them.
• Read the text through with your chosen words before
moving onto the next part.

For questions 1-8, read the te x t below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each
gap. There is an example at the beginning (0).

0 A result B cause C basis D reason

1 A existence B usage C common D service
2 A disagreement B problem c objection D issue
3 A results B interests wishes D means
4 A goes B is c comes D feels
5 A exception B exemption c omission D acceptance
6 A commonplace B rarity c mystery D custom
7 A rights B days G ways D times
8 A stop B block ban D restriction

Grammar schools
Grammar schools are a type of school in the UK which select pupils on the (0 )..............
of their success at an exam called the 11 plus. As its name would suggest, children sit
this exam around the age of 11. This system was in (1).............. all over the country until
the early 1970s. Many people took (2)..............with the selective approach, arguing that
it was not in the best (3)............. of any of the students. While it is true that learning in
the academic sense (4).............. more easily to some children than others, it is also true
that people develop at their own pace. Children who attended grammar schools were,
almost without (5 )..............., the only ones who went on to tertiary education. Nowadays
grammar schools are something of a (6 ).............. , and many would argue that the areas
where they exist are behind the (7 )............... However, others believe that if the
government decided to put a (8).............. to them, bright children from poorer families
would be disadvantaged.

lOOi
JWRITING PART 2 : A REVIEW SPEAKING PAR

© E X A M FACTS © E X A M FACTS
• In Part 2 o f the Writing paper, one o f the options is • Each candidate is given three photos on a common theme
a review. and must choose two o f them and answer two questions
• You will be asked to review a product, course, event, film, with reference to them.
book or even an experience in 2 2 0 -2 6 0 words. • The other candidate is then asked to speak for
• You will be given a context and some guidance on what 30 seconds on a question related to the first candidate's
to include. photos.

o E X A M TIPS O EXAM TIPS

• Structure your review in a logical way: start by describing • Practise timing yourself so you become comfortable with
the thing you are reviewing, then give the positive and doing the first part o f the Part 2 task in one minute.
negative points. End with a summary and say whether or • Don't just describe what you see. Your answers should
not you can recommend it. focus on speculation and making comparisons between
• Use a wide range o f language to describe and evaluate the photos you choose to focus on.
the item being reviewed.

Student A: I’d like you to compare two of the

You recently attended a short educational course at pictures and say how memorable these learning
a local college. Your local newspaper is running a experiences might be for the children, and how the
series on educational opportunities in the area and children in these learning situations might be feeling.
has asked readers to contribute. Write a review of
Student B: Which of these learning situations do
your educational course, giving your opinion on the
you think would be most effective?
content and quality of the course, and evaluating
what you learnt. You should also say whether or not
REAL WORLD

Work in groups. Answer the questions.

Applying to University
J W hat factors should students consider when deciding on
universities to apply to? in the UK
2 W hat do you know about the requirements to gain
admission to a UK university?
British universities rank among the highest in the
3 W hat do you know about the UK admissions process?
world. New and returning students converge on
the UK every autumn to join our diverse and
Read through the text quickly. How does it compare with
high-achieving institutions. Not only do they offer
your answers to the questions in Exercise 1? world-class education, they also focus heavily on
making sure students have a wonderful all-round
experience with excellent social and welfare
S ta rt early facilities. In this article, we tell you how you can
Most students start working towards university admission several maximise your chances of getting into the UK
years before they actually apply. Obviously, you need to concentrate university of your choice.
on obtaining high grades in your academic studies, but in addition,
think about how whatyou do outside the classroom can have a
positive impact on your university applications. Ifyou enjoy sports, G e n e ra l re q u ire m e n ts
join a club which plays in a league or enter competitions so that, win Generally, you will need at least two A Levels (usually
or lose, you have some specific experience to mention. Universities three)to gain admission to a UK university. Universities
will be impressed by any evidence of work experience, whether paid are aware of a wide range of education systems from
or not. Volunteering with a charity, doing an internship during the across the world and recognise many equivalent
summer holidays or even helping out a relative attheir workplace can qualifications, such as High School Diplomas and
all develop useful skills. Even more importantly, you will be able to Baccalaureates. If English is notyour first language,you
demonstrate willingness to work and try newthings, attitudes that will need a recognised English Language qualification,
universities value. such as IELTS. Again, the English language qualifications
of many education systems are recognised and you should
check with your universities whether you also need IELTS.
D e c id in g on a u n iv e rsity
Ifyou do need IELTS,you may need to dothe Secure
March to September ofthe year before you wish to start is the usual version, which is accepted by UKVI for visa purposes.
time for decision-making. Most students tend to head straightforthe
university league tables when deciding on a university. Remember,
though, that universities are ranked for different things and the overall H ow to a p p ly
ranking does not necessarily tell you everything you need to know. Applications to UK universities are made through UCAS
It is often betterto look atthe rankingsforthe subjectyou wantto (the Universities and Colleges Admissions Service).
study. The university that is ranked top in your subject might not be For most courses, the deadline is mid-January of the year
anywhere nearthetop inthe overall rankings. Ifyou are an you wish to start; however, for Oxford and Cambridge and
undergraduate, the university's research rankings might not be many courses in medicine (including dentistry and
relevantto you: instead, check howthe university ranks in teaching veterinary medicine), you will need to apply by October of
and, crucially, check graduate employment prospects. the preceding year. You can choose five courses to apply
There are other factors to considertoo. Go online and check what for at up to five different institutions. You are advised to
current students are saying about the experience as a whole. have one 'aspirational' choice (a high-ranking university
You might also wantto considerthe location: campus universities thatyou could get into if you do really well) and one
tend to be safer with a great sense of community, butyou might prefer 'insurance' choice (a lower-ranking university thatyou
to be in a big city. While fees tend to be similar for all universities, the are fairly sure you can get into whatever happens).
cost of living varies greatly from area to area, so that might be a factor The otherthree choices can be 'realistic' based on your
foryou. predicted grades.

102
 Read the text again and answer the questions. 053 Listen again. Using Matteo’s questions, can

you find words that mean the following?

W hy are the years before applying to university
important, according to the text?
W hich factors mentioned do you personally consider
PHRASES YOU MIGHT HEAR
the most important when choosing a university? copying the work of others and passing it off as

Explain w hy students are encouraged to include your own

'aspirational' and 'insurance' choices on their UCAS make more specific, reduce the dimensions of
application. version
In your own words, explain the role of the personal hand in (to the teacher/professor)
statement. punishment, disciplinary action
opinions or comments designed to help somebody
053 You will hear a student, Matteo, talking to his improve their work
university tutor about his dissertation. He has seven references for things you mention in a piece of writing
questions for her. Listen and write his questions in
your own words. 053 Listen again and make notes on the tu to r’s

answers to each of Matteo’s questions in Exercise 5.

PHRASES YOU MIGHT USE
Work with a partner. Role-play the conversation
How can I narrow down the topic?
based on your answers to Exercises 4 and 6.

S tu d e n t A : You are Matteo.

S tu d e n t B: You are the tutor.

You will watch a video about the differences

between the education systems of the UK and the
US. Make notes on the similarities and differences to
complete the table.

UK US
EDUCATION EDUCATION
SCHOOL TYPES

CURRICULA

SCHOOL EXAMS

UNIVERSITY

The personal statement

The personal statement is the most important part of your
UCAS application. This is where you highlight all the
work-related and extra-curricular activities you have done.
It is not enough to just list them, however. You should stress
the skills they helped you to develop and how these relate
to the subjectyou have chosen to study and your future
career. Your personal statement should reveal who you are
as a person and why you deserve to study at a prestigious
university. The adm issionsteam w antto see th atyo u will
make the most of the opportunity and use it to make a
EVALUATING IDEAS, ARGUMENTS AND OPTIONS
valuable contribution to society after you graduate.
Take time over your personal statement: draft, redraft, ask
In groups, imagine that you are in charge of
yourfam ily o rte a ch e rsto give you feedback, rewrite and
proofread. Don't even think about leaving this vital task to reforming the education system in your country.
the last minute! Make a list of five key changes in order of importance

Good luck! that you think would improve the education system,
giving reasons for each.

UNIT 7 BROADENING HORIZONS 103i

 o n demand

GETTING STARTED
7 Work in groups. Answer the
questions.
VOCABULARY
7 Describe your TV watching habits
(where you watch it, how often, TV
favourite channels, etc.).
2 W hat have been the major changes 7 Which words do you associate with the following kinds of TV programme?
to television as an industry in the Write the word in the appropriate column(s).
last ten years? How do you think TV
will develop in the future? analysis commentator contestant correspondent extras script
3 If you had to choose one TV action replay coverage presenter protagonist series subtitles
programme or series to recommend highlights cast
to the class, which would you
choose and why?
SPORT REALITY TV DRAMA DOCUMENTARY CURRENT
2 Decide to what extent you agree AFFAIRS
with the following quotations about
TV. Share your ideas with the class.

People are sheep. TV is the shepherd. 2 Complete the sentences with a word from Exercise 1 in the correct form.
If I have the choice, I always opt to watch a film in the original language and
Jess C. Scott, author
read th e ................ , rather than watch it dubbed into English.
W hen I'm hooked on a ................ , there's nothing I enjoy more than sitting
I find television very educating. Every time
down and binge-watching every single episode one after the other.
somebody turns on the set, I go into the
I'm too busy to watch live broadcasts of sports like football. I prefer to watch
other room and read a book.
th e ................. show later on.
Groucho M arx, actor I would love to be a ................. on a reality TV show.
M any p o litica l................. agree that our Prime Minister's days are numbered.
They say that 90% of TV is junk. But 90% I find that there's more in-depth................ of news and current affairs on the
of everything is junk. internet than on TV.
It's so common in dramas for the m a in ... to have a fundamental
Gene Roddenberry, creator of Star Trek
character flaw.
I have what it takes to be a successful TV with my own chat show.
I hate television. I hate it as much as
peanuts. But I can't stop eating peanuts. 3 Work with a partner. Say if the statements in Exercise 2 are true for you

Orson Wells, actor and director or if you agree with them.

704
 [SPEAKING PARTS 3 AND 4 j TRAINING

1 0 054 Read the exam task and then listen to two Advanced Work in groups of three. Practise
students, Aneta and Wilhelm, doing the task. Which words from completing the Part 3 task in Exercise 1.
the previous section are used, and in which order?
S tu d e n t A : You are the examiner. Ask the
first question and then after two minutes ask the
second question.
S tu d e n ts B a n d C: You are the candidates.
Discuss the questions the examiner asks,
making sure you communicate together
interactively.

Complete the Part 4 task below. Change

roles in your group and, where appropriate,
respond to the answers given by the other
candidate to show the examiner
interactive communication skills.

1 W hat do you think are the advantages of

WHICH TWO OF THESE TYPES OF PROGRAMME DO YOU THINK live viewing over streaming?
WOULD BE MOST EXPENSIVE FOR TV COMPANIES TO PRODUCE? 2 Do you think that TV presenters should be
highly paid? (W hy?/W hy not?)
2 © 054 Read the tip box on interactive communication and then W hat do you think makes some TV series
listen again. Which student, Aneta or Wilhelm, would score very popular, while others don't attract
many viewers at all?
more highly for interactive communication and why?
Some people think that everyone would be
better off without TV. W hat's your opinion?
INTERACTIVE COMMUNICATION
W hy do you think some
Interactive communication is one of the marking categories for the people want to appear
Speaking exam.
on screen, for
To score highly for interactive communication in Parts 3 of the exam, make example as
sure that:
contestants in
• you take turns by giving your opinion and asking your partner to respond. reality TV
Don't dominate the conversation.
shows, or as
• you show that you are listening to your partner by commenting on what extras in films?
she/he has said.
To what extent
• you express your ideas clearly and clarify your ideas for the other
do you think
candidate if necessary.
that TV
In Part 4 of the exam, the dynamic is slightly different. Both candidates will
programmes
often be expected to answer the same question but the examiner leads the
can influence
conversation, so if the other candidate speaks first, try to respond to what
they say as well as giving your own answer to the questions. □eo pie's
□ehaviour?

o 3 ©

7
054 Complete the phrases the candidates use to take turns and stay on task. Then listen and check.

Shall we sta rt................ live sport? 5 Getting back to th e ................ ..

2 H o w ................ you? 6 I see what y o u ...... ......... , but ...
3 I think we need t o ................ the question o f ... 7 Let's m ove................ dramas.
4 That's_____ ......enough, but ... 8 Shall we look at the one?

4 Add the phrases to the correct columns of the table.

DISCUSSING EACH A S K IN G YOUR RESPONDING TO YOUR STAYING O N TASK

PO INT IN TURN PARTNER'S O P IN IO N PARTNER'S POINTS
Let’s start w ith ... What about you? 1hadn’t considered that. We have gone o ff the point here.
Moving on to the next p o in t,... What do you think/reckon? Good point! Shall we get back to the guestion?

UNIT 8 ON DEMAND 105

LISTENING i

1 Work with a partner and answer the questions.

1 Look at the picture. W hat kind of interactive television
programme do you think it shows?
2 Have you ever seen an interactive TV programme like
this? If so, what did you think of it?
3 W hat kinds of programme do you think would work
best as interactive TV?
4 W hat do you think might be the main problems with
producing an interactive TV episode?

3 W hat do Tomoko and Hassan agree on regarding

2 You are going to listen to two people talking about interactive formats on TV?
interactive TV. First read the questions and options A Most types of TV programme would work
in Exercise 3 quickly, and answer the questions reasonably well in it.
below. B It is hard to predict what kind of TV programmes

1 In your opinion, is it possible to rule out any of the would succeed in the format.

A -D options before you listen? C Factual programmes could be more educational if

they adopted the format.
2 W hen you do this kind of task should you
a always read through the questions and options D They may be an effective w ay to instruct viewers
in healthy eating habits.
before you begin?
b underline the key words in the options to help All the opinions will probably be mentioned, but you need
you understand what each question is asking? to listen for an opinion that both speakers express.
c expect to hear the exact words in the question
options used in the audio? 4 Hassan believes that interactive dramas continue to
appeal to viewers because
Q 055 Listen and answer the questions, using the A this kind of programme still has novelty value.
tips to help you. B watching one requires you to engage more with
the story.
Hassan says that when creating an interactive drama,
C people see similarities with scenarios in their own
the choices viewers are given should
ives.
A fundamentally differ from the main storyline
D they get to resolve mistakes made in the real
structure.
world in a fictional environment.
B happen at predictable moments within the main
storyline structure. The incorrect answers are almost always mentioned, but
C allow the main storyline structure to continue. the speaker will often mention them only to immediately
refute them or they will only partially match what the
D maintain interest in the storyline.
speaker is saying. Only one option will be completely
Focus on the underlined words in the options and then correct.
listen for an idea that matches one of them.

2 Tomoko mentions the three-doors scenario to make the 4 © 055 Listen again and check your answers.
point that
Look back at the questions in Exercise 3. Which
A interactive programmes are meant to be highly
question(s)
enjoyable.
B there's a wide variety of choice for viewers of A ask(s) you to decide on the ideas or opinions of an
interactive programmes. individual main speaker?
C interactive programmes are designed very B ask(s) you to compare the opinions of the two main
differently from video games. speakers?
D adding even simple viewer interactivity C ask(s) you to understand the reason why a speaker
significantly increases the workload for the used a specific example?
showmakers.
Work in groups and answer the questions.
Focus on what Tomoko says after she mentions the three-
doors scenario. 1 M any viewers these days are very critical online if a
TV show or movie doesn't live up to their expectations,
or the plot doesn't develop how they would like. Do
you think this is fair?
2 If you could rewrite or make changes to the plot of any
movie or TV show past or present, which would you
choose, and how would you change it?

106
' GRAMMAR I Complete the second sentence using reported or
indirect speech. There may be more than one
possible answer.
REPORTED SPEECH AND REPORTING VERBS
7 Matteo: 1 didn't remember to record that new series.'
Matteo adm itte d..........................................................
GRAMMAR ON THE MOVE
2 Angela: 1 definitely won't miss the final episode.'
Watch the video
Angela insisted............................................................
3 Arantzazu: 'I don't think there will be another season
7 Read the examples in the box, of that drama.'
then answer the questions. Arantzazu d o u b te d ............................................................
4 Dmitri: 'I would give that new series a miss.'

DIRECT SPEECH - Expert: “Interactive TV is increasing Dmitri recommended.................................................

in popularity and will be more common by next year.” 5 Eleonore: 'I will definitely watch that new sci-fi series
on Thursday.'
REPORTED SPEECH - The expert said that Interactive Eleonore prom ised..............................................................
TV was increasing in popularity and would be more
common by the following year.
Correct the sentences by adding the following words
DIRECT SPEECH - Friend: “Did you watch the latest where needed.
episode of The Handmaid’s Ta/ethis evening?”
whether are what to be customers for
REPORTED SPEECH - My friend asked me if/whether
I had watched the latest episode of The Handmaid’s 7 W e would like to reassure that we remain committed
Talethat evening. to the highest environmental standards.
2 W ith such a massive choice of programmes, my
7 Focus on the verbs and tenses. How do they change in flatmates and I sometimes find it hard to agree on to
reported speech? watch.

2 W hich other parts of the sentence can change when 3 Pol ice are asking any witnesses of the accident to
we change from direct to reported speech? come forward.

3 W hat word(s) do we need to add in before we report 4 M any of the world's fastest-growing urban economies
a Yes/No question? are said to in India.

4 In the first example, how would the reported speech 5 Under questioning by police, the suspect was unable
sentence change if we used told instead of said? to clarify he had been in the area on the day of the
Look at the following reporting verbs. W hich ones can burglary.
5
behave like say (S) and which can behave like tell (T) 6 She explained me that she avoids TV websites so that
in reported speech? W hich two can behave like she doesn't accidentally read spoilers on her favourite
both (B)? shows.

explain inform complain promise Complete each sentence with an appropriate verb.
decide insist ask suggest
There may be more than one correct answer.

6 Look at the example below of how we can use the 7 She................ me not to reveal what happened in the
verb suggest to report speech. Then look at the other final episode, (convinced/urged/begged)
verbs in question 5. W hich ones can use more than 2 They .......... ......to us that they had made a mistake in
one structure to report speech? our cable TV bill, (told/admitted/advised)
3 When the minister was asked t o ................ his previous
comments, he declined, (clarify/assert/tell)
SUGGEST 4 Movie studio sources h a ve ................. to reporters that
a sequel to the film is in the pipeline, with filming due
DIRECT SPEECH - Michael: "We should
to begin within two years, (indicated/suggested/
record that new BBC documentary series."
recommended)
5 She has signed an online petition th a t................. the
REPORTED SPEECH - Michael suggested showrunners to entirely remake the final season of
that we (should)* watch that new BBC Game o f Thrones, (asks/demands/calls for)
documentary series.
OR G R A M M A R R E F E R E N C E I Reported speech and reporting
verbs: Page 214
Michael suggested watching that new BBC
documentary series.
* This can be omitted

UNIT 8 ON DEMAND 107

[ WRITING. 3 Look at the three exam tasks below. For each one
write the following:

SIGNPOSTING • an introductory sentence that refers forward to what

you will say in the main body of the text
7 Read the tip box below. In your own words, what is • a concluding sentence that refers back to what you
the benefit of signposting in writing? said in the main body of the text.

SIGNPOSTING The college you attend has funding to set up one

One way you can help your reader to follow your ideas and new club for students, and has asked for suggestions
arguments in a text is by referring to ideas that you are going to as to what kind of club should be established, and
mention or have previously mentioned. how it could benefit the students.
For example, you could start writing a report in the Advanced
Write your proposal.
Writing exam like this:
The aim o f this report is to compare and contrast the college's
two cafes.
This enables your reader to understand and predict what An English-language website has asked for reviews
information is going to come next. of a TV series which is unique in some way. Your
Similarly, throughout your writing and particularly at the end, it review should explain what makes this series
is useful to refer your reader back to information or ideas you different from any other.
have already mentioned. Look at this example from the end of
the same report: Write your review.
For the reasons I have outlined in the previous paragraphs, it is
imperative that young people are taught how to cook and eat
healthily.
4 Work in groups. Compare your sentences for each
task and give each other feedback.
Match the signposting extracts (1-10) with the
probable exam text type and position (A-J).

J I would like to explain what makes Carlo's such a ' GRAMMAR j

fantastic restaurant, start of a review
2 Anyway, I hope these suggestions have been helpful CONDITIONALS (2) - ADVANCED
and look forward to seeing you soon. CONDITIONALS AND WISH/IF ONLY
3 There are several reasons why I believe the college
-z G R A M M A R R B F R R R N C l I CONDITIONALS (2) -A d va n ce d
should set up a film discussion club. Firstly, it would ...
conditionals and w is h /if only: Page 215
4 I'm writing to let you know what I think you'll enjoy
doing when you come to my city next month.
5 As well as the benefits already described, making a GRAMMAR ON THE MOVE
promotional video would be an opportunity for local Watch the video
creative people.
6 To recap, from screenplay and acting to special effects
7 © 056 Listen to the conversation about a custom er’s
and soundtrack, Avengers: Endgame ticks all the
boxes. © problems with their TV box. Complete the sentences

7 There are several factors which I think can make a film with the missing words.

entertaining, and I'd like to look at the main three. 7 If I ...............start by taking your account number, that
8 The purpose of this text is to summarise the main would be great.
results of a student satisfaction survey. 2 If yo u...............just bear with me a moment, I'll pull
9 That completes my evaluation of the induction up your details.
programme for new staff, and I hope that my 3 I can arrange that for you now i f .................
recommendations will be of help.
4 If I ................, can I ask you a question?
70 Anyway, as I have tried to demonstrate, childhood is
5 If yo u...............have any more problems, please do
the single most important period of a person's life.
not hesitate to contact us.
A start of an essay F end of a proposal 6 If yo u...............complete that, I'd be very grateful.
start of a review G end of a report
2 Look at the sentences in Exercise 1 and answer the
C start of a report H end of an email
questions.
D start of an email / end of an essay
E start of a proposal J end of a review 7 Which conditional type does each resemble - 0, 1st,
2nd or 3rd?
2 Which sentences have if clauses that indicate that the
speaker is being very polite?
3 Which if clause is a reduced passive clause?

108
3 Match the sentence halves. Then decide if
each sentence is 2nd (2) conditional, 3rd
I VOCABULARY
(3) conditional or a mix (M).
VERBS OF COMMUNICATION
i If I hadn't heard the traffic news earlier,
2 I would probably have heard of that political Match the verbs with the definitions.
scandal
deny appeal mislead put forward negotiate
3 If the special effects had been better,
clarify reassure release promote claim
4 I would watch it with you this evening
refuse threaten withdraw warn
5 Imagine that television had never been
invented,
1 publicise in order to sell
6 I probably would have enjoyed it more
2 propose
A that sci-fi show could have been the best thing 3 say that something is dangerous
on television. 4 remove
B how do you think your life would be different? 5 deceive intentionally
C if I didn't already have plans. 6 say isn't true
D if I watched the news more regularly. 7 say that you won't do something
E I'd now be stuck in congestion on my usual 8 ask for publicly
route. 9 say to comfort or remove worries
F if I hadn't already seen it twice. 10 make public
11 discuss to reach an agreement
4 Choose the correct options in the following
12 explain, make easier to understand
comments about television.
13 say is true
14 say you will harm or cause problems
If only they (1) didn't choose/hadn't chosen that
actor as the main protagonist. He really doesn't
Complete the news summaries with words from Exercise 1
have the skills to pull off such a complex
in the correct form.
character.

Social media influencer, Lacey Lordes, has i l l ..............

I wish they (2) didn't make/hadn't made a third that she was paid toE _____ .. the products of a certain
season of that series. It was so bad that it cosmetics company on her social media channels. She
ruined the previous two series for me and I can .........that all beauty products that appear on her
no longer watch them. Instagram and Youtube channels are ones that she uses
herself, and has .......... ... legal action against the
I wish I (3) could watch/could have watched the website that first published the story, demanding they
match with you tonight, but I already have plans. immediately apologise and [ w ..............the story.

I wish that vlogger (4) stopped/would stop

publishing spoilers for all my favourite shows.

If only Hollywood movies (5) didn't always

finish/hadn't always finished with a happy
ending. It's so corny and lame.

If only that home cinema system (6) were/

would be cheaper. I'd love to get it.

5 Complete the sentences with your own ideas

in as many ways as you can.
Correct the sentences by adding one word.
1 If I could change one thing about television,
1 Local police have warned the public swimming in the ocean
2 If TV hadn't been invented, ...
until the oil slick has been cleared.
3 I wish ...
2 She refused answer the interviewer's questions about her
4 If only ...
private life.
3 The foreign minister has confirmed that his government wishes
to withdraw the international climate change agreement.
4 Charities are appealing for donations to help those affected
by the earthquake.

UNIT 8 ON DEMAND 109[

 TRAINING^ J
READING AND USE OF ENGLISH PAR
1 You are going to read an article about ‘online shaming’. What do you
think this means, and can you think of any examples of it?

Online Of course, online shaming isn't restricted to highlighting

extreme views, as a woman subsequently dubbed
( 'SHAMING 'Permit Patty' knows only too well. Seeing a child selling
chilled lemonade to baseball fans on a hot San Francisco
afternoon, Patty threatened to call the police and report
the child for selling drinks on the street without a permit.
Before long, footage had been posted online by the girl's
Much has been written about the potential of the web older cousin along with a tweet saying 'So my little
to empower ordinary citizens, turning us into informed cousin was selling lemonade and didn't have a p e rm it...
buyers, savvy voters and armchair experts on just about so this lady decided to call the cops on an 8-year-old'.
everything. However, it has also given rise to the However, as the woman later clarified, she had only
modern-day equivalent of the medieval witch-hunt - pretended to make the call. But that didn't stop the video
the phenomenon of online shaming. being viewed more than six million times, and a barrage
of abusive comments being directed at 'Permit Patty',
You may, like me, have been intrigued and shocked by a who was ultimately forced to give up her job, in spite of
recent case involving an Australian political candidate what had arguably been a miscarriage of justice.
who was forced to quit in disgrace after the media got
wind of various posts he'd made on his personal social Many others have had similar experiences to 'Permit
media account, in which he'd voiced extreme views Patty', and of course still more have found themselves in
which were deemed by many as being incompatible the position of finger pointer and whistle-blower,
with public service. His page was personal, but these exposing the misdemeanors of others. Psychologists'
days that's no defence if you're seeking a role in elected studies confirm that online interactions are experienced
office. As everyone should be perfectly well aware, as being somehow less real than face-to-face ones, in
online activity leaves a trail of breadcrumbs, and so that people can't pick up on the facial or vocal signals
anything you don't want to be seen online should never that would be there in a face-to-face situation. For this
be posted online in the first place. The backlash against reason, people who are quick to jump on the bandwagon
the man was extreme, especially when he attempted to of shaming frequently underestimate the destructive and
clarify, perhaps unhelpfully, that his comments were hurtful effect that these actions might have.
Read the text and answer the questions. Use the
tips to help you.
PUSH YOURSELF C2
J W hich word in the first paragraph suggests that
someone is not really competent or fully informed?
REPORTING VERBS
A ordinary 1 Match the sentence halves.
B armchair
1 The authorities have alleged that university staff
C savvy
accepted bribes from students
D modern-day
2 She kept on butting in
Look at each of the options in the paragraph along 3 The film was deemed unsuitable for children
with the noun it describes and identify the one that 4 The runners were cheered on
conveys irony.
5 Cuban president Fidel Castro was renowned for his
lengthy speeches,
2 The writer suggests that the Australian political
6 N obody owned up to breaking the window,
candidate was
A as they began the final lap of the track.
A unwise to think his comments would escape
criticism. B whose grades were inadequate.

B unprepared for the negative reaction he C so we still don't know who it was.
received in the media. D due to the adult nature of its storyline.
C unaware he'd made remarks that could be E and wouldn't let me finish what I wanted to say.
considered offensive. F and would sometimes go on for as much as five
D unfortunate that his private opinions affected hours without a break.
his career.
2 Write the highlighted word from Exercise 1 next to
Rather than looking for synonyms of the adjectives in
the correct definition below.
the options, consider the writer's main point about the
candidate. 1 considered
2 made accusations
3 In the third paragraph, the writer implies that some
3 admit to having done something wrong
online shaming incidents
4 encouraged noisily
A are harmful to children.
5 last, continue, speak continuously
B involve wrongful accusations.
6 interrupting
C increase levels of unemployment.
D receive more attention than intended.
3 Complete the questions with one of the verbs in an
A 'miscarriage of justice' is when the justice system has appropriate form.
failed to work properly, and either an innocent person
has been punished, or a guilty person has got off 1 Can you think of any TV series you have watched
unpunished. which in your o p in io n ................................. for too
long?
4 In the fourth paragraph, the w riter suggests that 2 Can you give an example of a public figure who
one reason online shaming takes place is because ...............................to have done something
A it satisfies a strong psychological urge. immoral or illegal? W hat happened to them?
B information spreads so quickly on the internet. 3 As a general rule of thumb, is it better to
C many consider it an effective w ay for justice to ...............................to having done something
be done. wrong, or keep quiet? Why?

D people don't see the harmful consequences of 4 Do you think it really helps sportspeople or artists
their behaviour. perform better when th e y................................?
W h y or why not?
What do the research findings have to say on this topic? 5 Do you know anyone who always
...............................when you're saying
something in a conversation? If so, do you let them
Work with a partner. How would you respond to
have their say, or do you talk over them?
the following opinions?
6 Can you think of any behaviours in society which
A 'I feel sorry for Patty - she was trying to ensure ................................ appropriate ten years ago
that the child was adhering to the law, and there's but are no longer so?
nothing wrong with that.'
B 'The Australian guy got what he deserved - 4 Work in small groups and answer the questions.
nobody who expresses bigoted opinions deserves
to hold a responsible job.'
C 'Social media companies will never tackle the
problem of online abuse because outrage means
more clicks, and more clicks means more
advertising revenue.'
UNIT 8 ON DEMAND 111
 EXAM TO
{READING AND USE OF ENGLISH PART51
EXAM CHECK
Complete the text with words from the box.

| purpose
six viewpoint same

Part 5 consists of one long text followed by (1 ).................................... 4-option multiple-choice questions which are presented
in the ( 2 ) ..................................... order as the information in the text so that candidates can follow the development of the text.
Common questions include:
• understanding the ( 3 ) .................................... of the author (opinion, attitude)
• understanding ( 4 ) ..................................... and reasons (what the author is trying to do or say)
• identifying the meaning of a word or phrase from context
• ( 5 ) .................................... (understanding the implication of what the author is saying)

You are going to read an article about cinema. For questions 1-6, choose the answer (A, B, C or D)
which you think fits best according to the article.

7 In the first paragraph, the writer is being critical of 4 What does the writer suggest in the fourth paragraph?
A pessimistic predictions about the future of cinema. A Video and DVD have disrupted the film industry, but in
B the rise of television services that can replace film. different ways.
C the number of surveys about cinema. B Movies that were popular at the cinema were likely to
D the effects of advances in technology on audience sell well on video.
numbers. C Film companies should have understood the potential
2 Early critics of sound in cinema argued that offered by video sooner.
A sound would make films more costly to produce. D Fluctuations in cinema attendance were wrongly blamed
on the video industry.
B sound may not be appropriate for every new film.
5 Which of the following suggests reorganisation or radical
C adding sound to films would make them less artistic.
change?
D films still needed music in order to appeal to the public.
A posed (line 25)
3 According to the writer, what was the motivation behind much
B shaking up (line 69)
film production in the 1950s?
C undermined (line 71)
A to embrace the latest filming technologies
D embark on (line 72)
B to produce large numbers of films for cinema release
6 In the sixth paragraph, the writer argues that
C to create films that would be popular on TV as well as in
the cinema A competition between companies benefits customers.
D to ensure that the quality of new films would make B consumers have the power to punish companies who
people go to the cinema charge too much.
C cord-cutting' can be helpful to the entertainment industry
in the long term.
D cable and satellite broadcasters should reduce prices in
order to remain competitive.

112
 The death of cinema
We are constantly being told that cinema is dying out as These movies were given a new lease of life, at zero
an art form. Right now the existential threat is supposedly production cost, and became a valuable income stream
the rise of streaming services that allow an audience to for the companies. A film would now have a cinema
watch almost anything they want wherever and whenever release, followed a year later by release on video, and
they want, with the obviously more expensive cinema then broadcasting rights would be sold to TV stations.
ticket sales said to be on the decline as a result. The ‘death’ turned out to be more of a rebirth, and
However, this is not the first time that advances in one which continued with the invention of DVD and
technology have been predicted to mark the end of the Blu-Ray films.
silver screen. With cinema entering its second century,
The film industry’s recurring problem then has always
this article surveys various misguided pronouncements
been the challenge posed by how it reacts to technical
of cinema’s impending demise. Are these current
advances, and the recent growth in streaming is just
prophets of doom just crying wolf once again?
another case in point. However, this time it is television
The end of cinema was first announced around the rather than cinema that is feeling the adverse effects of
1920s, as advances in recording technology meant that viewers’ appetite for such content. So-called ‘digital
actors’ voices could be heard synchronised with the disruptors’, such as Amazon and Netflix, have been
moving images on the screen. Of course ‘silent films’ 69 shaking up our experience of TV as we know it, while
had never really been silent, as there had always been more traditional broadcasters, such as the BBC and ITV,
musical accompaniment of one sort or another, usually are seeing their prominence in the nightly viewing
played live in the cinema by a pianist. While many 71 schedule thoroughly undermined and have had to
welcomed this advance and eagerly queued to buy 72 embark on their own ‘digital disruptor’ subsidiaries to
tickets to the latest ‘talkies’, purists contended that what keep up with the competition.
had been a creative endeavour to produce something of
It used to be the norm that you couldn’t watch live
aesthetic value would simply become a form of mass
broadcasts through streaming services, though many of
entertainment. Film production studios had to purchase
them have also created original shows for some time.
25 new equipment and adapt to meet the challenges posed,
However, these providers can now offer consumers a
as featured memorably in the 1952 musical Singin’ in the
short cut, enabling them to get live TV from local or
Rain, which is about the advent of sound to films and the
national stations via the internet. This can then be
struggles of one studio to rise to the challenge. Yet the
supplemented with other streaming services, meaning
studios did cope and, before long, cinema was even
that consumers are ditching their expensive cable or
more popular and provided audiences with a wealth of
satellite TV subscriptions. This practice, known as
dialogue lines to quote.
cord-cutting, is increasingly popular with the millennial
The next threat to cinema came in the 1950s with the generation. Why pay top dollar for satellite or cable when
rise in sales of a range of household gadgets, including they can bundle two or three different streaming
the TV. As sets became more affordable, more and more providers and still pay less overall? With rival streaming
families elected to watch from the sofa rather than taking services battling each other for market share, it’s a
a trip to the cinema. Once again, film production win-win for the consumer. And for once it’s the cable and
strategies needed to adapt. Quantity was sacrificed to satellite channels, rather than the cinemas and film
quality. Studios shot movies in glorious wide-screen studios, who find themselves in the hot seat.
Technicolor with the intention of being noticeably distinct
from the drab black and white images available from the
living room sofa. Cinema soldiered on.
The 1970s and 80s saw the advent of the home video
recorder, enabling people to record and play shows and
films from broadcast television. This coincided with
another slump in cinema attendance, although there
were various factors contributing to this, such as the
shabby state of many cinemas which were by that time
in desperate need of refurbishment. Once again, the film
industry went into panic mode and the finger was
pointed at these TV-top devices, which were gaining in
popularity. But it gradually dawned on the film studios
that there was a demand for pre-recorded video tapes of
old movies taking up space in their archives.

UNIT 8 ON DEMAND 113

 EXAM TO
LISTENING PAR
EXAM CHECK,
Decide if the statements are true or false.

1 You will hear a discussion or interview with two or more speakers.

2 There are five multiple-choice questions.
3 The questions appear in the same order as the information appears in the audio.
4 The questions tend to focus on the opinions and attitudes of the speakers.
5 You won't be asked to decide on what the speakers agree or disagree on.

0 057 You will hear an interview in which two experts called Adam Bonikle and Michaela Strickan are talking about
citizen journalism. For questions 1-6, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which fits best according to what you hear.

1 1 Michaela says that in the context of citizen journalism, the 4 What do Adam and Michaela agree is the most significant
film made by Abraham Zapruder change brought on by the rise of citizen journalism?
A represents one of the best-known early examples. A The public have less trust in traditional journalism.
B is different from what most people would imagine. B News stories have become more political.
C shows that various media can be used. C The public prefers to get its news on social media.
D is regarded as the very first example of it in action. D The public is more involved in deciding what makes
2 How does Adam portray the relationship between citizen the news.
journalism and professional journalism? 5 What point does Adam make about citizen journalism
A Both can benefit each other. covering local news?
B The former can act as sources for the latter. A It makes local people more interested in what is
C The former needs to learn correct news reporting from happening near them.
the latter. B It is an ideal medium for reporting this type of news.
D The former is replacing the latter as the dominant form C People prefer a news story if it was reported by
of journalism. someone they know personally.
3 Michaela says that because of citizen journalism, D Blogs are a highly effective way for people to get a
professional journalists these days local story heard.
A are under greater pressure to release news quickly. 6 Michaela brings up Korea's Oh My News website in order
B cover a greater variety of topics than ever before. to suggest
C have had to improve the quality of their own reports. A why there will be more citizen journalists in future.
D use social networks as potential sources for their stories. B that citizen journalists should be paid for what they do.
C what kind of news websites will be influential in
the future.
D that websites which are already well established
should survive longer.

114
SPEAKING PARTS 3 AND 4

EXAM CHECK
Read about Parts 3 and 4 of the Speaking Test and choose the correct answers.

PART 3
1 The whole task lasts about three/four minutes.
2 Candidates are given 15/30 seconds to read through the task before beginning.
3 Candidates are given a main question to discuss and five/six aspects or prompts to focus on.
4 For the first two/three minutes, candidates discuss the question in relation to the prompts.
5 Then the examiner will interrupt and give the candidates a new task where they are asked to make a decision.
This takes about one/two minutes.

PART 4
6 Part 4 uses the same topic as/a different topic from Part 3.
The examiner/candidates will ask questions to lead the discussion.
8 The questions will tend to be about personal experience/more abstract issues.
The candidates w ill/w on't be expected to comment on what the other has said.

PART 3

Now you have about a minute to decide which two sources of news are the least reliable.

PART 4
Questions for the examiner to ask:
1 Some people think that the news is depressing, and so it isn't worth following. W hat's your opinion? (W hy?/W hy not?)
2 How interested are you in following the news events happening in distant parts of the world? (W hy?/W hy not?)
3 How important is it for children to learn about the news? (W hy?/W hy not?)
4 Do you think people should watch or read the news every day, or only when something really important is happening?
(W hy?/W hy not?)
5 How likely do you think it is that newspapers will still be popular in 20 years' time? (W hy?/W hy not?)
6 Do you think news broadcasters should include more stories that are humorous in news programmes? (W hy?/W hy not?)

UNIT 8 ON DEMAND 115

REAL WORLD

WORKING IN
THE MEDIA SO YOU
f/V THE MOVIES?
Following a career In a competitive field like the
movies can be tough. Only a tiny handful of actors
really flourish and go on to become household names,
and even fewer scriptwriters make the big time. But
fear n o t-th e re are many other career options you
can pursue which are every bit as exciting.

1 Long before shooting begins,

these guys are scouting forthe ideal spots in which
to film. They're responsible for getting approval from
the property owners to film on their premises. And
forthe actual filming they arrange for all the
necessities, from the provision of snacks and parking
forthe crew right through to getting a suitable power
supply on set. i ..................................

2 ...................................While film studios tend to

have sizeable budgets, even these don't usually
stretch to being able to blow up buildings. Which is
where the VFXteam comes in. Their remit is to
create the visuals which can't be handled on set,
Match words from A and B to make jobs in the film and such asthe explosions, fires, falling buildings and
floodsthatno decent action blockbuster can do
TV industry. What do you think each job involves?
without, ii

3 .........................................................J ............These are the people who

ensure that the factual references in a film or
programme are correct. For example, are the
soldiers' uniforms that the costume designer has
proposed absolutely accurate and true to the period
of history portrayed? You'll also have to obtain
copyright clearance for music used in the
production, i i i ..................................

4 .................................. There's much more to this

role than simply holding the auditions and placing
prospective actors in the 'yes' or 'no' pile. To
succeed, you need an in-depth understanding of the
director's vision for the film, iv

5 .................................. These are the guys who set

up the cranes, tripods, dollies and other pieces of
gear on set so that everything's ready for the film
crewto getthe cameras rolling. In a nutshell, they're
the ones responsible for making the
cinematographer's creative vision a reality.
v

11
 Complete gaps (i-v) with the most a Q 058 Listen again and complete the extracts from the interview with
appropriate sentences (A-E). the words from the box.

A For this role, you'll need a keen eye

for detail, and to be absolutely
PHRASES YOU MIGHT HEAR/USE
meticulous.
novelty value happy endings headlines grab
B You'll need creative flair and the
clickbait breaking scoop public interest
ability to conceive and execute
public imagination the inside story newsworthy
captivating graphics which will
wow audiences.
1 ... we're going to be discussing what it is that makes some things
C This will give you insights into the
.................................... as soon as they h it th e ...................................
mindsets of the individual
2 Sometimes there's a .................................... new s s to ry that really
characters and how they will relate
captures t h e ..................................
to each other.
3 I imagine such a story would be quite a .................................... for the
D To do this work, you'll need to be
journalist who first reported it!
□hysically strong in order to haul
4 If you can be the first to interview them and get....................................
□ulky kit around, and be able to
then it can enhance a journalist's reputation.
think on your feet and follow
directions as part of a team. 5 But don't forget that we're not only intrigued by stories with
E To succeed in this role, you must be
able to envisage what a place is 6 ... regardless of whether it's in t h e .................................. to know
going to look like once it's filmed. who left who.
You'll also need a likeable ...a good story also benefits from .................................... .
personality and formidable 8 ... but it's unlikely to ......................................p e o p le 's a tte n tio n .
negotiation skills. 9 If you saw that headline on your phone, well, it's perfect

Work in groups. Discuss which of

the jobs you think would be □ Q Watch the video about vlogging and answer the questions.
lucrative
1 W hat four types of vlogs are 4 Name two video techniques
the most pleasurable mentioned? that could change the
a good stepping stone to other 2 How long does it take for dynamic of your vlog.
careers someone to decide if they 5 W hy do you have to be
want to watch a video? careful when adding music
5 Read the quotation and answer the to a vlog?
3 W hat three items of
questions. equipment should you 6 W hy might you benefit from
'To be newsworthy, a story has to have consider buying? working with another vlogger?
these six elements to it: conflict, human
interest, prominence, oddity, impact and
timeliness. Otherwise it's not of interest.'
J What are the major news stories in
your country and internationally at
the moment?
2 Can you identify any of the six
elements from the quote in one of
the news stories you talked about
in 1?
3 To what extent do you agree with
the quotation?

6 058 Listen to two journalists

discussing what makes a story
newsworthy. Which four of the six
elements do they discuss?

produce a vlog where you tell people about it.

Once you’ve recorded your vlog, post it online and
share it with your class.

UNIT 8 ON DEMAND 117

BUILDINGS MODALS (2) - MODALS IN THE PAST
7 Which of the wordscan complete the 3 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar
sentences? Cross out any that don’t fit. meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not
change the word given. You must use between three and six
7 At the very top of my grandfather's house,
there's a loft/an attic/a cellar. words, including the word given.
2 The house was not in very good condition when 7 Until 1987 it was mandatory to purchase a license if you
they bought it. It needed a great deal of wanted to own a dog.
renovation/demolition/repairs.
HAVE
3 The owners live on the third floor of the
Dog ow ners......................................................................................
bungalow/mansion/skyscraper. until 1987.
4 DIY/makeover/installation is a popular weekend 2 I didn't manage to get tickets for the concert as they were
activity in many countries. sold out.
5 In the UK, people tend to live in terraced/ ABLE
semi-detached/unattached houses.
The tickets were sold out so I
6 The land was turned into a sports ground after .....................................................................................................any.
all the houses were demolished/constructed/
3 There is a chance that Francesca didn't understand him
knocked down.
correctly.
M IG H T
THE PASSIVE Francesca..........................................................................................
him correctly.
2 Complete the gaps with ONE word. 4 It was wrong of you not to apologise, I think.
SHOULD
Y ou.....................................................................................................
Before the invention of the printing press, I think.
it was not easy to spread news. One of 5 Seeing celebrities in the street was a regular event for us.
the earliest forerunners to the mass
USED
media was the Imperial Bulletins in China
from around 200BC. These might have W e .....................................................................................................
celebrities in the street regularly.
(1).............distributed by hand. In
Ancient Rome, news (2)............. 6 I'm convinced that Anton told them as nobody else knew.
chiselled in stone or metal or possibly MUST
read out (3)............. the town crier. A n to n ................................................................................................
These examples are not strictly speaking only he knew.
newspapers as they could not
(4).............mass distributed.
ADVERB + ADJECTIVE COLLOCATIONS
The printing press appeared in Europe
around 1440 but it (5).............actually 4 Replace EITHER the adverb OR the adjective in the sentences
been invented in eastern Asia 200 years with a more appropriate one.
earlier. The first newspaper (6).............
said to be the weekly publication by 7 In India, many people doing manual jobs are in fact deeply
Johann Carolus in 1604. The UK's first educated.
newspaper, The London Gazette, is still 2 Janette is well ambitious. She will stop at nothing to achieve
(7)............. published today. her goals.
We assume today that newspapers 3 Subjects were randomly opposed to take part in the survey.
(8)............. mainly threatened by 4 Almost everyone is widely aware that the planet is being
websites. However, readers had destroyed.
(9)............. lured away by radio as early 5 The teachers are bitterly concerned about Sebastian's progress.
as the 1920s. Although print newspapers
6 The gym is conveniently placed in the very centre of the campus.
are widely believed (10)............. have
7 O ur company is nearly associated with the local technical
lost relevance in today's world, they are
still read by up to three billion college.
people worldwide. 8 I'm actively important in my local youth club.
WORDBUILDING REPORTED SPEECH AND REPORTING VERBS
5 Write a word for each definition. The first letter has 8 Rewrite the sentences in reported speech, using the
been given. verb in brackets. In all cases, the speaker is talking
to you.
1 the study of language I................
2 a person who drives a car m............... 1 Alissa: 'I've been into town three times this week', (tell)
3 a person paid to listen to your problems t...............
4 favouring one gender over the other s................ 2 Zara: 'Turn it off, wait ten seconds and turn it on
5 the belief that there is no god a................ again.' (recommend)

3 Mr Allen: 'You're always late on a Monday morning!'

ARTICLES
(complain)
6 Complete the gaps in the film review with a, an, the
or - (no article). 4 Jonathan: Are you going abroad on holiday this
year?' (ask)

.......... film I really enjoyed recently was 5 My parents: 'You should reapply.' (urge)
Rocket Man. lt'sB^|...............biographical story
of singer, Sir Elton John. Rocket Man is, 6 Chris: 'I don't think Mrs Franklin will give you a pay
............ ..musical. I had never been rise next month.' (doubt)
(4) particular fan of Elton John, but
after seeing this movie, I like him more. I didn't
realise that he'd had such 131....... bad luck
in his early life. He came from COUNTABLE/UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
broken home with t J l ................father who had
no interest in him. His mother was also cold 9 Tick the correct sentences. Correct the sentences
towards him and he only re c e iv e d ^ ................ with mistakes.
love and [S]................acceptance from his
1 I think I'm losing my memories. I just can't remember
grandmother. What most people didn't know
where I parked my car.
was that Elton was also in ................. abusive
2 The climbers needed to find shelter before the
relationship with his manager, John Reid, which
temperature dropped below zero.
is one of reasons why his life went
off track. It is nice to know that he 3 I'm afraid you can't stay with us. We don't have
__ ...happiness and is enough room.
father of two children. 4 What knowledges do you need to go walking in the
wilderness?
5 I have a lot of respects for environmentalists like
Greta Thunberg.
VERBS OF COMMUNICATION 6 I have decided it's time for me to look for a new work.

7 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the

TV
verbs in the box.
10 Match the words (1-8) with the definitions (A-H).
release negotiate clarify
appeal mislead reassure 1 footage A the main character in a story
2 extra or play
The charity is ................ for donations for the flood 3 analysis B the best part of a programme
victims. 4 protagonist or event
It's a good idea to ................ the task with your teacher 5 contestant C someone who competes in a
before you start writing. quiz show
6 coverage
A good doctor will take time to ...............his or her D a piece of film, especially one
7 commentator
patients before a procedure. showing an event in the news
8 highlights
Part of my role is ................with customers on the E a person who describes an
terms of a partnership. event as it happens
Has any new information been...............on the F examining something in detail
hostage situation? G a person who has a small
I'm sorry, I think your free book promotion is non-speaking part in a film
................ I have just discovered that the book is only H the reporting of a particular
free if you spend at least £20 in store, which wasn't event or subject
clear from your publicity material.

PROGRESS CHECK 3 119

[ GETTING STARTED
Work in groups. Discuss the questions. I GRAMMAR
W hich of the following are important for COMPARISON
you when defining your culture? Make
notes on each of them and share your
ideas with your group.
GRAMMAR ON THE MOVE
• food and drink
Watch the video
• museums and artefacts
art and architecture Q 059 Listen to a student talking about two of the photos. Which two
clothes and costumes photos is he talking about?
history and myths
language and dialects 0 059 Complete the gaps. Then listen and check your answers.
attitudes and beliefs 1 A t first glance they don't a p p e a r..........................each other at all.
2 However,............................ that they have a few things in common.
2 Look at the photos of people taking
3 In the case of the former, it is through dancing and listening to music,
part in cultural events and festivals. ..................in the latter it would appear to be some kind of
Have you ever experienced any similar religious festival.
kinds of festival? 4 The people in the first photo seem............................with their appearance.
5 However, in the latter, they a re ........................... about it.
3 Choose two of the photos. How
6 In fact, the attitude seems to b e ............................
significant do you think the festivals
7 I personally would enjoy the second festival............................. certainly
are to the people involved?
..........................listening to my favourite bands live in the sunshine.
8 That said, participating in the second festival is p ro b a b ly............................
9 Visually speaking, all those bright colours make for a ...........................
photo.

Match the sentence halves to form a student’s responses to the

photos. Do you agree with the student’s points?
1 The festival in Photo A is A be the most attractive to people
totally different my age.
2 It is by far the most B interested in learning more
3 The people do not seem to about, culturally speaking.
be taking part C most elaborate I have ever seen
4 But their costumes are D traditional event of the three.
amongst the E from the others.
5 Photo A is the one I'd be most F as enthusiastically as those in
6 Photo B, on the other hand, Photo C.
would probably
 Find examples of these structures
in Exercises 2 and 3.
I VOCABULARY
7 (not) as + adjective/adverb + as CULTURE AND FESTIVALS
2 the + comparative adjective, the +
comparative adjective 7 Read the extracts and match the words in bold with their meanings (1-10).
3 adverb modifier + comparative
adjective In our village there is a m o n u m e n t to co m m e m o ra te those who gave their
4 verb + noun + the most/least lives for their country during the two World Wars. Every year, the locals hold a
m e m o ria l service so that no-one forgets the sacrifice they made.
5 adverb modifier + superlative
adjective
According to legend, Saint George, the patron saint of England, killed a
6 superlative adjective + present
dragon, which is a m yth ica l creature representing evil.
perfect simple

5 Tick the correct sentences. Correct In Britain, the monarch doesn't really have any power; instead, the King or Queen
has a mainly cerem onial role.
the sentences with mistakes.

1 Less people wear their countries' Most communities take part in different kinds of rituals. Those related to religious
traditional dress these days. practice are known as sacred rituals, while those that are not are secular.
2 The greater the amount you spend,
the more the number of people you The world-famous carnival in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil includes processions of
can attract to your festival. floats - or decorated lorries - with lots of music and people dancing the Samba.
3 I think they must be the most
highly-trained dancers in the 7 holy or connected with religion...............
world. 2 parades...............
4 My mum is not the best of cooks, 3 a structure to honour a person or event...............
but her Christmas pudding is the 4 adjective related to formal, traditional events...............
most delicious I've ever tasted. 5 to officially and respectfully remember a person or event...............
5 Large-scale weddings are not quite 6 a story from ancient times which has its basis in fa ct...............
popular as they used to be. 7 imaginary, existing only in stories...............
6 Tickets for the music festival sold 8 a set of fixed actions performed regularly as part of a ceremony
out almost as quick as last year.
7 Making your own carnival costume 9 adjective meaning 'done to remember the dead' or another word for a
is a whole lot cheaper than buying monument.......
one yourself.
70 not having any connection with religion...............
8 The cuisine in my culture is similar
to but not the same than yours. 2 Complete the gaps with words from Exercise 1. You may need to
change the form of the word.
6 Work with a partner. Describe three
occasions that are celebrated in 7 Robin Hood is a ................ character from English folklore, who stole from
your region or country. Then use the rich to give to the poor.

the language in this section to 2 The Statue of Liberty is one of the best-loved................ in the world and a
celebration of freedom and democracy.
make comparisons between each
3 A series o f ...............events were held on the 400th anniversary of the
other’s traditions.
Mayflower sailing to America.
The Feast o f San Rudolfo is by far the 4 Doing the 'Mexican wave' at sporting events can be considered a
most enjoyable festival in my region. It modern-day sporting........
lasts a whole week, which is much longer 5 Most cultures have some kind o f................ about how the world began.
than any other festival we celebrate. 6 The city of Jerusalem is ................ to people of three major religions.
GRAMMAR REFERENCE / 7 Many countries have become more...............over the last few decades -
Comparison: Page 216 the place of religion in public life has diminished.
8 The opening ceremony of the Olympic games always includes a
of all the athletes taking part.

3 Work in groups. Think of examples for each of the following:

7 mythical creatures
2 national monuments
3 a national legend
4 sacred rituals in religion
5 a cultural event that involves processions
6 a national holiday that commemorates an important day in your history

"unit 9 'cul t ur al cont r ibut ion 121

I LISTENING
THE CULTURE OF JAPAN
7 Q 060 You w ill hear an interview w ith
Jay Marie talking about how she
became interested in Japanese culture
by reading Manga comics and watching
animated film s. Listen to the firs t part
of the interview and tick the reasons
she mentions.

A She liked the way the characters

appear in the cartoons and comics.
B The stories reflected myths and legends
from her own country.
C The stories made her want to investigate
Japanese culture in more detail.

2 © 061 Listen to the second part of the

interview and match the stories she
mentions w ith what she says about
them.

7 Mononoke
2 Basilisk 3 Q 061 Listen again and answer the questions.
3 The Eccentric Family
1 What did the medicine seller need to do in order to destroy the evil
4 March Comes in Like a Lion
mononoke?
A This story blends elements of everyday a He needed to obtain a special sword.
life with Japanese folklore. b He had to learn about their nature and personality.
B This is a traditional story about a hero c He had to infect them with diseases.
who goes on a journey. 2 Why does Jay Marie say that Samurai often appear in Manga stories?
C This story talks about modern day a Because the Samurai play an important and respected role in
problems that people have. Japanese culture as a whole.
D This is an old story about two warring b Because Samurai stories often have complex storylines.
tribes. c Because most of the Samurai stories are true.
3 What is the main reason that Jay Marie recommends The Eccentric Family
for people who are new to Manga?
a It blends contemporary Japanese life with traditional mythological
elements in an interesting way.
b It covers key aspects of Japanese culture such as magic and
martial arts.
c It deals with the universal theme of relationships between people.
4 W hy was Jay Marie first initially discouraged from watching March
Comes in Like a Lion?
a Because it is about a complicated Japanese version of chess.
b Because it deals with themes that are too serious for younger people.
c Because it has a quite slow-moving storyline.

Work in pairs. Answer the questions.

7 Are there any national cultures apart from your own that interest you?
If so, what are they and why do you like them?
2 What music, films and books from different countries are popular in your
country? Why do you think that they are popular?
3 How important is it for cultures to preserve their legends and traditions in
the modern word?
 TRAINING

When I was a child, I was under the impression

1 Do you enjoy going to museums? W h y /W h y not?
that museums were tedious places your parents
2 Tell your partner about a museum you have visited.
3 In many countries, visitor numbers for museums are dragged you to on rainy days. I never
dropping. W h y do you think this is the case? understood why anyone would go there by
4 W hat can modern museums do to make themselves choice. How ironic it is then that I now work as a
more attractive to visitors? museum curator whose mission is all about
trying to broaden access to our country’s
2 You are going to read three extracts from interviews heritage by making museums into fun learning
with museum workers in which they express their spaces. The only limit we place on ourselves is
opinions on the modernisation of museums. Read not to compromise the authenticity of our
Text A and complete the writer’s opinions by collection. Beyond that, the sky’s the limit.
Technology is employed in a huge variety of
choosing the correct option.
ways to enrich the museum experience for every
1 The writer is in favour of/opposed to recent and age group. The downside of this is that we have
current changes to museums. had to introduce a nominal entrance fee to fund
2 The writer stresses the importance of protecting this technology, but I do believe this is a
historical objects/presenting objects in an necessary price to pay.
interesting way.
3 She believes that people are capable/incapable of
engaging with a traditional museum. 4 Underline the writer’s opinion in Text C about using
modern methods to enhance visitors’ experiences
of museums.
I’m personally rather reluctant to get on board
with the way museums are developing.
However, I recognise that the overwhelming The museum I work for is already something out
majority regard me as narrow-minded due to my of the ordinary due to its subject matter - the
rejection of the ‘all-singing all-dancing’ history of medicine - which, perhaps surprisingly,
interactive approach to museums which seems tends to entice younger visitors in. However, we
to be the norm these days. Visitors should see it are well aware of the moves by other museums to
as a privilege to have access to these priceless bring in customers through various means -
historical artefacts. Our primary duty as curators video, interactive exhibits and the like. While we
is to preserve our cultural heritage, safeguard have not felt the need for it ourselves, I’m not
the items in our collections and present them opposed to it. On the contrary, I feel it is
with as much clarity and historical accuracy as unrealistic to expect children who spend a huge
possible - at zero cost to the guest. Too much chunk of their lives online to react positively to
noise and activity is not in keeping with the lifeless exhibits in glass cases. I would definitely
contemplative atmosphere of a museum. The agree that the role of a modern museum curator
richness of our long and eventful history should is to engage young and old by whatever means
be more than enough for young people. To my possible. Assuming of course this can be done
mind, we do them a disservice by assuming without passing on the cost to the visitors
they will not engage with the exhibits unless themselves, which I am dead against.
there are buttons to press.

5 Now complete the exam task based on all three texts.

3 Complete the opinions of the writer of Text B in your
W hich expert (A—C):
own words.
1 has a different opinion to the others on attracting
1 He sees his role as ... visitors to museums?
2 He believes in using technology to ... 2 has a similar view to expert B on catering to different
3 However, it is important not to reduce ... age groups?
3 has a different view to expert C regarding charging
visitors?

In this section, you read through each section

BEFORE doing the exam task in Exercise 5. Many
exam experts recommend doing a quick read of the
text before looking at the questions. Decide why this
is recommended.

"unit 9 'cul t ur al c o nt r ibut io n 123

I VOCABULARY
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES (2)
[ 1 1 Look at the extracts from the texts on
museums. What do the highlighted
phrases mean?

7 Too much noise and activity is not in

ke e p in g w ith the contemplative
atmosphere of a museum.
2 The events for under 10s b y no
m eans detracted from the spirit of
the museum.
3 When I was a child, I was u n d e r the
im pression that museums were
stuffy and tedious places ...
4 The museum I work for is already
something o u t o f the o rd in a ry
due to its subject matter ...
4 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to

Complete the prepositional phrases the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word

with the missing prepositions. given. You must use between three and six words, including the
word given.
7 .............. a c c o rd a n c e ...............
museum policy, all visitors are subject 7 The staff didn't think they had to work on the Bank Holiday.
to security checks before entering. UNDER
2 The Nautical Museum sells postcards The staff....................................................................................................
.......a i d ............... the Lifeboats the Bank Holiday was a day off for them.
charity, which saves hundreds of lives 2 We need to follow the law when planning our firework display.
every year. IN
3 An Art Gallery in America has Our firework display must........................................................................
requested that we loan them some of the law.
our paintings by Turner, but I'm afraid 3 I believe I speak for everyone when I say the pageant has been a
it is .........................the huge success.
question.
ON
4 We can arrange special tours for large
I believe I speak........................................................................................
groups of tourists, but we can't do it
when I say the pageant has been a huge success.
.......sh o rt notice - you need
4 When the President passed away, I didn't have a clue how to react.
to tell us at least two weeks in advance.
AT
5 I'm speaking today............... b e h a lf
................the artist, who, unfortunately,
can't be here. know how to react when the President passed away.

6 The tour was conducted in German, so 5 There is no way I'm cooking Thanksgiving lunch this year.
I w as........ a loss to follow what OUT
the guide was saying. Cooking Thanksgiving lunch....................................................................
this year.
3 Match the prepositional phrases from
Exercise 2 with the meanings.

7 for someone else WRITING PART I: AN ESSAY

2 for the benefit of, often to raise money 7 Read the Part 1 question and the two essays written by students.
fo r............................ Which essay (A, B or both)
3 following or obeying a rule, standard 7 is organised into paragraphs appropriately with a good range of
or policy............................. linking words and phrases?
4 definitely not possible 2 discusses two of the three factors from the question?
3 says which of the two factors they feel is the most significant?
5 not knowing what to do
4 gives their opinion in the introduction?
5 contains some repetition of vocabulary and ideas?
6 with little time or advanced warning to
6 do you think would score higher in an exam?
prepare............................

724
 Your class recently had a discussion about whether local festivals are still worthwhile.
You made the notes below:
Factors affecting local festivals

environmental issues
Some opinions expressed in the discussion:
relevance to all
“The organisers need to clear up after the festival!”
economic factors “ No-one between 16 and 40 attends the festival.”
“There are better things to spend taxes on!”

Write an essay discussing TWO of the factors in your notes. You should say which issue
you feel is most significant in determining whether local festivals are still worthwhile.

2 O 062 You will hear the writer of Essay B, Marisa, talking about how she approaches a Part One question.
As you listen, complete the flow chart.

BEFORE WRITING WHILE WRITING AFTER WRITING

1 Decide which.... factors to Constantly upgrade y o u r............ 10 Leave a few minutes to
focus on. Be m indful of t h e ...............you ...............your essay.
2 Decide which one is m o re................ are using. 11 At this final stage, also try
3 Decide how m a n y...............to include Run a m e n ta l...............of t o ...............your language
and what points they w ill contain. language points studied in class. where possible.

Decide where to state y o u r................ 9 Make sure you use g o o d ............

5 Brainstorm ...............words and to connect your ideas.
phrases to include.

3 Write your own answer to the question, following Marisa’s method.

4 Work with a partner. Discuss which aspects of Marisa’s method worked for you and which you would do differently.

ESSAY A (Joachim) ESSAY B (M arisa)___________________________

In this essay I would like to discuss whether local festivals Local festivals can be a way of bringing together people, but to my mind
are still worthwhile. just because something has existed for a long time, does not necessarily
First of all, some people say that festivals damage the mean that it is still relevant today. There is definitely a case for saying
environment. This can happen, but it doesn't necessarily some festivals are no longer worthwhile.
happen all the time. If the organisers make a plan to clean I come from a small fishing village that holds an annual festival dating back
up after the event, there should not be a problem. We can hundreds of years. The main event sees the young men of the village prove
avoid the issue of wasting paper, water and other items their masculinity by diving to the bottom of the harbour to retrieve coins.
by making a plan. For example, we can have one group of Any man who fails must wear a yellow hat to indicate his failure and
people who are responsible for the environmental issues. shame. To my mind, this is outdated. In the 21st century, men do not need
They have to use recycled products to make costumes and to prove their virility in such a way. Apart from anything else, it is incredibly
clean up everything when the festival is over. dangerous. In recent years there have been injuries and even a fatality.
Another issue is that, these days, local festivals aren't Furthermore, there is a financial cost to this festival. People come from all
relevant to all. Based on my own experience, I disagree over the surrounding area to participate and such high numbers of people
with this. I am a young person and I enjoy our local mean that once the festivities are over, an expensive clean-up operation is
festivals. It is a time when all people in the village, young required. As the festival brings in no money itself, the cost burden falls on
and old, come together and work towards a common the local inhabitants.
goal, something which I think is very important for the However, the most significant issue for me though remains that the festival
local community. What is more, some young people from encourages old-fashioned sexual stereotypes. Whilst I am not against
my village made a website to share information about the celebrating where we come from culturally speaking, any festival that
festival, so it is definitely still relevant. promotes out-dated social values should surely also be left in the past.
In conclusion, I disagree that local festivals are no longer
worthwhile.
UNIT 9 CULTURAL CONTRIBUTION 125
I GRAMMAR
REASON, PURPOSE AND RESULT

GRAMMAR ON THE MOVE

Watch the video

J Work with a partner and answer the questions.

7 Why do people get married? Write down as many
reasons as you can think of.
2 What is the purpose of a wedding ceremony?
3 Have laws and customs relating to marriage changed
in your country in recent years? If so, how?

2 © 063 Listen to and read the extract from a group

discussion. Whose ideas do you agree with?
N a ta s h a : In my country, most people get married simply
4 Complete the gaps with a phrase from Exercises 2 and 3.
because it's expected o f them. M any people
have lavish weddings in o rd e r to show o ff 7 Many brides seek to break with tradition;
their family's wealth and status. Since I'd .................................... , these days we see more
rather spend my money on my studies, I'm not wedding dresses in colours other than white.
planning to waste money on an extravagant 2 Traditionally, a woman wears an engagement ring
ceremony so th a t others can have a good .................................... show other suitors that she is no
time at our expense. longer available.
Tomas: The biggest difference I've seen is that, 3 .................................... of social changes, sometimes it is
because o f changes in the law, people now the mother and not the father who walks the bride down
have more choice about how and where to the aisle and gives her away.
get married. As a result, weddings have got
4 Many couples prefer to receive cash as a wedding gift
more interesting. One o f my friends got
.................................... they already live independently
married in a hot air balloon! I'd love to do that.
from their parents and have everything they need.
Deepa: As I'm happily single, I can't think o f many Horseshoes were considered very lucky;
5
compelling reasons to get married.
.................................... , couples were often given one on
M y best friend got married abroad so as to their wedding d a y ..................................... bring them
avoid the problems associated with relatives luck in the years to come.
who don't get on. I'd do the same - get
6 Couples often hire a professional photographer or
married in Australia so no one could attend!
camera person..................................... preserve the
T akah iro : Most people are leaving it till later to get memories of their special day.
married in o rd e r to travel and develop their
Many wealthy people have their partners sign pre­
careers. Therefore there has been a marked
nuptial agreements..................................... show them
increase in middle-aged parents in my society.
that they are not marrying for the money.
Jodie: Weddings have become prohibitively
expensive, hence, more and more young 5 Complete the sentences with your own ideas.
people are not doing the traditional thing and
instead are looking at cheaper alternatives. I 7 I prefer more intimate weddings with fewer guests
think it's a bit sad not to get married d u e to because ...
the price tag. A fter all, it is meant to be one o f 2 Many people these days do not believe in the part of
the most special days o f anybody's life. their wedding vows that say Till death do us part',
hence ...
Add the phrases in bold to the correct column In some cultures, parents find a partner for their son or
according to the meaning they express. daughter so that ...
The first few years of marriage can be difficult because
REASON PURPOSE RESULT o f ...
Many parents start saving early so as to ...
6 There has been an increase in the number of pre-nuptial
agreements in the USA due to ...

G R A M M A R R E F E R E N C E I Reason, purpose an d result:

Page 217

126
SPEAKING PAR PUSH YOURSELF, C2
J Decide whether the following statements about COMPARATIVE FORMS
pronunciation are true or false.
• • • •
1 Being intelligible is what matters most.
2 Your accent should not reveal where you're from.
3 Pronunciation of individual sounds is not very I d o n 't th in k I have ever seen such a large
important. num ber o f p e ople on the streets as the n ig h t
4 In English, the words that carry the meaning are I a tte n d e d the Kandy Perahera in Sri Lanka. The
entire tow n appeared to be in the procession,
stressed.
dancing, eating fire or drum m ing as if to dem onstrate
5 Unintentionally stressing the wrong words can th e ir pride in th e ir culture to the w hole w orld. Seeing
change the meaning of a sentence. children no higher than my w aist drum m ing away
6 In longer words, each syllable carries the same w ith so much passion was a tru ly spectacular
amount of stress. experience. So im p o rta n t is the Buddha's to o th relic
7 Intonation can make you sound enthusiastic, bored th a t the largest tusker is the one to carry it th ro u g h
or surprised, but can also be a source of confusion the streets. One piece o f advice - do w hat the locals
do - we d id n 't g e t any b e tte r a view from our 40 Euro
if used inappropriately.
seats than the locals sittin g by the side o f the road.
As a traveller, you ca n 't be so naTve as to think no-
2 © 064 Listen and mark the syllables that are
one wants your money. E xpect to pay over the odds
stressed in sentences 2 to 7. Sentence 1 has been fo r snacks and souvenirs.
done as an example. Take it in turns with a We were certainly not any
partner to read out the sentences. Give each richer when we g o t home,
b u t the m em ories will last
other feedback on your pronunciation.
a lifetim e.

3 © 065 You will hear four students answering the

Part 1 questions 1 to 4. Before you listen, match
the questions with the question type (A-D) and Read the review of the Kandy
the extracts from answers (i-iv). Then listen and Perahera. Find examples of
check. the comparative structures.

1 Have you ever attended a cultural event in another 7 not + any + comparative adjective
culture? 2 no + comparative adjective + than
2 Are you planning to attend any cultural events in 3 so + adjective + that
the near future?
4 present perfect simple + such + a + adjective +
3 If you could go to any festival in the world, which noun + as
would you choose?
5 any + comparative + a + noun + than
4 Would you rather attend traditional or more
6 as if+ non-finite clause
modern events?

A hypothetical situation 2 Complete these extracts from another review of

B future plans the same event. Use words from the structures

C comparison/preference highlighted in Exercise 1.

D a past experience 7 The tusker lifted his trunk high into the a ir...............
...............to say Tm the most important one here'.
f If I had the chance, I'd definitely go to Glastonbury,
2 I'd never seen............................... talented group of
which is an iconic festival held in England every
people................ those taking part in the Perahera.
summer.
3 The chief elephant w as...............actually................
ii Well, to be honest, I'd much rather attend a
taller than the others, but he had a certain majestic
traditional festival for several different reasons ...
quality that the others lacked.
Hi Yes, I have. I was lucky enough to attend the
4 greater celebration of Sri Lankan culture
Venice Carnival two years ago.
...............the Kandy Perahera can be found
iv Well actually, I'm hoping to go to a literary festival
anywhere on the island.
next month.
5 The noise from the parade is ................ loud
...............nobody gets to sleep until it's over.
4 © 066 Now listen to the extracts and mark the
6 You will not fin d ...............better................
syllables that are stressed in Extracts i to iv. Then
occasion...............this to take photographs.
practise them with your partner.

"unit 9 'cul t ur al cont r ibut ion 127

 [XAMfQ
READING AND USE OF ENGLISH PAR
EXAM CHECK. You are going to read four extracts from articles about
Decide if the statements are true or false. ‘geek culture’. For questions 1-4, choose from extracts
A-D. The extracts may be chosen more than once.
7 There are four texts from different authors (A-D )
on four different topics. Which author
2 The focus of this task is to compare the opinions 1 has a different view from the others on whether geek
of the authors (A—D) and find other texts which culture still exists?
have the same or different opinions as another of
the texts or to identify one which has a different 2 has a different view from writer A on the ease of
opinion from all the other texts. defining ‘geek’?
3 There are four questions and each text (A-D) will 3 has a similar view to D on the geeks of the past?
appear as an answer once.
4 has a different view from A on how geeks have
4 Each question in this part is worth two marks.
reacted to their culture becoming mainstream?

A C
In 1993, there was a boy at my school who was 100 When I discovered that NASA robotics expert Randal
percent geek. This was a derogatory term we applied to Munroe’s book ‘What if?’ was a New York Times non­
someone who was socially awkward, unfashionably bright fiction bestseller, I knew that was the death knell for
and with an unusual interest in computers. ‘Computer kid’, geek culture. Twenty years ago, only the geeks would
as he was nick-named, was not cool, but looking back, he have been fascinated by this tome of questions and
had the last laugh. A little over a decade later, we had all answers on bizarre topics. They would have
adopted his ‘bizarre’ interest in technology. So, did that memorised the facts and spouted them uninvited at
spell the end of geek culture? Not at all. To continue to be a non-geeks, confirming in the process the authenticity
geek, the geeks got geekier. A vague interest was no of their geekiness. These days, most youngsters find
longer enough. To earn the title of geek, you have to live, this stuff interesting and the relevant facts can be
sleep, eat and play all things geek, and to make that easier, googled in a seconds, making geeks, well, redundant.
such things have proliferated over the last 20 years. For Nowadays, the eccentrics are those that don’t have a
example, as Star Wars became mainstream, the geeks smart phone or know who the Mother of Dragons is.
found other even more obscure series to obsess about. I’m not sure we have a term for those people yet, but
geeks have been relegated to the history books.
B
D
Most commentators would agree that current teenagers are
more in touch with their nerdy side than those of us born in To decide whether geek culture is still alive and
the twentieth century ever were. Shows, characters and kicking, you need to define what you mean by ‘geek’.
technologies that were once the preserve of geeks, are now If being socially awkward with glasses and a poor
considered mainstream. Hardline geeks, though, are fighting sense of style is part of your definition, you might
back. However, a worrying part of this response is the anti­ conclude it is long dead and buried. If, on the other
diversity trend in geekdom. Whereas the mainstream hand, you define a geek as someone with a love of
entertainment actively includes characters of different and extensive knowledge of technology, computer
ethnicities and genders in leading roles, which most games, comic books and science fiction, the culture is
consider a welcome change, some geeks have been known very much alive and well. The question for me is
to complain if a female gets too prominent a role in a video whether geekdom can still be considered a subculture,
game. This is the geeks turning inwards and acting as given how mainstream it has become. If part of your
gatekeepers of geekdom, denying the label ‘geek’ to those definition of geek was unfashionable, you will either
not hardcore enough. They see the traditional geek domains have to redefine your terms or concede that geeks
of comic books, anime and video games as exclusively belong to the past. For me, the geeks of my childhood
theirs and are increasingly concerned that the ‘wrong’ type were actually forerunners, who showed us the way.
of people have started to take an interest in the things I wish I’d known then what I know now.
they love.

728,
I WRITING PART L AN ESSAY
EXAM CHECK.
Com plete th e sum m ary w ith th e co rre ct w ords o r num bers.

Part 1 of the W riting is an ( 1 ) ................. with a discursive focus, which is compulsory. Based on a
question, candidates are asked to choose and write about ( 2 ) ................ points from a list and will also
be given ( 3 ) ................. opinions in the form of notes that they can use, though if they do, they should be
written using their own words. A W riting Part 1 task should be between (4) ................ and ( 5 ) .................
words long and you have about ( 6 ) ................ minutes to complete it.

Your class recently attended a panel discussion on how to spend a grant from the National Arts and
Culture Board. You made the notes below:

Ideas to spend the grant

• an art gallery
Some opinions expressed in the discussion:
• a statue of a national figure
“ Everyone can enjoy an art gallery.”
• a dance academy
“ People will disagree on which figure to build a statue of.”

“A dance academy will have high running costs.”

Write an essay discussing two of the ideas in your notes. You should say which idea you feel is the
most suitable way of spending the grant.

You may, if you wish, make use of the opinions expressed in the discussion, but you should use
your own words as far as possible.

Write your answer in 220-260 words in an appropriate style.

SPEAKING PAR
EXAM CHECK
Read about P art 1 o f th e Speaking Test and choose th e co rre ct answers.

1 This part of the exam lasts about two/three minutes for each pair
of candidates.
2 The examiner/The other candidate asks you questions that mainly focus on
your life and experiences.
3 You need to/don't need to ask the other candidate questions in this part.
4 You should/shouldn't try to give extended answers with reasons, examples

W ork w ith a partner. Take tu rn s to ask and answ er th e question s.

• How important do you think it is to celebrate milestones such as birthdays and anniversaries?

• Are there any milestones you are planning to celebrate in the near future?

• If you got a new job or promotion, how would you celebrate?

• Do you prefer celebrating special occasions at home or by going out?

"unit 9 'cul t ur al c o nt r ibut io n 129

 In 1967 the world saw an explosion of a counterculture that preached free love, feminism, equal
Work in groups. Imagine rights, self-expression, peace and a rejection of societal norms in many countries across the
that you are going to a world. It came to be known as the 'Summer of Love'. In the USA, it helped inspire the Monterey
Pop Festival, which saw over 25,000 people gather to listen to the likes of Jimi Hendrix, Simon
three-day music festival in
and Garfunkel and Janis Joplin in an atmosphere of peaceful rebellion. Just two years later in
the UK. Apart from a tent 1969 came Woodstock, possibly the most iconic of all the music festivals, held in upstate New
and a sleeping bag, what York and, to the amazement of the organisers, attracting almost half a million people.
other essential items would Unsurprisingly, similar music festivals were also springing up in other parts of the world. In 1968
you take with you? Can you the Isle of Wight, a small island off the south coast of England, held its own festival, which
became known as the Woodstock of Europe. By its third year, it was attended by 600,000 people
agree on the five most
with rock gods such as Hendrix, The Doors and The Who on the bill. (1) However/Despite this, the
essential items?
UK government of that time decided that the disruption caused by so many festival-goers
Read the article quickly. coming to this sleepy island was too much and banned the festival until 2002.
Fortunately, someone who had attended some of these rather chaotic early festivals on the
Are the statements true or
island had both the money and the connections to provide an alternative, and in 1971, the
false according to the text? Glastonbury Festival (or Fair, as it was then known) was born. Andrew Kerr hailed from an upper­
More people than middle class family but had a fascination with 'earth mysteries', so Pilton in Somerset turned out
expected attended to be the perfect location for the new festival. Located on the ley line between Glastonbury
Abbey and the ancient stone circle of Stonehenge, hippies, mystics and new-age seekers were
Woodstock in 1969.
drawn to the place and Glastonbury has maintained its attraction to this day. Kerr approached
The Isle of W ight festival
Michael Eavis, owner of Worthy Farm in Pilton, and together they put on the very first
has not been held since
Glastonbury. It was a relatively modest festival, compared to its aforementioned contemporaries,
2002. with only 1500 tickets sold and very few household names on the stage, (2) although/even
The founders of the though in its second year, David Bowie was one of the performers.
Glastonbury Festival were (3) On the other hand/Nevertheless, over the subsequent decades, the size and popularity of
musicians. Glastonbury grew until it became certainly the most iconic music festival in the UK and one that
The first Glastonbury that without doubt has international recognition. Attendances these days are around 135,000
Festival was a huge and, as well as being a showcase for UK musicians, internationally famous artists - including ones
success. you might not expect to be typical festival acts, such as Beyonce and Kanye West - virtually
O nly British artists can queue up to play there, almost as a badge of honour. Eagle-eyed viewers of the 2018 film A Star is
play at Glastonbury. Born may even have noticed a scene in which the US actor Bradley Cooper performs on the
famous Pyramid Stage.
Modern Glastonbury
Many would argue that today's Glastonbury is unrecognisable from its early years. It is certainly a
festivals have sacrificed
lot more commercial than it used to be, although it can be argued that as a result, it is far better
their counter-cultural roots
organised and much safer than it would have been back in the 1970s. (4) Although/Despite this,
the radical spirit of 1967 that inspired these early festivals is still present. Throughout its history,
Glastonbury has maintained its strong links to counter-cultural movements, supporting
Look at the contrast words organisations promoting causes such as nuclear disarmament and environmental protection.
and phrases in the text and It retains its "hippy" and spiritual vibe, with areas offering alternative therapies, wellness events
choose the correct options. and family-friendly areas. There is even an area of the festival called 'Shangri-La' which aims to
'expand minds and open hearts' in order to 'inspire the next generation of cultural
revolutionaries' by showcasing independent films and hosting talksand debates. If you thought
the Glastonbury Festival was just about great music, think again.
Match the highlighted words in the article with the C o n v e rs a tio n 3
definitions. 7 So, do you know who's p e r fo r m in g as th e
1 an indication that someone has become very m a in a c t this year?
successful
2 try to persuade others to follow a particular belief or 8 It's a pretty impressive lis t o f p e rfo rm e rs - loads
w ay of life of big names will be on the main stage.

3 an interruption in how something normally works

It's a great mix of c u r r e n tly successful a rtis ts
4 an event which allows the best aspects of something to
and new talent.
be seen
5 people who everybody has heard of
JO Has the se q u e n ce in w h ic h th e a rtis ts
6 attracted to
p e r fo r m been released yet?
7 appearing suddenly
8 previously referred to
JI Last year's festival h a d a ll o f its tic k e ts
p u rc h a s e d in two weeks.
067 Listen to three short conversations related to
music festivals. Decide in each case if they take place
J2 Those resale websites are usually h o r r ib ly
B (before the festival) or A (at the festival). o v e rp ric e d .
Conversation 1
Conversation 2 ................
Conversation 3 ................ □ Q Watch the video about Glastonbury. Make notes
about the following topics:
067 Listen again and replace the definitions in • Pilton
bold related to music festivals with the words or Glastonbury Tor
phrases the speakers actually use. The legend of King Arthur
The legend of Joseph of Arimathea
PHRASES YOU MIGHT USE
C o n v e rs a tio n 1
Excuse me, I'm afraid I've lost my e n tr y pass
b ra c e le t.

2 Can I still use the p la ce s w h e r e I ca n k e e p

m y v a lu a b le s in the meantime?

C o n v e rs a tio n 2
3 So, what did you think of that performance? Epic,
wasn't it? They absolutely p e r fo r m e d in a v e r y
im p re s s iv e w a y

4 Their s o n g s th a t th e y ch o o se to p la y
w e r e n 't as strong as last year.

5 I also felt that the lead singer's a b ilit y to

e n te r ta in th e c ro w d was a little flat.

6 Particularly when they came on to play the e x tr a

so n g s a t th e e n d o f th e s h o w b e ca u se th e
a u d ie n c e s h o u ts f o r th e m . WORKING TOWARDS A RESOLUTION RELATED TO A TASK

Work in small groups to plan a festival. Points to

consider:
• location, number of tickets, time, duration, entry costs
• type(s) of music, number of acts, the headliners
• other attractions and facilities for the festival-goers
• what you should do to make the festival
environmentally-friendly
Present your ideas to the other groups in the class.
Which one sounds the most interesting?

UNIT 9 'CULTURAL CONTRIBUTION

 GETTING STARTED
Work with a partner and
complete the quiz.
VOCABULARY
VERB PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES
HOWMUCHDOYOU Read the sentences, then identify the correct definition (a or b) of
the underlined word.
QUIZ REALLYKNOWABOUT The new race track has been lengthened by an extra 500 m.
GAMESANDSPORTS? a made longer b made less easy
2 It frustrates me when football referees don't enforce the rules consistently.
Which famous tennis player's a apply b make stronger
surname can be typed using four 3 I love baking and use dried fruit rather than sugar to sweeten cakes.
keys which are all adjacent to a enjoy the sweet taste of b make sweeter
each other on a standard 4 The high price of the new Space Challenge has enraged gamers.
computer keyboard?
a become angry b made (someone) angry
What is the only sport to have 5 W e cycled the road that encircles the island.
been played on the moon? a surrounds b goes around
6 M y team strengthened its squad by adding three new players in the
Name as many sports as you can football transfer window.
that feature the following
a improved its physicaI strength b made stronger
sporting match officials: umpire,
linesman, referee, ballboy, judge.
(1 point for each) DID YOU KNOW?
We often use the prefix en- or suffix -en to form verbs, especially ones which
Which is longer - a tennis court describe something's characteristics or changes in them, adding them to the base
or a basketball court? noun or adjective form. These verbs typically mean to make/give/increase the
characteristic. For example:
Name the seven athletics events enable = make able/possible
that make up a heptathlon (one
worsen = make worse
point for each).

Add en-l-en to the following words as a prefix or a suffix to turn

them into verbs. Then decide what each one means.

oft danger sure

length large weak tight rich

132
3 Match the sentence halves. Then decide what each
underlined verb means.
Belinda (1) lengthened as a
7 Danuta went round in 23 over par and didn't qualify
nurse last year, but her passion
2 I ordered a life-jacket but forgot to specify
is very specific: she's into
3 My cousin David managed to modify photographing and filming
4 The recommended way to classify buildings and engineering projects.
5 The rules of golf were simplified When a local railway bridge needed
(2) tightening, she made a stunning time-lapse film
A his lawnmower and actually races on it!
which showed the engineers working through the
B in 2019 in efforts to speed up the game. night on it. Then, when the river was getting too
C a bird is to identify its size, colour and wing shape. shallow and it was (3) qualified the safe passage of
D what colour I wanted, and they sent me a magenta larger vessels that travel on it, the council decided to
one! (4) classified the river and Belinda got some
E for this year's Under 16 golf championship - she's gorgeous pictures of that too, including one of an
gutted. engineer on a tiny platform completely (5) deepen
by water. She's hoping to be able to photograph the
4 Write the nouns that can be formed from the verbs in proposed (6) strengthening of our local airport,
Exercise 3. which would include the runway being
(7) endangering by about 200 metres. But she
5 Correct the profile of Belinda by moving the doesn't think she'll be allowed to, as the authorities
highlighted words into the correct positions. have been (8) enlargement security, and a person
with a camera by an airport might be (9) encircled
as a security risk. That would be a shame, because I
know she'd be able to get some awesome photos!
SPEAKING
STARTING A PRESENTATION
7 Work with a partner and answer the questions.
Choose one of the following subjects and imagine
7 Have you ever given a presentation? If so, what was
your last one for? you are going to give a presentation to your class.
2 What do you think makes a good presentation? Write an introduction using one of the techniques in
3 Is it important to get your audience's interest at the Exercise 3. If necessary, invent a quote or some
start of your presentation? Why? statistics/facts.

the world's greatest sportsperson

2 © 068 Listen to the introductions to some
the world's most dangerous sports
presentations (A-F). Match them with the subjects
games people can enjoy in old age
they introduce (1-6).
what children can learn from playing games
7 The history of a game a board or card game that I think you should try
2 The sporting values we should be teaching to our
children 5 Present your introduction to the class. Which other
3 What it takes to be a successful sportsperson students’ introductions sound like presentations you
4 Why sports are important
5 How a piece of new technology is altering sport
6 The role of TV in changing the sporting experience

| 068 Listen again and match the following

techniques for getting your audience’s attention at
the beginning of a presentation (1-6) with the
introductions (A-F).

7 giving an interesting or surprising statistic or fact

2 giving a what-if' hypothetical scenario
3 using a quotation that sets up what you are going
to talk about
4 asking a rhetorical question
5 beginning with a survey of the audience's
opinions or experiences
6 giving an overview of what you are
planning to say
LISTENING i I GRAMMAR j
7 Work w ith a partner and SUBSTITUTION AND ELLIPSIS
answer the questions.

7 Can you name any GRAMMAR ON THE MOVE

sporting world record Watch the video
holders? W hat records
do they hold?
2 Look at the photo. W hat 4 G R A M M A R REFERENCE I Substitution and ellipsis:
sporting record do you Page 218

think it shows?
■ Read the blog post. Cross out any words in the
underlined sections which are not necessary.
2 © 069 You hear tw o friends discussing the tennis
There is an example at the beginning.
champion Boris Becker. Listen and choose the
correct options. Use the tips to help you.

7 W hat is the man doing in the first half of the

conversation? BLOG
A explaining what made Becker so successful - an y th in g a n d everything connected
B wondering if Becker could have been even better w ith card s a n d card g am es
C arguing that Becker's opponents took the wrong
Home About Blog News Contact Us
approach

Which underlined words best express the idea that the man Hi, I’d like to tell you about a building which
is trying to communicate? I think anyone interested in cards and card
games would be fascinated by. (1) It’s a house
2 The woman and the man agree that Becker which was built in 1690 in Devon, south west
A played erratically at times. England. The story goes that a local man
B struggled to convince people of his potential.
called George Ley had won a large sum of
money in a game of cards. In fact (2) it was
C was lucky to have been able to play in the
enough money to build a house, which is
championship.
exactly what he did. The building was
All three options are mentioned, but only one is expressed
designed with a mixture of vertical and sloping
by both speakers. surfaces, (3) as if it was made entirely from
cards. The building’s fifty-two stairs represent
the number of cards in a pack, (4) and its four
3 Q 070 Now listen to tw o friends talking about board floors represent the four suits (spades, clubs,
hearts and diamonds). Each floor also has
games and choose the correct options.
thirteen doors and thirteen chimneys,
3 W hy does the man mention grandparents? corresponding with the number of cards in
A to demonstrate the permanent appeal of board each suit. At some point in the past, the
games
building became a hotel, although it is not
known exactly (5) when it became a hotel.
B to make a contrast between board games and
If you are intrigued and would like to visit the
screen-based games
building, the good news is that (6) you can
C to suggest that different generations can enjoy visit. It’s in the village of Combe Martin, and
board games together its new name describes it perfectly - the
4 When discussing the game Dragonbusters, what do Pack o’ Cards. ___
the man and woman's opinions differ on?
A how successful the board game version wiII be
B how many more versions of the game will be
released
C whether the game can be seen as part of a
w ider trend

4 Look again at the questions in Exercises 2 and 3.

Choose from the options below to identify the type
of question being asked. One option is not needed.

A the attitude/feelings/opinion of the speaker

B agreement or disagreement between both speakers
C the purpose of an example
D the main idea of what someone says

134[
I Match the statements (1-4) with the responses (A-D). ■ Complete the second sentence so that it means the
same as the first. Use five words or fewer, including
7 I played poker last night.
the word in brackets.
2 I just had a rather bizarre dream.
3 We're planning to go away for the weekend. 7 My friends and I found it really hard to keep our
4 Laura went to the party in fancy dress. balance when we first went snowboarding.
SO
A What about?
I found it really hard to keep my balance when I first
B Where to? went snowboarding, .a n d ..^
C What as? 2 Neither Morris nor Lucinda has ever been able to
D Who with? read maps very well.
EITHER
■ Complete the sentences with so or likewise.
Lucinda has never been able to read maps very well,
1 Rumour has it that Amy is an excellent swimmer. If
................ , she'd be perfect for our water polo team. 3 Tommy and Jasper didn't qualify for the cross-country
2 It's important that I get all my photographs absolutely finals.
sharp, but I can only really d o ....... by using NEITHER
a tripod. Tommy didn't qualify for the cross-country finals
3 Andrea has been to the top of the highest peaks in
Europe, South America and Australasia, and hopes 4 That kind of behaviour is
to d o ........ in the other continents before she unacceptable in any sport.
reaches 30. SUCH
4 The reason he is such a good guitarist is that he is
practises religiously for at least two hours every day. unacceptable in any sport.
If you want to improve, then you need to d o ....... .

READING AND USE OF ENGLISH PAR

1 Work with a partner and answer the questions. 3 Match the missing words
from Exercise 2 with the
7 Can you play chess? If so, can you explain the concept of chess to someone in
less than 30 seconds? language that is being tested.
2 Do you know anything about the origins of chess? One category is not needed.
3 Why do you think the game has remained so popular for hundreds of years? A prepositions
B pronouns
2 Read the article and think of the word which best fits each gap. Use only
multi-word verbs
one word in each gap.
D articles
so and such
modal verbs
THE RI E AND THE HESSBOARD conjunctions
There’s an informative legend about the man who originally (0 )... came...
up with the idea of the game of chess. When the inventor showed his new
game to the emperor of India, the ruler was so impressed that he
promised to give the man absolutely (1).............. he wanted as a reward.
"Oh Emperor/ the man replied, T only wish (2 ).............. this. Give me
one grain of rice for the first square on the chessboard, two for the
second, four for the third, and so (3 ).............. for all 64 squares, with
each square having double the number of the previous one.
The emperor consented to the request, astonished that the man had
asked for (4 )...............a small reward. Or (5 )............... he thought. The
court treasurer was instructed to pay the man as agreed. However, the
emperor became enraged when the treasurer returned the following day
and explained that the reward would add up to (6 )...............astronomical
18,446,744,073,709,551,615 grains of rice. This (7 )...............form a heap
larger than Mount Everest, which even today is equivalent to more than
1,000 times the world’s annual yield of rice. Sadly, according to the
legend, the inventor (8 ).............. for his audacity with his life.

/”IN IT IO I LIVING LIFE TO THE FULLEST

VOCABULARY 1 3 Choose the most appropriate word to
complete the sentences.

WORDS WITH SIMILAR MEANINGS 1 Proposals to build a new stadium were met
with stiff........ from residents who felt
7 Write down all the words you know that can refer to the that it would cause too much disruption to
following: traffic in the surrounding area.
a opposition c defeat
• someone who takes part in a sporting or competitive event
b rivalry d loss
contestant,
• people who watch something being played or performed viewers, 2 By nature, Gabriel has always been a very
• how someone is doing in a competitive event winning, ........ person: for example, he always
tries to make sure his story is funnier than
2 Complete the sentences with the words in the boxes. Use each anyone else's.
word no more than once. There is one word for each set of a competitive c victorious
questions that you do not need. b opposing d combative

3 The team risks losing a lot o f...............with

witness fans viewers audience spectators watchers
its proposal to raise the prices for matches
by 50% this year.
1 The.............. found the final scene of the play, in which Romeo and
a viewers c spectators
Juliet both die, intensely moving; there wasn't a dry eye in the
b members d supporters
house.
2 The third episode of the series featured a blooper in which the 4 Supermarket chain Priceright often buys
microphone is visible in the frame, but the vast majority o f....... plots of land close to its stores to prevent
didn't notice. from building stores of their own
3 ............... at a 1962 World Cup match in Chile between Brazil and nearby.
England had a surprise when a dog came onto the pitch to chase a opposition c competitors
the ball; play was stopped for several minutes until a player got b opponents d enemies
down on all fours to get the dog's attention.
5 With two laps of the race to go, the
4 The police want to take a statement from me about a car crash
Ethiopian runner is still the................ , with
which I was a ....... to last week.
the British runner close behind in second
5 ............... of American football team the Seattle Seahawks set a place.
world record for creating the most noise ever recorded (136.6
a champion c leader
decibels) at a sporting event, in a victory over the San Francisco
b winner d victor
49ers in 2013.

4 Answer the questions.

opponents rivals opposition competitors enemies
1 Which do you prefer, watching sports,
6 Boxer Muhammad Ali usually managed to defeat his participating in sports or neither?
within the first few rounds. 2 What famous sporting rivalries can you
7 Tennis stars Andy Murray and Rafa Nadal have spent many years think of?
a s................on the court, and as friends off it. 3 Is being competitive a positive thing?
8 The team tend to vary their tactics from match to match, so that
the....... teams don't know what to expect.
9 Two...............were disqualified from the race after failing a
drug test.

dominated outplayed won defeated eliminated

70 In 1997, a computer called Deep Blue................world chess

champion Garry Kasparov on its second attempt.
77 Iceland became the smallest country ever to qualify for the
World Cup in 2017, but w ere...............in the group stage
and went home after playing three matches.
12 New Zealand................ the first half of the match, and yet
were unable to score a try thanks to South Africa's
formidable defending.
13 It was a great game, but throughout the match, the
Montreal Canadiens................the Ottawa Senators
and fully deserved their win at the end
of the day.
 TRAININGI
READING AND USE OF ENGLISH PAR
1 Quickly read Marco’s blog post without focusing on the missing words and answer the questions.

1 W hat did he do and why?

2 Do you think he was right to do what he did? Could you ever do the same?
3 Some people think popular sports have become commercial. Do you think this is the case? Can you give any examples?

CHANGING ALLEGIANCE TO GRASSROOTS FOOTBALL

These days a person is free to change their profession, their partner or even their
(0 ).. notionalitY...... So why is it that we are expected to retain our (1)........... to the NATION, LOYAL
football team we started follow ing as children? Football players can switch
allegiance, and be vastly (2 )............. fo r doing so via mu ti-m illion pound transfer RICH
deals and inflated salaries. So why then can (3 )............. not do likewise? O f SUPPORT
course, a true diehard fan would never adm it to disowning their club, as to do so
would be nothing short o f (4 )........... . Anyway, after follow ing the same to p - SHAME
flig h t club for ten years, I'd grown (5) ............. tired o f the team's manager b aming INCREASE
every single defeat either on clueless match (6) , rather than actually OFFICE
giving credit to the (7) , or criticising our overpaid players for not doing OPPOSE
their jobs. On to p of that, I fe lt that the team owners had become to o greedy,
raising ticket prices every season. Put simply, being a supporter o f that team was
quickly becom ing financially (8) . So I did it. I finally dum ped them. SUSTAIN
I'm now absolutely (9 )............. to the am ateur team from my local town. Now, I'm COMMIT
not under the illusion that they're going to win the national (10)............. , but CHAMPION
that's not the point. My new love affair is (11)............. the bond with the town I STRONG
grew up in, and when I go to their matches I have the tim e o f my life. A nd I d o n 't
have to break the bank to do so.

2 Read the tip box. Then apply the strategy to help you complete the text using the correct form
of the words in capital letters.

One possible approach to this task is to read the text with your right hand
covering the list of words in capital letters. Work out what part of speech
must go in each gap by considering the words before and after each one.
Make sure you identify the right form too:
• If it's an adjective, could it be the comparative or supe
• If it's a verb, will it have an -ed, -ing or -s ending?
• If it's a noun, will it be singular, uncountable or plural?
• Does the word need a negative prefix?
Then look at the word on the right.

3 Work with a partner and answer the questions.

Do you find the strategy in Exercise 2 useful?

W h y? /W h y not?
Before you did the exam task in Exercise 2,
you read through the text first in Exercise 1.
W hat benefits might there be for reading
the text through for the general idea before
attempting to complete the text?

Ax .
LLEST 137
The experience of a lifetime
(1) W o u ld y o u lik e to/H ave y o u e v e rta k e n p a rt in a tu g o f w a r? T h e y are g re a t fu n to w a tc h , an d if y o u
g et th e o p p o rtu n ity to se e th e a n n u a l o n e in th e H ig h la n d G a m e s in S c o tla n d , (2) y o u s h o u ld ju m p at
the c h a n c e /y o u n e v e r k n o w - y o u m ig h t lik e it.
Le t m e e x p la in w h a t a tu g -o f-w a r is (3) in c a s e y o u 're n o t fa m ilia r w ith it/in o rd e r to m a k e the m o s t o f it.
It's a c o n te s t b e tw e e n tw o te a m s , w h o p u ll th e o p p o s ite e n d s o f a rope. T h e o b je c tiv e is to p u ll th e
o p p o s in g te a m a c e rta in d is ta n c e , and w h ic h e v e r te a m m a n a g e s to do so firs t is th e w in n e r.
W h e n I a tte n d e d la st year, a s u b s ta n tia l c ro w d had tu rn e d o u t to se e v a rio u s lo c a l te a m s e n th u s ia s tic a lly
g iv in g it a go, d e s p ite th e w e a th e r b e in g a b s o lu te ly te rrib le . W h a t s tru c k m e w a s th a t th e s p e c ta to rs
s e e m e d to be a rd e n tly s u p p o rtin g o n e s id e o r th e other. (4) You m ig h t b e s u r p r is e d to h e a r th a t/Y o u 'd
a lm o s t th in k th e y w e re th e o n e s c o m p e tin g ! A n d y e t it n e v e r lo st its fa m ily - fr ie n d ly s e n s e o f fun.
(5) It's h a rd ly s u rp ris in g that/H ave y o u e v e r w o n d e re d w h y th e e v e n t has s u c h e n d u rin g a p p e a l. A t th e
en d o f th e c o n te s t, p e o p le fro m o p p o s in g s id e s w e re c o n g ra tu la tin g o r c o m m is e ra tin g w ith each o th e r
w ith big h u g s an d lo ts m o re la u g h te r. It's p o s s ib le th a t th e y o n ly k n e w ea ch o th e r th ro u g h y e a rs o f
ta k in g p a rt in th e s a m e tu g -o f-w a r c o n te s t, w h ic h c e rta in ly s e e m e d to be d o in g its b it fo r c o m m u n ity
c o h e s io n and b rin g in g p e o p le to g e th e r fo r s o m e c o lle c tiv e fu n .
A s a s p e c ta to r s p o rt, I've n e v e r w itn e s s e d a n y th in g q u ite s o e x h ila ra tin g as th is tu g -o f-w a r.
B u t (6) d o n 't ju s t take m y w o rd fo r it/it's n o t fo r e v e ry o n e - go and se e o n e fo r y o u rs e lf!

2 Read the exam task and answer the questions. [ GRAMMAR

1 W hat three aspects of the annual spectator
event should the review cover? CONTRAST AND CONCESSION
2 Does the review cover these points? If so, say
where in the text.
GRAMMAR ON THE MOVE
3 Read the Did you know? box. Then choose the Watch the video

correct options to complete the review.

j j Choose a word or phrase from the box to complete the

DID YOU KNOW? sentences. Some gaps may have more than one answer.

A good review bears in mind its main audience and the

reasons why they might read it. In the real world, the nevertheless despite in spite although even though
reader is typically trying to decide whether the thing you though however having said that whereas
are reviewing is worth attending/buying/listening to /
watching, etc. 1 I love snorkelling................ of the fact that I'm terrified of sharks.
Depending on the review question and its target audience, 2 I personally find competitive sport on TV quite boring,
you may decide to adopt an informal style, as this is
........my brother can't get enough of it.
common in online reviews. Add ress the reader as 'you'
throughout and use phrases that show the reader you 3 I would love to give horse-riding a try. I probably wouldn't be
are speaking to them in a friendly and helpful manner, any good at i t ..........
almost as if you were speaking to them in person. 4 To my mind, Pete has no chance of winning the race.
......... , he is convinced he will come first.
5 .............. having just run her first marathon today, M a ry says
4 Now write your own answer to the question in that she will run another next month.
220-260 words. Use similar phrases to engage 6 I'm not that interested in going to the g am e................. , if
the reader, using a friendly informal style. someone were to offer me free tickets, I could be persuaded.
7 She insisted on coming back on the p itch ,................ she had
clearly been injured in that tackle from the defender.

138
 PUSH YOURSELF C2
SPORTS IDIOMS
7 Answer the questions. In w hich sport(s)

7 should a good player be able to go

round the course on or under par?
2 are you not allowed to hit your
opponent below the belt?
3 is a pistol fired to announce the
start of the contest?
4 do players have to touch base in order to get a run?
5 is the final section called the home stretch?

2 Match th e com m ents (1-6) w ith th e replies (A-F).

7 Finally, there's just one week of term left!

2 We've made them a generous offer and asked for a
reply this week.
3 Do please keep me updated on your progress
throughout the project.
4 I'm devastated - my boss told me today that he wishes
he'd never hired me.
2 Tick th e co rre ct sentences. C orrect the sentences 5 Listen darling, I'm so terribly fond of you, and I really
w ith m istakes. think we're so compatible, and -
6 This month's room occupancy rate is 82%, which is
7 Adelina would happily go paragliding; her sister
about what we had this time last year.
Patti, on the other hand, is extremely risk-averse.
2 I'm going to renew my gym membership in spite A I see, that's p a r f o r th e co u rse then.
the high cost. B Sure, let's to u c h b a se every week or so.
3 Rudi practises the piano every day. Having said, C Yes, we re really o n th e h o m e s tre tc h now.
he isn't making any noticeable improvement.
D Well, th e b a ll is in th e ir c o u rt now - let's see how
4 Silvio has entered the marathon despite never they react.
having run one before.
E That was b e lo w th e b e lt - no-one should say things
5 I love cricket, whereas I find baseball the dullest like that.
game imaginable.
F Look, I don't mean to ju m p th e g u n , but are you
6 Despite my bike got a puncture, I thoroughly asking me to marry you?
enjoyed the ride through the Tatra Mountains.
7 Although now in her eighties, Joyce swims a 3 W rite the idiom s fro m Exercise 2 next to the correct
kilometre every single day. d e fin itio n . There are m ore d e fin itio n s th a n you need.
8 I can sit with a detective novel for hours on end.
Romances, however, bore me to tears. 7 get in contact
2 cruel and unfair
3 Com plete th e sentences in any a p p ro p ria te way. 3 they are being very competitive
4 do something too early
7 W e made it to the top of the mountain despite not
5 it's their turn to decide what to do
h a ving .................................................................. .
2 W e managed to get tickets for the final even
6 about to travel to a different place

th ou g h ................................................................. . 7 what can normally be expected

3 M y father is very much a sports fan. M y mother, 8 misunderstand what someone means
on the other h a n d ,............................................. 9 approaching the end of a task,
4 She managed to win the dance competition project, etc.
despite n o t.......................................................... .
4 Choose an idiom
5 Basketball players tend to be very tall, whereas
fro m Exercise 2
6 Boxing is an excellent sport for keeping fit, and w rite a sh o rt
although n o t......................................................... dialogue using it.
7 Video games often contain excessive violence.
Nevertheless,......................................................

G R A M M A R R E F E R E N C E I Contrast an d concession:
Page 219

"lUNIT 10 [L IV IN G LIFE TO THE FULLEST 139

 EXAM TO
’READING AND USE OF f WRITING PART 2: A REVIEW]
ENGLISH PART 2

For questions 1-8, read the text below and think of the You recently attended a one-day course, the
word which best fits each gap. Use only one word in each purpose of which was to develop your skills in one
gap. There is an example at the beginning (0). particular hobby. Now the organisers of the course
have asked you to write a review of it, explaining
what you found most and least useful about the
Explaining the urge to climb Everest course, and whether or not you felt you had
developed your skills.
Recent pictures showed mountaineers literally
queuing to get to the very summit of Mount Everest, Write your review in 220-260 words.
(0).. ........... , at 8,848 metres, is the world’s highest
peak. With low oxygen levels and frequent
avalanches, climbing Everest is certainly not
(1).............. a degree of risk. And yet, (2)...............
this, unprecedented numbers of people continue to
take it on. So just what is (3)..............that makes
Everest so irresistible for climbers?
According to Maurice Isserman, author of a book on
the history of mountaineering in the Himalayas, ‘From
the moment it was identified (4)..............the highest
mountain, it became an object (5)..............fascination.
There are more beautiful mountains (6)..............climb.
There are more challenging mountains that are a better
experience. But it’s a trophy.’
Of course, not everybody feels the need to conquer
Everest, but those that (7 )..............are most likely
thrillseekers, according to psychologist Andreas
Wilke. After speaking to climbers, he found that many
don’t consider (8 )..............they do to be that risky
and that the prestige associated with such a
challenging climb outweighs any danger involved.
READING AND USE OF ENGLISH। AR
For questions 1-8, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at
the end of some of the lines to form a word that fits in the gap in the same
line. There is an example at the beginning (0).

Badminton sisters
Brazilian sisters Luana and Lohaynny Vicente had a turbulent childhood growing up in
a rough (0) n ^ h j^ t^ o o d of Rio de Janeiro. Their father, a prominent local (1)............... , was NEIGHBOUR, GANG
killed in a shootout with the police when the girls were four and six years old respectively.
After his death, the girls found great comfort in the sport of badminton. Before long, the
sisters had won regional and national (2)............. , and were the (3).............. players in the CHAMPION, DOMINATE
women’s game in Brazil. Playing as doubles partners in 2015, Luana and Lohaynny reached
the finals of the Pan American Games in Toronto, but were defeated by their American
(4).............. Eva Lee and Paula Lynn Obanana, and eventually finished as runners-up. Before OPPOSE
long, Luana and Lohaynny were drawing (5)............. with tennis superstar sisters Serena COMPARE
and Venus Williams. (6)............. there’s a degree of friendly (7).............. between the two SURPRISE, RIVAL
Brazilian sisters, as is only natural. Lohaynny, but not Luana, qualified for the 2016 Olympics.
But Luana got her own back by (8)............. winning gold at the 2018 South American Games. DECIDE

LISTENING i

EXAM CHECK.
Decide if the statements are true or false.

1 Candidates will hear four conversations/extracts with two speakers.

2 Each extract is around one minute in length.
3 For each extract you must answer two multiple-choice questions.
4 The extracts are all related by topic.
5 You will hear each conversation/extract twice.

You will hear three different extracts. For questions 1-6, choose the answer (A, B or C) which fits best
according to what you hear. There are two questions for each extract.

EXTRACT ONE EXTRACT TWO EXTRACT THREE

Q 071 You w ill hear two friends 0 072 You will hear a man telling his Q 073 You will hear a woman telling a friend
discussing sports in schools. wife about a football match he has just about a pottery course she attended.
watched.
1 What point is the man making 5 How does the woman feel about the
about sports in schools? 3 The woman reacts to the man's course tutor?
A that participating in them comments about the match by saying A grateful that someone had
can teach some important that he is recommended her
life skills A failing to understand how the pitch B appreciative of how she made the
B how attitudes towards them affects the way the game is played. participants feel
have changed B giving an unconvincing explanation C surprised at how much she could
C why team sports are for the result of the match. teach them in a short time
preferable to individual ones C being unfairly critical of his team's 6 According to the man, what is the value
2 The woman is questioning players. of such courses?
A which sports should be 4 The man says that the smaller pitch size A They enable you to try something new
focused on. meant that the players on his team in an enjoyable way.
B whether all children should A committed more fouls. B They can often introduce you to an
be made to participate. B missed the goal more often. activity that could become a profession.
C what a suitable amount of C were treated unfairly by the C They let you continue a hobby you
sports for children is. referee. might not have done for a long time.

[UNIT 10 [ l iving Life TO THE FULLEST 141

REAL WORLD .

HNDI NG
GAMES
Work with a partner. Read one of texts A and B each. Find words or phrases from the two
Consider the following: texts meaning:

• the origins of the game 1 character weakness

• the objectives of the game 2 miss a go
• the game's popularity worldwide 3 great skills
4 more difficult than it appears
Explain to your partner what you read about the game, 5 the opportunity to choose what to do
covering the three points discussed in Exercise 1.

The game of Snakes and Ladders is played on a board with one Go is played on a board consisting of a grid
hundred numbered squares, across which are several vertically of 19 by 19 lines, and the players use black and
aligned snakes and ladders. To play the game, players start on white pieces, known as stones. They take turns
square one, roll a dice and advance their token by the number of to place these on any of the 361 points at
squares indicated by the dice roll. When a player lands on a square which the lines intersect. The object of the
featuring the bottom end of a ladder, they advance up the ladder to game is to capture your opponent’s stones by
the square featuring its top rung; conversely, when arriving at the surrounding one of them by four stones of your
head of the snake, they must go down the body to the square own. When this happens, the surrounded stone
featuring its tail. The winner is the first to arrive at the final square. is removed from the board. Players have the
The game in fact has a longer history than many might imagine. option to forfeit a turn if they wish to but if both
It originates from India, where many games contrasted destiny players do so, then the game ends. The scores
with free will. The game was intended as a lesson in morality, of both players are then calculated, based on
insofar as people must endeavour to lead a good life. The greater the number of stones captured, and the
number of snakes than ladders reflects the notion that it is easier number of points surrounded on the board.
to lead an immoral life than a virtuous one. In some versions, the Go is said to be the oldest continuously played
board was richly decorated, and each snake was associated with board game in the world, and dates back
a specific vice, including disobedience (square 41), vanity (44), some 2,500 years. It was invented in China,
theft (52), rage (84) and lust (99). Meanwhile the squares of virtue where a mastery of the game was considered
at the foot of ladders include reliability (51), generosity (57) and one of the four essential attributes of a refined
knowledge (76). British residents of India brought the game back person, along with music, calligraphy and
to England in the 19th century, and later the American entrepreneur painting. It is a game of strategy, and despite
Milton Bradley brought a version aimed at young children called its simple rules, the game is
Chutes and Ladders, in which the snakes were replaced deceptively complex. The number of possible
by playground slides in order not to frighten the children. JI positions of all the stones on the board has
been estimated to be 2 x 10170. Games between
top players used to last several days. However,
in competitions, time limits are usually applied,
and games between professional players
nowadays last up to about six hours.

===sssssss»S

142
Complete the questions with words or phrases । 074 Listen again and match the sentence
from Exercise 3, using an appropriate form. Then halves, paying attention to the phrases in bold.
discuss the questions with a partner.
PHRASES YOU MIGHT USE
1 How long would it take to gain
of a game like chess? 1 This is a sort of
2 Do you know of any other games where players 2 The o bject o f the gam e is
can choose t o ............................ if they don't 3 The last pair to get into position are
want to make a move? 4 Each person takes it in tu rn to
3 Can you think of any other games or sports which 5 If they hesitate or repeat themselves, then
look easy but a re ............................ ? 6 If they do say 'yes' or 'no' at any point,
4 If someone always wants to win at competitive 7 One person deals
games, should this be considered a virtue or a 8 Each player takes it in turns
2
9 The w in n e r is the firs t person to
5 Do you think people really have
.............................., or are our decisions A be the person in the centre.
limited by external circumstances? B a ten-second penalty is imposed.
C for the detective to identify the person ...
D d isq u a lifie d .
E get a set of three and a set of four cards.
F then they're out, and it's the n e x t
person's go.
G guessing gam e.
H o u t seven cards to each player.
/ to p ick up a card.

B Q Watch a video about cricket and make notes

on the following players/officials.

• batsman • wicketkeeper
• bowler • umpire
• fielders

O WATCH

074 Listen to four people describing a game

they enjoy playing and match the recordings
(1-4) with the pictures (A-D). Then in pairs
answer the questions.

Have you ever played any of these games?

Can you think of a suitable name for each game?
LIFE COMPETENCIES
Decide which games the following comments are
referring to. | CREATING NEW CONTENT FROM OWN OR
'Sometimes you might keep a card you don't need । OTHER RESOURCES
if you think the person whose turn is next might
Work in groups. Think of a popular sport in your country.
need it.'
•• What rule changes could you make to broaden the appeal of
II 'You've got to make sure you don't get tricked into
the sport for spectators? Ideas could include the following.
saying something you aren't supposed to!'
• ••
III 'It works best if the people are somehow matched • simplifying the rules
in terms of weight and height.' • making the game safer
'The key is to try and see who the others are • broadening active participation in the sport
looking at.'
Present your ideas to the class.

j UNIT 10 [LIVING LIFE TO THE FULLEST 143

 STEADY JQB

GETTING STARTED REMEMBER

J Answer the questions. The more complex a text, the more likely it is that you will need
to form comprehension strategies to understand ideas such as
7 W hich occupations do you think the picture the writer's purpose, attitude and so on. Here are a few tips that
shows? might help you:
2 Choose three of the jobs and write as many • Remember that it is not always essential to understand every
verbs as you can to describe what people with word in the text.
these jobs do. • If you encounter new vocabulary that you think might be
important for choosing the right answer, use the context to
Doctor - treat, heal, cure, prescribe, operate on,
he p you guess the approximate meaning.
examine, diagnose...
• When a text uses an example, try to understand what point
3 W hich of the occupations shown
the example is trying to make.
a are the five most essential for society?
• Look closely at the linking words/phrases that the writer
b would you be best suited for? Why? employs as this will give you clues as to the tone or direction
of the points they are making.

READING AND USE OF f l 3 Look at the first sentence of Extract A. Assume you don’t

ENGLISH PART 8 TRAINING know the meaning of daunting prospect. Guess from
context using the clues below.
1 Work with a partner and answer the questions. • The sentence is divided in two parts by but, meaning that
7 Have you ever been to a recruitment fair? W hat the second half of the sentence contrasts with the first.
happens there? Do the words invaluable and progress suggest something
positive or negative about recruitment fairs?
2 How useful do you think it would be for you?
• If the part of the sentence after but is a positive contrast,
3 W hat other ways of getting a job can you think of?
what do you think a daunting prospect means?

2 Extracts A-D give opinions and advice on

4 Read Extract B and imagine that the blacked-out words
attending recruitment fairs. Read the extracts
are ones you don’t know. Then answer the questions.
quickly and match each with a summary of the
opinions given. 7 W hich two of these points relate to Text B?
a The w riter believes websites give inappropriate tips to
7 Employers have the upper hand but still need to
jobseekers.
make an effort.
b It advises jobseekers to plan carefully for the day.
2 Recruitment fairs can be useful, but not to get a job.
c It talks about an unusual approach to making job offers.
3 Recruitment fairs can help job seekers if they follow
2 W ere you still able to answer the question despite not
the advice given.
knowing all the words?
4 Giving uniform advice to job seekers can negatively
3 Think of possible words/phrases for the blacked-out text.
impact the job fair experience for both sides.

744
5 Match the examples (1-4) from the extracts with I'm somewhat sceptical about the elevator pitch'
their purposes (A-D). advice, w here candidates are advised to give a
(1) about themselves to a potential employer in
1 writer's parents being hired by the Inland Revenue
the 3 0 -6 0 seconds a typical ride in a lift would take.
(Text C) These became hugely popular after the success of the
2 friend's son attending a job fair (Text D) hit TV series The Apprentice, but websites are still
3 writer's company recruiting graduate trainees (Text A) offering this (2) tip to candidates today. In
4 w riter representing her company at job fairs in the the 1990s, I was representing our organisation at a
1990s (Text B) careers fair when I got to the point that I was tempted
to offer work to anyone who didn't subject me to an
A to show you can get information from a recruitment elevator pitch. The trouble with offering generic
fair that is not available online advice is that if all candidates follow it, no one stands
B to demonstrate that it used to be an employee's market out from the crowd. At the end of the day, the
C to illustrate the problems caused by candidates all employer is left with a (3) H of hundreds of
following the same advice conservatively dressed, firm handshaking, overly
D to validate the advice given by experts on attending positive (4) asking the same (5)
fairs questions. They are still advising people to bring
along multiple paper copies of their CVs, which is
6 Match the linking words and phrases from the frank y unhelpful to employers who have a perfectly
extracts (1-6) with their purpose (A-F). good system for online applications.

I The trouble with ... is (Text B)

2 Having said that (Text D) c We all know it's an employer's market. When my
3 A t the end of the day (Text B)
parents were 16, employers came to their grammar
4 Incidentally (Text C)
schools to pick their staff. My mum and dad were
5 Whilst (Text A)
both top in maths in their schools, so they were
6 It is still crucial creamed off by the Inland Revenue and spent the rest
A To introduce a conclusion or summary
of their careers in taxation, where, incidentally, they
met each other. Nowadays, being top in maths will
B To signal the importance of something
aet vou nowhere. As well as a wide skillset, each
C To introduce two points that contrast with each other
■ I brand to market to
D To signal a problem 'mini CV cards and a
E To add a point not necessarily related to the main point still crucial for
F To introduce a contrast to the previous point kithough there are
fter each vacancy,
Dp-tier candidates who
rganisation. Companies
Attending a recruitment fair may be a ivities, merchandise and
daunting prospect, but it can be an invaluable j s to focus on at a fair.
way to progress in your career. Whilst it is
undeniable that the economic downturn has
had a detrimental impact on employment
prospects, the age of the recruitment fair is far
from over. I once worked for a company who While there are no hard statistics on the number of people
recruited up to 80 percent of all graduate hired directly or indirectly through job fairs, the anecdotal
trainees from such events and they had very evidence from candidates is that they are largely futile.
specific criteria for predicting who would do Having said that, I wouldn't necessarily suggest avoiding
well in the firm. It may be a cliche, but them completely - just lower your expectations. You can
polished shoes and a firm handshake actually generally get a more accurate impression of a company
mattered. I still advise youngsters to pay through meeting their staff at fairs and seeing how they have
attention to detail. The smart suit and pressed set up their stall. A few years ago, a friend's son had an
shirt will fade into insignificance if the ambition to work for a well-known company in their town.
recruiter is distracted by the tatty backpack. He had read everything he could find about them and they
The golden key to making a favourable sounded like the perfect employer. He heard they were
impression though was to have done your attending a local job fair and along he went, armed with his
homework. This was in the pre-internet era, so CV and elevator pitch. The staff on the booth were
if a candidate knew the name of our CEO uninterested in the candidates and had not made any effort
and three of our major clients, he or she was with the presentation of their company. He came away
more or less guaranteed an interview. disappointed but ultimately relieved that he had not found
out about the company ethos the hard way.

UNIT 11 A STEADY JOB 145

WRITING PART 2: A REPORT
1 Read the Writing Part 2 question and a candidate’s 2 Nine underlined words the candidate has used are
response. Then answer the questions. inappropriate in this formal report. Match them with

1 Has he or she included all the requested information? the more formal alternatives in the box.

2 How many sections is the report divided into?

professional refreshments information
3 Who is the target audience for this report?
literature merchandise giveaways
4 Do you think the register (level of formality) is
engage candidates favourable
appropriate in the report?

You have just attended a recruitment fair that your 3 Choose the more formal option of each pair of
company recently took part in. You have been asked
sentences. Give reasons for your choices.
to write a report for your senior managers to help
them plan your company’s participation in future fairs. 1 a We have taken part in the fair for the last eight
years, so we are familiar with the place.
Your report should explain the positive and negative
b Having taken part in the fair for the last eight
aspects of the recruitment fair and suggest what
years, our team have a high degree of familiarity
could be done for next year’s event to attract more
with the location.
people to the recruitment fair.
2 a We were under the impression that we would be
Write your report in 220-260 words. required to provide staff to set up; however, the
venue staff undertook this task.
b We thought we'd have to bring staff to set up but
actually the venue staff did it.
IN TR O D U C TIO N
3 a We were pleasantly surprised by the availability
The annual recruitment fair took place on 6th and 7th of free Wifi and phone/laptop charging facilities
February at the Westbrook hotel and conference throughout the venue.
centre. Six members of staff manned the stall: two each b The venue had plenty of places to charge phones
from HR, Finance and Marketing. The purpose of this plus free Wifi. This was a nice surprise.
report is to provide feedback on the event and make 4 a Arriving early, we were struck by the
recommendations for our participation in future fairs. professionalism of the staff, who were already on
land to facilitate registration.
T H E S TA LL
b We got there early and the staff were already
Our stall looked (1) amazing and was fully digitalised, there to help people register for the event.
with big screens showing our promotional videos and 5 a I think we should spend more time talking to
iPads available for the (2) punters to browse our people informally next time.
openings and company info. A well-planned rota b On future occasions, it would be advantageous
ensured that a minimum of two members of staff were to engage in more informal interactions.
available to interact with the public at all times.
6 a To be honest, I'd say that the fair was a waste
ENGAGEM ENT
of time.
b Looking at the situation honestly, I would say that
We were able to (3) chat with a total of 120 potential we should reconsider what benefits there are in
recruits over the course of the fair. Approximately half attending the fair.
of these were seeking information about our graduate
training scheme, while the others were experienced Write your own answer to the task in Exercise 1.
4
candidates looking for a new opportunity. Our staff
Ensure that you use an appropriate register.
interacted in a very professional manner with the
candidates and created a (4) great impression of
the company.

C O N C LU S IO N A N D R E C O M M E N D A T IO N S

Overall, we had a successful fair. What was lacking from

our stall was (5) merch. Other stalls which did provide
it generated far more interest. Many people asked for
(6) stuff to take away for future reference, and seemed
to expect it would be offered. In future, we should:
• Provide some (7) freebies, such as a USB with
company logo.
• Provide (8) snacks.
• Printed materials should supplement the digital
(9) info.

^46]
GRAMMAR J VOCABULARY
EMPHASIS (1) WORK AND CAREERS
7 Look at the words (1-12) and tick (✓) the options
GRAM M AR ON THE MOVE
(a-c) that are close synonyms. Cross out any that
Watch the video
are not. Be careful: some of the words have
different meanings in different contexts.

- / G R A M M A R R EFER ENC E Emphasis (1): Page 220 7 recruit

a hire b appoint c make redundant
7 © 075 Listen to each pair of sentences. Both mean
2 dismiss
the same but in each case one is more emphatic.
a sack b let (sb) go c fire
Decide which.
3 (pay) rise
7 a W e came here to recruit the best possible a increase b cut c raise
candidates. 4 perks
b The reason we came here was to recruit the best a wages b benefits c extras
possible candidates.
5 promote (sb)
2 a I do hope Jenny gets the promotion she deserves. a publicise b move up c advance
b I hope Jenny gets the promotion she deserves.
6 superior
3 a The company directors have known about the job
a employee
boss b supervisor c
losses for some time.
7 income
b For some time the company directors have known
a fees b salary c wages
about the job losses.
8 role
a position b post c task
2 Match the more emphatic sentences in Exercise 1
with the techniques (A-C). 9 vocation
a career b calling c occupation
A fronting (moving key information to the beginning of
10 redundancies
a sentence)
a lay-offs b job losses c recruitment
B cleft sentence (rewriting the sentence so that it begins
77 (annual) leave
with an additional clause using a wh- question
a time off b holiday c sick days
word or it)
12 staff
C auxiliary verb (adding an affirmative auxiliary
verb and stressing this) a personnel b work force c workers

3 Read the final paragraph of the report from the 2 Complete the gaps with words from Exercise 1. You

Writing section on page 146 and find the following: may need to change the form of the words. Make
sure the synonym is appropriate for the sentence.
7 a sentence that uses a cleft sentence
2 a clause that adds an auxiliary verb for emphasis 7 Today, I was interviewed for th e ................ of sales
manager, but I didn't get it.
4 Make the sentences more emphatic. Use the 2 He's so ambitious. He wants to climb th e ................
emphasis technique shown in brackets. There may ladder all the w ay to the top and become CEO.

be more than one possible answer. 3 They .......... him after he was caught stealing
money from another member of staff.
7 The days of doing the same job for life are gone, 4 The armed forces often try t o ................school leavers.
(fronting)
5 I passed on your complaints to one of m y ................
2 I need a job with flexible working hours, (cleft sentence) who will call you back.
3 Your performance needs to improve or you may be 6 Whilst m y ................is important, I would say that job
dismissed, (auxiliary verb) satisfaction is actually more important to me personally.
4 I'm moving to London because there
are no jobs here, (fronting) 3 Work with a partner and answer the questions.

5 © 076 Listen and check. 7 W hat are four reasons w hy someone might be
dismissed from their job?
Practise saying the more
2 Is your salary the most important reason for choosing
emphatic sentences.
a job?
3 Imagine you could choose your dream career path.
W hat would it be?

UNIT 11 A STEADY JOB 147[

LISTENING i VOCABULARY i
SIGNPOSTING IN MULTI-WORD VERBS (2)
PRESENTATIONS
7 Read the post on the recruitm ent website and decide
7 077 Listen to a talk what the highlighted m ulti-w ord verbs mean.
given by an HR manager to the employees of a
company and answer the questions.

7 Why is the meeting being held?

2 Which members of staff are at risk due to the company
restructuring?
3 Which company policy is being re-introduced?
4 How much is paternity leave increasing by?
5 Do you think the HR manager's talk was clearly
structured?

2 O Listen again and complete the signposting

077

expressions the manager uses to introduce the

different pieces of news in her talk.

7 I've asked y o u ....................................................... We want to hear about your experiences in

because there are some important changes ... finding a job and your working life. Our expert
advisors will offer you advice on getting the
2 B u t........................................................................... ,
best out of your career.
I'm delighted to finally be able to introduce ...
3 Right,...............................................................................
o f to d a y 's m eeting. W here are the jobs for new graduates?
4 W h a t this also m e a n s ,....................................... , I'm a graduate, two years out of university, and I
is that some of the routine work ... am struggling to (1) hold down a regular job.
I did briefly have a junior management position
in a well-known bank, but it was (2) taken over by
as a result of the economic downturn ... another bank and the first thing they did was
(3) cut back on the workforce - and I was one of
this could mean that those of you who do stay on ... the casualties. After I was (4) laid off, jobs have
7 OK, so th e re a r e .................................................. been few and far between. Nobody in the
banking sector is (5) taking on new employees,
8 _________________________________________
so I have been reduced to accepting casual
lunch break will ...
work with zero-hour contracts. Sometimes, I
9 Now, a n o th e r change th a t m a n y o f y o u (6) turn up for work only to be sent home. At other
times, I find myself doing shifts of up to 14 hours,
is the re-introduction of volunteering days. 4 or 5 days a week, often including weekends,
70 which leave me (7) burnt out and stressed.
be able to announce that, to bring us in line ... Any advice on how to get back into regular work
would be most welcome!
3 Look at the signposting expressions you completed
M an ag er from hell
and classify them by their function.
My problem is that I have an awful line manager.
7 to introduce good news She has no idea what she is doing and so as
2 to introduce bad news well as (8) carrying out my own duties and
responsibilities, I (9) end up (10) sorting out most
3 to introduce the key points of the talk
of her problems too. Don't get me wrong. I don't
4 to introduce some secondary points in the talk mind (11) helping out any of my colleagues from
5 to explain the purpose of the meeting time to time, but I am not getting paid to do her
6 to introduce a point that precedes the main points job. As a result, I find myself (12) staying behind
most days just to get through the heavy
4 Complete the expressions w ith your own ideas. workload, sometimes (13) working on until 7 or 8
pm. If I don't (14) get through everything, she
7 I'm so sorry to have to tell you this, b u t... makes me feel like I have (15) let the company
2 It gives me no pleasure to inform you that ... down. Meanwhile, she goes home on time every
day and takes all the credit for the work that I am
3 I'm immensely proud to announce that ...
doing for her. I can't (16) carry on like this.
4 You may be surprised to hear that ... Should I speak to Human Resources or one of the
other senior managers and tell them what is
0 078Now listen and compare your ideas to those in the going on?
audio. How similar were the endings to your predictions?

148
2 Complete the sentences with an appropriate multi-word verb in 3 Work with a partner and answer the
the correct form. questions.
J It's hardly surprising that he was one of the first to be 1 W hat advice would you give to the
................................. On his first day at work he authors of the two posts on the
.................................two. hours late and his timekeeping didn't improve JobfinderUK website?
after that. 2 W hat are the main problems facing
2 To get experience as a vet, I have been spending my weekends young workers in your country?
................................ at an animal rescue centre. 3 Are you concerned that technology is
3 For many people,........................................ a full-time job and raising a increasingly taking over from humans
family is a real challenge. in the workplace?
4 I had so much work t o ....................................... yesterday that I felt
obliged t o ....................................... until I h a d ........................................
most of it. By the time I got home I was completely..................................
5 Last year, the com pany....................................... 2000 new workers
because they were expanding their business, but this year they are
....................................... on their recruitment due to adverse economic
conditions.
6 It is increasingly common to find technology such as robots or Al
...............................the tasks that manual workers used to do. As a
result, more and more blue collar workers a re ...............................
in the ranks of the unemployed.

PUSH YOURSELF C2
EXPRESSIONS WITH LINE
Match the idioms in the sentences (1-10) with their 2 Complete the sentences with a suitable idiom
meanings (A-J). from Exercise 1.

1 I would like to be in the military but not o n th e fr o n t 1 Jo is a bit of a rebel but the rest of the group
lin e - I'd be too scared. usually.....................................................................
2 You shouldn't have spoken to him like that - you were o u t 2 The presentation we did at last year's conference
o f lin e ! was a huge success, so I suggest we do something
3 I can't afford to do anything to put my job o n th e line. ....................................................................the same
Well, it doesn't say our branch is going to close but ....................................................................this year.
4
r e a d in g b e tw e e n th e lines, I think it's a possibility. 3 I don't care how busy you are.
The b o tto m lin e is she's the boss, so we can't ignore ....................................................................is that
5
her instructions. everyone has to help with this event.

The government has decided to ta k e a to u g h lin e with 4 I think my boss was totally
6
the strikers. ....................................................................not paying
me extra for working on Sunday.
7 However hard I try, I just can't follow his lin e o f
re a s o n in g - it just doesn't make sense to me. 5 Although the report seems positive, if you
....................................................................I don't think
8 I think the office party should be something a lo n g th e
M r Bradshaw is very satisfied with the project.
lin e s o f what we did in 2017.
6 If the car factory closes, up to 500 jobs will be
9 I'm willing to do almost anything to get a job, but I d r a w
th e lin e a t lying on my CV.
I don't agree with the government's
10 These are the new regulations and we have to to e th e lin e
..................................................................... If we cut
or we will get into trouble.
benefits to the unemployed, that doesn't mean they
A at risk are more likely to get jobs.
B thought process 8 I don't mind what kind of w ork I do, but I
C close to the enemy position ....................................................................at wearing
a silly costume.
D demonstrate unacceptable behaviour
E infer meaning 9 M y m a n ag e r.................................................................
on staff lateness.
F do what is expected
10 M any countries' armies now allow women to fight
G the most important fact
H similar to
alongside men.
/ reach the point at which something becomes unacceptable
J adopt a strict approach
UNIT 11 A STEADY JOB 149
 2 Choose the more emphatic sentence in each pair
of sentences.

1 a Only when I'd completed my Master's degree did

I get taken on full-time.
b When I had completed my Master's degree I got
taken on full-time.
2 a If Alex hadn't been late for work so often, he
would still have a job.
b Had Alex not been late for work so often, he
would still have a job.
3 a I didn't know that my boss had no intention of
promoting me.
b Little did I know my boss had no intention of
promoting me.
4 a No sooner had I sent the email than I realised it
was a mistake.
b As soon as I'd sent the email, I realised it was
a mistake.

yGRAMMAR j 3 Correct the mistakes in the sentences.

7 At any time did I neglect my duty.

EMPHASIS (2)
2 No sooner Kathy had handed in her resignation than
she booked her flight to America.
GRAMMAR ON THE MOVE 3 Little I knew that Lucia was after my job.
Watch the video 4 Hadn't I missed the deadline, I might have got an
interview.
5 Not only my supervisor is kind, but he is
- z G R A M M A R REFERENCE Emphasis (2): Page 221 also intelligent.
1 Q 079 Listen to the pairs of sentences and answer 6 Only when proper training is given the mistakes
will stop.
the questions.

7a A degree and two years' work experience are Rewrite the sentences to make them more emphatic.
essential requirements. Begin with the word or phrase given in bold.
b Not only is a degree an essential requirement, but you
7 The accountant was sacked as soon as his deception
also need two years' work experience.
was uncovered. No sooner
2a I didn't encourage the workers to go on strike at We informed the director after we had collected all the
any time. evidence. O nly a fte r
At no time did I encourage the workers to go on strike. I never revealed any of the company's confidential
information. At no time
Do the pairs of sentences mean the same thing?
Emma wouldn't have hired him if she had known
Which sentence in each pair is more emphatic? about his past. Had
Which words in the more emphatic sentences have the Salman didn't suspect Ali had used a false identity to
main stress? apply for the post. Little
What do you notice about the word order after Not 6 We have to work evenings and weekends without
only ... and A t no time ...? being paid overtime. Not only
shift
I SPEAKING PARTS 3 AND 4 4 Q 081 Listen to the second part of the task.
TRAINING
Which two types of employment do they
agree have the most advantages?
7 Look at the Part 3 task below and make a list of advantages
and disadvantages for each type of employment. 5 Q 081 Correct the mistakes in the
underlined parts of the sentences below.
WORKING FOR THE CASUAL Then listen and check.
GOVERNMENT WORK 7 I think we are agree that working for the
government has to be one of the two.
2 I'm not sure we're going to see ear to ear
on a second one, though.
WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES 3 As you know, I'm very much in favour to
AND DISADVANTAGES OF self-employment.
THESE DIFFERENT TYPES
4 Well, as I said before, I think the
OF EMPLOYMENT? i
disadvantages much outweigh the
advantages.
5 However, let's forget that there's one
massive disadvantage - no salary.
WORKING FOR
A PRIVATE 6 That cancels out a lot of the advantages,
COMPANY don't you say?

6 Work with a partner. Complete the Part 3

DECIDE WHICH TWO TYPES OF EMPLOYMENT task from Exercise 1.
HAVE THE MOST ADVANTAGES.
7 Read the Part 4 questions. Ask and answer
2 Q 080 Listen to two candidates, Beth and Carlo, doing the the questions with a partner. Try to include
first part of the task and answer the questions. phrases for expressing and justifying
opinions from this section.
7 Did you hear any of your ideas from Exercise 1?
2 Which of the five types of employment do they agree with each 7 Do you think it's important for young people
to get some work experience while they are
other's opinions about?
studying?
3 Do the candidates explain and justify their opinions?
2 Some people believe that every company
3 Q 080 Complete the phrases for expressing and justifying should give their employees volunteering
days. What is your opinion?
opinions. Then listen again and check.
3 How important is it for people to achieve a
7 Well, I'm going to ................................................................ good work-life balance?
...............that working for yourself is the best. 4 Why do you think some people are more
2 I would not motivated than others to develop a
be great at being told what to do. successful career?
3 there's no
stress. 8 Q 082 Listen to Carlo and Beth answering
4 Mmm, I'm .................................................................on that one. the Part 4 questions. Did they have the
, work-life balance is a priority. same ideas as you? Which of their ideas do
6 ..............., .................................................., it's definitely worth you agree and disagree with?
 EXAM TO

WRITING PART 2 : A REPORT

t EXAM CHECK j You recently completed your first week in a new job
Decide if the statements are true or false. and have been asked by your manager to write a
report about your experience in order to help the
1 A report is always formal because it is written for a
company improve its induction* process.
superior (teacher, boss, etc.)
2 Typically a report asks you to analyse a present or Your report should explain what you found most
past situation and comment on / evaluate how well useful about the induction and suggest an activity
the situation turned out. the company could offer to help new employees
learn more about the company and its work.
3 You may also need to make recommendations.
4 You can use headings to separate the different Write your report in 220-260 words.
sections of the report.
draining when you start in a new job to help you understand
how the company works and your role and responsibilities

[SPEAKING PARTS 3 AND 4

PART 3 PART 4
1 Do you think it's a good idea to stay
with the same organisation for most
of your career or to change jobs
regularly?
2 Do you think it's more important to
have a high salary or to have
favourable working conditions, such
as flexible working hours and longer
holidays?
3 Some people believe that paying
benefits to the unemployed reduces
their motivation to look for work.
What is your opinion?
4 How important do you think it is for
employers to hold events for staff to
socialise with each other in order to
build good working relationships?

I READING AND USE OF ENGLISH PART 81

EXAM CHECK,
Decide if the statements are true or false.

1 The reading text consists of four to six sections or short texts.

2 All the sections/extracts relate to the same topic.
3 Usually more than one section will mention the ideas in each question but only one will fully reflect what the question is asking.
4 Each question is worth two points.

152
You are going to read an article about how to achieve a good work-life balance. For questions (1-10), choose from
the sections (A-F). The sections may be chosen more than once.

W hich section
7 advises readers to put themselves first? 7 gives a specific example of why its not worth giving up
2 explains the advantages of having a considerate employer? your social life for work?

3 gives an example of a temporary problem affecting 8 suggests that workers taking time off is good for both
work-life balance? employer and employee?
4 provides evidence that work-related tension is a 9 reveals positive changes that have been made to adapt
common problem? working conditions to workers' needs?
5 suggests resigning from your job in certain circumstances? 10 advises people to take a break from computers
6 emphasises the importance of senior staff setting an and phones?
example for their employees?

A D

The word ‘workaholic’ has negative connotations. Experts also suggest that deviating from the traditional 9
It conjures up visions of someone hunched over a desk, to 5 working hours can be helpful. A Canadian study by
tense, pallid and unhappy with no family to go home to Linda Duxbury of Carleton University found that the
and no friends to relax with. Mike Spencer knows exactly majority of Canadians still start at 9 am and - at least in
what it’s like: ‘Work is a genuine addiction’, he says. theory - finish at 5 pm. 57 percent of those surveyed
‘I thought the company would collapse if I left before reported high levels of stress, and respondents were, on
10 pm.’ Mike learnt the hard way that no-one is average, twice as likely to have work disrupt family life
indispensable. After years of sacrificing his personal life than the other way around. Some employers have
for his job, Mike was made redundant last summer. ‘It responded to this kind of data with flexible working
was a revelation to me,’ he reveals. ‘There was a whole schedules, including shift work and allowing staff to work
world outside the office I’d forgotten about. I sat in the from home some of the time.
park listening to the birds singing. I took tennis lessons.
E
I rediscovered happiness.’
Work psychologist Carl Bailey points out that there tends
B
to be an emphasis on what employees can do to
Mike’s may be an extreme case but we can’t improve their work-life balance. He recommends that
underestimate the number of workers whose work-life employers also consider ways in which they can assist
balance is out of kilter. Nikita, a solicitor, got married to their employees to balance their lives, as this will benefit
Steve last year during a crucial time in her career. ‘Law everyone in the organisation. ‘Leaders should be
is so competitive that the only way to get on is to show positive role models,’ he stresses. ‘Leave work on time,
you’re more committed than the next person. I try to get start a sports team, create a social atmosphere in the
home to have dinner with Steve, but it’s not always workplace so that people feel less stressed.’ Bailey also
manageable. It does put pressure on the relationship.’ highlights the benefits of encouraging staff members to
Fortunately for Nikita, once she qualifies, work should become unplugged for a few hours in the evenings. ‘As a
settle down into a more predictable pattern and she’ll manager, don’t send emails after-hours. If an employee
achieve the balance she craves. emails you, don’t respond until the morning, unless it’s
really urgent,’ he suggests. ‘Employers who respect their
C
staff as individuals with families, friends and outside
So, what can you do if your work is demanding more of interests will reap the benefits in terms of satisfied staff
your time than you feel it deserves and your personal life who are loyal to the organisation’, he adds.
is suffering as a result? Life coach Molly Raynor explains
F
that the only way to survive this situation is to prioritise
your own well-being: ‘Good nutrition, adequate exercise Achieving a good work-life balance doesn’t just happen.
and rest, spending time with loved ones and on activities Individuals need to take deliberate action to get there.
you enjoy are all vital to physical, mental, emotional and It is also something we get better at as we learn to
career health.’ Raynor also advises employees not to prioritise and succeed in cutting out time-consuming
hesitate when it comes to taking time off. ‘A staycation - tasks that don’t merit the hours we spend on them.
even if it’s just a few days - can revitalise you and make Workplace culture is a crucial factor here. If your
you even more productive when you return to the company clearly doesn’t appreciate that staff have
workplace.’ needs outside work - and that these can actually boost
productivity - it may be time to move on. Remember
Mike, the workaholic who was made redundant? He now
works for himself as a gardener and has never been
happier. ‘I had to move to a smaller house and sell my
car, but I’ve never looked back,’ he smiles.

U N IT 11 A STEADY JOB 153

REAL WORLD

APPLYING FOR Do you have the drive to succeed?

Are you results-(1)........... ?
Then we are looking for you!

A JOB Experience (2)............ but not essential

Basic salary +(3)............
Free gym membership and company pension
(4 )............
Read the job advertisements. Choose words from the Apply with CV to [email protected]
box to complete them.

scheme player commission desirable

people bonus(es) discount oriented RECRUITMENT CONSULTANT
The successful applicant will be
Read the article quickly. Choose an appropriate title a team-(5)............ with excellent
for the article. (6)............ skills
Performance-related (7 )............
How to get any job you apply for High Street (8)............ scheme
Understanding the jargon of job advertisements
Click here to apply online

Unwary candidates can find themselves at a disadvantage, confused about the terminology used in job
adverts and unsure what to expect from the recruitment process. In this article we share our experience of
over 30 years helping applicants secure positions in a wide range of industries.

Am I eligible to apply? Job-ad speak

Many job-seekers miss out on opportunities because of the way adverts are There are some cliched words and phrases
phrased. The term 'preferred' is one phrase that puts people off. For example, that make job-seekers shudder. They want a
an advert which states 'graduates preferred' doesn't necessarily mean you can't 'self-starter' who is also a 'team-player'.
apply if you didn't complete your degree. In fact, many companies choose Companies frequently require applicants to
experience and common sense over paper qualifications, so go ahead and give have a 'proven track-record' without
it a go. specifying what they mean by that or how you
Sometimes an advert is more specific, stating 'must have X years' experience'. prove it. If the advert specifies that you need
Although this is a bit of a long shot, it is still worth putting in an application, to be 'extremely hard working' or'thrive in a
especially if you have at least some experience. Even if you don't have any, there fast-paced environment', treat it with caution.
may be no applicants who match the criteria precisely, so you may still stand It probably means they want you to do the
a chance. work of 3 people for the pay of one.
Other favourite job-advert phrases which no
longer have any real meaning include
Understanding what's on offer
'passionate', 'results-oriented' and 'dynamic'.
Some job adverts use the term 'competitive salary' rather than state how much they It is doubtful whether the writer even knows
are willing to pay. Often this means that the company doesn't have a fixed salary what they are looking for, but thinks these
scale and applicantswill have to negotiate for themselves. Inexperienced applicants
words sound good. And even if the idea of a
will often accept a salary offer only to find out later that their colleagues are
job you've applied to bores you rigid, don't be
receiving more.
put off following through: anyone can pretend
The term 'package' can also be misleading. Although it sounds impressive, using the to be passionate for the duration of a job
term 'package' can be a way of paying a lower salary, implying it will be made up for interview.
in perks. Sometimes the benefits on offer are things like a (very slightly) discounted
If you're new to the job market, it pays to be a
gym membership or discounts from shops you have no intention of buying from.
bit sceptical. With practice, you will become
Be cautious when applying foranyjob where you workon commission. The phrase better at discerning which jobs are worth an
'up to' (e.g. you can earn up to £2,000 a month in commission) means that is the application and which you should steer
theoretical limit. It may bethat no-one has ever achieved that in the history of the clear of.
company and that most people earn very little in commission. Remember too that
Happy job hunting!
salaries are usually given as 'gross' figures. Depending on your earnings and other
sources of income, you may pay anywhere up to 40 percent of that figure in tax.

154
 Read the text more carefully. Do these statements Work with a partner. Do the role-play.
match the views of the writer? Write yes, no or
S tu d e n t A : You work at an employment agency.
don’t know. Ask questions to help your partner fill in the form.
1 If you don't have the 'preferred' attributes, it is not S tu d e n t B: You want to register at the employment
worth applying. agency. Answer the agent's questions.
2 For most employers, having the right certificates is
essential. a Q Watch the video comparing working life in the UK
3 You should be suspicious if the salary is not and Brazil. Complete the notes.
clearly stated.
THE UK BRAZIL
4 The words 'package' and 'commission' may give the
wrong impression. Population 67 million 1
5 The taxation rate can be excessive and unfair. Average monthly £1800 2 ...............
6 Some job adverts appear to contradict themselves. take-home pay
7 Interviewers will definitely know if you are not very Working hours 3 _______ 48
interested in the job. per week
8 Many writers of job advertisements set out to mislead
Rules on overtime No maximum if 4
candidates.
worker agrees

Q 083 You will hear a young man called Martin Annual paid 5 ............... 30
registering at an employment agency. Listen and holiday

complete the form. Maximum 47% 6 _______

taxation rate
Unemployment 7 _______ Unemployment
NEW HORIZONS EMPLOYMENT AGENCY
benefit
1 Name Retirement age Year of birth 8
depends on
2 Address
Other information
3 Email

4 Mobile

5 Entitled to work in Yes No

the UK (Circle as appropriate)

6 Notice period

7 Qualifications

8 Willing to relocate Yes No

9 Part-time/job share Yes No

10 Short-term contracts Yes No

Q 083 Work with a partner. Look at the incomplete

questions that Martin is asked. Try to complete them
from memory. Then listen and check.

PHRASES YOU MIGHT HEAR

1 Could I start b y ......................................................... ?
2 What's the best way for us........................................?
3 Are you entitled.........................................................?
4
5
Is there a notice.......................................................... ?
Are you looking for a jo b ......................................... ?
UFE COMPETENCIES
6 Would you be interested...........................................?
I ICT
7 Would you be w illing................................................?
8 Would you be open..................................................? Research working conditions in a country of your
9 Are you in possession o f.......................................... ? choice. Present your findings to your group.
10 Are you able to supply...............................................? How does the country you have chosen compare
with the UK and Brazil?

UNIT 11 A STEADY JOB 155

 pr ogr ess chi
REASON, PURPOSE AND RESULT SUBSTITUTION AND ELLIPSIS
7 Choose the correct words and phrases. Cross out any 3 Cross out any unnecessary words in these sentences.
th a t are incorrect. One has been done as an example. If needed, add words to avoid repetition.

Roshi plays hockey for Sri Lanka and Anoma plays hockey for
Sri Lanka so does Anoma.
INTRODUCTION
The aim of this report is to evaluate the sports tournament 1 Are you planning to go to university or are you
planning to get a job?
held (1) in order to/to/se-thet raise money for the school's
building fund. Overall, the event was a great success 2 My parents are from New York and I was born in
(2) despite/olthough/in spite o f the inclement weather. New York.
3 Cricket is a sport that was invented in England in the
THE EVENTS late 16th century.
(3) Because of/However/Although the main events had to 4 A: I've decided to move to the countryside.
be moved from the field to the sports hall, the seating B: What do you want to move to the countryside for?
5 A: I'm going to get a soy latte.
B: Get me a soy latte too.
6 A: I'm having some cake with it.
(5) As/Si nee/Because the viewing gallery is not covered, B: OK, get me some cake too.

EMPHASIS
7) Consequently/So that/As a result, three of our students
lave been invited to compete in a regional competition. 4 Rewrite the sentences to make them more emphatic.

7 The manager never said there would be redundancies.

At no tim e....................
2 The company went wrong by not admitting they were
FESTIVALS, CULTURE, TRADITIONS wrong at the time of the accident.
W here............................................................................
2 Complete the word th a t can be used instead of the
3 In many Western countries, children get presents on
underlined word.
their birthdays and at Christmas.
7 In general, people are more worldly than they used to Not o n ly..........................................................................
be. For example, fewer people attend religious 4 Match fixing will end if the penalties are harsh
services on a regular basis. enough.
se................................... O n ly ................................................................................
2 Today we will be holding a minute's silence to 5 When I had finished the project, my boss gave me
remember those who lost their lives in the tragedy. another one to do.
c o ...............................................................
No sooner....................
3 I used to confuse dragons and dinosaurs: I was not
6 Our team could have won the match if we had trained
sure which were fictitious and which lived millions of
harder.
years ago.
H ad .................................................................................
m y..........................................
4 I am always interested in visiting holy buildings like
churches and temples when I'm on holiday abroad.
sa ...........................
5 Every year there is a parade through the centre of our
town in support of workers' rights.
Pr ........................................................
6 Some of the ceremonies the pilgrims take part in date
back to ancient times.
r i ...................................

156
WORK PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES (2)
5 Tick the correct sentences. Correct the sentences 7 Rearrange the words to form sentences.
with mistakes.
1 question / refund / the / out / is / Unfortunately / a /
1 I still have a few annual leaves to take - I'd prefer of / .
to take them in the summer. 2 short / sorry / to / notice / at / I'm / such / cancel / .
2 I'm so happy - my boss promised to rise my salary 3 was / at / understand / a / motives / loss / to /
in the new year. Enrique's / Sally / .
3 Hannah is going to be promoted to a supervisor 4 paid / expenses I were / under / be / impression /
position soon. that / W e / the / all / would / .
4 Rupert has been made redundant for being late 5 was / with / discarded / its / the / in / furniture /
three days in a row. image / which / The / not / hotel / keeping / new / .
5 It's not that easy to sack people these days as they 6 was / by / arrived / late / no / the / only / Jan / one /
have a lot of legal protection. who / means / .
6 A t work we have a party every year for all the
personnels.
MULTI-WORD VERBS
7 Since llliana's dismissing from her post as team
leader, the rest of the staff have been working 8 Complete the gaps with the most appropriate particle
harder. from the box.
8 The management laid off staff because they had
extra work. down (x2) off on out over through to up (x2)

COMPARISON 1 I've ust got to g e t................ Friday and then it's the
weekend!
6 Read the text below and think of the word which 2 Claude always c a rrie d .................. his duties to the best of
best fits each gap. Use only one word in each gap. his ability.

There is an example at the beginning. 3 The factory had to la y ..................workers due to the
reduction in demand for its products.
The two sports I take part in are swimming and
4 Part of being an adult is the ability to h o ld .................a job.
synchronised swimming (Synchro). Although these two
5 W ork hard at school or you'll e n d ..................in a poorly-
sports are very different ( 1 )... from ....each other, there
paid job.
are a few similarities. In both disciplines, you need to be
extremely strong - the ( 2 ) ............... time you spend
6 You can't just tu rn .................when you like: you have to be
here on time.
working out, the better. ( 3 ) ............... people take part
in Synchro compared with swimming although numbers 7 It's sad that so many small restaurants have been taken
are growing all the time. Both sports can be individual ......... by large chains.

or team events but Synchro has a much ( 4 ) ............... 8 I think we'll be fine as long as we can c u t.................. on
emphasis on teamwork. Because so many people take unnecessary expenses.
□art in swimming, it is more competitive but Synchro is 9 W e'll just have to w o rk ................. until the job is finished.
□y ( 5 ) .............. the hardest sport I've ever done. It is
definitely not ( 6 ) ............... easy as it looks! When I
SPORTS
began, I was not the ( 7 ) ................ at holding my
breath or swimming underwater but now I'm a 9 Some of the words in bold are in the wrong sentences.
( 8 ) ............... lot better. One reason I got interested in
Move them to the correct sentence. Tick the correct
Synchro was because my other hobby was dancing;
sentences.
although I now spend ( 9 ) ............... time at the studio,
my dance training was ( 1 0 ) ............... best preparation 1 I have never d o m in a te d such a defining moment in
I could have had for Synchro. sporting history.
2 The losing team will be d e fe a te d from the tournament.
3 V ie w e rs in the UK can watch the match on BBC2.
4 O u r side deserved to lose. W e were totally e lim in a te d .
5 This is the first time the world champion has been
w itn e s s e d by a newcomer.
6 The Russian player is my biggest fa n in the competition.
7 M y favourite sport is swimming, but only as a riv a l.
8 If you are a football s p e c ta to r, people assume you
will misbehave.

PROGRESS CHECK 4 15 7
 MIND OVER
MATTER

GETTING STARTED
Read these statements about the human brain and
decide if they are true or false.
VOCABULARY
1 Of all animals, humans have the largest brains.
2 Brain weight as a proportion of body weight is higher VERBS RELATED TO MENTAL PROCESSES
among men than women.
3 The human brain, when awake, generates enough Read this email with links to four articles, and
energy to power a lightbulb. choose the most appropriate title for each article.
4 There are as many neurons (nerve cells) in the average There are extra options you do not need.
brain as there are stars in our galaxy.
Philosophy for beginners
5 We only use 10 percent of our brains.
B Finding calm in the storm
6 The human brain shrinks during middle age.
The pursuit of happiness
D How to overcome your fears

In this week's e-buIletin, we've got some fabulous articles Unlocking the power of imagination
to help find the real you. Let's take a quick look. Improving communication confidence
Time management for the overworked

It's estimated that 75 percent of us dread speaking in public.

In fact this phenomenon even has a name - glossophobia.
And if there's a name for it, then there must be a cure too. It can We lead busy lives, frantically struggling to meet deadlines,
be summed up in one word: preparation. I'll explain how to do the school run and beat the rush hour. Sometimes it can
turn the challenge of public speaking into an opportunity be difficult to find the time to unwind, and find inner peace.
which you will come to embrace, in order for any presentation But believe me, we need to. Let me explain why we need
you make to be a life-changing opportunity for anyone lucky time not just to focus on real-world tasks, but also to
enough to hear you! daydream. We need to contemplate the nature of life and the
> Read the article universe; it's not as hard as it sounds. Let me show you how.
> Read the article

Can you tell your Plato from your Aristotle? Or do you know
your nihilism from your post-modernism? We tackle the key Try for a moment to envisage a perfect life, with everything
schools of thought in a simple down-to-earth way, breaking just the way you want it and no worries. A lot of us would
them down into simple points that everyone can grasp and consider that impossible, but I believe that if we reflect upon
providing pointers on how to find out more. our lives and evaluate what is really important to us, then we
> Read the article can take steps in the right direction. True, life will never be
perfect. But I believe we can achieve greater levels of
contentment if we know how to try. 7
> Read the article
158
2 Match the highlighted words in the text with their
definitions (A-l). One definition matches two verbs. LISTENING PAR
A imagine 7 Q 084 Answer the logic questions. Then listen to a
B understand psychology lecturer telling students about a book,
C accept and welcome something The Intelligence Trap by David Robson, and check
D relax, especially after working hard the answers.
E be anxious about doing something
7 It takes two children two minutes to eat two ice
F judge how good or effective something is
creams. How long would it take five children to eat five
G think deeply about something for a long time
ice creams?
H approach or deal with something, especially
2 A farmer had thirteen sheep. All but six died.
something difficult
How many are left?
/ have pleasant thoughts that make you forget about
the present situation 2 Q 084 Listen again. For questions 1-7, complete each
gap with a word or short phrase.
3 Choose a word from the box which can complete
both sentences A and B.
The Intelligence Trap
gather tackle grasp embrace
Most people think that they are of
(1)................................ intelligence.
1 a After weeks apart, the two lovers couldn't wait to
.each other once again. Author of The Intelligence Trap, David Robson is critical
b I'm an adventurous person, and I always of people who he says are guilty of
....... the chance to get involved in an (2)________________ •
exciting new project. Robson argues that many people fail to use their
2 a She had to ...............his hand to stop herself intelligence in (3).................................
from losing balance.
Robson uses the phrase (4)................................. to
b He had to explain his plan again before we could
describe how people support their existing beliefs.
fu lly........ what he had in mind.
3 a It took the researchers longer than anticipated to Many otherwise intelligent people reject the existence
................ enough data to write their report. Of (5)__________ ........... for unsound reasons.
b I ...............Sandro has got a new girlfriend, but I A person’s performance in psychological tests can
haven't met her. predict their chances of getting (6)................................
4 a I'm not entirely sure what is the best way to later in life.
................ the issue of climate change.
Robson argues that if people were to
b Salah has the ball ... Ramos moves in to
(7)................................ , they could avoid making
....... but he sidesteps him and - oh, what a
errors of logic.
sensational goal from Salah!

4 Choose the correct words to complete the email.

3 Look at these incorrect answers a student wrote for
the previous task. Match them to the common
Hi, I'd like some advice please. I'm 64 years old and error types.
do a job I love in IT systems. The only thing is that I
7 AVERAGE A spelling mistake
am finding it increasingly difficult to ..............in
my memory everything I need to know. Sometimes 2 LAZINESS B incomplete information from
it's embarrassing to have to look something up, when 6 INTO DEPT the audio
really I should know it. I can't really ) ..............still C using different words from
being able to do this job in a year's time. I'm also the ones in the audio
having issues with concentration, and find that I'm
spending more and more time ) .............. about silly
things when I should be getting on with my job. I'm 4 Work in groups and discuss the questions.
worried that my boss might notice and fire me. 7 Do you agree that most people overestimate how
Any help will be greatly appreciated. intelligent they are?
D e n n is 2 Can you think of any other examples of intelligent
people behaving unintelligently?
1 a gather b retain 3 What Robson says agrees with the English proverb
"More haste, less speed" - when you rush something,
2 a envisage b contemplate
it often takes longer to do it or you don't do it well. Is
3 a daydreaming b unwinding
this true in your experience?

5 In pairs, discuss what advice you would give in

response to the email.

UNIT 12 M IN D OVER MATTER 159

PGRAMMAR [ 3 Match the u n d e rlin e d p a rticip le clau se s in sentences
1-7 w ith th e ir fu n ctio n s (A -F ) . S o m e tim e s there is m ore
than one p ossib le answ er.
PARTICIPLE AND TO + INFINITIVE CLAUSES
1 Having taken the test previously, he expected to pass it
with flying colours.
GRAMMAR ON THE MOVE
2 That woman over there speaking to our teacher is one of
Watch the vid e o
the foremost experts in behavioural psychology.
3 Realising that he had made a mistake due to rushing,
he decided to do the calculations more slowly
1 Look at these th re e e x tra cts from Exercise 1, page
and carefully.
159. Match the exam ples (1-3) w ith th e uses of
4 Used correctly, meditation can be a great tool for clearing
in fin itiv e clauses (A-F). Th ere are th re e answ ers
and focusing the mind.
you do not need.
5 He walked out of the exam feeling confident that he
1 "70 percent of students were observed to g e t this had passed.
one w ro n g ." 6 Not wanting to admit his ignorance, the boy pretended
2 "We see this happening all the time, with people that he had understood what had been said.
who should be wise enough to k n o w better." 7 Did you read that sociology book recommended by
3 "So, what can we do to a v o id b eing caught our teacher?
o u t b y fla w e d reasoning?"
Infinitive clauses can: A giving a reason for the other clause
B explaining something that was happening at the same
A be the subject of a sentence: To m a k e a m is t a k e
is natural. To m a k e th e s a m e m is t a k e tw ic e time as the main clause
is foolish. C giving a condition
B be used with comparatives: It makes more sense to D replacing a relative clause (active)
c o lla b o r a t e t h a n to c o m p e te . describing an action that happened before the main clause
C express purpose or result: W ell leave early to replacing a relative clause (passive)
a v o id th e ru s h h o u r tra ffic.
D be used after verbs like say, believe, claim, and 4 Rew rite the sen tences w ith an a p p ro p ria te

report that report information or results: He claims to p a rticip le clause.

h a v e m e t th e Q u e e n o f E n g la n d .
1 Because he was tired from lack of sleep, he wasn't able to
E express ability to be able to: They're sufficiently think straight.
affluent to a f f o r d a la r g e h o u s e in a w e ll- t o - 2 She believed she was more intelligent than him, so she
d o a re a . was surprised when he got better scores in the test.
F after some adjectives, especially emotion adjectives 3 She was feeling quite pleased with herself for having
to explain the reason for the emotion: She was solved the crossword, and so she decided to tackle the
d is a p p o in t e d to f in d o u t t h a t her IQ wasn't as
Sudoku.
high as she thought.
4 If I were asked for my opinion, I would say trying to
+ G R A M M A R REFERENCE / Participle and to + Infinitive interpret dreams is a waste of time.
clauses: Page 2 2 2
5 I had tried to grasp his theories several times, but I gave
up as they were too complicated.
2 Read the in te rvie w w ith a sleep scie n tist, and add
th e w ord to w h erever it is needed.
6 As I haven't studied that philosopher's work, I am
reluctant to make a judgement on her theories.

Why are people so fascinated by dreams? I How exactly can you study dreams scientifically? 1

People have always sought to understand what dreams mean. In the

Well, scientists can simply ask people what they dreamt about. But
past, dreams were often believed predict your future. That sort of idea
that’s not a sufficiently robust technique obtain solid data. People’s
is uncommon in modern societies today, but the argument that they
memory of their dreams is notoriously vague and unreliable. It’s much
show us our subconscious thoughts is still very persuasive. And of
more reliable use the technology now available than just ask people to
course dreams are fascinating analyse in their own right.
self-report their dreams. So what we do is connect a participant to a
scanner, and then allow them a full night’s sleep in the laboratory.
So what exactly does a sleep scientist do?

That’s a good question. Our primary aim is help people sleep better, but And can that record the dreams somehow?
we also study what happens when a person is asleep.
Not exactly - it records electrical signals in the brain, in order for us
A substantial portion of that time is
analyse brain activity.
spent in REM - or Rapid Eye
M ovem ent-sleep, and
So what kinds of things can you learn about dreams in this way?
that’s when dreaming is
known occur. Well, where shall I start? One thing it’s been possible observe is that
when someone is discouraged from thinking about something when
they’re awake, in other words when they’ve been suppressing something,
well, this makes it more likely for them dream about it at night.
160
 4 Look at the follow ing advice and decide if
' WRITING PART 2: A LETTER/ it typically refers to form al letters and
EMAIL JTRAINING emails (F) or informal letters and emails (I).

1 If you don't know the name of the person

1 Work w ith a partner and discuss the questions. you are writing to, begin with Dear Sir/
1 Have you ever bought something that you were very disappointed Madam or To whom it may concern. If you
with? If so, what and what action did you take? know who you are writing to, begin with
Dear + name and end with Yours
2 Is it common for people in your country to complain when they are
sincerely
not getting good service? How do you personally feel about
complaining? 2 Begin by asking the person how they are
and/or what they have been doing
2 Work w ith a partner. Read the task and answer the questions. recently.
3 Begin by explaining the reason why you
1 What two things should be covered in this letter of complaint? are writing.
2 Who is your target audience? How will this affect the register you 4 Use contracted forms of verbs and
use - formal or informal? abbreviations such as BTW instead of by
the way.
You recently bought a product in a 5 When making requests, use modals such
shop, but it is not satisfactory and as could or may so that they sound more
you have decided to return it,
polite.
along with a letterto the shop
6 Try to use Latinate verbs as an alternative
manager. In your letter, give
reasons why you are not satisfied to multi-word verbs where possible, for
with the product, and explain what example, tolerate instead of put up with,
you would now like the shop assemble instead of put together.
managerto do. 7 Use reduced expressions that omit words
that are implicit such as Just wanted to let
you know or Looking forward to hearing
3 Replace the underlined words and phrases in the candidate’s
from you.
le tte r for the task w ith their more form al equivalents in the box.
5 Look at your answers to Exercise 4 and
been of use To make matters worse, is unacceptable
decide if there are any other corrections
Dear Sir or Madam, none was provided provided that
that can be made to make the letter in
receive a full refund Yours faithfully a considerable amount
Exercise 3 more formal.
requires assembly as a result words to that effect
I am sure you can imagine my disappointment with regard to 6 Now read this exam question. What tone
should you use? Write your email reply in
Hello ther e, Dear Sir or Madam, 220-260 words.

I hope that you are well. I’m writing (1) about the kite I bought You have received an email from an English-
from your store on Saturday April 30th, and which I’m returning speaking friend.
along with this letter. It was on special offer at £9.99. As I
... I'm really struggling at the moment
recall, there was a sign by the box of kites saying that they with the stress of my final exams.
were top quality and would provide years of enjoyment for all I know that you had similar problems
the family, or (2) something like that. during your finals and wondered
what advice you could give me?
(3) So just think how fed up I was when I opened my new kite
Do you think I would benefit from
to find that not only were the strings all tied together in knots,
seeing the college counsellor to help
but the kite itself had a tear along one side. As the kite comes me deal with the anxiety I am
as a kit and (4) has got to be put together by the purchaser, an feeling?
instruction manual would have (5) come in handy. But (6) there
wasn’t one. I had to spend (7) absolutely loads of time working Francis
out how to assemble it (8) thanks to that. (9) The really
annoying thing was it failed to fly because of the tear.
Clearly, this (10) isn’t good enough. To rectify the situation,
I would be grateful if you could please send me a replacement,
(11) but only if you can guarantee that the new kite is in full
working order. If this is no longer possible, then arrange for me
to (12) get all my money back.
Hope to hear from you asap,
(13) Cheers,
Lee Sang-ho

UNIT 12 MIND OVER MATTER 161

PKOC/iBt/i/lfflf j 2 Complete the sentences with a word from Exercise 1 in the
correct form.

MOOD AND FEELINGS 7 I am increasingly................ by the lack of tolerance being shown by

certain people on the internet.
7 Q 085 Listen to the speakers and choose 2 He is ................ to see a therapist about his problem because he
words from the box that describe their sees it as admitting weakness.
mood. There may be more than 3 She was so................ of the advice I gave her in sorting out her
one answer. love life that she made me a cake.
4 When I started that new job, I was initially a little...............by all
humiliated overwhelmed devastated the information I needed to take in and the workload I was given.
reluctant concerned appreciative 5 Talk about an over-reaction! He was absolutely...............when his
astonished thrilled not bothered team lost the final.
speechless hysterical discouraged
3 Answer the questions.
7
7 When was the last time you were left speechless?
2
2 What kinds of things in daily life are you reluctant to do?
3
3 Some people think we should be more appreciative of the lives we
4 have today. Do you agree?
5 4 How do you feel if you see somebody being humiliated by
someone else?

READING AND USE OF ENGLISH

TRAINING I
PAR
7 Work in groups and answer the questions.

7 Read the short text below and guess the

missing percentages.
2 Work out a class average of the guesses
for the previous question. Are they close to
50:50
the actual answers?
3 How do you prefer to deal with problems
In the TV quiz show Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?
and issues in your life?
contestants answer general knowledge questions
a On your own?
to win cash. During the game, they have the option
By asking friends and family for
to request help with these questions, either by
advice or help?
asking the studio audience, or by phoning an
c By getting expert help?
expert friend. The studio audience voted for the
correct answer............... % of the time, and the
2 You are going to read a review of a book
expert friend identified the correct answer in
called The Wisdom of Crowds by James
% of cases.
Surowiecki. Five paragraphs have been
removed from the review. Choose from
paragraphs A-F the one which best
fits each gap. There is one extra
paragraph which you do not need
to use. Use the tips to help you.
In 1906, the English scientist Francis Galton visited a livestock fair and stumbled upon an intriguing contest.
An ox was on display, and the villagers were invited to guess the animal's weight. Nearly 800 gave it a go and,
not surprisingly, no-one hit the exact mark: 543 kilogrammes.
■BM
So far, it's not yet clear why the writer has told us about the As the writer hasn't yet explained why they consider the
competition and the weight of 543 kilogrammes. Which option mathematics behind the book to be robust, it is logical to
completes the anecdote? expect the writer to explain this. Which option does this?

This anecdote captures the striking thesis of James Surowiecki argues persuasively that in many cases, the average
Surowiecki's book The Wisdom of Crowds. "Under the right of a crowd's guesses is likely to be more accurate than those of
circumstances," he argues, "groups are remarkably intelligent, and its individual members. It is a valuable counter-argument to the
are often smarter than the smartest people in them." traditional contempt for the crowd, and to the notion that a
camel is a horse designed by a committee. The Wisdom of
2 .............
Crowds could be seen as an endorsement for the principles of
The previous paragraph says groups are intelligent 'under the democracy; after all, surely the majority of people should vote
right circumstances', so look for a paragraph that mentions such for their own economic interests? Unfortunately, time and time
circumstances. The next paragraph in the text begins with the again, people do the opposite.
answer to a question so the missing paragraph here probably
ends with a question. 5 ______

The text after this gap begins A case in point is ... Which
The answer is that crowds still have a pretty bad reputation. When option mentions something that the street corner experiment is
bad influences have risen to the fore, they have ignited mob rule, an example of?
lynching, financial panic and style trends like the moustache.
Furthermore, as Surowiecki notes, organisations such as A case in point is the street corner experiment, conducted in
corporations tend to be obsessed with the idea of expertise. New York in the 1960s by psychologists Milgram, Bickman and
Berkowitz. They established that when a group of people stand
on a street corner and look up at the sky, other pedestrians
The end of the previous paragraph introduces the new idea would join them. Before long, a large crowd had assembled
expertise in the text, so it is possible that the following paragraph and were all looking up at the sky, even though there was
may develop this idea further. Which option discusses experts or nothing unusual to look at. This is just one of many memorable
expertise in the corporate world?
anecdotes from Surowiecki's fascinating and thought-
provoking book.
Yet it may seem counter-intuitive that a group of random people
should be able to makea highly informed judgmentabout
something. This is all the more so given that non-experts, by
definition, often have little detailed subject knowledge. Surowiecki
D When a group of finance students was asked to guess
is not arguing that any crowd will successfully make any decision
the number of beans in a jar, the average guess
under any circumstances. For him, three key criteria must be met:
independence, diversity and decentralisation. Provided the (871) was extremely close to the correct number of
850. In fact, only one of the fifty-six students was more
members of a crowd are acting on their own, thinking for
themselves and not influencing each other, the mathematics behind accurate. Episodes in the book like this are plentiful,

The Wisdom of Crowds is robust. but they raise questions which need to be answered.
E "If you ask a large enough group to make a prediction
or estimate a probability," the errors they make cancel
one another out, he says. "Subtract the error, and
A Strategy consultants demand vast hourly rates of pay, you're left with the information." A case in point is the
while executives rake in vast salaries to make studio audience of a well-known TV quiz show, whose
predictions - or perhaps we should more accurately term collective wisdom selected the correct answer to over
them guesses - about future changes to the value of 90% of questions, whereas a chosen individual expert
stocks and shares. To accept that the masses might know adviser got them right less than two-thirds of the time.
something would mean radically altering how our For evidence, he cites how teams of people have been
society operates. used to find lost submarines, correct the betting spread
B Astonishingly, however, the average of those estimates on sporting events, and even predict the next president
came close - very close indeed. It was just a fraction of a of the United States. So why aren't we using
percent out. groups more?
C Surowiecki makes clear that there are limits to the wisdom
of any crowd. If distracting or misleading information is 3 Based on this review of The Wisdom of Crowds, what
supplied (as with stock market bubbles and crashes) the questions would you like to ask the author James
responses of the crowd can be less than rational. Surowiecki? Would you buy or read this book?

UNIT 12 M IN D OVER MATTER 163

 PUSH YOURSELF C2 [! SPEAKING j
THINK MID THOUGHT IDIOMS EXEMPLIFICATION

1 Match the sentence halves. © 086 Listen to the

dialogue and answer
1 All the teachers th in k h ig h ly
the questions.
2 I have to get up for a flight at 3 am tomorrow, so
spare a 1 What does the man
3 I was planning an important part of my essay when think hypothetically it
my phone interrupted m y tra in o f would be great to have?

4 I can't remember the last time I ate curry. In fact, 2 What does the woman suggest the man buys?
come to 3 What examples do they give of ways of blocking out
5 Motorbikes always look so unsafe, so I'd th in k things that don't want to hear?

6 I met Serena's new boyfriend yesterday. I d id n 't

2 © 086 Listen again and put the phrases the speakers
th in k
use in the order you hear them. Then decide for each
7 If you can't find your wallet, just th in k b a ck
whether they are synonyms for for example (F),
8 When her laptop stopped working at the start of her
presentation, she had to th in k on imagine that (I), etc. (E) or In general (G).

1 say
A to the last time you had it.
2 as a rule
B much o f him - what does she see in him?
3 let's say
C th in k o f it, I don't think I've ever had it at all.
4 suppose
D th o u g h t fo r me while you're comfortably tucked
up in bed! 5 and so on

E thought, and now I can't remember what I was 6 for instance

going to say. 7 and so forth
F o f Anna Santos in class 5b - they reckon she'll go 8 by and large
far in life. 9 take ... for example
G tw ic e b e fo re buying one because having an 10 more often than not
accident is the last thing you want to happen.
H her fe e t and decided to hold an impromptu Q &A 3 Work in small groups. Discuss the following opinions,
session instead of the talk she had plannee. saying to what extent you agree or disagree, and why.
Give examples and generalisations from your own
2 Complete the sentences with an appropriate verb experience, using the phrases in Exercise 2.
phrase, making sure you use the correct form.

1 We tried Solly's Bistro the other day b u t...............it. It's better to have lots of good friends,
With its overpriced, undercooked food, I don't think rather than one best friend.
V________________________________________ /
we'll be going back.
2 She often...............to the very first day they met Self-help psychology books with titles like Discover
and wonders what would have happened if their Your True Self are a waste of time and money.
eyes hadn't met across the crowded room.
3 If you ever get the chance to try SCUBA diving, don't
It's natural for us to become similar
....... it - just do it. It's a sensational experience.
to the people we spend time with.
4 Professor Tran Thi Ti/di is ve ry...............by her ______________________________ y
colleagues and was nominated fora lifetime
achievement award. Some people have no real attitudes and
5 As you go back home to your heated apartments opinions of their own, preferring to copy or
this evening,....... all those people who don't repeat those of other people rather than
have a home to go back to and will be sleeping on exercising independent thought.
the streets.
6 Personally, I see Barcelona as being the best The older people get, the more likely they are
football team in Spain. In fact,....... , they're to become conservative in their attitudes.
probably the best team in the world.
7 Victor's a great guy but not cut out to be team
leader, as he doesn't know how t o ........
Instead, he just keeps on doing the job as he's
always done it.
REMEMBER
When answering questions, it is a good idea to use examples
8 So then if you consider the ... err ... oh dear, sorry
and general statements to support your arguments.
I've completely lost m y....... . What were we
talking about?
164
 3 Work with a partner. Read the news report and discuss ways
[GRAMMAR j to replace the words in orange with a noun phrase.

NOMINALISATION
Home About News Search

GRAMMAR ON THE MOVE New research has demonstrated that when parents read bedtime
Watch the video stories to babies, it boosts their brain power. Studies conducted on
babies and toddlers suggest that hearing the spoken language
influences how well a child is able to communicate
- / GRAMMAR REFERENCE I Nominalisation: (1)............................................................................... . Children
Page 2 2 3 whose parents spoke to them the least performed the worst, and at
the age of 24 months, some were behind their contemporaries by as
1 Rewrite the sentences, replacing the
much as six months. Researchers concluded that performance in
words and phrases in bold with a suitable
cognitive tests depended on how much contact a child had with their
alternative from the box. parents (2)................................................................................
In one of the tests, babies and toddlers sat in their parents’ laps in
ability to deterioration disappearance
front of a computer which displayed pictures of a baby and a dog side
explanation transformation by side. They were then instructed to look at one or other of the
images by being told for example to ‘Look at the baby’ or ‘Look at the
1 Juliancito really know s how to make doggy’. Slow-motion cameras were used to measure how slowly or
people laugh, and I've always envied that. quickly the child reacted
I've always been envious of Juliancito's (3) •
....opijjtyto........... make people laugh. With the youngest children, there was usually a pause before they
2 M y gran's health has been getting shifted their gaze. But when the tests were done with older children,
w orse and worse, and that's been very researchers observed that they were able to select the correct picture
sad to see. more quickly
It's been saddening to see the (4)............................................................................... In one
....................................... in my gran's health. study, the difference between the quicker and slower children was
3 The city centre has changed so much
found to be one-fifth of a second. The different speeds were
that you might not recognise where you are! attributed to how much the parents talked to their infants. Although
You might not recognise where you are
the differences were slight, they were considered to assess reliably
because of th e ...............................of
how effectively a child can process language
the city centre. (5)............................................................................... .
Researchers consider the tests a prognostic tool which can be of use
4 No-one's ever been able to explain in a
for both parents and educators, in that their performance in these
satisfactory w ay w hy there are hardly
tests indicated whether a child was ready or not to start school
any wild flower meadows anymore.
(6).................................................................................
I've never heard a satisfactory
One researcher recommended that parents use sophisticated
...............................for the virtual
language when addressing their offspring, rather
...............................of wildflower
than simplified baby-talk, saying ‘Children cannot
meadows.
learn what they do not hear’.
2 Add the preposition(s) to the following
sentences to complete the noun phrases.

in of of from into
for for to into

Recent years have witnessed a substantial

rise the number of self-help books being 4 Q 087 Listen to the news report and replace the words in
sold, with titles such as H ow to Be the orange with what the presenter actually says.
Real You.
Some see the changes in taste in matters 5 Work in groups and discuss the questions.
of decor to represent a rejection the
1 Did your parents read you bedtime stories when you were a child?
aesthetic values of the previous generation.
Do you think it had a positive effect on your learning?
The lasting impression my trip to Thailand
2 Do you think parents should speak to their children using
was the universal affection the king.
sophisticated language rather than baby talk as one of the
Police have launched an investigation the
researchers suggests? W hy?/W hy not?
disappearance the painting.
3 Some experts believe that our use of technology is making us into
The response we have received our request
shallow thinkers - people who know a little about a lot of subjects
volunteers has been overwhelming; over
rather than people who know a lot about a few subjects. Do you
600 people have offered to take part in
agree? Is this a bad thing?
our experiment.

UNIT 12 MIND OVER MATTER 165[

 EXAMFQ

LISTENING PAR
EXAM CHECK।
Complete the information with the correct words or numbers.
1 In this exam task you listen to a dialogue/monologue for around three minutes.
2 You need to complete a paragraph with eight gaps/eight independent gapped sentences.
3 The gaps require a single w ord/a word or short phrase.
4 Each gap is worth one m ark/two marks.
5 You w ill/w on't lose a mark for incorrect spelling.
6 You can use only British English spelling/either British English or American English spelling.

0 088 You will hear a student called Tony Nelson talking about an experiment carried out by the psychologist
Solomon Asch. For questions 1-8 , complete the sentences with a word or short phrase.

A psychology experiment - deciding which two lines are the

same length
The person who was asked to judge the lines’ length assumed the other people in the room were
(1 )............... in the same experiment.

Many people who’d taken part said they felt (2 )............... when the experiment was explained to them afterwards.
People who chose the wrong line did so because they thought the majority of people were (3 )................
People also gave wrong answers in order not to be considered (4 )............... by others.
It was found that (5 )...............had an influence on whether or not people would conform.
The presence of (6 )............... in the room lessened people’s urge to conform.
The experiment only involved ( 7 )............... and so was a biased sample.
Society in the 1950s valued (8 )............... more than it does nowadays.

166
[W RITINGPART 2 : ALETTER/EM AIL.
EXAM CHECK,
Decide if the statements are true or false.

1 An email or letter task in the exam will be formal or informal depending on the target audience.
2 You should always begin an email with Dear + person and end it Yours sincerely + your name.
3 You should include your postal address and invent one for the person you are writing to.
4 There is no need to use paragraphs to organise your letter.
5 If the task says you are writing to a friend, you can briefly begin your letter/email as if you are
writing to a real-life friend and exchange pleasantries (e.g. ask how they are, apologise for not
writing sooner, etc.)

You read this extract from an article in an English speaking newspaper.

The popularity of devices like smartphones is having a negative effect on young people’s thinking skills.
They are more interested in playing games or keeping up with the latest trends than taking their studies or
work seriously.
You decide to write a letter to the editor of the newspaper, giving your own opinion on this viewpoint and
explaining why.

Write your letter in reply.

 EXAMFQ
f READING AND USE OF ENGLISH PART 7 j
EXAM CHECK
Read the advice on doing a Part 7 task and match the language to the gaps

pronouns, possessives and determiners time and sequence ph rases

linkers of cause and effect, contrast, addition

...............These often refer back to a person ...............These explain or expand on ideas and themes
idea mentioned previously. that have been previously mentioned.
...............Use these to help you understand how the text exam pie, if you see the word Finally at the
logically fits together. For example, if you see a However beginning of a paragraph, look for ai previous paragraph
at the beginning of a paragraph, think about what this containing other time or sequence ph rases or an
sentence is contrasting with. incomplete narrative.

You are going to read an article about an experiment. Six paragraphs have been
removed from the review. Choose from the paragraphs A-G the one which best fits
each gap (1-5). There is one extra paragraph which you do not need to use.

768]
The lost wallet experiment
Yisela Clavijo, originally from Colombia and now a cab driver in Vancouver, always makes a point of returning anything
she finds to the owner. A few years ago, she found a wallet in the back of her vehicle. Fortunately, the owner’s identity
was easily identifiable from the driving license inside, and she was able to trace him and reunite him with his wallet. It
never occurred to her to check to see if the wallet contained any cash; getting it back to the owner was the only choice.

1 ............... A

It turns out that Yisela is by no means unusual. And Survey results also suggested that this was the case.
we can say so with near certainty now after a mass Participants reported that not returning an empty wallet was
social experiment involving 17,000 ‘lost’ wallets in 40 just lazy, whereas failing to return one that contained cash
countries. Each contained a business card and details seemed dishonest. It also struck researchers as plausible
of a fictional local owner, a shopping list and, in some that the likelihood of a wallet being returned would increase
cases, cash. Researchers distributed the wallets by in proportion to the sum of money it contained.
handing them in to places where one might expect
B
someone to bring a wallet they’d found on the ground.
Examples included police stations and reception Explaining the motivation for her decision, Yisela says, ‘You
desks in theatres and hotels. They then waited to see have a sense of having done the right thing. Also, consider
what the people entrusted with the wallets would do. how you’d be feeling if it was you who’d lost something, and
didn’t know whether it had fallen into the wrong hands. And
2 ...............
that would be ruined if you gave yourself a tip!’
This defied the expectations of professional
C
economists, and members of the public. 2,500 had
responded to a survey in which they predicted that the Inevitably, given the scale of the undertaking, there had
wallets would remain in the hands of those who found been logistical problems to overcome throughout the study.
them. One of the researchers was detained in Kenya for
suspicious behaviour. And researchers were understandably
3 ...............
concerned that a rucksack full of wallets might arouse
Or was something else responsible? According to suspicion when crossing borders.
Michel Marechai, professor of economics at the
D
University of Zurich and co-author of the research,
‘people want to see themselves as an honest person, Sure enough, the rates of return were even higher, reaching
not as a thief. Keeping a found wallet means having to as much as 72% in some countries. This difference between
adapt one’s self-image, which comes with the two rates of return was found consistently. Inevitably,
psychological costs. The psychological forces ... can however, there was considerable variation from country to
be stronger than the financial ones.’ country. Interestingly, in regions with colder climates and
longer winters, people were more likely to return the wallets,
4 ...............
as were those with higher rates of primary education.
To put this to the test, researchers went one stage
E
further. Rather than distributing wallets with modest
sums of cash as had been done previously, a larger But previous attempts to do likewise had never met with much
amount, equating to about $90 in the local currency success. ‘We needed to be absolutely sure that our
was left in the wallets. methodology was sound’ they explained. Small-scale pilot
studies were conducted in order to fine-tune the research
5 ...............
methodology, in particular what exactly the researchers were
But these findings are only correlations, and the team going to say to people when they handed the wallets in. Once
have not been able to account for the differences. this was established, the team were ready to begin for real.
Perhaps unsurprisingly, the not inconsiderable budget
F
for the project has been used up, and after distributing
17,000 wallets in 355 cities in 400 countries, this Nobody could have seen the results coming. In most cases,
fascinating piece of research has drawn to a close. people did exactly as Yisela had done, namely they called
the number and arranged to return the wallet. The notion of
6 _______
‘finders keepers’ appeared not to have as much influence as
Yet all in all, the project has been considered a was anticipated.
success. It has revealed something about human
G
nature that comes as a surprise - that we are willing
to act altruistically and honestly, even if it is to Put simply, they got it wrong. And expertise made no
preserve our positive self-image. And sometimes, difference whatsoever, with both groups significantly
honesty really does pay. All the people who reported underestimating the levels of altruism that drive people to
a lost wallet got to keep the cash. behave honestly.

UNIT 12 M IN D OVER MATTER 169

REAL WORLD

DEALING WITH
STRESS
D Work with a partner and answer the questions.

1 How often do you get stressed?

2 W hat was the cause of the last thing to get you
stressed?
3 W hat do think are the most common causes of
stress in society and daily life?
4 How do you deal with stress?

Quickly read the article on stress ACCEPT THE THINGS YOU C A N 'T CHANGE
management. What are the four A ’s? some stressors such as bereavement or a break-up
can't be prevented or changed; these are the
STRESS M A N A G E M E N T When things seem to be realities that you just have to face up to and accept.
lay seem that there's nothing you
I circumstances. Butthat's not We all get things wrong occasionally. Perhaps you
if you feel you're at the end of left an essay until the last minute, and the result
3 any more, there are steps you was rushed and sub-standard? Don't dwell on the
jssure. bad mark you got, but reflect on what went wrong,
les at the office can make life and turn it into a positive by making sure you do
use great pressure. But rather better next time.
ng inevitable, remember that you
deal with it. You might find it It uses up a lot of mental energy to be angry with
r A's: avoid, alter, adapt or accept. someone. It may take some effort, but if you can
let that anger go, you'll feel as though a weight has
been lifted from your shoulders.
AVO ID UNNECESSARY STRESS - of course, not all
stress is bad, but it's certainly common to encounter more
stress than is good for us. » ADAPT TO THE STRESSOR

Don't overload yourself by taking on too much work or

responsibility, as this can be a recipe for disaster. There's When you're finding something stressful, it's
a fine line between being helpful and being unrealistic, so important to see it in perspective. Ask yourself,
if you're asked to take on something that you don't have 'How important will this be in the long run? Will
time for, it's perfectly reasonable to turn the work down. it matter in two years' time? Is it worth losing
sleep over?' If the answer is no, then turn your
mind to other things.
ALTER THE SITUATION - if you can't avoid the stress, So when things are getting you down, remember
change the way you deal with it. the four A's, and use this framework as a way to
get through when the going gets tough.
While it's natural to avoid confrontation, it's often much
better to voice your feelings if someone or something is
bothering you. Explain calmly and politely how you feel. Put the headings (A-F) in the right places (1-6).
If you don't voice these feelings and just bottle them up
instead, your sense of frustration may build up and the Forgive and move on.
stress will increase. B Consider the bigger picture.
Don't be afraid to say no.
Ensure that you allow yourself enough 'me'-time each Learn from your mistakes.
D
day, and that you continue to eat, exercise and sleep
Achieve a reasonable work-life balance.
well. Even when you are busy, it's essential that you take
regular breaks as well in order to relieve the pressure. Express how you feel.
 Match the sentence halves using phrases in bold from 8 091 Listen to the full dialogues and correct the
the text. words to make phrases related to stress.

1 Try to avoid b o ttlin g

PHRASES YOU MIGHT HEAR/USE
2 People should always be honest and voice
3 The best thing to do when you're co n fro n te d A She likes to push throw her weight around.

4 Very few of the things that people lose

B It makes my water boil.

5 Anyone who's experiencing burnout has obviously C I think you are going to have to face over to the fact.
ta k e n on D It's reaching on top of me.
E Counselling might point me in the right way.
A th in g s up; that's only ever a recipe for disaster. F You need to have time out and let out steam.
B to o much, and so they only have themselves to blame. G You've got to take time to have yourself a breather.
C th e ir feelings, regardless of what other people H I should be over the stars about it.
might think.
I I'm glad you've taken the decision to stretch out to me.
D w ith a ch allenge in your personal life is to use
J It's got to be a decision you take in your own time,
social media to get advice.
and not with duress.
E sleep o ve r are really worth worrying about.

9 Match the definitions (1-10) with the expressions

(A-J) from Exercise 8.

1 accept
2 be bossy
3 very happy
4 have a break
5 it annoys me
6 under pressure
7 provide useful guidance
8 contact someone for advice

© 089 Listen to the beginnings of three counsellor 9 becoming difficult to cope with

sessions (1-3) and answer the questions.

10 do something active in order to feel better

1 What does each person want to get out of the session

with Martha?
2 What advice would you give the three people?

□ © 090 Now listen to Martha giving responses to the

three people. Match the responses (A-C) with the
people (1-3).

10\ Q You are going to watch a video about the most

stressful jobs in the world. Make notes on what the
narrator says about each of them.

LIFE COMPETENCIES
I MANAGING OWN EMOTIONS
Prepare a poster for display in your own
institution giving advice on how to stay mentally
healthy while studying.

UNIT 12 MIND OVER MATTER 171

 • choices

GETTING STARTED
Look a t th e fo llo w in g situ a tio n s. What are th e risks in
each situation? Which have you done or w ould you be
VOCABULARY
happy to do? Give reasons.
SAFETY AND RISK
1 drive irresponsibly
2 give up a steady job with a good salary to start your 7 Q 092 Listen to some e xtra cts a bout risky
own business situ a tio ns. Match th e speakers (1-4) w ith the
3 take up extreme sports situ a tio n s fro m Exercise 1 in th e G etting S tarted
4 move to another country section.
5 invest money in the stock market Speaker 1 Speaker 3
6 go on a reality TV show Speaker 2 Speaker 4
7 rescue somebody from a burning building
8 marry somebody you have just met 2 © 092 Listen again and com plete th e
9 abandon conventional society to live m issing w ords fro m th e e xtra cts.
self-sufficiently in the countryside
1 I've ended u p ................ a couple of times.

2 Decide w hich o f th e fo llo w in g opinions you agree w ith . 2 I don't think I was aware h o w .................. speeding
could be.
3 I ended u p .................the police and w a s .................
losing my license.
4 A fter that, I wasn't prepared t o .................. myself or
anyone I love to the risk of serious injury.
5 It's n o t ................th e ris k .
6 I h a d t h e ............... get taken in by an
unscrupulous financial advisor.
7 The b a n k .................repossess my house because I
couldn't pay back what I'd borrowed.
8 Putting my family's hom e.................was really stupid.
9 ... they explained how they ta k e the necessary
................. so that you don't get injured.
70 All equipment w a s ................ ..
77 I suppose people's lives a r e ................. , so they will
n o t le a v e a n y th in g
12 Sometimes in life you have to f o l l o w ............... and
just t a k e ...............

172
3 Match the sentence halves.

1 It is very reckless of you to jump off that waterfall A know why I am going to be late.
2 If you continue lying to her, B so she's in trouble with the Principal.
3 If you drive in snowy conditions, C to passive or second-hand cigarette smoke.
4 Francesca skipped school three times last week, D you'll jeopardise your friendship.
5 The environment is under E you need to take adequate precautions.
6 Have you ever had the misfortune to F threat from climate change.
7 Doctors warn against exposing children G of failing her exams.
8 I'll be in hot water if I don't let my wife H have your wallet stolen?
9 Samira is in serious danger / without knowing how deep the water is.

READING AND USE OF ENGLISH PAR

1 Work with a partner. Read the text quickly and give 3 Match the correct answers in Exercise 2 with the
it an appropriate title. language they are testing your knowledge of. Use the
bold words in the text to help you. There is one
2 Complete the text with the correct options (A-D).
category you do not need.
Use the words in bold around the gaps to help you
decide which word fits best. The first is done for you. A idioms and fixed phrases...............
B collocations (ad ective + noun, adverb + adjective,
verb + noun, adjective + preposition, etc.).......
More and more parents are choosing to take their children
C verbs (verbs + prepositions, multi-word verbs, verb
out of school in order to travel; however, they don't do so
patterns).......
a t the (0) expense o f their childrens' education; rather
D precise meaning of word choice for the context...............
they hope to actually improve their academic achievement.
Such parents believe that by taking their children out of
E linking words and phrases...............
(1 )..............schooling, they give them the best o f
Read some comments on the phenomenon described
b o th (2) ..... : they still learn as much or more than
their peers, but they are able to (3 )..............on the local in the text. Match the phrases in italics with the
environment of different countries rather than learning only categories in Exercise 3.
th e o re tica l (4 ).............. . Not everyone is in favour of
1 Road-schooling parents are taking the easy way out.
this form of education. The authorities in most countries
2 It's not sensible o f them to take their children out of
(5) o f it though in the UK at least they stop
school.
(6 ).............. o f forbidding it. One road-schooling Mum,
who travels with her son in a camper van ( 7 ) .............. 3 I can really relate to these parents as I'd love to have
been educated in this way.
that it can be extremely difficult to (8 ).............. a
balance b e tw e e n school work and learning 4 In my opinion, taking your kids out of school is highly
from experience. controversial.
5 I wouldn't take my children out of school for one day,
0 A cost ex Dense let alone months at a time.
C price D ris
1 A conventional B typical 5
C usual D everyday
2 A lands B worlds
C situations D places
3 A try B 9e t
C take D draw
4 A knowledge B study
C experience D data
5 A disapprove B disagree
C disrespect D dislike
6 A short B wide
C clear D near
A conceives B co ncedes
C conforms D conveys
8 A strike B hit
C beat D touch
WRITING i
RT 1: AN ESSAY TRAINING

Read the Part 1 question and a candidate’s response.

Your class has just listening to a podcast on factors
Which of these statements (A-D) do you think the
affecting where people choose to live. You have made
writer would personally agree with? the notes below:
A It's important to have a good salary if you are going Factors to consider when deciding where to live
to buy a house.
B It's vital to be realistic about the financial burden of • economic considerations
buying a house.
• lifestyle preferences
C You should buy somewhere in the nicest part of Some opinions expressed in
town possible. • family expectations the discussion:
D Age can affect what someone's priorities are when it
“ You don’t want to get into debt.
comes to choosing a home.
“You only have one life and so
you should follow your dreams.
Everyone has a vision in their “ It’s important to consider the
mind of the ideal home. However, opinions of your loved ones.”
there are a variety of factors that
need to be taken into consideration
when choosing where to live. Write an essay discussing two of the factors in your
In this essay, I will discuss two of notes to consider when deciding where to live. You
them: economic considerations should explain which factor you think is more important,
and lifestyle preferences. giving reasons to support your opinion.
For many people, it is more important to live where and
how they wish. Their preference may be a certain part of
town, or a lavish house or apartment that reflects their
tastes. (1) After all, your home is probably the place that (4) All things considered, both economic and
lifestyle factors are key in deciding where to
you are going to spend the most time, so it is important to
live. It is down to each individual to (5) look
be happy there. Certainly this is an opinion that
(2) carries a lot of weight, especially with younger people, at the positives and negatives of each for
who prefer convenience and access to facilities over a themselves based on their circumstances.
comparatively cheaper surrounding area. (6) Having said that, my personal priority in
such a situation is financial, as I think it
However, the reality of life is that most of us are unable to essential to live within your means.
afford the home we desire. A luxury apartment in the
nicest part of town may be extremely appealing to some,
but the need to be financially responsible (3) trumps that.
It is far better to live somewhere small but affordable
REMEMBER
rather than living a life of terrible debt and the risk of In an essay, you have to compare and evaluate ideas or
opinions. You might want to use language that indicates that you
losing your house if you cannot make the payments.
have considered and compared various viewpoints or sides of
an argument before reaching your conclusion.

2 Read the Remember box and then look at the 3 Read the essay question again and then complete the
underlined expressions (1-6) in the text. sentences with your own ideas.
Match them with the possible alternative
1 When choosing somewhere to live, I would say that economic
expressions (A-F). factors outweigh................................... .
A overall/on balance/weighing up all the factors 2 Having weighed up the pros and cons of each factor,
B at the end of the day/ultimately
C outweighs/eclipses 3 Clearly money isn't everything when it comes to choosing
where to live. Having said that,....................................
D on the other hand/nevertheless
4 Overall, I would say that choosing somewhere to live is about
E weigh up the pros and cons
striking a balance between.................................. and

4 Work with a partner. Tell each other about your ideal home.
Think about the following:

• location • type • rooms and features

' GRAMMAR j
4 Rearrange the words to form sentences with it or
there clauses.

PRONOUNS (1) - IT AND THERE CLAUSES 1 wasn't / it / alive / there / we'd / make / of / out /
I / sure / .
2 on / glasses / you're / it / 1/ my / Watch / sitting
GRAMMAR ON THE MOVE
3 be / something / There / do / must / can / we / .
Watch the video
4 seems / It / today / bit / out / Ivor / of / a / .
5 much / winter / It / earlier / dark / gets / in / .

- / GRAMMAR REFERENCE I Pronouns (1) - It and There

6 of / things / There's / improving / hope / no / .
clauses: Page 224 7 we / was / afford / It / assumed / that / it / could / .
8 can / any / job / ? / way / take / be / persuaded /
1 Find these two sentences in the essay in the
there / you / to / Is / the
previous section and complete them with the
missing words. 5 Find phrases in the sentences in Exercise 4 which mean
1 are a variety of factors that need to be the following:
taken into consideration when settling on a lifestyle.
1 unaware or unable to think or react normally
2 ............... is down to each individual to weigh up
the pros and cons for themselves.
2 survive

2 Complete the sentence beginnings with either it

3 Is it possible?
or there. In which of the phrases is it or there the
object of the sentence?
4 I'm sure a solution can be found.
1 I'd appreciate...............if you
2 I want to make.................clear that 5 night falls
3 is bound to be
4 is a short walk 6 We didn't have evidence.

5 ............... is a chance that

7 The situation is hopeless.
6 You ow e............... to yourself
7 ............... 's no knowing
8 be careful
8 ............... 's no point
9 ............... looks like it's going to
70 'sno questionof 6 Complete the sentences so that they are true for you.

3 Match the sentence beginnings in Exercise 2 (1-10) 1 It's time for me to .................................................................
with the endings (A-J). 2 I hate it w hen.......................................................................
3 I find it surprising that..........................................................
A not to waste this opportunity.
4 In my country, there tends to b e ..........................................
B me going snorkelling at night - it would be
5 I wouldn't expect there to b e ...............................................
terrifying.
6 I couldn't believe it w hen.....................................................
C I don't approve of what you're doing.
7 It's no g o o d ..........................................................................
D rain so take your overcoat.
in all of us staying at home,
didn't mention this to Jodie.

what Alina will do next.

we'll miss the beginning of the concert,
to the town centre.

UNIT 13 LIFESTYLt tHOICES

LISTENING i

Look at the photos. What do you think the phrase

‘alternative lifestyle’ means? Have you heard
about anyone who has an alternative lifestyle?

4 © 093 Use your answers from Exercise 3 to

help you choose the correct options (1-8
and A-H) for the two questions. Listen
again and check.

Reasons for each speaker choosing the lifestyle:

1 to return to their cultural background
2 to get away from a particular place
3 to become more environmentally-friendly
4 to escape a pressurised environment
5 to work closely with others
6 to help out someone else
7 to become more self-reliant
8 to avoid modern communication methods
2 © 093 Listen to five people talking about their alternative
What each speaker says are the disadvantages
lifestyles. Match the words (1-8) with the meanings (A-H).
of the lifestyle:
1 hermit A to move around searching for food A social stereotyping
2 go off-grid B moving from place to place as a way of life B lack of utilities
3 forage C not using or depending on public utilities, C not having an income
4 nomadic especially electricity D solitude
5 recluse D a group of related families E lack of a varied diet
6 tribe E a place where animals are protected F it can be risky
7 commune F a person who lives alone and avoids G having to hunt for and gather food
8 sanctuary other people
H the cost of food
G a person who lives alone away from society,
especially for religious reasons 5 Now answer the questions.
H a group of people who live together and
share possessions and responsibilities 1 Do you like this strategy of formulating your
answers before you look at the A-H options
3 Q 093 Listen again and answer the two questions for each or do you prefer to look at the options
speaker. before you listen? Why?
2 Would you consider any of the alternative
1 What was his or her main reason for choosing their lifestyle? lifestyles from the listening?
2 What disadvantage of the lifestyle does he or she mention? 3 Why do you think more and more people
are choosing such lifestyles?

176
[ VOCABULARY
ADJECTIVE + NOUN COLLOCATIONS
7 Q 094 Complete the sentences with adjectives
from the box. Then listen and check.

vain crowning utmost ultimate

overwhelming pointless burning false

1 I have always had a ................ ambition to be a rock

star, but I don't think I have the talent.
2 I have nothing but th e ................ respect for anyone
prepared to risk their life for someone else.
3 I'm in fairly good shape, but doing a triathlon will be
th e ........test of my endurance.
4 H e r.......... ......moment was when she led the team onto
the pitch as captain in the final of the W orld Cup.
5 I love hearing about people who have overcome
......... odds to succeed in life.
6 M y early successes in setting up my own business proved
to be something of a ........dawn. It soon became
apparent that making it as an independent business
woman would be more difficult than I thought.
7 I made a ................. attempt to change her mind, but she
has set her heart on moving to Hollywood to pursue the
career of an actor.
8 He could have been the best in the world, but he lacked
the dedication and drive necessary to make it to the top.
To my mind, his career represents a ........waste
of talent.

2 Match the adjectives with the definitions. You can use Choose adjectives from Exercise 1 which collocate
one definition twice. with the following nouns.

7 not real, incorrect, erroneous................ 1 ........... exercise argument violence

2 difficult to fight against or resist, p o w e rfu l................ 2 ........... hope start sense of security
3 passionate, strong, em otional................ 3 ........... glory achievement
4 best or worst, the most important or highest, 4 ........... goal aim honour
final 5 ........... caution sincerity discretion
5 serious, important, the greatest................ 6 ........... desire issue
6 triumphant, number one, best................ 7 ........... hope effort bid
7 useless, futile, without purpose.................................. 8 ........... victory popularity support
8 well-intentioned but destined to be unsuccessful
Work with a partner and answer the questions.

1 Can you think of someone who overcame

overwhelming odds to become successful at their
chosen career?
2 W hat has been the crowning achievement of your
life so far?
3 Can you think of any situations where you need to
show the utmost discretion?
4 Can you think of a time that you worked hard to
achieve something but your efforts were in vain?
5 A pa rt from your career, do you have any other
burning ambitions?

UNIT 13 ~LIEESTYLE CHOICES 177

 I

PAUSING OR CHUNKING IN
NATURAL SPEECH
Look at the pictures and questions in the Part 2
photo task and the two questions. For each photo
discuss ideas that you could talk about to answer
the questions.

W hat dangers might people face in these situations?

W hat precautions might they take to keep
themselves safe?

2 © 095 Listen to a student called Sofia talking

about two of the photos. Which of your points did 5 0 098 Look at the text for the second part of Sofia’s
she mention? answer. Mark where you think the breaths (/) and longer
pauses (//) should go. Then practise reading it out with
3 0 096 Listen to the first part of Sofia’s talk again.
the pauses in place. Then listen again and compare your
You will hear two versions of it. Which one would
pronunciation to Sofia’s.
score higher for pronunciation? What is the
Each of these situations calls for different precautions. A t the
problem with the other version?
tourist destination, I'd recommend wearing a money belt under
4 0 097 Now look at the text from Exercise 3 and your clothes in order to make it difficult for thieves to access
read the Did you know box. The language has been your valuables. On a building site you are actually required by
law to take precautions, such as wearing a safety helmet in
chunked together with natural pauses added in.
case of falling objects or fluorescent jackets so that you can be
Practise reading it out, breathing and pausing
clearly seen. Also, you probably have to do some kind of
as indicated. Then listen again and compare your
health and safety training so that you're aware of the hazards
pronunciation to Sofia’s. and how to avoid them.
I'm going to talk about the first and third photos. / /
As far as I can tell, / the first photo shows tourists, /
standing outside a busy attraction / and the most obvious
danger in this one / would be from criminals. / / Having
I gr a mma r
said that, / there is unlikely to be any physical risk /
PRONOUNS (2)
in such a crowded location as this / / - they're just after
your money. / / In contrast, / the third photo shows some
kind of building site, / maybe for a skyscraper. The - GRAM M AR ON THE MOVE
danger in this one is from the hazardous working Watch the video
environment itself / / - the risk of falling debris, / or
perhaps of falling from the scaffolding. / /
GRAMMAR REFERENCE I Pronouns (2): Page 2 2 5
DID YOU KNOW
1 Decide which word is missing from both sentences in
Natural speech in English is characterised by pausing or
each pair. There may be more than one possibility.
chunking of language - the organisation of what you say into
groups (or chunks) of language, using pauses or breaths to 1 a Your burning ambition is to play a professional sport,
separate these chunks and make what is being said easier for just like .is.
the listener to follow.
b It's a rule o f ................ that when I am driving I never
Longer pauses (//) are generally used between sentences.
put other people in jeopardy.
Short pauses or breaths (/) are used to break up ideas within
a sentence into digestible chunks. We often chunk: 2 a I wouldn't buy those.................if I were you. They
• to separate different clauses in sentences - for example the may be cheaper, but you get w hat you pay for.
two parts of a conditional or before saying a non-defining b The older versions of that car didn't come with
relative clause. passenger airbags, but the n e w .........do.
• after some linking words and phrases, for example, after 3 a Colin Kaepernick put his career at risk to stand up for
However, Having said that. what he believes in. I'm a great admirer o f ................. .
• before words and phrases like and, or, but and in order to, b It's a characteristic o f ................ that he always double
especially when they are used to separate two parts of a checks his equipment before he starts climbing.
longer sentence.
4 a ................ of my friends overcame overwhelming odds
• In longer sentences to separate more complex ideas.
to survive three weeks in the Arctic.
b If in doubt, buy a new crash helmet. I would never
use.........that had been used by someone else.

178
Rewrite the sentences to include the pronouns
one or ones where appropriate.
PUSH YOURSELF. C2
1 The safety training we had last year was very
detailed; this year's safety training was not.
EXPRESSIONS WITH TIME
2 They have three sons: they have a son who 1 Match the situations (1-10) with the expressions with
leads a nomadic life, whereas the other sons time (A-J).
are more conventional.
3 Being Argentina, there are restaurants that J a story whose ending is not yet known
serve steak all over town, but good vegan 2 arriving at someone's house while they are having
restaurants are much harder to find. a family dinner
4 In my experience, noisy children are fine; it's the 3 getting a pregnant woman to the hospital just before the
quiet children you need to keep an eye on. baby is born
4 enjoying a fantastic holiday
Correct the pronoun errors in the sentences. 5 wanting to do something but not at the moment

7 Buying an electric car is one of the best way to 6 describing a shop that doesn't take credit cards
live more responsibly. 7 a female president in the 19th century
2 The apartments are all stunning but I really love 8 talking about something that is inevitable at some time in
one with the sea view. the future
3 Both Wendy and I live in caravans but hers one 9 talking about something you managed to do before
is in better condition than mine. it was too late
4 Your idea of following your heart differs greatly 10 when you have nothing much to do
from the mine.
A catch someone at a bad time
5 Don't leave it to chance with insurance - you
B ahead of one's time
should buy one with the best medical
coverage - it's your life that is at stake.
C bide one's time

6 Michael and I both write blogs but his ones

D have time on your hands
attracts more readers than mine. it's only a matter of time
F behind the times
Choose a pronoun from the box to complete G have the time of one's life
the sentences. H a race against time
I in the nick of time
whoever whenever whatever J time will tell
however whichever wherever
2 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar
7 ............. you go on holiday to another country, meaning to the first, using one of the expressions
it's a good idea to find out something about the with time(s).
local culture first.
2 The problem with Neil is that he does............... 1 I had only just finished my essay when we were told to
he likes, no matter what the risks are. stop writing.
3 extreme sport you take up, make sure I finished my essay.................................... .
that you are fully aware of the safety guidelines. 2 I retired last year and I'm not very busy nowadays.
To do otherwise is reckless. I have a lot o f.................................... .
4 She manages to get into hot water,............... 3 It is not convenient at the moment, I'm afraid. I've got a lot
she goes. on.
5 Don't answer the door to anyone,............... You've.................................... .
they are. It's better to be safe than sorry. 4 Jenna thought her parents were a bit old-fashioned.
6 ............. way you look at it, the coast guard In Jenna's opinion, her mum and dad were
deserve the utmost respect for risking their lives
to save other people. 5 I really enjoyed my round-the-world trip.
I h a d ........................ on my round-the-world trip.
6 Leonardo da Vinci designed machines that resemble
modern bicycles and helicopters in the 15th century.
Da Vinci was w a y ............................ .

3 Choose three expressions from Exercise 1 that you

think you would use the most. Write your own example
sentences for them.

Only time will tell whether giving up my job was the

right decision.

UNIT 13 LIFESTYLE CHOICES 179

 EXAM TO
[READING AND USE OF ENGLISH PART 1 1
EXAM CHECK >
Look at this information and advice and decide if you agree (A) or disagree (D).

7 This task tests your knowledge of collocations, fixed phrases and expressions, verb
patterns, and multi-word verbs, amongst other things.
2 All of the options A -D for a particular gap wi II be the same part of speech,
e.g. a preposition.
3 You lose marks for an incorrect answer, so never guess if you are unsure.
4 Once you have chosen your answers, read through the text again to see if it still
makes sense with the answers in place.
5 When you write your answer on the answer sheet, write the word you have chosen.

Read the text below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap. There is an example
at the beginning (0).
Example:

0 A combines B comes C turns D conjures

Hotel living

When you hear of people living in a hotel, your mind probably (0 )..............up images of a luxury
lifestyle. However, living in a Travelodge is a far (1).............. from the comforts of a 5-star
establishment. David and Jean Davidson should know: they’ve been living in the chain of
(2).............. hotels for over 22 years. Moving from their own flat into one room might seem a
strange (3).............. of action but the elderly pair have never looked (4)............... . With the cost of
residential care (5 ).............. expensive, moving to a hotel seemed a reasonable alternative. With a
laundry and cleaning service and no heating bills, the couple find the lifestyle both (6 ).............. and
practical. They also find it safer than being at home because the staff (7 )..............an eye on them.
David and Jean say their room is spacious and comfortable with everything they need. No-one can
believe quite how well it’s turned (8 )...............

1 A call B shout C cry D yell

2 A economical B budget C discount D bargain

3 A method B course c cause D way

4 A up B away c down D back

5 A prohibitively B obligatorily c compulsorily D preventively

6 A supportable B competitive c admissible D affordable

7 A watch B leave c keep D see

8 A on B out c off D in

180
LISTENING PAR
EXAM CHECK
Read the information about Part 4. Put a tick (✓) if the
information is correct, and correct any mistakes you find.
1 You hear monologues from six different speakers talking about the
same topic.
2 Each monologue lasts about two minutes.
3 You hear each monologue twice before moving on to the next one.
4 There are two questions you must answer for each monologue and
the questions are different for all speakers.
5 There are eight answer options for each question, meaning that
there are three distractors which you do not need.
6 This task often tests your ability to identify and distinguish between
the speakers' motivation, attitude, feelings and purpose or intention.

© 099 You will hear five short extracts in which people are talking about a positive change in their lives.

For questions 1-5, choose from the list (A -H ) what each For questions 6-10, choose from the list (A -H ) what each
speaker says he or she was like before the change. speaker says caused the change to happen.

A somehow incomplete getting a new job

B unhappy with a relationship a motivating talk

C full of self-pity economic reasons

D desperate to find a role model a health scare

E lazy and unmotivated a new fashion

ashamed of some of his/her choices a change in legal status

G jealous of others a persistent colleague

H unsatisfied with his/her living conditions H a growing public general trend

[WRITING PART I: AN ESSAY I

Your class has had a discussion on reducing the level of consumerism in
society. You have made the notes below:

C onsum erism : fa cto rs to co n sid e r

• sustainability
Some opinions expressed in the discussion:
• greed and expectations “There are too many unnecessary disposable items nowadays.”

• manufacturers’ livelihood “ People used to be happier with less.”

“ Millions of people rely on consumerism to survive.”

■

Write an essay discussing two of the factors in your notes on consumerism.

You should explain which factor you think is more important, giving reasons to
v

support your opinion. You may, if you wish, make use of the opinions expressed
in the discussion, but you should use your own words as far as possible.

You should write 2 2 0 -260 words.

REAL WORLD

STAYING SAFE
WHILST TRAVELLING
bungee |umpmg
mountain climbir
swimming snowboard

Match the chances of dying doing the activity to the

holiday activities.
1 chance in
101,083 1,750 2,200,000 560
34,400 140, 845 500,000 1,000,000

Most of us love to travel. The excitement of that early morning train ride, the arrival in a new city bustling with
life - fam iliar but at the same tim e exotic. Many of us feel that being on holiday is a break with reality and the
common sense we apply to our daily lives can go out of the window. We share with you our top tips on staying
safe while away from home to make sure you remember your trip for all the right reasons.

Do your hom ew ork A little m istrust goes a long w a y

Before even booking your trip, check the latest safety Tourists are well known for being easy targets for scammers and thieves.
advice from the government's foreign office travel website. Be alert at all times: criminals are on the lookout for people who look a
If the area you're travelling to is a potential trouble spot, bit disoriented. Try to blend in by dressing like the locals and keeping
check the website for updates before departure. Research your camera and guide book out of sight when not in use. Be wary of
what other visitors have said about the safety aspects of unofficial 'guides' and 'taxis', especially those who try to take you to
the country or region you're heading for. Certain types of particular shops (they most likely have an ulterior motive). Don't tell
crime are more prevalent in some places than others, so it anyone you meet where you are staying or that you are travelling alone.
helps to know what to look out for. Never accept gifts' from strangers and always tell someone where you
are going. Check in with a friend or family member back home every day
Prepare your c o m m u n ic a tio n strategies and let them know what they should do if they are unable to contact you.
Part of taking a holiday may be having a break from the
constant intrusion of phones, email and social media. P rotect your v a lu a b le s
However, your phone can be your lifeline if things go The best way to avoid losing anything precious on your travels is to leave
wrong. Always remember to pack an adaptor and charge valuable items at home. This goes for things that have sentimental value
your phone overnight. It is also worth buying a portable as well. You will obviously need to carry some local currency but keep it to
charger to carry with you just in case. Ensure you can get a minimum. Don't forget to let your bank know you will be going abroad.
roaming if you need it or get a local Sim card. Spend a Save their emergency credit card 'lost or stolen' numbers in your phone
few minutes at the start of your trip saving the numbers of to avoid delays in cancelling your cards if they do go missing. It goes
the local emergency services, a taxi service and your without saying that if you do have jewellery or a good quality watch with
country's embassy to your phone. It is also a good idea to you, keep it hidden under your clothes. Finally, don't have the 'it won't
learn a few essential phrases in the local language: 'Help happen to me' mentality that has been the downfall of so many travellers.
me!' would be a good starting point. Travel insurance is generally fairly reasonable in price and will save you a
fortune if you lose your possessions, fall sick or have an accident.
 3 Work with a partner and answer the questions. 8 ioo Listen again and complete the sentences
about giving safety advice.
1 What kind of things can go wrong when you're
travelling? 7 It's a lw a y s .................................. to bring a
2 What can you do before you go and once you're there support crew with you.
to ensure you stay safe? 2 .................................. your pre-flight checks ...
3 Look at the section headings in the text. What advice 3 At this stage,.................................... tighten loose
do you think will be given in each section? fittings ...
4 .................................. on safety equipment.
Read the text quickly. Were your ideas mentioned?
5 Avoid flying into bad weather.....................................
Find words or phrases in the text which mean the 6 .................................. the value of the buddy system.
following: 7 ... having a buddy is a ..................................... o f
staying safe.
1 disappear 7 way of thinking 8 As a buddy yourself,..................................... be aware
2 common 8 avoid of his or her equipment ...
3 disturbance 9 clean 9 You.................................... that you are familiar with
4 cheats 70 reduce the location of your buddy's alternate air source.
5 secret reason 70 It is .................................. th a t you establish a way
6 important to you for of communicating.
personal reasons

Work with a partner and discuss the questions.

7 Which of the advice do you think is most useful?

2 Can you think of any other advice to add to the list?
3 Why do you think some people want to try potentially
dangerous activities whilst on holiday?

s Q ioo You will hear two speakers giving safety

advice to people who are about to take part in
different extreme sports or activities. Which sport or
activity is each one talking about?
9 Write five pieces of advice for someone travelling
Speaker 1 Speaker 2 ...............
abroad. Use the phrases in Exercise 8.

70] Q Take notes on the three extreme water sports.

Safety sta n d a rd s m ay vary swimming with sharks

Not every country has the same standards when it comes to diving with bull sharks
health and safety. Even where regulations exist, they may not be free-diving
properly enforced. If taking part in risky sports or activities, do
your own checks on the equipment. If in doubt, give it a miss.

D ow nload the a p p O WATCH

There are now a variety of apps aimed at helping you keep safe
while travelling. These include apps to help you track your
exposure to the sun, translate common phrases, find hygienic
places to eat, locate your embassy and plan local journeys.
New apps are appearing every day, so check out the ones that
are most relevant to your trip.

Finally, remember that following these safety tips should not

in any way detract from having the tim e of your life on
holiday. Bon voyage!

ICT/LIFE COMPETENCIES

Think of a risky sport or activity you are familiar

with. Research and write the text of a safety talk to
give to people preparing to do the activity.

783]
UNIT 13 LIFESTYLE CHOICES
 l o o k in g af t er
UR5Eif

[ GETTING STARTED
Work w ith a partner and answer the questions.

7 What things are people commonly allergic to? ' LISTENING

2 Have you (or anyone you know) ever had an
allergic reaction to something? INFERRING ATTITUDE
If so, did the symptoms include:
• an itchy or runny nose? 7 Do a class survey to find out the following. Do you
• shortness of breath or wheezing? th in k the results are representative of people in
• swollen lips or tongue? your country?
stomach pain or vomiting? 7 dietary habits - carnivore, vegetarian or vegan
a skin rash or eczema? 2 the favourite meal/dish
3 the least favourite food type
2 Decide whether the follow ing statements are
4 the most popular soft drink
facts (F) or myths (M).
5 the most popular dessert
7 Roughly one in four people are allergic to 6 who can cook
something. 7 who thinks they eat a balanced diet
2 Due to advances in healthcare and hygiene,
allergies are becoming less common. 2 © 101 Listen to the extracts. Choose the option which
3 Allergies can be life-threatening, as well as best expresses what the speaker is saying. What key
life-altering. words and expressions helped you decide?
4 Child ren often grow out of food allergies, especially
7 a Avocados cost more than they should.
to soy, milk and wheat.
b Avocados may be able to improve the man's health.
5 Sensitivity and intolerance mean the same as
allergy. 2 a It is natural that children dislike sprouts.

6 For someone with a food allergy, even a tiny trace b Children should be gently encouraged to eat sprouts.
of the allergen can trigger an allergic reaction. 3 a There is a lot of expert health advice available
related to diet but the experts don't tell the truth.
7 It is possible to be allergic to water and to sunlight.
b There is a lot of dubious and conflicting advice when
it comes to what we should and shouldn't eat, and I
don't trust it.
 3 © 102 Now listen to three dialogues and choose the correct answers.

7 When speaking about blueberries, the woman 2 How does the man feel about the health and safety training
says that she he has just received?
a was misled by claims made about the a pleased that the training was over
extent of their health benefits. b grateful that the trainer explained things so well
b resents being misinformed that she was c optimistic that he will be able to make use of what
likely to benefit from eating them. he learnt
c is frustrated that they can be classed as 3 How does the woman feel about her new fitness app?
superfoods without scientific evidence. a envious that others have had more success with it
than her

I GRAMMAR b
c
sceptical about whether it will really make a difference
frustrated with herself for buying it on impulse

REVIEW (1)
7 Choose the correct option to complete the sentences Proofread the blog post and add in the following
from this unit. words where needed.

It's...............vital that you prepare this fish properly

make although be can 'd
because if not done so correct y, it can be poisonous,
if it of such as to if
a extremely b absolutely
It's easier to snack than it is...............something
healthy.
a cooking b to cook
Only after she was diagnosed with a life-threatening
disease...............understand why she had been
poorly for such a long time.
a she did b did she Imagine how you feel if there was a treatment available which
After years o f ...............the one telling her friends to could make you more attractive, enhance your memory, protect
eat more of this or less of that, she's now been told by you from cancer and dementia, lower your risk of strokes and
her doctor that she needs to cut down on sugar or she heart attacks and make you feel happier and less anxious. Well,
is at risk of obesity and diabetes. that might sound too good to be true, a treatment, believe it or not,
a she was b her being does exist. And it’s free. It’s called sleep.
Take blueberries - they're................ to keep down the Or, to put it another way, sleeping less than eight hours a night
blood pressure of post-menopausal women. makes you vulnerable to a range of illnesses from diabetes to
a said b told Alzheimer’s. Not only a lack of sleep reduce your fertility, but it can
It's so easy...............ignorant of the side effects of this
also increase your chances dying in a car accident, make you
medicine, such as loss of appetite, if you don't read the
hungrier and less intelligent.
small print. If you find yourself waking up and feeling groggy, you are not
a to be b being alone. Even you have had enough sleep, you may still feeling below
If the physiotherapy hadn't worked, I think............... par. And that’s because the quality of sleep is just as important as
needed surgery on my knee. the quantity.
a I wouldn't have b I'd have So here are some tips.
I am going to prepare more nutritious meals and I o Aim for total darkness. Any form of light such as a TV standby
expect you to d o ................ light affects your body clock even your eyes are closed.
a so b likewise
Q Don’t boxset-binge. Screen time just before bed disrupts the
Many nutritionists believe that by 2040 we will body’s rhythms, making harder for you to sleep.
................ insects in order to get enough protein in
our diet. © Ditch the weekend lie-in. Tempting it is, sleeping in late on
Saturday doesn’t actually up for the sleep you lost during
a have eaten b be eating
70 My grandmother recommends................ lemon juice
and honey tea for a sore throat.
a to drink b drinking
 3 Use the word in capitals at the end of some lines to
, VOCABULARY [ form a new word which fits the gap in each line.

WORD FAMILIES RELATING TO HEALTH

LOOKING OUT
ELDERLY RELATIVES

Ever-increasing life (1 )............means EXPECT

that more of us have elderly relatives, and
also that they are living longer and longer.
So what can we do to ensure that our
loved ones have the best possible quality
of life? As many older people experience
(2 )............, it is important to visit and DEPRESS
Choose the correct word from each pair to complete talk to them regularly in order to keep
the sentences. their spirits up. It's a good idea to help
them stay (3 )............active, for example PHYSICAL
poor/poorly taking them for a walk. Remember that the
1 The links between................diet and low life more mobile they are, the less likely they
expectancy are well established. are to have a fall, as falls account for a
2 I was feeling...............this morning and had to phone high proportion of the (4 )........... that INJURE
in sick, but I'm hoping to be back tomorrow. elder y people sustain. It's also worth
checking that your relative is eating plenty
nutritional/n utritious
of (5)............square meals, as well as NUTRITION
3 Not all cereals are a s ...............as people believe, enough fruit and vegetables. Elderly
with many containing high levels of sugar. people also run the risk of getting
4 Food manufacturers are required to print............... (6)............by not taking in enough fluid, HYDRATE
information (such as levels of protein and so do encourage them to eat and
carbohydrates) on the packaging of all food products. drink well.
Dementia is often thought to be a natural
obese/obesity
part of the (7 )............process, but in AGE
5 I am slightly overweight, but I'm not actually...............
actual fact it can be caused by a number
6 Rising levels o f ................ among young children are a of things, such as an adverse reaction to
cause of concern for health professionals across the
medication, or through getting an
country.
(8)............. If you suspect that your INFECT
poisoned/poisonous family member is becoming (9 )............., POOR
7 Puffer fish have...............skin, and eating one can be it is advisable to encourage them to seek
fatal if they are not cooked properly.
help sooner rather than later. Refer them
to the local pharmacy or (10)............if SURGEON
8 In the story of Snow White, the wicked queen attempts
necessary.
to murder her by giving her a ........ apple.
Remember, old age awaits us all, so let's
allergies/allergens give our relatives the quality of life that we
9 Customers are advised to speak to a waiter if they hope to have when we too are old.
have........ to any foods.
10 Please be advised that there a re ................ present in
many of the restaurant's dishes.

surgeon/surgery 4 Work with a partner and answer the questions.

11 My long-term goal is to get a job as a heart...............
1 Do you think we do enough as a society to look after
12 It's quickest to pop round to the pharmacy rather than
the elderly population?
try and get an appointment at the...... .
2 Due to increased life expectancy in many countries,
should the retirement age be raised?
2 For each pair of words in Exercise 1, think of other
3 More and more people are having cosmetic surgery to
parts of speech (verb/noun/adjective/adverb) for the
fight the effects of the aging process. How do you feel
word family. One pair has no other parts of speech.
about that? Would you consider cosmetic surgery at
poor (adj), poorly (adj), impoverished (adj), poverty (noun), some point in your life?
the poor (noun), impoverish (v), poorly (adv)

186
SPEAKING PAR
1 0 103 Look at the following photos and then listen to the 4 In pairs, look at the photos below and
examiner explain the exam task to the two candidates. answer the questions. Try to use words
Answer the questions. Note that you will not hear the and expressions for speculating from
candidates’ answers. Exercise 3.
7 W hat do you think is happening in each
picture?
2 W hy might these situations be stressful?
3 W hat couId the people in the pictures do
to make the situation less stressful?
4 W hich situation would you find the most
stressful?
7 Complete the two questions Candidate A must spend one minute
answering.
I'd like you to compare two o f the pictures and say (1A)
5 Work in groups of three. Take turns being
the examiner and the different candidates
................................................................................................and (2A)
and practise the exam task from Exercise 1.
Try to use words and expressions for
2 W hat is the follow-up question that Candidate B must answer?
speculating from Exercise 3.
(IB )........................................................................................
3 Look at all three photos. Do you think it is possible to be certain
of exactly w hat is happening in each one?

© 104 Listen to various candidates answering the questions

from Exercise 1. Complete the table.

SPEAKER PICTURE NUMBER QUESTION NUMBER

(1 -3 ) (1A, 2A , IB)

© 104 Listen again and complete the expressions used for

speculating about the pictures and questions.
7 A s f a r as I c a n .................................... , the photo shows ...
2 S he.........................................be lo o k in g f o r abnormalities ...
3 It's n o t .................................... c le a r, b u t m y
..................................... w o u ld b e t h a t they are checking ...
4 ... but equally t h e y ..................................... w e ll b e simply
comparing the prices ...
5 b y th e fa c t t h a t the woman's finger is
touching the device, I ' m .................................... t h a t she is
measuring ....
6 M y ..................................... is th a t she is diabetic ...
7 I w o u ld .......................................that these kinds of checks ...
8 ... the fact that she is able to administer them herself
..................................... th a t, in a l l .................................... , we
are not looking at a medical emergency.
9 In this picture, they don't l o o k ..................................... they are
particularly concerned so I w o u l d .................................... th a t
what they are checking is ...

187
' VOCABULARY I
HEALTH
1 Choose the correct option to complete
the sentences.

1 When you're ill and visit a doctor, they'll usually ask

about yo u r........in order to make a diagnosis.
a symptoms b results c evidence
Match the words to make phrases from this unit.
2 It's natural to g e t...............of breath when you're
running if you suffer from asthma. 7 lose your A throat
a limited b low c short 2 life­ B threatening
3 If you sit in the same position for a long time, your 3 blood C diet
joints are likely to become........ , and stretching 4 terminal D clock
can help you feel more comfortable if this happens.
5 sore E appetite
a fixed b hard c stiff balanced p
6 nose
4 Gran has made a full recovery after her operation
body G pressure
and is being.......from hospital tomorrow,
8 runny H illness
a discharged b dismissed c disinfected
5 I've been advised to cut................ on my intake of fatty 3 Choose a phrase from Exercise 2 to complete the
food such as cakes.
questions.
a away b down c from
6 One of the...............effects of this medicine is that it 1 Is there anything that makes yo u................ ,
may make you feel drowsy. for example feeling nervous before an exam?

a side b top c bottom 2 Does yo u r................find it easy to readjust if you've

been on holiday somewhere in a different time zone?
7 My doctors are aware that I have a ...............of back
problems going back several years now. 3 Do you know anyone with a severe allergy which can
be considered....... ?
a past b history c time
4 Is it worth looking online to see what to do about a
minor condition such as a .......or a ................. ?
5 What kind of activities can raise a person's............... ,
and is this a good or a bad thing?
6 Is there anything that you should consume more or less
of in order to have a properly........ ?

Work with a partner and answer the questions in

Exercise 3.

PUSH YOURSELF C2
HEALTH IDIOMS 2 O 105 Listen again and complete the summary by writing one
word in each gap.
7 Q 105 Listen to Anita and Dan
1 Before being hospitalised, Anita's grandmother had been feeling
discussing Anita’s grandmother
the w ea th e r.
and answer the questions.
2 After not eating or drinking properly, her condition to o k a ...............
1 What happened on Saturday morning? fo r the
2 What health issues has Anita's 3 On Saturday, she was worried that she was a t ...............door, but
grandmother been suffering from? she is now a liv e a n d ..............
3 How is she now? 4 She was warned by her doctor to ................the h a b it of eating
4 How has the fact that she is retired chocolate, but found this advice a b it t e r ..............t o ............... .
affected her health? 5 Having been a nurse, she is now being given a ...............o f her
5 What does Anita expect to happen soon? o w n ..............
6 She is certainly on t h e ..............., which Anita and Dan are very
pleased about.

3 Work with a partner. Write definitions for the phrases in Exercise 2.

I88i
READING AND USE OF
ENGLISH PART 4 I TRAINING
1 Match the phrases and structures which have the same or similar meanings.

as a consequence nothing to do with you

supposedly it didn't occur to me
none of your business be put in jeopardy
there has been a drop in D it has little effect on
5 put at risk E much (comparative adjective) than
6 nothing like as (adjective) as F it is said that
7 it doesn't make much difference G this led to
8 there's no chance that H this has fallen
9 immediately after / no sooner ... than
70 I never considered J it's highly unlikely

2 Complete the Part 4 exam task below, using the phrases you matched in Exercise 1.
You may need to change some words.

7 Supposedly, facilities in this hospital are the best of 6 Lack of sleep was adversely affecting me in ways I'd
anywhere. never considered before.
SAID OCCURRED
I t ................ hospital with better facilities than this The negative effects of my lack of sleep................ .
one. 7 Over the last year, there was a dramatic drop in the
2 As a consequence of the traffic jam, we missed our number of cases of asthma.
dental appointment. DRAMATICALLY
LED The number of cases of asthm a................. the last
There was a traffic ja m ,................ our dental twelve months.
appointment. 8 Immediately after his condition was diagnosed, he
3 The results of my medical tests are nothing to do was sent for emergency surgery.
with you. SOONER
BUSINESS N o ................ than he was sent for emergency surgery.
I t ................ my medical test results are. 9 There's little chance that the hospital will discharge her
4 I was much sicker yesterday than I am today. this afternoon.
AS UNLIKELY
I'm nothing................ yesterday. It's................ by the hospital this afternoon.
5 Lack of regular exercise can put your health at risk. 70 I've been taking vitamin supplements but my energy
JEOPARDY level hasn't changed much.
Your health................. by lack of regular exercise. EFFECT
The vitamin supplements I've been ta k in g ................. my
energy level.

Each question in the Part 4 task is worth two marks

in the exam. Look at the categories of mistakes that
candidates doing this task often lose marks through.
Did you make any of these mistakes when you did
the task in Exercise 2?

7 changing the form of the given word

2 writing more than six words in the gaps
3 using the wrong tense or part of speech for key
information
4 forgetting to include information or a keyw ord from
the first sentence
5 writing an answer in the active which should be in
the passive form
6 incorrectly spelling a word in your answer
7 incorrect word order
 3 Complete the article on staying healthy by writing
GRAMMAR one suitable word in each gap.

REVIEW (2)
BREATHING and
RELAXATION TECHNIQUES
Thank you for visiting my website. A place to be calm. To find
peace. Let me share with you two of my favourite techniques
(1)........... developing a sense of wellbeing.

DEEP BREATHING
This is a great way to release stress, and while apps, books,
courses and much more are available to get you going,
(2)............ you really need is to set aside a few minutes each
day. Try these tips:
Sit yourself upright, then place (3)............ hand on your
chest, and the other on your stomach, breathing in through
your nose, and then out through your mouth.
The hand on your chest should rise noticeably, whereas the
hand on your stomach should hardly move (4)............all.
Let your breath flow as deep down into your belly as
(5)............ comfortable, but without forcing it.
Some people find (6)............ helpful to count steadily
from 1 to 5 each time, in order to achieve a steady rhythm.

PROGRESSIVE MUSCLE RELAXATION

7 Q 106 Listen to three people talking about things This is a process in (7)............ you consciously and
they do to stay healthy and look after themselves. deliberately tense and then relax different muscle groups
Match the speakers with the pictures. throughout your body. With practice, it can give you familiarity
with (8)............ tension feels like in different areas. What
2 © 106 Complete the extracts with a single word.
should soon become apparent is that as each muscle group
There may be more than one possible answer. relaxes, so will your mind.
Then listen again and check your answers. Close your eyes, and focus all your attention on your right
Speaker 1: foot, squeezing (9)............ muscle in it, for ten seconds.
/ see my b o d y ................ a m achine,................. that • Then relax your foot. Allow the tension to go away, and
requires the correct fuel and needs regular maintenance concentrate on (10)........your foot feels as it becomes
................. it is to avoid breaking d o w n ................. a limp again.
result, I am extremely careful w ith ................I eat. I plan Repeat these steps on other muscle groups throughout the
and prepare all my own meals, trying to ensure that I body. Try not to tense any muscles (11)............ than
only buy the freshest ingredients and th a t................ meal those intended.
has a good balance o f the nutrients that a body needs.
Once you have finished, lie still for a while, then open your
Speaker 2: eyes and stretch [12) necessary.
/ love having my hair or nails................. , or hanging out
with friends and getting makeovers.
W e ................ had a massage to start w ith ,................. was
out o f this world. Neither I ................. my mum had had
one before, and so we had no idea
Speaker 3:
The first time I tried it, I have to admit, it was really hard.
A t no p o in t................. I feel comfortable. The first two
minutes were the most difficult - I just wanted to get out
o f ................as fast...................I could.
But on top o f that, I fin d ................. really relaxes my 4 Work with a partner and answer the questions.
mind. It's a real mental effort to sit still in freezing water,
W hich forms of relaxation mentioned in this section
just focusing on my breathing, almost like meditation.
have you tried or would like to try? Give reasons.
When I get out, I ............... be
rejuvenated, like my brain has rebooted. More and more people are suffering from stress these
days. W h y do you think this is the case?

190
fWRITING PART 2 : A PROPOSAL TRAINING

Look at the pictures of spa treatm ents. Which do you th in k you would enjoy?

2 Look at the Part 2 exam task below, then complete the candidate’s 3 Decide which of the discourse markers
answer w ith the discourse markers from the box. in Exercise 2 can be used for the
follow ing purposes:
You have been asked to organise a one-day event at a hotel spa to
1 to state your personal opinion
promote healthy living for your company. Write a proposal for your
2 to ask for something to be done
manager, outlining the benefits this would have for the company
employees, and explaining what additional help would be needed 3 to give a small selection of examples
to organise the day. 4 to say that something is not the case
5 to mention a result you want to achieve
Write your proposal.
6 to mention something the reader
probably knows about
Proposal for a staff spa day 7 to say that a statement results from a
previous statement
(1)............... , a substantial majority of respondents in last month’s
staff survey reported not getting enough exercise, as well as
4 Find at least one example of each of
experiencing high levels of stress. (2)............... , I would like to
the follow ing grammar structures in
propose a day at a spa for company staff, which I would like to
organise and which I believe is in the interests of the whole the sample answer.
workforce. 1 passive
Practicalities and benefits 2 inversion
3 participle clause
The ideal location for this, (3)............... , would be the Golden
Dawn Spa. (4).............. is it close to the office, but there is also 4 second conditional
ample parking, making it easily accessible. The spa has wide- 5 defining relative clause
ranging facilities, (5).............. a hot tub, a gym, a meditation zone 6 non-defining relative clause
and a steam room. This means that the activities staff could do
would not be limited to physical exercise; (6).............. they could 5 Now w rite your own answer, using
focus on their emotional and psychological wellbeing too. This some of the discourse markers from
could, (7 ).............. staff who choose to continue the activities in Exercise 2 and some of the grammar
the future, lead to lower levels of stress when they return to work, structures from Exercise 4.
and enhanced performance.

Organising the event

(8).............. the day to go ahead, a budget would need to be
allocated for this. Owing to the substantial number of employees
we have, it is likely that the entire spa would need to be reserved.
(9).............. someone from the Business Management Team could
be engaged to discuss this with the hotel, who, (10).............. , may
be open to providing us with preferential rates.

Not only Accordingly In order for if all goes well

on the contrary, As you may recall especially in the case of
as far as I am concerned It would be appreciated if
including but not limited to

U N IT 14 'LOOKING AFTER YOURSELF 191

 EXAM TO
SPEAKING PAR

EXAM CHECK i
Read the inform ation about Part 2 and decide if the statements are true or false.

1 Each candidate takes turns to talk about photos for one minute.
2 They must answer a question and discuss three photos.
3 The question requires the candidate to compare and speculate about the photos in relation to a specific question.
4 After the first candidate has finished, the second candidate briefly answers a different question about the photos.
5 After this, the roles are reversed and the second candidate will answer a different question about different photos.
6 In total, this part of the exam takes about two minutes.

Student A: I’d like you to compare two of the pictures and say why the people might have chosen the activities,
and how the children in these learning situations might be feeling.
Student B: Which of these situations do you think would be most relaxing?

[W R ITIN G PART 2 : A PROPOSAL I

EXAM CHECK , You work for the human resources department of an

Answer the questions. international company. Your line manager has asked
you to write a proposal suggesting activities which
1 W hat is the difference between a report and
could help improve the health and well-being of its
a proposal?
staff. Write a proposal to your manager describing
2 Should you use headings to organise the ideas in two different activities and explaining how they could
a proposal?
improve the staff’s general health and well-being.
3 W hich of the following language functions are often Your proposal should also outline how providing
needed for a proposal? such activities would benefit the company.
a recommendations
Write your proposal in 220-260 words.
b suggestions
c persuasion and justification
d evaluation (e.g. advantages and disadvantages)

192i
J READING AND USE OF ENGLISH PART 4 1
EXAM CHECK
Read the information about Part 4. Put a tick (/) if you think it is right and correct any mistakes you find.

J Each question contains three parts: a complete sentence, a keyw ord in bold capitals, and a second sentence of which only
the beginning and end are given.
2 Candidates have to fill the gap in the second sentence so that when it is completed, it is similar in meaning to the complete
first sentence.
3 The gap in the second sentence requires between two and five words.
4 One of the words used to complete the second sentence must be the key word in bold.
5 They key word can be changed to a different part of speech, e.g. from a noun to an adverb.
6 Each question is worth th ree marks so you can still get a point if you make a mistake.
7 If you use a contraction (e.g. don't), it counts as one word.

Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change
the word given. You must use between three and six words, including the word given.

1 When the doctor said to me that I was ready to be 4 The pharmacist didn't clarify if the pills are suitable for
discharged, I was really surprised. children.
WHEN IT
I couldn't................by the doctor that I was ready to be The pharmacist d id n 't................. not the pills are suitable for
discharged. children.
2 If the concert is cancelled, we'll get a refund. 5 I don't know if I'd have got better without that operation.
EVENT BEEN
In th e ................ off, we'll get a refund. If i t ................ that operation, I don't know if I'd have got
3 Obviously, it was a mistake that I overslept. better.

SAYING 6 Next week, the dentist will be extracting my tooth.

It g o e s................ have overslept. TAKEN
I'm the dentist next week.
REAL WORLD

DISCUS
Work in groups. Match the ideas (1-5) with the pictures (A-E)
and then complete the sentences with the correct food.

The most commonly stolen food is .......................................

In fact around 4% of all that i s made gets stolen, much of
which ends up being sold on the black market.
Although these days people wi II pay top dollar for it in
high-end restaurants,............... ....used to be sc
cheap that it was considered the food of th e poor. In fact,
there were laws for how muc h of it prisoners could be fed
as too much was considered cruel.
It is actually possible to h e a r.
growing. Placing it in a dark pl ace si ch as a shed makes it
grow so fast that popping noises can be heard as it stretches
............can't be overcooked, as their cell
walls contain c special polymer which ensures that they
remain tender.
Large groups of
combust. This is
release carbon dioxide, and are prone to self-heating.
For safety, they need to be kept at the right temperatu
pressure a um evels on ocean voyages

CHAD
Read the introduction to the article and then in groups of
five, each choose a country to read about. You have two In Chad, as in other African countries, markets form a focal
point for communities, meaning that much food produce is
minutes to memorise the information.
fresh and free from additives, preservatives and unnecessary
saturated fats and salt. These ingredients increase the risk of
chronic diseases such as strokes and Type 2 diabetes, and are
common in processed foods. Chadian specialities include
boule, a thick porridge made with grains such as maize. Local
produce includes okra, mutton and mangoes, all of which are
rich in vital nutrients.

•..
*3 SPAIN
One major reason for Spain’s population having such a long life
expectancy is the portion control exercised by the Spanish
when dining. Tapas is a common form of eating: a range of
THE WORLD’S different dishes are on the table, which diners sample at their
leisure without rushing. The high-fibre diets include plenty of
HEALTHIEST CUISINES beans, oily fish and seafood, all of which are superstars when
it comes to weight control and general wellbeing.

ISRAEL____________________________________
We’re all well aware of the importance of a healthy diet. The staple elements of Israeli cuisine are much like their
So why not seek inspiration from around the world to counterparts in other Mediterranean countries - legumes,
get you in the mood for healthy eating? eggplant and olive oil. The careful spicing adds distinctive
flavours and also helps boost the metabolism and aid digestion.
The nutritional benefits of Israeli favourites like mint (used in
794 salads and drinks) include a boost in vitamins A and C.
 3 Describe to your group the cuisine you read about 8 107 Listen to Wojciech Ozga, a Polish chef, talking
WITHOUT reading off the page. Make notes on what about making bigos. Answer the questions.
your groups say about the following: 1 W hat does he say about bigos being Poland's
the five countries' popular foodstuffs national dish?
effects of these on health 2 W hich vegetable is the main ingredient?
3 How is bigos often translated into English?
Which of these national cuisines appeals to you 4 W hich meat does he recommend to make bigos with?
most? Why? 5 W hat sized pieces of the meat should be used?
6 How does Wojciech like to enhance the taste of bigos?
5 Match the words and phrases in bold in the article
with the definitions. O 107 Listen again and complete the extracts with
1 the opposite of cooking verbs. Then decide what each one means.
2 equivalents
3 contains a lot of PHRASES YOU MIGHT HEAR/USE
4 feeling like 7 It's actually best to start off b y ............... the
5 immediately think of cabbage under a cold tap. Then y o u ................. it for
6 in a position of importance, leading a couple of minutes, th e n ................. it a n d ................
the water for later.
Read the text again. Note down words/phrases/ M y preference is to use game meat like venison
collocations related to food that you think will be because it adds to the flavour. You................. the
meat so it's in cubes.................. some butter into a
worth recording in your vocabulary list.
pan, then................ the meat with som e.................
seek inspiration from onion. It's also good t o ................. it at this stage with
chronic disease salt and pepper, and I find that garlic and bay leaves
re a lly................the flavour like nothing else. Then
a Does your country ................ in the cabbage and the cabbage water
have a national that you saved earlier a n d ................. the mixture.
dish? How typical is 3 ................ and th e n ...................the heat and let it
it of the cuisine of ................ for at least 30 minutes but up to an hour
your country? and a half if you have time.
4 It goes really well with dark bread, which you can
........in so i t ...................the sauce.

SWEDEN
Sweden places good diets at the forefront of its public
health crusades. Contrary to what you might expect of a
country renowned for its nutrition, the Swedish diet isn’t
actually all that high in fresh fruit and vegetables. Instead, it
is rich in dark breads, berries, fish and dairy products, many
of which are laden with fibre and antioxidants, which
combine to help burn off fat. The Swedes are also big on
animal welfare - meat and dairy products come from O Watch the video about street food from around
animals that have eaten well during their lives, thus passing the world. Make notes on the different street foods
valuable nutrients on to the consumers. mentioned.
VIETNAM_________________________________
Fresh, light and tasty are some of the words that spring to
mind when speaking of Vietnamese cuisine. Herbs and chilli
feature strongly, both of which infuse dishes with health­ f l l F E COMPETENCIES
enhancing nutrients and delicious flavour. Vietnamese
noodles are rice-based, making them easier to digest than
their gluten based counterparts in other parts of the world. 1 TAKING CONTROL OF LEARNING
Side dishes containing peppers, chicken or pork are often Go online and search for a YouTube video of someone
added, based on individual preference. These ingredients
preparing a UK national dish. Then share it with
fight inflammation and, along with the dining style, aid
portion control. your class.

U N IT 14 'LOOKING AFTER YOURSELF 195

MENTAL PROCESSES NOMINALISATION
7 Complete the sentences with the verbs in the box in 3 Complete the text with nouns made from the words
the correct form. in the box.

daydream envisage unwind grasp analyse construct decide

dread embrace evaluate tackle explain investigate transform

7 I find it almost impossible to ...............what my life will Today, the Mayor of Beechen announced the (1 )..............
be like in five years' time. taken by the city authorities to finally begin work on a
2 Governments agree that................ the issue of climate brand new airport for the city. An extensive (2 )..............
change must be a priority. by Beechen Municipal Authority into possible locations for
3 One of her favourite ways to ...............after a stressful the airport identified the site to the east of the ring road as
day at the office is by doing sudoku. being the most suitable location. (3 )..... ........ of the
terminal is expected to take around six years, leading critics
4 Arguably the company's chief executive was slow to
the seriousness of the difficulties the firm of the scheme to demand an (4 )............... as to why it will
take so long. A spokesperson for the mayor stated that a
was facing.
detailed (5 ).............. of the site must first be undertaken, in
5 When life presents what seems like a difficulty, try to
order to assess any effect on wildlife in the area. She
the opportunity it provides for
added that she was confident that an airport would
personal growth.
complete the (6 )............... of Beechen from a provincial
6 I'm a nervous flier, and always............... flights over
town into a major regional hub.
the ocean, even though I know it's the safest way
to travel.
7 Sometimes I spend more tim e............... about my next MOOD AND FEELINGS
holiday than actually concentrating on my job!
4 Match the sentence halves.
8 We'd like to collect some feedback from you now to
help us........ the course and plan any changes for 7 I'm absolutely starving, so I'm honestly not b o th e re d
next year. 2 You've been so kind to me, and I'm really
a p p re c ia tiv e
PARTICIPLE AND TO + INFINITIVE CLAUSES 3 It's been such a hectic few weeks that I'm rather
re lu c ta n t
2 Form either a present participle, a past participle or 4 Scientists from all disciplines are becoming
a to + infinitive clause with the verb in brackets to increasingly concerned
complete the sentences. 5 Having heard that she hadn't got the promotion,
Louisa felt d iscouraged
7 I visited Mombasa last month, an d.................................
6 Having had very little on-stage experience, Lindon was
there for a few years as a child, it was easy to find my
absolutely th rille d
way around, (live)
2 I never thought that the task o f................................. A from sending in any further applications.
a list of my ten favourite albums of all time would B what we eat - as long as we have something soon!
prove so tricky, (compile)
C to be nominated for the Best Student Actor award.
3 Whenever I go to parties I can usually be found D to add to my workload by taking on a new project at
with other guests in the kitchen,
this stage.
(mingle)
E that the planet is heading towards a catastrophe which
4 the cousin she had never met, she should be avoidable.
was now in a position to meet the rest of her family for
F of everything you've done - I don't know how I'd have
the first time, (trace)
managed without you!
5 It seems absolutely pointless for manufacturers
food products with the phrase
'may contain traces of allergens', (label)
6 We spent the majority of the afternoon
videos of dancing kittens, (view)
SAFETY AND RISK IT AND THERE CLAUSES
5 Correct the text by replacing the five incorrect 7 Complete the sentences with it or there.
prepositions with the correct ones.
1 ............... 's no point spending money that you simply
Don't eat these biscuits - they might contain soya! You mustn't haven't got.
buy that T-shirt - it might be bad for the environment! Didn't 2 I want to m ake................ absolutely clear that I had no
you know that our planet is below threat because of selfish idea money had disappeared from the till.
humans like you!? What?! You've just bought an air ticket! 3 ................ 's no knowing what will happen in
How very reckless with you - I hope you are offsetting your tomorrow's semi-final.
emissions somehow! 4 You've been working all day. Give yourself a break.
It seems that we can't do anything these days without You o w e .........to yourself.
exposing ourselves at some danger, whether real or 5 We'd really appreciate................ if you could keep the
imagined. Social media allows fake news, such as noise down a bit please.
exaggerated claims about the threat by supposedly unsafe
6 ................ 's no good w orrying about what went wrong
brands of shampoo, to spread like wildfire. It seems that you
yesterday - concentrate on what you can do better
can't leave your home without being at serious danger,
tomorrow.
whether it's from traffic fumes or crime.
7 In the afternoon,................. is a chance of light rain,
but it should clear up by the evening.
ADJECTIVE + NOUN COLLOCATIONS 8 Don't you h a te ................. when you bump into
someone you've met before, but you can't remember
6 Identify which of the adjectives in the box can be their name?
used in both sentence A and B. There are more
adjectives than you need.
HEALTH
ultimate burning pointless overwhelming
8 Complete each gap with another word formed from
false vain utmost crowning
the ones in the box.

a Driving all the w ay to the stadium turned out to

obese press threaten allergy surgery
be a ................ exercise because by the time we
balance charge run join poison
arrived, the match had been cancelled.
I've always considered public firework displays to
7 M y great aunt takes a pill every day to raise her blood
be a ................ waste of money. W h y don't they
which is lower than it should be.
just donate it to charity instead?
2 If it's not a life-................ situation and you don't need
2 I have th e ................ respect for Professor Kiely,
urgent medical treatment, please consider other
but I disagree with her about some aspects of
alternatives before contacting the emergency services.
evolutionary theory.
3 I'm going to have to take a day off sick because I have
New drivers must exercise th e ................. caution
a ......... nose, as well as s tiff................ .
when using motorways for the first time.
4 The increasing rate of ch ild h oo d................ could be
For most mobile phone customers, th e ................
reversed if kids had a more active lifestyle and a more
issue at the end of the day is simply cost.
................ diet.
From the moment Beryl joined the company, she
5 The................. who performed the operation says she
had a ................ ambition to one day be running
hopes she'll be able t o ................ Dad from hospital
it herself.
today.
Putting locks on your windows gives a ................
6 At first I thought I must have eaten something I was
sense of security, as a burglar could easily break
........to, but now the doctor reckons I got food
in anyway. ........from seafood which wasn't properly cooked.
It looked as if the economy would recover, but it
turned out to be a ................ dawn, and the
country slipped further into recession.
M oreford City captain Vincent Delmoto scored
three goals in his side's................. victory over
Dunwell United, which they won 5-1.
O pinion polls show that the President still has the
................. support of the voters.

PROGRESS CHECK 5 1971

 gr ammar r ef er ence
I STARTER |

[PAST AND PERFECT TENSES REVIEW]

PAST SIMPLE, PAST CONTINUOUS, PAST PERFECT PRACTICE
SIMPLE AND PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
7 Com plete the gaps w ith verbs in th e
The most commonly used tense to talk about the past is the p a s t s im p le . present or past p e rfe ct sim ple. Where a
W e use it to describe: continuous version fits , use it instead o f
• actions or events in the past th e sim ple fo rm .
The two music fan clubs established a close rapport after the big
charity concert. 7 S he........................................ (copy) her
• actions or events which happened one after another friend's work for over a year, before one of
The student representative chaired the meeting about the environment. her teachers found out.

• things which happened over a long period in the past. 2 The tsunami completely destroyed the
In the time she was at university, she excelled in her chosen courses. bungalow where they
................................ (stay) just two days
W e use the p a s t c o n tin u o u s to describe:
before.
• an action in progress at a moment in the past:
3 It was only after she had arrived that she
It was 6 o'clock and the rain was falling hard.
realised she................................(forget)
• an activity in progress in the past interrupted by another event in the
to bring her phone charger.
past (past simple):
4 You are looking very sweaty.
The rapper was talking to the audience about his new album when the
(you do) exercise
microphone inexplicably stopped working.
this morning?
W e use the p a s t p e rfe c t s im p le when we need to make it clear that one
5 I .........................................(repair) the gears
past event or action happened before another event or action in the past
on my mountain bike, so I can't come with
(we use the past simple for the more recent event):
you until I've had a shower.
The local council fined the students because they had dumped their rubbish
6 They........................................ (drive) for
on the lawn in front o f the hall o f residence.
most of the morning, when they decided to
W e also use the p a s t p e rfe c t c o n tin u o u s to describe something which
stop off and have a picnic lunch.
happened before another event or action in the past, but the emphasis is on
7 They........................................ (go)
an extended, continuous or repeated activity:
backpacking to India twice this year.
Steve and Louise had been having relationship problems for months, so it
Each visit was a disaster because of the
was no surprise when they finally split up.
foul weather.
The p re s e n t p e rfe c t s im p le and p re s e n t p e rfe c t c o n tin u o u s are
both used to describe past events or actions that affect the present.
The two tenses are often very similar in their usage, and in many situations
both are possible. However, there are some differences:

P R E S E N T PERFECT S IM P L E P R E S E N T PERFECT C O N T IN U O U S

• emphasises the result: • emphasises the action:

They've studied hard so they deserve to pass the exam. They've been studying so hard. They must be exhausted.
• often focuses on an activity being comp ete: • often emphasises that the action is incomplete:
I've done all the homework, so I'm going to see my friends. I've been doing homework all night but still haven't finished.
• may give the idea that something is permanent: • may give the idea that something is temporary:
He's been a police officer all his life. We have both been doing part-time jobs over the Christmas
• is used for repeated actions if we want to say how many period, but we go back to university next week.
times an action has been repeated: • is used for repeated actions without a specific duration:
I've listened to that new album every day this week. I've been listening to that album every day.

N o te : For all the above tenses, note that we generally don't use the
continuous form with verbs which describe states or emotions (e.g. know,
hate, understand, want).

198
1 FUTURE TENSES)
WILL/SHALL PRESENT CONTINUOUS FOR THE FUTURE
W e use w i l l to talk about: W e use the present continuous to talk about:
• decisions or offers made at the time of speaking and for • future arrangements. This is similar to be going to for future
promises about the future. □Ians and intentions, but generally indicates that something
The car is so filthy after that long trip. I'll take it to the car nas been agreed with someone else.
wash later today, (future intention) M y mother is having m ajor heart surgery next week.
Those cases must weigh a ton! I'll carry them upstairs for M y sister and I are heading to a music festival this
you. (offer) weekend.
/ don't have time today hut I can assure you I w ill finish it
tomorrow, (promise)
PRESENT SIMPLE TO TALK ABOUT THE
• predictions about the future. These sentences often include
words and phrases such as / think, probably, in a ll
FUTURE
probability, maybe, perhaps, it's likely that, there is little W e use the present simple to talk about:
prospect o f that, sure. • a scheduled or arranged event at a known time in the
I'm sure you w ill pass your driving test. future.
Maybe they'll arrive a little later tonight. M y flight leaves at 11.30 this morning.
The university term starts at the beginning o f October.
W e can also use s h a ll for decisions, offers, and promises but
not for predictions. • the future after a time phrase, especially in conditional

Those cases must weigh a ton! Shall I carry them upstairs for sentences.

you? As soon as I graduate, I'll definitely start applying for jobs.

I'm sure you w ill pass your driving test (NOT: I'm sure you-shctU-
pcrss your driving test.). PRACTICE
W e mainly use shall for offers to express the idea to the listener
of Do you want to ...? Compare the following: 1 Choose the correct option.
Shall we go and see that new M arvel movie? (= Do you want to
1 The last flight this evening departs/is departing shortly
go and see that new Marvel movie?) before midnight.
W ill we go and see that new M arvel movie? (= Do you think this
2 They are having/have a reunion meal this evening. It's
will happen?) been ten years since they were at university together.
3 I think quite a large group of people partici pates/is
BE GOING TO + INFINITIVE participating in the cultural event on Saturday.
4 The premiere of the film starts/is starting at eight, so
Use b e g o in g to to talk about: we should get there well before that to see the stars on
• future intentions or plans that have already been decided the red carpet.
before we speak. This contrasts with w i l l , which is used for
5 W hat career are you going to pursue when you finish/
future intentions decided at the moment of speaking.
are finishing university?
Compare:
I'm going to have a staycation this summer. (= I had Tick the correct sentences. Correct the sentences
already decided this before I said it.)
with mistakes.
A: The new PlayStation is available to buy online.
B: Oh, is it? I w ill get online and buy it this evening. 1 I thought I heard a noise in the basement. W ill I go
(= I have just decided to go online and buy it.) and see what caused it?

• predictions, especially if we have evidence now to support 2 I'm confident that we meet up again in the near future.
the prediction: 3 Shall you always love me even when I'm old and grey?

It's going to snow. It's minus two degrees and the sky is 4 A : I am so sorry. I dropped the salad bowl as I was
completely overcast. taking it out of the cupboard and it smashed on
the floor.
N o te : in informal spoken English you may hear people use
gonna instead of going to. However, it should not be used when B: No problem. I get a pan and brush to sweep up
writing: the pieces.

I'm gonna going to order a delicious takeaway for us tonight. 5 It's coming up to 10 o'clock. You are going to be late
for the lecture.
6 Remember that the trains are on strike this week, so
we'll drive to work.

GRAMMAR REFERENCE 199

QUESTION FORMS VERB PATTERNS (1)
There are several ways of asking questions: GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES
• Direct questions with a question word as the object
When did you start snowboarding? TO + INFINITIVE OR VERB + -ING (GERUND)
• Direct questions with a question word as the subject
We use to + in fin itiv e after some verbs:
Who taught you all your highly developed IT skills?
• v e rb + to + in fin itiv e
• Negative questions
agree, appear, bother, decide, demand, fail:
Isn't it normal to offer a seat to an elderly person in a bus?
They threatened to go to the police.
• Hypothetical questions
hope, learn, manage, offer, plan, refuse:
What would you do if you found a wallet full o f cash?
/ managed to book those flights.
• Either/Or questions
seem, be, supposed, threaten:
When or where did you meet your new partner?
/ demand to speak to your manager.
• Indirect questions with a question word
• v e rb + (so m e b o d y/so m e th in g ) + to + in fin itiv e
Would you mind telling me when exactly you were born?
ask, choose, expect, help, intend, promise:
• Indirect Yes/No questions with if/whether/whether or not
/ expect her to get that promotion.
Could you tell me whether or not you want to get married?
want, advise, allow, enable, encourage, forbid:
• Tag questions
/ want him to exceed all expectations in the new role.
You are a black belt at judo, aren't you?
force, invite, order, permit, persuade:
N ote: For question tags, if the main clause of a question is
His tutor persuaded him to opt for a demanding course.
positive, the tag is negative and vice-versa:
recommend, remind, teach, tell, warn:
There is a lack o f medical supplies at the moment, isn't there?
They forced her to admit her guilt in the interrogation.
There isn't a lack o f medical supplies at the moment, is there?
We use v e rb + -ing after some verbs:
Remember also that intonation is important with question tags.
• appreciate, avoid, celebrate, consider:
The tag should have rising intonation if you are asking a
question but falling intonation if you are confirming information. Would you consider applying for the job?
• delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, finish, imagine:
She regretting being so strict with him.
PRACTICE • involve, keep, mind, miss, postpone, practise:
7 Rearrange the words to form indirect questions or / don't mind helping you with the dinner.
questions with tags. • regret, risk, stop, suggest:
She suggested looking for it online.
7 over / eighteen / not / I / or / wondering / they're /
Some verbs are followed by either to + infinitive or a verb + -ing
whether / was / .
with almost the same meaning:
2 ID / carry / form / You / of / should / some /
start, love, like, hate, prefer, begin
always / with / you, / shouldn't / you / ?
/ hate focusing/to focus on the negative aspects o f a situation.
3 please / Could / you / inform / tomorrow / the /
office / that / you / will / be / absent / ?
N ote: When love, hate, prefer and like are used with would,
they are always followed by to + infinitive:
4 backpacking / can / be / Going / alone /
She would prefer to spend more free time at the gym.
dangerous, / can't / it / ?
Some verbs are followed by either to + infinitive or a verb + -ing
5 you / mind / me / to / Would / say / when / you /
depending on whether there is an object pronoun used:
emailing / expect / to / get / here / ?
advise, allow, permit, forbid
6 many / there / spectators / in / ground / There /
/ don't advise taking the train./1 don't advise you to take the train.
the, / were / weren't / ?
Some verbs are followed by either to + infinitive or a verb + -ing
7 I / wondering / was / if / you / managed / to /
with a difference in meaning:
get / for / the / tickets / concert / ?
• remember, forget, regret, try, stop
8 you / canoed / never / in / rapids / You've /
before / have / ? She stopped to drink some juice. (She stopped doing
something else in order to drink some juice.)
She stopped drinking juice. (She no longer drinks juice ever.)
We use in fin itiv e (w ith o u t to) after some verbs:
• let (sb) do (sth) They let the animals escape into the wild.
• let (sb) do (sth) The wrestler made his opponent submit.

200\
OTHER USES OF TO + INFINITIVE AND PRACTICE
VERB + -ING
1 Tick the correct sentences. Correct the sentences
We use a v e rb + -ing: with mistakes.
• after prepositions:
1 He decided go on a package holiday to Turkey.
She's made significant progress in her studies by
2 Can I remind you not interrupt the speaker during
concentrating much harder on her research skills.
her presentation?
N ote: We also use a verb + -ing after to when to is a
3 I can't stop to buy clothes. I'm a shopaholic.
preposition:
4 I regret not making an offer to rent the apartment
/ look forward to hearing from you soon.
when it was initially offered to me.
• as nouns (subjects or objects) of a sentence:
5 If you forget to having your car serviced regularly,
Not attaching a seatbelt can have fatal consequences.
you could end up having an accident.
After gaining his pilot's licence, he decided to earn his
6 I clearly remember to watch my first ever live concert
living by flying for a commercial airline.
when I was 12.
• after the following expressions:
7 My younger brother had enormous difficulty to learn
it's no good, it's not worth, it's no use, it's a waste of time, how to ride a bicycle without stabilisers.
can't stand, can't bear, can't help
8 To abseil is not in the least bit dangerous assuming
It's a waste o f time trying to change his mind. that you have a good instructor.
I can't stand losing to my younger sister.
It's not worth asking her - she has no idea. 2 Match the sentence halves.
• after adjective/adverb + preposition + verb + -ing:
1 It's not
He's famous for running 100 metres in under ten seconds.
2 It's a waste of
She is particularly good at target shooting.
3 It's no use
• verb + preposition + verb + -ing
4 I can't stand
He specialises in carving small statues made of stone.
5 She prefers to
• With noun + preposition + verb + -ing
6 I very much regret
They have a strange way o f demonstrating their loyalty.
7 He specialises in
There are also some other situations where we use
8 Let's try climbing
to + in fin itiv e :
• after some nouns (no preposition): A not warning you when you were younger of the
chance He had the chance to join the arctic dangers on the internet.
expedition. B being in a class where the students are constantly
opportunity We never had an opportunity to go deep sea arguing with each other.
diving. C time trying to convince him to go with you.
sense She had the sense not to stand in the open D worth trying to impress my tutor, because she just
when there was thunder and lightning. doesn't value me.
desire They have the desire to excel in all their E bring a packed lunch to college and eat on her own
business undertakings. rather than in the canteen.
• after adjectives (no preposition) when giving your reaction F missing the opening sequences of a film.
to something: G teaching one of the most dangerous martial arts.
interested / am interested to see how things turn out. H over the fence, shall we?
sorry / was sorry to hear about your accident.
delighted She was delighted to see me.
difficult It's difficult to understand these instructions.

GRAMMAR REFERENCE 201

UNIT 2

[DETERMINERS AND QUANTIFIERS I

There are four types of determiners in English: articles, • w h a te v e r /a n y th in g
demonstratives, quantifiers and possessives. Here we focus on W e use whatever and anything to mean 'anything I choose'.
quantifiers. Quantifiers are determiners that indicate how much I'll eat whatever/anything I want to eat.
or how little of the noun is being discussed:
• m a n y /m u c h /s e v e ra l
• a ll/ w h o le W e use much with singular uncountable nouns and many
W e use all and whole to refer to a total number or complete or several with plural nouns:
set of things in a group.
/ haven't g o t much loose change. I've only g ot a tenner.
A ll the team / The whole team had the flu.
Are there many campsites near the beach?
W e often use all and the whole with o f the:
W e usually use much and many with questions and
That child cries all I the whole o f the time. negatives:
W e use the whole or the whole o f to refer to complete single Is there much youth unemployment in your country?
things and events:
How many people were at the wedding?
The whole (of the) match was a disappointment.
• a lo t o f/ lo ts o f/ a g r e a t d e a l o f / p le n t y o f
When you split up a thing into parts, we use whole or all:
These suggest a large quantity or degree of something.
You don't have to pay the whole (of the) / all the bill.
I'm feeling a great deal better, after the holiday
We use the whole o f with periods of time to focus on duration:
Plenty o f young people have recently become vegans.
We spent the whole (of the) summer at home.
• a lo t/a g r e a t d e a l
When we use whole with plural nouns, it means complete'
W e can use a lot and a great deal as adverbs, meaning
or 'entire'. that they modify the verb not a noun:
Whole families normally worked on the land in rural
He talks a lot but never really says anything important.
communities. (= entire families)
• b o th /b o th o f/ e ith e r /n e ith e r
A ll families normally worked on the land in rural
If we are talking about two people or things, we use the
communities. (= each and every family)
quantifiers both, either and neither:
• n o t a /n o t a n y /n o /n o n e o f
Both (of) the supermarkets were closed.
A ny doesn't have a negative meaning on its own. It must be
Neither o f the supermarkets was open.
used with a negative word to mean the same as no.
There aren't any cakes left. The children have eaten them all.
• e a c h /e v e ry PRACTICE
W e use the quantifiers every and each with singular nouns to
1 Choose the co rre ct o p tio n to com plete the
mean all:
sentences.
There was a party in every street.
Each child was given a prize. 1 The car had broken down, so we had a little/little
W e often use every instead of each to talk about times option but to take the train.
like days, weeks and years: 2 I'd like to see both/both o f films, but sadly neither/
We visit our daughter every Christmas. either of them is showing anymore.

W e use each when we are only talking about all of two 3 It means a great deal/plenty to me that you would ask
options, meaning the same as both: me to be the best man at your wedding.

I have two guitars and each every cost me over £1000. 4 I tried to buy that phone that was on discount, but
when I got to the shop, they had no/none left.
• a fe w /fe w
A few means 'a small number of' whereas few means 5 This year is my grandmother's 90th birthday party and
all/w hole the family will be there to celebrate.
'not many'.
/ have a few ideas. (= I have some ideas.) 6 A: Are you going to buy the blue or the black jacket?

/ have few ideas. (= I don't have many ideas.) B: Both/Neither. I'm broke at the moment.

• a lit t le / lit t le
A little means 'some' of 'a small amount' whereas little
means 'not much' or 'almost nothing':
She saves a little money every month.
They had little money to spend, (not much/almost nothing)

202
ADVERB MODIFIERS
There are a number of adverb modifiers of degree in English PRACTICE
which we use to be more precise about adjectives. Different
adverbs apply to different adjective forms: 7 Choose an appropriate adverb in the box to modify
• A d ve rb s th a t m o d ify g ra d a b le adjectives: the adjectives. There may be more than one possible
We use the following adverbs to modify gradable answer.
adjectives:
fairly, pretty, rather, quite, really, very, extremely easily far completely little totally slightly
She is quite passionate about politics.
I would say that he is fairly qualified for the job. 7 I think she is ...............unsuited for that job in the
The car crash was pretty serious and we were extremely tourist information office because of her aggressive
lucky that no one was injured. personality.

• A d ve rb s th a t m o d ify e x tre m e adjectives: 2 He is ...............more considerate than the rest of his

family, but only just.
We use the following adverbs to modify ungradable
adjectives: 3 They a re ................better off than the other students
from the UAE, because they are fully funded by
absolutely, totally, quite, completely, pretty, rather
generous government grants.
Even the elite runners were completely exhausted at the
4 He is ............... the most impolite person I have met so
finishing line o f the marathon.
far on my travels round the UK.
Her juggling skills are absolutely amazing.
5 She is a ...............bit depressed after getting the
• A d ve rb s th a t m o d ify co m p a ra tive s:
results of her biology exam.
We use the following adverbs to modify comparatives:
6 I w as................ surprised by the fact that she was a
much, substantially, considerably, slightly, really, slightly, a
successful vlogger on YouTube.
little (bit), far
They were much better informed about the topic than we 2 Choose the adverb modifier which fits best. Write B
were. if both options are possible.
He is slightly taller than his younger brother.
• A d v e rb m o d ifie rs + su p e rla tive s: 7 I don't think I am exaggerating when I say that Don
Pascuale's completely/definitely has the best pizzas in
We use the following adverbs to modify superlatives:
town.
definitely, easily, by far
2 I though the season finale episode was extremely/
She is by far the best performer.
absolutely perfect. I can't wait for them to release the
They are definitely the worst celebrity chefs on TV. next season.
There are other adverb modifiers of degree possible in 3 The two cars are fairly/absolutely similar, but to my
English, but they are often collocations with specific mind, the blue is slightly/a little better value for money.
adjectives, so these need to be learnt separately. There are
examples of these in Unit 7:
4 This lasagne is substantially/easily the best I have ever
She's a highly resourceful person, so I am sure she'll find a tasted and, being vegetarian, it is much/by far better
solution. for me than the meat equivalent.
I am utterly convinced that I will pass this time. 5 Surprisingly/Unsurprisingly he was pretty/considerably
Of course, not all adverb modifiers are about degree. We can disappointed to learn that he hadn't got an interview
also use adverbs to modify the meaning of the whole sentence, for the job as he'd been convinced that he was perfect
often when we want to give our feelings about a situation. for the role.
When we do this, we usually begin the sentence with the
adverb:
Unfortunately, I won't be able to come to your party this
weekend.
Obviously, I have to leave by 9 pm so I can take the last train
home.
Foolishly, I thought I could simply revise the night before the
exam and pass it.

GRAMMAR REFERENCE 203i

UNIT 3

ICONDITIONALS (1)1
Conditional sentences contain two clauses; one which expresses
THIRD CONDITIONAL
a condition and the other the result of the condition (if [a
condition] is true, then [a consequence] happens). The W e use the third conditional to express things which are
consequence can be expressed before or after the condition: imaginary, contrary to the facts, impossible or improbable in the
If you do well in the interview, you stand a chance o f getting an past. The third conditional expresses the idea of re-imagining
offer o f a place at university. what happened in the past:
N o te : If the condition comes first, a comma is used. If I had inherited that money, Id have invested it in the stock
market, (in reality you didn't inherit that money)
The typical structure is i f + p a s t p e rfe c t s im p le , w o u ld +
ZERO CONDITIONAL h a v e + p a s t p a rtic ip le , but it is possible to use the past
W e use the zero conditional to express things that are generally perfect continuous in the if clause and could have or might have
or always true (e.g. scientific facts): in the result clause.

If the temperature o f water drops to zero degrees, it freezes. If everybody had supported the climate change protest, the
government might actually have p a id attention.
N o te : The present simple is usually used in both clauses.
The following are alternatives, which can be used instead /fin
N o te : In zero conditional sentences, when and /fa re often
interchangeable. second and third conditional sentences and questions:
imagine, supposing, assuming, even if / though

FIRST CONDITIONAL
PRACTICE
W e use the first conditional to express a present or future
situation which we think is real or possible: 7 Complete the sentences with an appropriate
If the weather improves, we will probably have a barbecue. conditional form using the verb in brackets.
The typical structure of first conditional is usually i f + p re s e n t
1 The current is extremely strong today, so if you don't
s im p le (condition), w ill + in fin itiv e (result), although other
stay in close proximity to the coast, you
tenses and modals are possible.
........................................ (get) carried out to sea.
If you have finished the exam, you can leave.
2 You can dehydrate and die if you
If you are feeling unwell, please go and see the nurse. ....................................... (not drink) water for three or
The following are alternatives, which can be used instead of /fin four days.
first conditional sentences: If y o u ........................................ (take) a seat in the
3
when, as long as, unless, as soon as, provided (that), even waiting room, the dentist........................................ (call)
though, even if, in case, on condition that, in the event of, you in a few minutes.
assuming that, given that Even if I ........................................ (have) loads of spare
4
cash, I can assure you that I .......................................
SECOND CONDITIONAL (not be) interested in booking one of those low-budget,
package holidays. They don't appeal to me.
W e use the second conditional to express things which are Provided y o u ........................................ (train) in a
5
imaginary/hypothetical, contrary to the facts, impossible or committed way, y o u ....................................... (attain) the
improbable in the present or future: level of fitness you aspire to.
If I had enough money, I'd buy myself a flat in the centre o f town. Female bears don't usually attack humans unless they
6
The typical structure is i f + p a s t s im p le a n d w o u ld + ........................................ (have) their cubs with them.
in fin itiv e , but it is possible to use could or might instead of If the weather hadn't improved, our holiday
would in the result clause: ........................................ (ruin).
If everybody supported the climate change protest, the 8 It was obvious that y o u ........................................ (not get)
government might actually pa y attention. the job unless y o u ........................................ (apply) for it.

]2 0 4
i
1VERB PATTERNS (2) - OBJECTS, REFLEXIVES AND RECIPROCALS j
POSITION OF DIRECT AND INDIRECT OBJECTS RECIPROCAL PRONOUNS
W hen there is a direct and an indirect object in a sentence, the A reciprocal pronoun is a pronoun which is used to indicate that
indirect object comes first: two or more people are doing something or have done
M y friend gave the homeless person (indirect object) twenty something and both received the benefits or consequences of
pounds (direct object). that action at the same time. Any time something is done or
She gave him (indirect object) twenty pounds (direct object). given in return, reciprocal pronouns are used.

The exception to this rule is when we use a preposition, (to, for, There are only two reciprocal pronouns:
from): each other

V e rb s t h a t o fte n ta k e a d ire c t a n d in d ire c t o b je c t one another

w it h to : The two reciprocal pronouns are often used interchangeably but
bring, give, lend, offer, owe, show, teach, tell, write each other is more common.
O ur line manager offered the company credit card to us all. M ax and Kyra gave each other platinum g old rings when they

V e rb s t h a t o fte n ta k e a d ire c t a n d in d ire c t o b je c t got married.

w it h fo r. The new members o f parliam ent congratulated one another after

buy, find, get, make, order, save successfully making their maiden speeches.

I bought a new bike for my son. N o te :

V e rb s th a t o fte n ta k e a d ire c t a n d in d ire c t o b je c t Reflexive and reciprocal pronouns in the same sentence convey

w it h fro m : a subtly different meaning. Look at the following examples:

borrow, take Andres and Pedro blamed themselves for losing the match.
(They both think they were to blame)
She was often borrowing money from him.
Andres and Pedro blamed each other for losing the match.
(They each said that the other one was to blame.)
REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
Reflexive pronouns are used to express that someone is doing PRACTICE
something on his o r her own. These pronouns always refer back
to the subject of the sentence. They end in -self in the singular, J Rewrite the sentences using to, from or for
and in -selves in the plural.
1 I've just bought my gran a top of the range iPhone.

PERSONAL SUBJECT REFLEXIVE P R O N O U N S

PRONOUNS 2 I lent my tennis partner my new glass fibre racquet
and she accidently smashed it!
1 myself

you (singular) yourself

3 They offered us all a massive increase in salary, in
he himself recognition of our contribution to the company.
she herself
4 I ordered my children the up-market presentation set of
it itself
'Horrible History'.
we ourselves

you (plural) yourselves 5 He got his wife a 'genuine' fake designer handbag on
they themselves her birthday.

He severely injured himself when rock climbing without a safety

harness in the Italian Alps.
2 Complete the sentences with a reflexive or a
Her parents blamed themselves when, contrary to all
expectations, she suddenly dropped out o f university.
reciprocal pronoun.

7 M y friend M aria likes to 'think out loud' and she can

often be heard talking t o ........ .
2 Please h e lp ................ to more vegetable pie - there's
another one languishing in the oven.
3 Do you need any help with the decorating? No, we're
fine, thanks. W e can do it b y ..........
4 W e talk t o ................. on the phone every day.
5 The kids spent the afternoon w ildly kicking a ball to

6 The advantages and disadvantages of working from

home even....... out over the year.

GRAMMAR REFERENCE 205[

UNIT 4
^UTUR^ONTINUOUS^UTUR^ERFEC^IMPLE^^^^^
FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS AND BE + TO + INFINITIVE
FUTURE CONTINUOUS, FUTURE PERFECT SIMPLE AND FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS
We use the fu tu re continuous to talk about actions and events that will be in progress at a particular time in the future. We also use
the future continuous to talk about something that we think is happening at the time of speaking:
He will be attending his graduation ceremony this time next month.
We also use the fu tu re continuous to ask politely for information about the future.
Will you be participating in next term's fundraising event?
We use both the fu tu re p e rfe ct sim p le and the fu tu re p e rfe ct continuous to project ourselves forward in time and look
back'. The future perfect simple tense refers to a completed action in the future and the future perfect continuous refers to events or
actions that are currently unfinished, but will be finished at some future time. Both tenses are usually used with time expressions.

FUTURE PERFECT S IM P L E FU TU R E PERFECT C O N T IN U O U S

• refers to a completed action in the future. • refers to actions that are currently unfinished, but will be
Get a move on, or the match will have started by the time we finished in the future:
make it to the ground. A t midnight, we will have been waiting in the queue for
They will have emptied their water bottles by the time they concert tickets for three hours.
are half way round the course. They will have been working on that Roman wall for over
Hopefully they will have completed all the road works before a year by the time it's fully restored.
the tourist season starts.
• is used with state verbs (e.g. know, believe, own, prefer)
1can't believe that this time next week we will have known
each other for five years.

BE + TO + INFINITIVE
We often use the structure be + to + infinitive to talk about formal or official arrangements, instructions and orders in the future. It is
common to see this structure in the passive form.
The Prime Minister is to announce his resignation this evening due to the corruption scandal.
Bags and suitcases are not to be left unattended at any time or they will be removed, (passive form)
This jumper is only to be washed at 30°C. (passive form)
We do not use it for situations beyond human control:
The forecast says that the weather is-to w il l be pretty good tomorrow.
We often see this structure in conditionals in the if clause to express an idea that is dependent on the result clause happening:
We must act now to reduce emissions if we are to protect the planet for future generations.
If she is to pass her driving test this time, she will have to practise her reversing and parking skills.

PRACTICE
7 Choose the correct option to complete the sentences.

7 This time next year, we will be sipping/have sipped mocktails on the terrace of our holiday villa in the Algarve.
2 Will you be attending/have attended my graduation ceremony in October?
3 It's no good trying to Skype them now as they will be relaxing/have relaxed in their hot tub.
4 I really hope I will be having/have had the opportunity to go on a world cruise in a luxury liner before I reach thirty.
5 I promise I will be finishing/have finished my essay in time for the seminar next Friday.
6 I'm confident that when I'm 55 years old, I will have retired/will be retiring.
7 I hope I won't have gained/been gaining any more weight by the end of the holiday.
8 Let me be clear - you are not to turn over/won't be turning over your exam paper until I give you permission to do so.
9 The election result is to announce/to be announced at 11 am tomorrow morning.
70 If we are to get/will have gotten there by 6 pm, then we need to be on the road by midday.

206
Multi-word verbs are formed of a verb + a preposition, adverb or both. Sometimes the meaning is evident from the words used.
However, for many multi-word verbs, the meaning is not obvious from the words used:
/ don't know how you put up w ith her constant complaining. (= tolerate)
M u lti-w o rd verbs can be tra n s itiv e o r in tra n sitive .
In tra n s itiv e m u lti-w o rd verbs have no d ire c t object.
/ w a k e up promptly at 6.30 every day.
T ransitive m u lti-w o rd verbs have a d ire c t object.
I'm going to cut do w n on fast food from now on.
Transitive multi-word verbs can be s e p a ra b le or inseparable.
If they are se p a ra b le , it means you can separate the two words and put the direct object in the middle.
Please switch o ff the TV. OR Please switch the TV off.
If multi-word verb is in se p a ra b le , then you can't do this.
I'll look a fte r your dogs when you're on holiday. NOT I'll look your dogs a f te r when you-'re-on-holiday:

WORD ORDER WITH SEPARABLE MULTI-WORD VERBS

When the direct object is the specific name of a thing or person, it can go after the multi-word verb or in the middle:
/ th rew a w a y the cracked plate. OR / threw the cracked plate away.
But when the direct object is a p ronoun, it MUST go in the middle:
/ th rew it aw ay. NOT I threw a w a y it.
N ote: If the object of a sentence is very long, we usually don't separate the verb and the particle:
Buying second-hand clothing is another effective way to keep dow n the amount o f clothes that are manufactured in a way that poses
a threat to the environment. V
Buying second-hand clothing is another effective way to k e e p the amount of clothes that are manufactured in a way that poses a
threat to the environment down. 7
Here are the four types of multi-word verbs in English:

TYPE 1 TYPE 2 TYPE 3 TYPE 4

Prepositional verbs Phrasal verbs (intransitive*/ Phrasal verbs (transitive*/ Phrasal prepositional verbs
(transitive*/inseparable**) - inseparable**) - verb + separable**) - verb + adverb (*transitive/*inseparable) -
verb + preposition preposition participle verb + adverb particle +
preposition

*These verbs have an object. *These verbs don't have an *These verbs have an object. *These verbs have an object.
**The preposition cannot be object. The adverb particle can be **The adverb particle and
separated from the verb. The preposition cannot be separated from the verb. preposition cannot be
She listens to music. separated from the verb. I'll pick you up at 7. separated from the verb.
Why don't you come round He looks up to his grandfather.
tomorrow?

PRACTICE
7 Tick the correct sentences and correct the sentences w ith mistakes. Use the information in brackets to help you.

7 She can't get her fear of heights over. (Type 1)

2 The demolition company blew up the abandoned factory. (Type 2)
3 They caught the rest of the team up with. (Type 4)
4 Information about benefit payments is not getting through to people. (Type 4)
5 Many supermarkets have done away plastic bags with. (Type 4)
6 They have ample evidence to back their arguments up. (Type 3)
7 The government believes it can sort the environmental problems which led to the minister's resignation out. (Type 3)
8 Vast numbers of bees are dying out due to climate change. (Type 2)
9 By 2050, we will probably have run out North Sea gas of. (Type 4)
70 The doctor told me that I have to cut down on my sugar intake if I am to avoid diabetes. (Type 4)

REFERENCE 2071
U N ITS

I RELATIVE CLAUSES)
DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES
Relative clauses which tell us the particular person or thing the speaker is talking about are called defining relative clauses. They give
essential information without which the sentence doesn't really make sense:
The tattoo artist who designed the dragon on my back is a distant relative.
The relative clause tells us which tattoo artist we are talking about.

NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

Relative clauses which give us extra information are called non-defining relative clauses:
M y second cousin, who is a tattoo artist, runs three o r four marathons a year,
who is a tattoo artist does not tell us which cousin, it just adds extra information.
Note the following differences in grammar:

D E F IN IN G RELATIVE CLAUSES N O N -D E F IN IN G RELATIVE CLAUSES

don't have commas use commas (or pauses in spoken English)
use the following relative pronouns: use the following relative pronouns:
who, which, whose, where, when, why who, which, whose, where, when
can use that instead of who or which don't use that
who, which or that can be omitted when they are the object of the clause: cannot omit the relative pronoun
The inks (-/w hich/that) the tattoo artist used were o f course non-toxic.

QUANTIFIER + OF + RELATIVE PRONOUN

In order to be more precise within relative clauses, we can use a quantifier + o f + a relative pronoun in relative clauses. Quantifiers
include many, most, none, neither, both, one, several, some, much, part.
Professional track athletes, m a n y o f w h o m are sponsored by Nike, usually have the full-time support o f a sports coach.
The sports gear on display, m ost o f w hich has been manufactured in the UK, is very popular with younger athletes.

PRACTICE
1 Complete the sentences with a relative pronoun.
J The second semi-final m atch,................. was abandoned yesterday because of racism, will be played next Saturday in a
closed stadium without spectators.
2 The place the accident had occurred was the site of another accident a few weeks previously.
3 The reason he was late for his doctor's appointment was the traffic congestion in town.
4 The nurse usually administers my flu injections was on annual leave last week.
5 The salesperson w ith ..................I had an argument was extremely rude and arrogant.
6 That's the inconsiderate person................ large jeep was blocking the entire street by p a rk in g ..................he did.

2 Choose the correct option to complete the sentences.

1 Younger members of the royal family, some o f whom/several o f which are keenly interested in environmental matters, give
talks all over the world to promote the reduction of carbon emissions.
2 Those two new apps, both o f which/none o f which have been developed by our branch in LA, are in great demand.
3 There is a huge range of quality running shoes on the market, most o f which/much o f which are well out of the reach of the
average amateur athlete because of their high price tag.
4 The best athletes in the club, one o f whom/neither o f whom happens to be distantly related to me, are participating in the
European Championships next spring.
5 Those students, most o f which/m any o f whom are feeling quite stressed, are waiting to hear the results of their finals.

208]
J MODALS (1)
M odal verbs and phrases can be used for the following • Lack o f o b lig a tio n / necessity
functions: To express lack of obligation or necessity use the following:
• N ecessity and o b lig a tio n don't have to, don't need to, needn't
Use the following to express necessity and obligation: You don't have to shower before you use a bath in Japan if
need to, have to, needn't, must, necessary to, mandatory to, you don't want to, but it is expected.
be under no obligation to You needn't wear a suit and tie for the interview.
You needn't wear a tie to dine on that cruise ship. • P ro h ib itio n
You are under no obligation to carry a form o f Use the negative form of can:
identification, such as a passport. You can't wear immodest clothing in class.
• D eduction a n d speculation Sometimes may not is used as a formal w ay to prohibit
In the present, we use: something:
• must to say that we are sure that something is true: You may not bring food o r drink onto the premises.
This must be a genuine email from the bank because it Because may is the most formal, you will often see it in
refers to my post code. writing.
• m ig h t/ may / could to say that we think that Use must not as the strongest w ay to prohibit something:
something is true but we're not sure. You must not use a mobile phone in the train compartment.
The government might try to call an election soon • Perm ission
because it hasn't got a majority in parliament.
Use can/could, let, be allowed to / permitted to and may:
• can't to say that we are sure that something is not true.
Could I borrow your car this evening?
They can't be vegan because they had a steak.
She lets him copy her homework assignments.
W e can also use these modal verbs in the present
W e use may in formal situations:
continuous form to talk about a situation we think is
You may go once you have completed the exam.
happening now.
They might be still driving at the moment.
• A b ility PRACTICE
In the present, we use:
1 Complete the sentences with a word from the box.
can, can't, (not) be able to
Then rewrite them using a suitable modal.
That chef can bake stunning desserts, but she can't produce
award-winning savoury dishes.
capable necessary responsible
W e use be able to: mandatory obligation
imperative
• after an infinitive:
She genuinely hopes to be able to do her PhD soon. 1 This robotic machinery is ................of producing a
• after modal verbs [might, should, m ay etc.): wide range of spare parts.
He might be able to give us a hand putting up the 2 This air conditioning system is very sophisticated, so it's
decorations. never....... to adjust the settings manually.
• W e usually use can with see, hear, smell, feel and taste: 3 I'm ---------- for keeping our company's social media
From our cabin we can hear the wind starting to fill the sails. channels active.

• P o ssibility 4 It is n o t................. for us to give you a refund because

m ay/might/could show possibility in the present or the you purchased the item at a discount in a sale.
future. 5 It is .................. to ensure that the brakes and airbags
Where are my keys? They m ay/might be in the car. (present) are functioning one hundred percent.

/ m ay/m ight/could go to the p arty tonight, (future) 6 I am under n o .................. to replace the dress because
it is obvious that you have already worn it.
• A dvice / re co m m e n d a tio n / w a rn in g
Use the following to give advice or make suggestions:
2 Complete the sentences with a single word. There
You should have a healthy diet and exercise regularly.
may be more than one possibility.
(advice or recommendation)
You had better not forget to check those numbers. 1 She is not going to change her mind, so you may
(strong advice or warning) well accept her decision.
You m ay/m ig h t as w e // send in the application 2 Students are n o t.................. to bring their smartphones
anyway. W hat do you have to lose? (You should do it into the exam room.
because there is no reason not to.) 3 The homework was so difficult that I w a s .................to
finish it on time.
4 You should ask Michael about that. H e .................be
able to explain how to fix it.
5 You have already upset her with your comments so I
think you h a d .........keep your thoughts to yourself
in future.

GRAMMAR REFERENCE 209

UNIT 6

THE PASSIVEj
The passive is formed from the verb be in the correct tense + past participle of the main verb:

ACTIVE PASSIVE
Past simple: As expected, the environmental activists recycled Past simple: As expected, virtually everything w a s recycled by
virtually everything. the environmental activists.
Present perfect simple: The kitchen staff h a v e consum ed most Present perfect simple: Most o f the leftovers h a v e b een
o f the leftovers. consum ed by the kitchen staff.
Present continuous: The assistant stage manager is checking Present continuous: The electrical equipment is b e in g checked
the electrical equipment. by the assistant stage manager.
Modal: You can see many invaluable works o f a rt in the British Modal: M any invaluable works o f a rt can b e seen in the British
Museum. Museum.
M odal in the past: We shou ld h a v e m a d e an announcement M odal in the past: A n announcement shou ld h a v e b een
about the schedule changes. m a d e about the schedule changes.
Passive infinitive: You need to h a n d in your homework on Passive infinitive: Your homework needs to b e h a n d e d in on

W e use the p a s s iv e when:

• what happens is more important than who does it:
A ll the repairs to our car have been carried out, so it should pass the M inistry o f Transport test now.
• we don't know who or what does/did something:
Most o f the documents that were in the glove compartment o f the car have been stolen.
• we don't need to say w ho or w hat does/did something because it's obvious from the situation or context:
After a long and bad-tempered debate, the bill to leave the European Union was rejected by 304 to 299 votes.
• when writing in an official or formal style, for example, scientific language:
The outbreak o f the disease has been controlled by imposing a quarantine on the area.
In informal English we can sometimes use get instead of be to form the passive, especially when we want to say that something bad
happened to someone or something:
Some o f our more fragile ornaments got smashed when our neighbour came round for tea with her hyperactive toddler.

CAUSATIVES
Causatives are similar to the passive in that they describe an action which is not performed by the subject of the sentence. W e form
causatives with the structure h a v e /g e t + s o m e th in g + d o n e (or cleaned/fixed/m ade/repaired), and we use it to describe
something which another person does for us for us, like a service that we pay for:
I've just h a d my hair cut ready for the wedding. (Someone did this for me)
Before we go on this road trip, I n e e d to h a v e the c a r serviced / the car needs servicing.

PRACTICE
7 Rewrite the sentences starting with the words given to make them passive or causative.

7 Burglars took most of his personal belongings from his flat.

Most of his personal belongings........................................................................................
2 The insurance company should settle his claim for his damaged luggage.
His claim for damaged lu g ga g e .......................................................................................
3 I could have sold my dad's collection of old records on eBay for a fortune.
M y dad's collection of old records.......................................................................................
4 The hairdresser in the High Street usually cuts my hair.
I usually................................................................................................
5 This week you can see lots of Russian art at the big auction house in London.
Lots of Russian a r t .......................................................................................
6 Peter's friends started to respect him more after he won the competition.
Peter started.......................................................................................

210
IMODALS (2 ) - MODALS IN THE PAST i
W e use different structures with modal verbs in the past
WOULD VS USED TO
depending on the function.
M odal + have + past participle Use both would and used to to refer to actions, events or
• Advice and regrets in the past often use should have + past situations in the past, especially things in the past which are not
participle to express preferable alternative circumstances: happening anymore. Sometimes they can be interchanged, but
usually they have different usages.
You should have applied for a student loan when you had
the opportunity. Use w o u ld as follows:

• Speculation: When we want to say that we are sure that • to describe typical characteristics or past habits.
something was true, we use must have + past participle: When she was a child, she would read quietly for hours.
They must have gone to the gym because their sports things • for repeated actions or situations in the past which are not
aren't here. happening now or are finished.
His face is covered in bruises. He must have been in a fight. When he was a teenager, he would always sleep late at the
• When we want to speculate on what we think may have weekend.
happened but we're not sure, we use: m ight/m ay/could + Use used to as follows:
have + past participle: • for events, situations or actions that took place in the past.
She was complaining o f severe stomach pains this morning, They used to live in York but moved to London last year.
so she might have gone to the doctor's. • for situations, events and actions which continued for some
• When we want to say that we are sure that something time before they ended.
didn't happen, we use can't I couldn't have + past When she was in prim ary school, she used to go to a
participle: theatre workshop every Saturday.
They can't have gone swimming, because they've left their
swimming costumes on the bed.
COULD VERSUS WAS/WERE ABLE TO
Note:
• To talk about obligation or necessity in the present we can • Use could or w a s /w e r e a b le to talk about a general
use have to or need to and in the past these become had to ability in the past:
and needed to: When I was a member o f an athletics club I could/was able
We needed to stop at the bank on the way to the cinema. to run the 100-metre hurdles in just under 14 seconds.
To talk about lack of obligation or necessity in the past we • Use w a s /w e r e a b le to talk about a single occasion
use didn't have to and didn't need to but also needn't have when someone succeeded in doing something:
+ past participle: Because the questions on the exam were challenging, very
She didn't have to pay for the damage because it wasn't few students were able to pass it. (NOT could pass it)
her fault. • Use either co u ld n 't and w a s n 't/w e r e n 't a b le to
He needn't have bothered bringing an umbrella as it was when speaking in general and also when speaking about a
sunny all day. particu ar occasion:
• W e use managed towhen we succeed in doing something He couldn't / wasn't able to finish his university education
which is quite difficult to do: because o f financial problems.
A Kenyan athlete has just miraculously managed to run a
marathon in less than two hours. PRACTICE
• W e use was/were supposed to to talk about things that
were meant to happen but didn't: 1 Tick the correct sentences and correct the sentences
/ was supposed to call my parents and tell them I had with mistakes. Focus on the past modals.
arrived but in all the excitement, I completely forgot.
1 You should speak to the cabin crew if you had wanted
to change seats.
2 You mustn't have gone to the supermarket this morning
because I did the shopping yesterday.
3 Because our opponents' defensive play was so skilful,
we didn't manage to score even one goal.
4 When they were children, they would often have
sleepovers with their friends.
5 He had been waiting for hours for the foodbank to
open. He must been starving.
6 I would work for a steel company, but I changed jobs
last year.
7 I was locked out of my house but luckily I could climb
in through an open window.
8 She didn't need have bought tickets for the show as I
had already got some.

GRAMMAR REFERENCE 211

UNIT

[ARTICLES]
THE INDEFINITE ARTICLE ZERO ARTICLE
We use a or an before a noun to mean any (any example of the We use zero article with uncountable nouns and plural nouns
thing we are referring to): when we refer to them in general:
• with singular, countable nouns mentioned for the first time: Many species o f whale are under threat due to hunting and
A brand new mountain bike loses at least ten percent o f its pollution.
value as soon as you ride it out o f the shop. Depression can affect anyone at any time.
• to talk about jobs: I really don't like estate agents.
Id like to become a forest ranger, or something like that. • sometimes the use of the zero article or the definite article
• We do not use a or an with uncountable nouns or plural can create a difference in meaning:
countable nouns: He goes to go to school. = He is of school age and attends
People with knowledge often have authority and power. school.
• We use an before words beginning with a vowel sound He goes to the school near the park. = He goes to a
(including words with a silent 'h'): specific school, the one near the park.
How about getting together in an hour or so? She goes to bed at 11pm. = It's her bedtime.
N ote: Her iPhone is on the bed. = on a specific bed
• We don't use an when the letters 'u' or 'e' are pronounced • Similarly with the following places:
with a 'y' sound: hospital [UK), prison, church
She has a unique way o f preparing lasagne.
PRACTICE
THE DEFINITE ARTICLE
7 Correct the mistakes in the sentences.
The is used:
1 A electric car is considerably better for an environment
• with specific things we have mentioned before, or when it's
than diesel cars.
clear who or what we are referring to from the context:
2 I have always wanted to be the engineer, but I never
Two highly qualified coaches have joined the sports club.
went to the university.
One specialises in racquet sports and the other is a
3 It is true that the children spend too much time on
champion in kick boxing.
computer.
• when referring to particular things:
4 I waited patiently for over a hour and an half.
I'm really into documentaries about nature, but I don't like
5 He has perfected a unusual way of memorising
the latest BBC series about life in Amazonia.
irregular verbs. It is quite an unique method.
• with things which are unique:
6 Most people don't achieve the success without making
Since I started studying astrology, I spend hours observing
a enormous effort.
the M ilk y W ay and the other galaxies.
• with adjectives to express groups: 2 Complete the gaps with the correct article or leave
Because o f austerity, the children o f the p o or are the gaps empty if no article is required.
especially deprived.
• with nationalities: 1 Can you b u y................bread a n d ................ milk from
...............shop next to ................. station?
The Spanish and the French would find it
unacceptable for there to be no bread on the table. 2 I think we should all try to save.................planet and
• with superlative adjectives: make................ life better fo r...............future
generations.
The Oresund bridge between Sweden and Denmark is the
longest bridge in Europe. 3 I spend a lot o f.................time looking a t...............sea
from ................ balcony o f ................ hotel where I'm
• there are specific rules for geographical features and some
staying.
countries, especially when they have a plural sense:
4 .............. Germans are well-known fo r................. high
the Andes, the Great Lakes, the Atlantic Ocean, the United
quality of their football teams.
Arab Emirates, etc.
5 .............. cheapest ferry trip in ................. world is from
...............Staten Island to ................ Manhattan. It's
free!
6 He attends.................school which is located near
...............new football ground o n ................. other side
of town.

212\
I COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS 1
Nouns can be either countable or uncountable. However, some Some nouns can be countable or uncountable depending
nouns can be both countable and uncountable, depending on on the context:
the context, but with a difference in meaning: experience
Nowadays, more and more young people claim that it's He has a lot of experience (uncountable) as a medical
unhealthy to regularly drink tea and coffee, (uncountable, researcher. (= general experience in this role)
because it's tea and coffee in general) She had some dreadful experiences (countable) with wild
She ordered a coffee with a dash of soya milk, (countable, animals when she was lost in the jungle. (= specific
because it implies a cup of coffee) experiences of this kind)
He regards preparing gourmet meals for friends as work not room
pleasure, (uncountable, because it's work or pleasure in general) He rents a room (countable) in what's officially called a
That oil painting lay abandoned in an attic for fifty years, but it's dwelling o f multiple occupancy. (= a single room)
now recognised as a work o f art, (countable, because it's a There wasn't any room (uncountable) left in the case for him
particular work) to put his duty free purchases. (= space)
The grammar for countable nouns is slightly different from the time
grammar for uncountable nouns.
There isn't enough time (uncountable) in the day.
(= unspecified amount of time)
COUNTABLE NOUNS This is the first time (countable) he has spoken publicly
about his health problems. (= occasion)
• use a or an in the singular: a YouTuber, an athlete
• can be made plural: vlogger - vloggers; yacht - yachts
• use verbs in the plural: E-bikes are becoming increasingly
PRACTICE
popular in cities as an alternative to cars.
J Tick the correct sentences. Correct the sentences
• use some and any in the plural: some species, any
with mistakes.
toadstools
• use (a) few for small quantities and many/a lot of/lots/ 1 The behaviours of the tourists was disrespectful of the
several in the plural: few ballerinas, many gymnasts local culture.
2 She had some memorable experience during her gap
year in USA.
UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
3 There wasn't a room in the tiny removal van for all his
• do not use a or an furnitures.
• cannot be made plural: pollution, behaviour, information, 4 He did not choose to accept the advices from his tutor.
accommodation 5 BBC News have a worldwide reputation for unbiased
• use verbs in the singular: reporting.
Some politicians claim that Fox news is frequently biased. 6 When his dessert arrived at the table, he realised he
Note: some uncountable nouns that describe a collection of had ordered an enormous portion of cheesecake.
individual people, such as staff and team, can be used with a
plural verb to imply 'all members of this group'. 2 Choose the correct options.
The staff are unhappy about the new working conditions. 1 Many dieticians are strongly of the opinion that it is
• use some and any in the singular: not healthy to eat red meat/meats.
Some advice from online sources should be treated with 2 He contemplated seeking help/a help from an/a
suspicion. advisory group but finally decided to work things out
I wasn't looking for any specific help or advice. for himself.
• use (a) little for small quantities and much/a lot of/lots o f for 3 Sweden is an exemplary country when it comes to
larger quantities: recycling glass/glasses and waste papers/paper.
There was little information about cricket in Greece 4 The elegant way she dresses demonstrates clearly that
available on the website. she's got good/a good taste.
• use other words to refer to a quantity: 5 The true extent of the damages/damage after the
/ gave her a piece o f advice about getting a bank loan. earthquake only became apparent a year later.
He wanted to borrow a sm all am ount o f money. 6 They purchased all the best equipment/equipments for
• some common uncountable nouns include: their climbing holiday in the Andes/Andes.
accommodation, advice, behaviour, cardboard,
countryside, damage, equipment, experience, food,
furniture, homework, housework, information, knowledge,
luggage, media, music, pollution, research, scenery, smoke,
software, stuff, transport, work

GRAMMAR REFERENCE 213

UN ITS

REPORTED SPEECH AND REPORTING VERBS j

W e change tenses in reported speech. If we use a reporting verb (said, told, admitted, warned, etc.) in the past tense, we also tend to
change the verbs in the direct speech to the past tense which is further in the past than the original. Here are some changes we make:

DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH

7 w o r k in the accounting She said she w o rk e d in the accounting department o f
present simple —►past simple
department o f an online store.' an online store.

present continuous —►past continuous 'Km fillin g in a complaints form.' He told us he w a s fillin g in a complaints form.
present perfect simple —►past perfect 'We've o fte n e x c ee d e d the They admitted that they h a d o ften exceed ed the
simple speed limit.' speed limit.

7 just m a n a g e d to catch the She that she h a d just m a n a g e d to catch the last
past simple —►past perfect simple
last intercity train to Leeds' intercity train to Leeds.

will —►would 'I'll get in touch with you again.' She promised she w o u ld get in touch with me again.

M odal verbs change in the following way:

DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH

'1 can understand nearly everything my She said that she could understand nearly
can —* could
English teacher says.' everything her English teacher says.

7 m a y let you both swim in the big pool The boys' mum promised that she m ig h t let
may -> might
later.' them swim in the big pool later.

W e m ust move to a smaller flat in order to She said that they h a d to move to a smaller
must —►had to
cut back on our spending.' flat in order to cut back on their spending.

W e do not change the following in reported speech:

• modal verbs could, would, should, might, ought to and used to:
'I would rather not venture out this evening.' —* She said she would rather not venture out this evening.
• must when it's negative:
'You mustn't eat chicken o r pork if it is pink inside.' —►Her mother told her she mustn't eat chicken o r pork if it is pink inside.
• must when it expresses a deduction:
'The bus must have been delayed.' —►She said that the bus must have been delayed.
N o te : If the reporting verb is in a present tense, no tense changes are necessary:
'I'll help you when you move into your new flat.' —►She says she'll help me when I move into my new flat.

QUESTIONS IN REPORTED SPEECH

• W e change the word order in the question to the same as
PRACTICE
a normal sentence.
• W e make the same tense changes as in reported speech. Complete the second sentence so that it reports the
• W e use the same question words (when, how, etc.). first sentence.
• W e use a full stop and not a question mark.
1 'I haven't finished my essay on the British Empire.'
'How long have you been waiting for your results?' —*
He adm itted..................................................................
She asked me how long I had been waiting for my results.
2 'I'll contact you again after I've paid.'
• W e do not use the auxiliary verbs do, does and did. The
She prom ised..............................................................
question has the same form as a normal sentence:
3 'You must concentrate much more if you want to pass.'
'W hat time do you take your pow er nap?' —►The
psychologist asked what time I took my pow er nap. She w a rn e d .................................................................

• W e use if or whether with Yes/No questions: 4 'You mustn't miss your driving lesson again or I will
have to charge you the full price.'
'Can I wear casual clothes at the presentation tomorrow ?'
—►He wanted to know whether he could wear casual The driving instructor explained...............................
clothes at the presentation the following day. 5 'W hen do you normally put the rubbish out?'
• W e often use the following to introduce reported questions: M y neighbour wanted to k n o w ................................
ask, wonder, want to know, enquire 6 'W h a t time do I need to get to the studio tomorrow?'
He asked

214
CONDITIONALS (2 ) - ADVANCED CONDITIONALS AND
W ISH /IF ONLY
POLITE 1” CONDITIONAL VARIATIONS PRACTICE
There are a variety of ways of asking polite first conditional J Tick the correct sentences. Correct the sentences
questions, which are often used in formal contexts like speaking with mistakes.
to a customer, a guest or a dignitary.
1 If you could just wait at the ATM, I'll get someone to
• i f y o u c o u ld j u s t ...
check w hy your credit card has been swallowed up.
If you could just w ait a second, I'll go and see if we've got
that dress in your size. 2 If you would be as kind so to provide some
information about your family, I'll start the research
• i f y o u w o u ld b e so k in d a s to ...
into your family tree.
If you would be so kind as to fill in your contact details, I'll
3 If they might continue to experience difficulties
make sure that we process your claim as soon as possible.
understanding the manual in English, we'll have it
• i f y o u s h o u ld ... (meaning if by any chance}
translated into their own language.
If you should continue to have problems installing the
4 If needed, we arrange for you to have an entirely
equipment, I'll arrange for an engineer to check everything.
vegan menu.
• reduced passive if clauses (if required/needed)
5 If he hasn't made a mistake in the penultimate section
If needed, we'll make alternative accommodation
of the exam, he would have the best grades in the
arrangements. class.
6 If I hadn't been following the alternative route on my
IF ONLY / I WISH SATNAV, I'll still be stuck in a traffic jam on the M 25
now.
If only/1 wish have a similar meaning and are used to express
your desires or wishes. 2 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the
If only/1 wish I could go to the match tonight, but I have too verb in brackets.
much homework to finish.
If only/1 wish my tutor would stop basing a ll our work on extracts 1 If I .......................................(know) you were in town,
from his own textbooks. I would have made an effort to meet up with you.

If only/1 wish it didn't rain so much here. 2 If you had touched that electric wire, you
................................ (electrocute).
To talk about a present situation we would like to change we use
If only/1 wish + past simple: 3 If he had put the flowers into water straight away, they
...............................(not wilt).
/ wish I didn't always put my foot in it when I speak to her.
To talk about a past situation we would like to change we use 4 Her life might have been saved if she
...............................(go) to the hospital immediately
If only/1 wish + past perfect simple:
after the seizure.
If only I hadn't made that stupid comment about her hair.
5 Y ou.........................................(been furious) if I hadn't
W e can use If only/1 wish + would to express when we want
paid the bill for the damage I caused.
someone else to change a habit or tendency:
/ wish he wouldn't speak to me as if I were a child.
If only she would realise that I really like her.

MIXED CONDITIONALS (2nd AND 3r d)

When we want to use a conditional sentence to talk about both
the past and the present, we can use the second conditional in
one part of the sentence and third conditional in the other:
If only the acceptance offers to students applying for courses at
that prestigious university weren't so unrealistic (2nd conditional,
present tim e/ / would have tried to get a place in the history
department. (3rd conditional, past time).
If the runner hadn't collapsed fifty metres from the finishing line
(3rd conditional, past time), she would be the winner (2nd
conditional, present time).
(The runner collapsed fifty metres from the finishing line and that
is why she isn't the winner.)
Note: You cannot use zero or first conditionals in mixed
conditional sentences.

GRAMMAR REFERENCE 215

UNIT 9

[COMPARISON]
The form of comparative and superlative adjectives depends on PRACTICE
the number of syllables in the original adjective.
Adjectives with one syllable: high —►higher-* the highest 7 Complete the sentences with appropriate
Adjectives with one syllable ending in a single consonant: comparative words or phrases.
sad —* sadder —►the saddest
7 They are as involved....................................us in the
Adjectives with two syllables (two acceptable forms): clever —►
preparations for the street art festival.
cleverer/more clever —►cleverest/the most clever
2 I was surprised to discover that squirrels are a lot more
Adjectives with two syllables, ending in -y (replace the y with i):
aggressive..............................most other rodents.
easy -* easier —* the easiest
3 She w as.....................................more disappointed
Adjectives with three or more syllables: inconvenient —* more
over the break up with her boyfriend than I expected.
inconvenient —> the most inconvenient
4 The time we were in Japan when the tsunami struck
Some adverbs have comparative and superlative forms and they
was the..............................frightening experience
follow most of the same rules as adjectives:
I have ever had.
Adverbs with one syllable: soon —►sooner—►soonest
5 The more I study the complexities of English grammar,
Adverbs with two syllables: often —►more often —►most often .............................I enjoy learning the language.
Adverbs that end in -ly: quietly—* more quietly—* most quietly
6 She w as.....................................the most successful
player in the ten-minute chess matches.
COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE
ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS 2 Correct the mistakes in these sentences.

7 I'd say that this laptop is by far the better one we've
• (not) as (adjective) as
looked at so far.
He is not as extroverted as his drama teacher.
2 The thing about Julie is that she is not as athletic than
She is as ecstatic as I am about the news o f the royal
she thinks she is.
wedding.
3 The long I live in this city, the more I love it.
• adverb modifiers for comparatives
4 If you need advice about diet, Ignacio is probably best
The new restaurant is a bit more sophisticated than the
person to speak to.
others on the street.
5 The neighbour's dog seems quite aggressive at first,
His car is slightly more damaged than the other vehicle
but he is much more friendly than he first appears.
after the crash.
We are much happier now we finally have our dance
outfits.
He is a lot more miserable since his girlfriend dumped him.
They are considerably poorer than their neighbours.
He is so much more tolerant than most o f the other people
in his class.
• adverb modifiers for superlatives
Your English accent is by far the most authentic.
He is easily the most athletic member o f the cross
country club.
• the + comparative adjective, the + comparative adjective
The more I know, the less I understand.
The closer I look, the more detail I see.
• superlative + to + verb clause
She is the best person to see to get good advice.
• superlative + perfect tense clause
That is the most boring article I have ever read.
That week in Chang M ai during the Thai New Year was the
most memorable holiday I have ever had.

216
TREASON, PURPOSE AND RESULT 1
Use the Following to express re a so n : PRACTICE
because, as, since, because of, due to
A lot o f young people leave school and go straight on to 7 Choose th e co rre ct o p tio n to com plete the
university simply because their peers do it. sentences. If both are possible, p u t a tic k (✓).
Since Id rather not have an overdraft - even with zero percent
7 M any people are prepared to buy expensive branded
interest - I'm cutting back on a ll spending.
goods because/so they think they enhance their social
Because o f the way higher education is now funded through
status amongst their peers.
loans, many young people accumulate a lot o f debt by the time
2 Since/So that I don't want to increase my carbon
they finish studying.
footprint, I've decided to become a vegetarian.
The game was abandoned due to the stormy conditions which
3 Because of/Because the popularity of gaming, many
flooded the pitch.
people are spending a disproportionate amount of
N o te : because, as, and since are followed by a clause time on their tablets and iPhones.
(subject + verb, etc.). Because o f and due to are followed by a
4 I'm going to start a programmed fitness course due to /
noun phrase.
so that\ can reduce fat and build up muscle.
Use the following to express p u rp o s e : 5 Due to/As a consequence the speed of technological
so, so that, so as to, in order to change, people need to retrain more frequently
throughout their careers than they used to.
I don't believe in saving money just so that I can get a mortgage
to buy an overpriced flat. 6 They are going to enrol in an online English course in
order to/thus prepare themselves for a recognised
He says he's not going to get a proper job when he leaves
certificate of proficiency.
college, so as to avoid paying tax.
7 I am leaving at 8 am, so/so that if you want a lift to
I'm going to be self-employed so I can work when and how
work, you need to get to my house by five to eight.
I want.
8 Liverpool won the Champions League Final two years
Some o f my friends took a gap year after leaving school in
in a row, thus/therefore making them the only English
order to travel and experience other cultures.
team to defend their European title.
N o te : so is also used to express the consequence/result of
something and is preceded by a comma to indicate the different 9 You'll need to return my suitcase as/due to I am going
on holiday next week and don't have another I can take.
sense:
It was raining, so I took my umbrella. 7 70 I was caught driving over the speed limit yesterday by
the police and as a result/as a consequence was given
It was raining so that I took my umbrella. X
an on-the-spot fine.
Use the following to introduce the re s u lt of something:
therefore; as a consequence, as a result, due to, hence, thus,
consequently
M any young adults are postponing settling down with a partner
and therefore the birth rate has decreased sharply.
As a consequence o f global warming, there is now much greater
awareness o f the risk o f destroying the planet.
The percentage o f young people with driving licenses has
dramatically increased over the last twenty years and some
experts claim that, as a result, there has been a significant
increase in road accidents.
Due to the ever-increasing cost o f property, fewer and fewer
people under thirty can afford to get onto the property ladder.
Keeping a pet in much rented accommodation has become
unacceptable, hence more and more pet-owning tenants feel
themselves unjustifiably deprived.
Engineers are currently in great demand and, consequently, can
command high salaries.
N o te : therefore, thus, hence and consequently are more likely
to be used in formal contexts.

GRAMMAR REFERENCE 277

UNIT 10

SUBSTITUTION AND ELLIPSIS

REDUCING SENTENCES • such
It can mean that type/kind of:
We can say things in a reduced form that avoids repetition of Vandalism and looting sometimes take place during protest
words and/or which replaces words with alternatives that refer marches, but such anti-social behaviour often leads to
to what has previously been said. conflict with the law.
We can reduce sentences as follows: It can also be used in set phrases:
• Reduced relative clauses Such is life! (refers to an event that has happened and that
/ visited a Portuguese castle which was built 400 years ago. you must accept)
Here we replace a passive relative clause with a participle As such (means in this way or because o f this):
clause (see Unit 12 for more on participle clauses). Marta joined the army at age 18 with few qualifications
• Omitting the second repetition of a verb or clause and, as such, started in the lowest rank o f cadet.
/ stayed in a youth hostel and my parents stayed in a hotel. No such luck! (Use this expression when you want to
• Shortened questions express your disappointment over something.)
A: I went to that pricey bijou cinema in town on We were hoping for an easy exam. No such luck.
Saturday.
B: Who did-you go with?
PRACTICE
A: I had a really terrifying nightmare last night.
B: What was-it about? 7 Reduce the sentences.
A: We're thinking about getting away for a bit at Easter.
1 We camped near a Roman fortification, which was
B: Where are you thinking o f going to? built in the third century AD.
2 We visited several art galleries and our friends visited
OTHER WORDS AND PHRASES TO REDUCE a Gothic cathedral.
SENTENCES 3 Our guests are arriving sometime before dinner, but I
don't know exactly when they are arriving.
• so 4 I could scale rock faces when blindfolded when I was
So refers back to something mentioned previously - in the at uni, but nobody else in the mountaineering club
case of the following examples, the underlined text: could scale rock faces when blindfolded.
/ experienced difficulty keeping focused on all the rules and 5 A: I watched a fascinating documentary last night.
conventions, when I first joined the debating club and so B: What was it about?
did my friends.
6 A: It wasn't easy, but we finally managed to remove
It's crucial for me to speak accurately, but I can only do so the graffiti from the front door.
by thoroughly studying the grammar.
B: What did you remove the graffiti from the front
• likewise door with?
This is similar to so but means the same action as someone/ 7 A: I was planning to go for a short city break next
something else does. We usually use it with do: month.
I have been white-water rafting in some o f the wildest B: Where are you planning to go to?
rapids in France and Germany and aim to do likewise in
the rest o f Europe next year. 2 Complete the sentences with a word or short phrase.
Laboratory technicians keep themselves safe by wearing
protective glasses. Construction workers do likewise by 7 I found it very challenging to learn some of the
means o f protective shoes and hard hats. multi-word verbs a n d ........did most of the
other students.
• neither/nor
2 Firefighters protect themselves against toxic fumes by
Neither Max nor Zak has ever been very confident about
wearing masks and breathing equipment.
map reading and orienteering.
Workers in nuclear power stations d o ...............by
• either
wearing protective clothing and equipment.
Mark didn't qualify for a place in the final heat of the 100
3 Neither my partner...............I now eat red meat or
metres and Matt didn't either.
dairy products.
4 The police stopped the protest again, but...............
tactics often he p the activists' cause.
5 We hoped we would win the last game of the season,
but luck!

218
1 CONTRAST AND CONCESSION I
The differences between contrast and concession are as follows: PRACTICE
contrast
/ used to live in China, but now I live in the USA. 7 Choose the correct option to complete sentences.
This contrasts the two countries: the one where I used to live and
7 Even but/though I'm mainly vegetarian, I occasionally
the one where I live now.
'treat myself' to a chicken soup.
concession 2 There was a lot disagreement over the venue for the
Even though I live in Brighton, I work in London. college reunion; nevertheless/whereas they did finally
When the second part of the sentence contains a surprise or manage to reach a consensus.
something we do not expect, we call it concession. 3 I really like being active, though/whereas most of my
• however friends from college are extremely lazy.
However is a more formal w ay to say but: 4 The inside of the igloo was very shiny and incredibly
I really wanted to go to the concert. However, a ll the smooth; the outside, on one hand/on the other hand,
affordable tickets were sold out. was rough and uneven.
• nevertheless
Use this to express the idea 'despite what has just been said Tick the correct sentences. Correct the sentences
or referred to': with mistakes.
There had been several scandals concerning equal 7 On the other hand, I really ought to cut down on the
opportunities; nevertheless, opposition to offering fair p ay amount of carbohydrates I eat, but on the one hand,
to female staff at the BBC remained strong. I simply can't resist potatoes, rice and pasta.
• whereas 2 Even although it was a roasting hot day, we decided
Use whereas to introduce a conditional or qualifying to stay indoors and finish the decorating.
statement: 3 In the nineteenth century some famous scientists and
M y best friend actually enjoys confrontation, whereas I mathematicians managed to do some incredible work
prefer to take a back seat in any argument. despite not having computers.
• on the other hand 4 In spite the high temperature, she felt extremely cold
Use this to introduce the second of two contrasting points: and shivery because of a bout of flu.
The outside skin o f this exotic fruit is a dirty brown colour 5 I couldn't fall asleep even though the noisy celebrations
and bitter; the heart, on the other hand, is creamy white in the street had long ceased.
and sweet. 6 That author has created some highly imaginative short
• on the one hand/on the other hand stories despite being homeless.
Use these when you are comparing two different facts or
two opposite ways of thinking about a situation:
On the one hand, I really ought to stop playing online
strategy games, but on the other hand, I simply don't have
the willpower to do it.
• although, even though and though
Use these to express the idea 'regardless of the fact that':
/ dozed o ff although the workmen were drilling in the street.
Even though it was snowing heavily, I didn't stay at home.
Though we waited for almost two hours on the hard
shoulder next to the car, the breakdown service never
turned up.
• in spite of/despite
I have managed to save a deposit for a summer holiday, in
spite o f a ll the other expenses I've had to meet.
That sculptor has produced some very creative work despite
not having a proper workshop.

GRAMMAR REFERENCE 219

[UNIT 77 j

1EMPHASIS (1)1
There are a number of techniques to emphasise some AUXILIARY VERBS
information in a sentence to give it prominence:
You can add positive auxiliary verbs to emphasise, disagree or
argue a point. The auxiliary verb is stressed when speaking:
CLEFT SENTENCES
A: The problem is the students nowadays don't study enough.
A cleft sentence is a sentence that is split. One part of the B: They d o study enough, but the tests are too hard!
sentence is moved from its normal position into a separate A: You didn't get me a birthday present!
clause to give it greater emphasis. B: I d id get you one! I bought you that tool box that you were
The pattern is often: It + ve rb /ve rb phrase + asking for.
emphasised clause + rest o f sentence. A: I won't mind if you use my car, but I w ill m in d if you don't
We can make two cleft sentences out of the following sentence: replace the petrol you use.
Mary experienced a sudden pain in the stomach after eating a A: If you don't want to stay for the rehearsal, you can go now.
seafood platter. —►It was Mary who experienced a sudden pain If you d o want to stay, take a short break and be back in
in the stomach after eating a seafood platter. ten minutes.
OR
It was after eating a seafood platter that Mary experienced a
PRACTICE
sudden pain in the stomach.
A cleft sentence can also start with Wh-question words. 7 Rewrite the sentences by moving the phrases in
• /t-Clefts italics to the front of the sentence and making any
We finally decided to get married only last month. —►It was changes that are necessary.
only last month that we finally decided to get married.
1 A few students stood chatting at the back o f the hall.
• Wh-Cl efts
People are going to be voting on immigration and the
economy in next week's elections. —►What people are 2 The steak tartar was delicious. But the cheese board
going to be voting on in the election next week is was even more delicious.
immigration and the economy.
3 He ordered a bottle of juice and a glass of sparkling
water. He gulped down the sparkling water in one go.
FRONTING
This is when we move something important that we want to focus 4 It was self-evident that she had been jogging.
on to the front of the sentence. This is particularly common in
speaking. 5 He meticulously repaired the stitching on his shirt.
The days o f doing the same job for life are gone. —►Gone are
the days o f doing the same job for life!
6 A rabid dog ready to attack crouched in front of me.
I just don't know what I am going to say to her. —►What I am
going to say to her I just don't know.
• Adverbs can be fronted to focus on them 2 Rewrite the sentences to make them more emphatic.
He dragged himself out of the treacherous quicksand Use the word in CAPITALS.
carefully. —►Carefully he dragged himself out o f the
treacherous quicksand. 7 I find her constant sarcasm most annoying. WHAT
It started to rain all of a sudden. —* All o f a sudden, it
started to rain. 2 I hope that she passes her driving test this time. DO
When the fronting involves a prepositional phrase (on the
corner, in front of me), we often change the order of the 3 We first met on a beach in Thailand. IT
subject and the verb.
In front of me was the manager o f Manchester United. 4 The reason he left the party was because he had an
Fronting in inform al speech argument with his girlfriend. WHY
That girl over there with the blue umbrella, she works in the
library.
You know that book about the role o f women in MI6 you
told me about, they've made it into a film.

220[
lEMPHASISJ2)i
INVERSIONS PRACTICE
Another way to add emphasis to a sentence is to use an 7 Rewrite the sentences beginning with the words in
inversion. Inversions are expressions that begin sentences and brackets.
which change the word order into question word order.
The following phrases and structures can be used with inversions: 1 She had erected the tent when the storm started,
(scarcely)
No sooner ..., than . . Only when/if/after . . Not only ..., but
also A t no time ...; Little ...; the 3rd conditional
• Events in the past 2 She opened the window and a swarm of bees flew
into the room, (no sooner)
When we describe events in the past, the adverbs hardly
scarcely, barely and no sooner are often used to emphasise
that one event quickly follows another. The verb describing 3 I didn't know that he had been a famous concert
the earlier event is usually in the past perfect simple tense. pianist in his younger years, (little)
If the adverbs are in the initial position, the subject and
auxiliary are inverted. 4 She gave me the money when I told her I was really
No sooner had I finished watching the documentary, than I desperate, (only when)
fell fast asleep.
Scarcely/Barely/Hardly had she finished reading when 5 I only want you to join the team if you promise to train
the lights went off. (She had scarcely finished reading when every week, (only if)
the lights went off.)
Barely had they won the match when it started to hail.
N ote: hardly scarcely and barely are followed by when in 2 Tick the correct sentences. Correct the sentences
the second half of the sentence, while no sooner is followed with mistakes.
by than.
7 Only after we have completely assembled the model
Inversion also occurs in the main clause after the following:
plane we can test fly it.
• only when
2 Not only he remembered to send emails to thank
Only when it started raining did she offer me her umbrella.
everybody, but he also phoned one or two special
Only when the water was completely polluted did they start people.
to clean up the river.
3 He is not only a fantastic batsman, but also is a great
• only if bowler.
Only if you're willing to fully cooperate do I want your 4 At no time he did admit he was in the vicinity of the
involvement in the project. crime scene.
Only if the weather stays good can we seriously consider 5 Little was I aware that he was working as a security
going on the hike. guard in his spare time.
• only a fte r 6 Had I known would there be so few people attending
Only after the project is done and dusted can we go out the event, I wouldn't have gone.
and celebrate. I would have listened more carefully to the directions
Only after the flood subsided could they drive home. I had known that our destination would be so difficult
• N o t o n ly ... but also to find.
Not only did he forget to send me birthday greetings, but
he also didn't even say sorry for forgetting my birthday.
She is not only a great poet but also has a great sense of
humour.
• a t no time
A t no time did he say he was responsible for the accident.
A t no time was I alone in the office when the safe was
unlocked.
• little
Little did I know that he was emigrating to Australia.
Little did they suspect that she had spent her formative years
as a pupil at one o f England's elite public schools.
• Third co n d itio n a l
Here we cut the word /fand invert the subject and verb:
Had I known there would be such tough competition,
I wouldn't have entered the race. (= If I had known)
/ would have paid more attention in the lecture, had I
realised that one o f the exam questions would be based on
it. (= if I had realised)

GRAMMAR REFERENCE 221

[UNIT 12]

1PARTICIPLE AND TO + INFINITIVE CLAUSESI

to + infinitive Here are some other uses of participle clauses:
• often used after reporting verbs like say, believe, claim, giving a reason for the main clause
think in the passive: Knowing that she would be angry, he didn't mention that he
He is said to have acted with Charlie Chaplin. had broken her favourite vase. (= Because he knew that ...)
• express the idea of to be able to: Having failed a ll his previous exams, he decided to study
He is sufficiently talented to dance for the Bolshoi Ballet. properly for this one. (= Because he had failed all his
• used after certain adjectives (devasted, sorry): previous exams ...)
I was devastated to hear that high infant mortality is likely Note that we use the perfect participle to indicate the action
to continue for the forseeable future. occurred further in the past.

• as a subject of sentence (note: in formal English - we an action occurring at the same time as the main clause
normally use the verb-/ng form as a subject): She left the room, smiling to herself.
7b be around her all day would be very tiring. He walked down the street, whistling a merry tune.
• with comparatives: as a reduced conditional - shorter for if+ past participle
It is better to give than to receive. If used sparingly, the medication w ill last you a few months.
• express purpose and ability (as in in order to or to be Note that we can also omit if here.
able to):
I need some time to think. PRACTICE
To be on time, w e ll leave early.
7 Tick the correct sentences. Correct the sentences
with mistakes.
PARTICIPLE CLAUSES
1 She is believed be living incognito in Bolivia.
Participle clauses are clauses that begin with a present participle
of a verb (verb-/ng), a past participle of a verb or a perfect
2 They have enough skill and talent to succeed in getting
a place at art school.
□articiple {having + past participle). They are often used as a
orm of ellipsis to avoid repetition (see Unit 10) especially in 3 I was so sorry hearing the news about the explosion at
more formal spoken or written English. the chemicals factory.

They are used in a number of ways: 4 He is believed to be a distant relative of Napoleon.

• to make a reduced relative clause for an active verb 5 He crossed the busy road, angrily mutter to himself.

For an active relative clause, we can replace the verb with

a present participle:
2 Choose the correct words to complete the sentences.
The doctor who is leading the cancer cure research is 7 It is more useful/useful to learn grammar than to just
based in the Amazon jungle. —* The doctor le a d in g the make lists of vocabulary.
cancer cure research is based in the Amazon jungle. 2 W e need much more time consider/to consider the
The prisoners who are being released have a ll received an proposal in detail.
official pardon. —* The prisoners being released have all 3 Louis Hamilton crossed the finishing line at break-neck
received an official pardon. speed, waving/having waved his arms in the air.
N o te : W e cannot use this kind of participle clause if the 4 The children feeding/to feed bread to the ducks
relative pronoun is the object of the relative clause. obviously hadn't seen the warning notice forbidding it.
The book that I am hoping to buy has won a number o f 5 Realising that he had burnt the cake, he decided
literary prizes 7 baking/to bake another one!
The book hoping to buy has won a number o f literary 6 Having always w anted/W anted to learn the guitar,
prizes. 7 he booked some lessons with a local tutor.
• to make a reduced relative clause for a passive verb 7 He crept out of the house quietly, w anting/not wanting
For a passive relative clause, we can replace the verb with to wake his housemates.
a past participle: 8 The scores being/having been level at 90 minutes, the
The man who was injured in the crash made a full recovery. game moved into extra time.
—►The man injured in the crash made a full recovery.
Again, we cannot use a participle clause here if the relative
pronoun is the object of the relative clause.

222
I nominal isat ion i
Nominalisation is the process or result of forming a noun or PRACTICE
noun phrase from a clause or a verb. It is a common feature of
more advanced and more formal writing. Look at the example 1 Rewrite the sentences by changing the underlined
below: verbs into nouns and making any other necessary
Sentence 1: The writer described the atmosphere brilliantly. changes.
Sentence 2: The writer's description o f the atmosphere was
brilliant. 7 Political leaders need to perform well in TV or radio
interviews.
The two sentences mean the same thing, but in Sentence 2, the
verb described has become the noun description. It is often used
to describe concepts such as: 2 The local government needs to assess the town's waste
disposal system.
• processes - construction; investigation into
• changes - disappearance; improvement; transformation;
deterioration 3 The police investigated the burglary.
• qualities - drawbacks; characteristics
• behaviours - decision (not) to; ability to; rejection o f 4 The charity organisation provided tem porary shelters
• communication - explanation for; description; analysis for the victims of the tsunami, which saved countless
lives.
In Sentence 2, the underlined words are a noun phrase. In this
case, they are the subject of the sentence. Noun phrases can
also be objects of verbs: 5 This grammar exercise illustrates well the difficulties of
/ thoroughly enjoyed the writer's description o f the atmosphere. nominalisation.

Noun phrases can also be the objects of prepositions.

/ was interested in the writer's description o f the atmosphere.
2 Rewrite the sentences using the noun in brackets to
Make sure you include any prepositions that correspond to the
replace the verb, making any changes required.
nouns (description of, review of, information about).
The auditors reviewed the company's annual reports. —►The 7 Burglary was increasing rapidly and the police were
auditors carried out a review o f the company's annual reports. becoming concerned, (increase/concern)
I am grateful to you for informing me about the new regulations.
—►/ am grateful for the information you provided a b o u t the 2 This government report analyses in detail the climate
new regulations. change problem, (analysis)
Note that sometimes the noun phrase will require changing the
verb in the sentence.
3 The company chairman did not fully explain his
The police acted immediately to defuse the situation. = relationship with the former head of the CIA.
The police took immediate action to defuse the situation. (explanation)
Sometimes when we do this we actually make the sentence more
informal: 4 O ur society debated the issue of capital punishment,
/ had to cook because no one else knew how. = I had to do the (debate)
cooking because no one else knew how.

GRAMMAR REFERENCE 223 i

UNIT 13

JPRONOUNS (1) - IT AND THERE CLAUSES I

English clauses which are not imperatives must have a subject. • it's no g o o d + g e ru n d ... (not worthwhile)
W e sometimes use a 'dummy' subject when there is no subject It s no g oo d complaining about the service.
attached to the verb and where the real subject is somewhere • I co u ld n 't b elieve it w h e n ...
else in the clause.
I couldn't believe it when I heard the news.
• /tand there are the two dummy subjects used in English:
• th ere is b o u n d to b e ... (for certainty)
It's always interesting to explore an area you've not been to
There's bound to be a train in the next few minutes.
before.
• th ere is no chance t h a t ... (no possibility)
The real subject (the thing that is interesting) is: to explore
There is no chance it w ill rain today.
an area you've not been to before.
• there's no k n o w in g w h e th e r ... (impossible to
There are two black puppies in the litter.
be certain)
The real subject is the two black puppies and the object is
There's no knowing whether she'll decide to join us.
the litter.
• there's no p o in t (in) ... (not worth it)
• W e often use it as a dummy subject with adjectives and
There's no point (in) going to the match - our team is
their complements:
bound to lose again.
It's imperative to wear protective clothing when you do
• there's no question o f ... (no chance of
experiments in the lab.
something happening)
The real subject (the thing that is imperative) is: wearing
There was no question o f her forgetting about the
protective clothing when you do experiments in the lab.
incident at the station.
• W e also use there as a dummy subject in sentences with
• th ere m ust b e so m eth in g ... (there is a small
relative clauses:
chance/opportunity)
There's a man waiting in reception who wants to show you
There must be something we can do to save the planet.
something.
• there's no h o p e o f ... (no chance)
The real subject is the man - he wants to show you
something. There's no hope o f escaping from this dreadful situation
we are in.
Dummy /la n d there subjects and objects often appear in
common phrases: • th ere tends to b e ... (an inclination towards)

• r d a p p re c ia te it i f ... (polite request) There tends to be a lot o f arguing about trivial o r

unimportant matters.
I'd appreciate it if you'd help me to tidy up the flat.
• I w o u ld n 't expect th ere to be ... (low expectation)
• / w a n t to m a k e it c le a r t h a t ... (clarifying in a
direct/threatening way) / wouldn't expect there to be much money left in my
bank account after the holiday.
/ want to make it clear that if I ever catch you riding
my bike again, I'll call the police.
• y o u o w e it to ... (an obligation or a duty to do PRACTICE
something)
You owe it to your children to see that they learn to 1 Tick th e co rre ct sentences. C orrect th e sentences
behave respectfully. w ith m istakes.
• it looks lik e it's g o in g to ... (what is likely to 1 It's over twenty English workers employed in that
happen) German factory.
It looks like it's going to be fun. 2 There's important to w ear a hard hat in the construction
• m a k e i t ... (achieve something) industry.
We all made it to the station on time. 3 There's a woman in the foyer of the hotel who wants to
• it's tim e fo r ... (the right moment) make a complaint.
It's time for boarding the bus. 4 I'd appreciate if you'd go to the corner shop and get me
• / h a te it w h e n ... some milk.
/ hate it when people push in front o f me in a queue. 5 I want to make it clear that I won't tolerate any
• I fin d it (+ a d j) ... insubordination.

/ find it annoying when people use their mobile phones 6 You owe there to yourself to live your life to the full.
in a restaurant.

224[
PRONOUNS (2)
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS ■EVER
Possessive adjectives show that something belongs to someone The suffix -ever is added to the questions words how, what,
or something. They are: my, our, your, his, her, its and their which, when, where, and who to form subject and object
Possessive pronouns are similar but can be used to replace pronouns with a non-specific meaning. W e use them when the
nouns: mine, ours, yours, his, hers, its and theirs. noun referred to is either unimportant or unknown.
Note: Possessive pronouns are never spelled with apostrophes. Finish the sentence whichever way you like.
Come and have a look at these charcoal sketches. Mine is the Reception is open 24 hours, so you can arrive whenever is
big one in the corner, (subject - my charcoal sketch) convenient.
/ really like your flower display. Do you like mine? (object - Whoever painted this picture must be incredibly talented.
my flower display) W e can also use this type of pronoun for emphasis in questions.
M ax found his driving license, but Leila couldn't find hers, (object However w ill we get there on time in this traffic?
- her driving license) Whatever is that politician saying?
Look at the kids in these photos. They can't be Ben and Kim's
kids. Theirs have blond hair, (subject - their kids)
PRACTICE
A ll the cases have colour-coded ribbons for easy recognition.
Yours are maroon, (subject - your ribbons) Complete the sentences with a personal pronoun to
There's your car in row B. Ours is over there in row F. (subject - match the words in italics.
our car)
1 Dan and Elena like your new flat and want to know
whether you lik e .........?
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE + GERUND 2 John was quite ill on Monday. I felt bad a t .................
Possessive adjectives can be combined with a gerund (verb-/ng) missing the opportunity to go to the match.
in subject o r object form: 3 Tom was still looking for his passport, but Lizzie had
Your w in n in g first prize in the photo competition was a bit o f already fo u n d ..........
a shock. 4 Is that the company's registered trademark? No,
The scouts all made their camp beds without m y asking. ........is black and white.

Their singing the famous chorus again was an inspiration to 5 Hi Jacky, is that your mountain bike blocking the
everybody in the audience. entrance. Oh, yes, it's .......... Sorry.

I was so grateful for his h e lp in g out. 6 Hi Phil. Hello Marta. Are those your twin boys playing
on the swings? Yes, they're..........
H e r a p p ro a c h in g the bank for a loan was the right thing to
do.
Complete the sentences with one word.
Note: The interrogative pronoun whose can also be a
possessive pronoun: 1 Are these your keys? No, mine are th e ................in the
There was a huge roll o f banknotes on the bedside table and we car on the dashboard.
wondered w h o se it was. 2 I haven't got a smart dress shirt to go with my tuxedo.
I am convinced that the car at the end o f the cul-de-sac hasn't I'll have to buy a n e w ....... .
moved for three months. W hose could it be? 3 Have you taken my calculator? This................. isn't
mine - I think it's yours.
4 Are those your trainers? The expensive.................
ONE/ONES
under the bench in the changing room?
These pronouns agree with the nouns they represent: 5 You don't have to w o rry about him. He's one of
There are lots o f keys here. Which ones are ours? ......... He can keep a secret.
Modern computers are much smaller than the ones from the 6 I couldn't find the dogs. I just knew that one of
eighties. ........was trapped in the garden shed because I
When you buy two suits, you get a third one free. heard it barking.

ONE OF
One can be linked to other pronouns with of.
It's clear to me now that one o f us is not telling the truth.
One o f them was hiding behind the curtains.

GRAMMAR REFERENCE 225[

Multi-word verbs are verbs that consist of a verb and one or two particles or prepositions (e.g. up, over, in, down, etc.)
The meaning of a multi-word verb is often different from its separate parts. The following are all multi-word verbs.

MULTI-W ORD VERB DEFINITION

to back up sth to make a copy of information that is stored separately
to bounce back to start to be successful again after a difficult period
to brush up (on) sth to improve your knowledge of something already learned but partly forgotten
to build sth up to increase or develop
to bump into sb to meet someone you know when you have not planned to meet them
to call sth off to decide to stop an activity
to call on sb to do sth to ask someone in a formal way to do something
to catch on to become popular
to catch up (with sth) to reach the same level or quality as someone or something else
to cater for sb/sth to provide what is wanted or needed by a particular group of people
to cater to sb/sth to give people exactly what they want, often something unusual or something that people think is wrong
to check (up) on sth to try to discover how something is progressing or whether someone is doing what they should be doing
to check sth out to examine something or get more information about it in order to be certain that it is true, safe, or
suitable / to go to a place in order to see what it is like
to clean sb/sth up to make a person or place clean and tidy
to clear sth away to make a place tidy by removing things from it, or putting them where they should be
to close sth off to put something across the entrance to a place in order to stop people entering it
to come across to seem to be a particular type of person or thing
to come off to happen successfully
to come on to start to happen or work
to come round to become conscious again after an accident or medical operation
to come under sth to be in a particular part of a book, list, etc.
to come up If a job or opportunity comes up, it becomes available.
to come up against sth to have to deal with a problem or difficulty
to cover sth up to put something over something else, in order to protect or hide it
to cut across sth If a problem or subject cuts across different groups of people, all of those groups are affected by it or
interested in it.
to cut sth out to remove something or form a shape by cutting, usually something made of paper or cloth / to stop
eating or drinking something, usually to improve your health
to derive sth from sth to come from or be developed from something
to devote yourself to sth to spend all your time or energy doing something that you think is important
to dispose of sth to get rid of something, especially by throwing it away
to do away with sth to get rid of something or stop using something
to draw on sth to use information or your knowledge or experience of something to help you do something
to draw sth up to prepare something, usually a plan, list, or an official agreement, by writing it
to drop down to appear underneath in a list form
to dwell on/upon sth to keep thinking or talking about something, especially something bad or unpleasant
to filter out to select or remove a type of information from something
to finish sth off to complete the last part of something that you are doing
 MULTI-W ORD VERB DEFINITION
to fit in to feel that you belong to a particular group and are accepted by them
to fit in with sth If something fits in with a situation, idea, method, etc., it is suitable and works successfully as part of it.
to fix sth up to arrange a meeting, date, event, etc.
to get at sth to suggest or express something in a way that is not clear
to get sb/sth out to escape from or leave a place, or to help someone do this
to get out to go out to different places and meet people in order to enjoy yourself
to get back to sb to talk to someone, usually on the telephone, to give them some information they have asked for or
because you were not able to speak to them before
to get into sth to become interested in an activity or subject, or start being involved in an activity
to get through to sb to succeed in making someone understand or believe something
to go down to stop working
to go into sth to start to do a particular type of work
to go into sth If an amount of time, money, or effort goes into a product or activity, it is used or spent creating that
product or doing that activity.
to go off If a bomb or a gun goes off, it explodes or fires.
to hack into to access someone else's computer system without permission
to hold sth back to not tell everything you know about something
to hold sb/sth back to prevent someone or something from moving forward
to insist on sth to keep doing something, even if it annoys other people or people think it is not good for you
to keep sb/sth from doing sth to prevent someone or something from doing something
to kick in to start to be effective or to happen
to kick off When a football match or other event kicks off, it starts.
to kick sb out to force someone to leave a place or organization
to lay sb off to stop employing someone, usually because there is no work for them to do
to lay sth out to explain something clearly, usually in writing
to lie ahead If an event or situation that will cause problems lies ahead, it will happen in the future.
to line sb/sth up to plan for something to happen
to lock out to prevent somebody from having something or taking part in an activity
to log on (to) to connect to a computer or system
to look on/upon sb/sth as sth to consider someone or something in a particular way
to look up to become better
to mess about/around to spend time playing and doing things with no particular purpose, to waste time
to move on to start doing a new activity, to start speaking about a new topic
to opt in to choose to be part of an activity or arrangement
to pop up to appear or happen suddenly, often without warning
to print out to produce writing or images on paper or other material with a machine
to put sth forward to state an idea or opinion, or to suggest a plan, so that it can be considered or discussed
to put sth together to prepare a piece of work by collecting several ideas and suggestions and organising them
to put in to install a device somewhere and make it ready to operate
to read up on sth to read a lot about a particular subject in order to learn about it
to refer to sb/sth If writing or information refers to someone or something, it relates to that person or thing.
to relate to sb to understand how someone feels
to run sb/sth down to criticize someone or something, often unfairly
to run on sth If a machine runs on a supply of power, it uses that power to work.
to rush into something to start doing something without thinking about it enough first

2271
 MULTI-W ORD VERB DEFINITION
to scare sb away/off to make someone worried about doing something or going somewhere so that they decide not to do
it or go there
to scare sb/sth away/off to make a person or an animal so frightened that they go away
to scroll up/down to move text or picture on a computer screen to view different parts of a page
to set sb/sth back to make something happen more slowly or later than it should
to settle down to start living in a place where you intend to stay for a long time, usually with your partner
to settle in to begin to feel relaxed and happy in a new home or job
to shake sth up to cause large changes in something
to sign in to enter your details into a website in order to use it
to slow down to go or happen slower, or to cause something to happen slower
to speed up to go or happen faster, or to cause something to happen faster
to stand up to sb/sth to defend yourself against a powerful person or organization when they treat you unfairly
to start out to begin your life, or the part of your life when you work, in a particular way
to stay away from sth to avoid becoming involved in something that will have a bad effect on you
to stay on to continue to be in a place, job or school after other people have left
to stem from sth to develop as the result of something
to store up sth to remember things, usually so that you can tell people about them later
to switch on/off sth to stop or start a device powered by electricity
to take sth on to accept a particular job or responsibility
to take to sb/sth to start to like someone or something
to tear sth up to tear paper into a lot of small pieces
to throw yourself into sth to start doing something with a lot of enthusiasm and energy

'228.
 C1 ADVANCED EXAM INFORMATION

PART/TIMING CONTENT EXAM FOCUS

R eading a n d P art 1 A modified cloze containing eight gaps followed by eight Candidates are expected to
Use o f English 4-option nlultiple-choice items. demonstrate their knowledge of
1 hour 30 minutes P art 2 A modified cloze test containing eight gaps. vocabulary and grammar in parts 1-4,
P art 3 A text containing eight gaps. Each gap corresponds to a and their reading comprehension skills
word. The stems of the missing words are given beside the text and in parts 5-8.
must be chlanged to form the missing word. Candidates are also expected to show
P art 4 Si x separate items, each with a lead-in sentence and a understanding of specific information,
gapped sc;cond sentence to be completed in three to six words, one text organisation features, tone,
of which ij a given 'key7 word. attitude, opinion, and text structure
P art 5 A text followed by six 4-option multiple-choice questions. throughout the exam.
P art 6 Fc>ur short texts, followed by multiple-matching questions.
Candidate s must read across texts to match a prompt to elements in
the texts.
P art 7 A text from which paragraphs have been removed and
placed in umbled order after the text. Candidates must decide from
where in t ne text the paragraphs have been removed.
P art 8 A text or several short texts preceded by multiple-matching
questions. Candidates must match a prompt to elements in the text.
W ritin g P art 1 Candidates are required to write an essay, between 220 Candidates are expected to
1 hour 30 mins and 260 words, based on two points given in the input text. They will demonstrate their ability to write at a
be asked to explain which of the two points is more important and to Cl level. They should be able to
give reasons for their opinion. demonstrate awareness of style and
P art 2 Candidates have a choice of task. The tasks provide tone, as well as functions such as
candidates with a clear context, topic, purpose and target reader for describing, evaluating, hypothesising,
their writing. persuading, expressing opinion,
The output text types are: comparing, giving advice, justifying
• letter/email and judging priorities.
• proposal
• report
• review.
Listening P art 1 Three short extracts from exchanges between interacting Candidates are expected to be able to
Approximately speakers with two multiple-choice questions on each extract. show understanding of agreement,
40 minutes P art 2 A monologue lasting approximately three minutes. attitude, course of action, detail, feeling,
Candidates are required to complete the sentences with information function, genre, gist, opinion, purpose,
heard on the recording. situation, specific information, etc.
P art 3 A conversation between two or more speakers of
approximately four minutes. There are six multiple-choice questions,
each with four options.
P art 4 Five short themed monologues, of approximately 30 seconds
each. Each multiple-matching task requires se ection of the correct
options from a list of eight.
S peaking P art 1 A short conversation between the interlocutor and each Candidates are expected to
15 minutes candidate (spoken questions). demonstrate competence at organising
P art 2 An individual long turn' for each candidate with a response a large unit of discourse through
from the second candidate. In turn, the candidates are given three comparison, description, speculation
photographs and asked to talk about any two of them. and expressing opinion. Candidates
P art 3 A two-way conversation between the candidates. The are also expected to demonstrate an
candidates are given spoken instructions with written stimuli, which ability to sustain interaction through
are used in a discussion and a decision-making task. The their use of social language and their
conversation is divided into a discussion phase (two minutes) and a ability to exchange ideas, express and
decision phase (one minute). Candidates are given approximately justify opinions, agree and disagree,
15 seconds to initially read the task before starting to speak. suggest, speculate, evaluate and
P art 4 A discussion on topics related to the collaborative task negotiate.
(spoken questions).

'229,
'acknowl edgement s retales botijero/Moment; Roberto Westbrook; Tidarat Tiemjai/iStock/Getty Images Plus;
Snap Decision/Photographer’s Choice RF; Malte Mueller; Ja_inter/DigitalVision Vectors;
fStop; 4x6/DigitalVision Vectors; anucha sirivisansuwan/Moment; U13: Compassionate
Eye Foundation/DigitalVision; Imgorthand/E+; sturti/E+; mathisworks/DigitalVision
The authors and publishers would like to thank the following contributors: Vectors; Travel_Motion/E+; Westend61; Mike Harrington/DigitalVision; GlobalStock/E+;
Grammar on the move and additional Real World video content: Greg Archer John Todd/ISI Photos/Getty Images Sport; Gwengoat/iStock Unreleased; brittak/iStock
Grammar reference: Bryan Goodman-Stephens Unreleased; Chaiyaporn Baokaew/EyeEm; DanCardiff/E+; Sharon Lapkin/Moment; Alan
Writing and Speaking Bank: Claire Wijayatilake Tunnicliffe Photography/Moment; martin-dm/E+; Anton Petrus/Moment; Hinterhaus
The authors and publishers are grateful to the following for reviewing the material during Productions/DigitalVision; BirdofPrey/E+; yuoak/Digit alVision Vectors; U14: Colin
the writing process: Hawkins/Cultura; SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY/Science Photo Library; Dalina Rahman/
Dan Beardshaw, Ben Naismith, Darren Longley, Michael Black, Annie Broadhead, Eyem; Image Source/Vetta; smartboy 10/DigitalVision Vectors; Thitikorn Suksao/EyeEm;
Hilary Day, Angela McCarthy, Tom Bradbury, Sarah Dev-Sherman and Alice Copello. Terry Vine/DigitalVision; Alexandre Simoes/Borussia Dortmund; Westend61; andresr/
The authors and publishers acknowledge the following sources of copyright material E+; anand purohit/Moment; Malcolm P Chapman/Moment; Colin Hawkins/Cultura;
and are grateful for the permissions granted. While every effort has been made, it has Glow Images; Brosa/E+; Anjelika Gretskaia/Moment; Shana Novak/DigitalVision; Natalia
not always been possible to identify the sources of all the material used, or to trace Riidisuli/EyeEm; Winslow Productions; Tim Macpherson/Cultura; Westend61; Cavan
all copyright holders. If any omissions are brought to our notice, we will be happy to Images; Anna Kurzaeva/Moment; Justin Paget/DigitalVision; zoranm/E+; Andrew Brookes/
include the appropriate acknowledgements on reprinting and in the next update to the Cultura; 101dalmatians/E+; John Rowley/Photodisc; Peathegee Inc; Terry Vine/The Image
digital edition, as applicable. Bank; ESS: Menno Boermans; Paul C Stokes/Moment; Kolderal/Moment; Skyak/E+; Don
Mason; DavidHCoder/E+; Richard Goerg/Photographer’s Choice RF; Jonathan Kitchen/
Key: ESS = English for Spanish Speakers, S = Starter, U = Unit. DigitalVision; Stephen Swintek/Stone; Marco Brivio/Photodisc; SeanShot/E+; SeanShot;
Text Mitch Kezar/Design Pics; Grafissimo/DigitalVision Vectors; technotr/E+; Chinnaphong
U3: Text about Ben Pasternak. Copyright © Ben Pasternak. Reproduced with kind Mungsiri/Moment; powerofforever/E+; Michael Godek/Moment; Buena Vista Images/
permission; Text about Nao Mintz. Copyright © Nao Mintz. Reproduced with permission; DigitalVision; John Foxx/Stockbyte; kycstudio/DigitalVision Vectors; Elerium/DigitalVision
U6: Text about Zaha Hadid. Copyright © Zaha Hadid. Reproduced with kind permission; Vectors; Jacobs Stock Photography Ltd/DigitalVision; vm/E+; Mikolette/E+; Vasko/E+;
Adapted text from ‘So much for ‘Finders Keepers’! $500,000 found stashed behind home’s GABRIEL BOUYS/AFP; Dorling Kindersley; Halfdark; RapidEye/E+; RichLegg/E+; Bernd
walls returned to heirs of man who hid cash at least 11 years ago’ by Laura Pullman. Vogel/Stone; Hill Street Studios/DigitalVision; Tom And Steve/Photographer’s Choice RF;
Copyright © DailyMail. Reproduced with permission; U7: Figures from ‘Sample 11 + Sergey Ivanov/500px Prime.
Assessment Test — Non-Verbal Reasoning’. Copyright © Coordination Group Publications The following photographs are sourced from other libraries/sources.
Ltd (CGP). Reproduced with kind permission; Adapted text from ‘University League U2: Shutterstock; U3: Adrian Sherratt/Alamy Stock Photo; Copyright © Ben Pasternak;
Tables 2020’. Copyright Complete University Guide Limited © 2020. Reproduced with kind © Alexandra Wolf. Reproduced with permission; U6: Courtesy of Krzywy Domek; Courtesy
permission; U9: Text about GLASTONBURY FESTIVAL. Copyright © GLASTONBURY of Zaha Hadid Architects.
FESTIVAL. Reproduced with kind permission; U12: Adapted text from ‘Talking to babies
boosts their brain power, studies show’ by Ian Sample Wapshott, The Guardian, 14.02.14; Front cover photography by Supawat Punnanon/EyeEm/Getty Images; Patrick Foto/Getty
Text about Michel Andre Marechai. Copyright © Michel Andre Marechai. Reproduced with Images; fStop Images-Caspar Benson/Getty Images; art2002/iStock/Getty Images Plus;
kind permission. Onfokus/E+/Getty Images; primeimages/E+/Getty Images.
Photography Videos

The following photographs are sourced from Getty Images. The following photographs are sourced from Getty Images.

Page snapshots from Open World dvanced Students Book. S: RichVintage/E+; U2: Sjo/iStock Unreleased; Tramino/iStock Unreleased; U4: Bettmann; Found Image
South_agency/E+; Digital Vision./Photodisc; Photodisc; Westend61; georgeclerk/ Holdings Inc/Corbis Historical; Artyom Geodakyan/TASS; Rolls Press/Popperfoto;
E+; Jeffrey Coolidge/DigitalVision; Morsa Images/DigitalVision; U l: FilippoBacci/ Dorling Kindersley; Science & Society Picture Library/SSPL; Dorling Kindersley; Blank
E+; Flashpop/DigitalVision; George Pimentel/Wirelmage; SaulHerrera/DigitalVision Archives/Archive Photos; John Borthwick/Lonely Planet Images; Jamie Squire/National
Vectors; BoardinglNow/iStock/Getty Images Plus; GMint/E+; Eugenio Marongiu/Cultura; Hockey League; U5: Heritage Images/Hulton Archive; Evening Standard/Hulton Archive;
Thomas Barwick/DigitalVision; filadendron/E+; Rassco; iStock/Getty Images Plus; VladSt/ Spencer Platt/Getty Images News; Bletchley Park Trust/SSPL; R. J. Salmon/Hulton Archive;
DigitalVision Vectors; U2: Matelly/Cultura; Markus Spiering/EyeEm; Leadinglights/ Jimmy Sime/Hulton Archive; Jimmy Sime/Hulton Archive; Donald Iain Smith/Photodisc;
E+; Chalermphon Kumchai/EyeEm; Ziga Plahutar/E+; Oleh_Slobodeniuk/E+; Eric Christopher Furlong/Getty Images News; Christopher Furlong/Getty Images News;
Hevesy/Moment; wundervisuals/E+; vm/E+; Jaromir Chalabala/EyeEm; imamember/ Heritage Images/Hulton Archive; U6: David Rogers/Getty Images Sport; U8: ZU_09/
iStock Unreleased; Oscar Wong/Moment; Fuse/Corbis; MATJAZ SLANIC/E+; Fuse/ DigitalVision Vectors; Rick Stewart/Getty Images Sport; LMPC; Paul Severn/Getty Images
Corbis; EXTREME-PHOTOGRAPHER/E+; © Marco Bottigelli/Moment; FatCamera/E+; Sport; Silver Screen Collection/Moviepix; U9: mashuk/DigitalVision Vectors; U12: Otto
Westend61; martin-dm/E+; Photos by R A Kearton/Moment; designalldone/DigitalVision Greule Jr/Getty Images Sport; U13: Stu Forster/Getty Images Sport; CHRISTOPHE
Vectors; Hispanolistic/E+; Manuel Sulzer/Cultura; Jordan Siemens/DigitalVision; U3: SIMON/AFP.
John M Lund Photography Inc/DigitalVision; Remus Kotsell/iStock; by Marion C. HaRold, The following photograph is sourced from other source.
www.marionhassold.com/Moment; by_nicholas/E+; Natthakan Jommanee/EyeEm; Vicki U9: Copyright © Kestrel/King arthurs Great Halls 2016. Reproduced with kind permission.
Jauron, Babylon and Beyond Photography/Moment; PM Images/DigitalVision; skynesher/
E+; John Lawson, Belhaven/Moment Open; David M. Benett/Getty Images Entertainment; The following video clips are sourced from Getty Images.
Barry Austin Photography/Photodisc; KTSDESIGN/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY; jayk7/ U l: Ahmetov_Ruslan/Creatas Video+; Laurence Dutton/Vetta; yucelyilmaz/Vetta;
Moment; stock-eye/E+; U4: Christianto Soning/EyeEm; The Washington Post; SCIEPRO/ ShutterOK/Creatas Video; simonkr/Creatas Video; perinjo/Creatas Video; Purplevideos/
SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY/Science Photo Library; aaaaimages/Moment; JGI/Jamie Creatas Video+; Captamotion/Image Bank Film; Multi-bits/Image Bank Film: Signature;
Grill; eROMAZe/E+; Bill Green/EyeEm; Sarayut Thaneerat/EyeEm; laflor/E+; Paul Fram miodrag ignjatovic/Creatas Video; kali9/Creatas Video; Andersen Ross/Verve+; gilaxia/
Photography/Moment Open; ANDRZEJ WOJCICKI/Science Photo Library; John Dickson/ Creatas Video; freemixer/Creatas Video; FilmColoratStudio/Vetta; U2: mgost/Creatas
Moment; Pete Barr-Watson/Moment; Science Photo Library; JazzIRT/E+; John Lamb/ Video; selected-takes/Creatas Video; pronto8000/Creatas Video; Eduardo Montes-Bradley/
Stockbyte; Handout/Getty Images News; U5: Nico De Pasquale Photography/Moment; Image Bank Film; Warner Bros. Studios/Warner Bros. Entertainment; selected-takes/
Cavan Images; NicolasMcComber/E+; Roy McMahon/DigitalVision; Yuri_Arcurs/ Creatas Video; selected-takes/Creatas Video; loveguli/Creatas Video; ActiveDesignStudio/
E+; Maskot; Colin Anderson Productions pty ltd/DigitalVision; Westend61; A-Digit/ Creatas Video; selected-takes/Vetta; wanetza/Creatas Video; selected-takes/Vetta;
DigitalVision Vectors; bubaone/DigitalVision Vectors; laflor/E+; Busakorn Pongparnit/ Simonkr/one80: Signature; Art Box Images/Verve; U3: Ahmetov_Ruslan/Creatas Video+;
Moment; praetorianphoto/E+; Sompong Sriphet/EyeEm; 97/E+; DimaChe/DigitalVision flavioc77/Creatas Video; antadi 1332/Vetta; gogoloji/Creatas Video; itsskin/Creatas Video;
Vectors; Sitthiphong Thadakun/EyeEm; emanuelestano/Moment; U6: Zuraisham/ NHK/NHK Video Bank Creative; Dorian Weber/Image Bank Film; gogoloji/Creatas
Moment; Sigrid Gombert/Alloy; PASCAL POCHARD-CASABIANCA/AFP; Monty Video; commandoXphoto/Creatas Video; naes/Creatas Video; gogoloji/Creatas Video;
Rakusen/Cultura; tigerstrawberry/iStock/Getty Images Plus; Tom Ellingham/Moment; thisnight/Creatas Video; Dorian Weber/DigitalVision; JK1991/Creatas Video; gogoloji/
Simon Potter/Cultura; ullstein bild; MARWAN NAAMANI/AFP; AWL Images; Mark Creatas Video; simonkr/Creatas Video; simonkr/Creatas Video+; hh5800/Creatas Video;
Scott/DigitalVision; vitranc/E+; STR/AFP; John Steele/Moment; Paul Freeborn/Moment; gogoloji/Creatas Video; querbeet/Vetta; captamotion/Creatas Video; eyeidea/Creatas
Chris Walter/Wirelmage; shunli zhao/Moment; © Naufal MQ/Moment; Arctic-Images/ Video+; Stockshare/Creatas Video; primeimages/Creatas Video; U4: Ahmetov_Ruslan/
DigitalVision; mathisworks/DigitalVision Vectors; U7: DrAfterl23/DigitalVision Vectors; Creatas Video+; Mageed/Creatas Video; Film Images Sari - Footage/Archive Films:
wundervisuals/E+; mathisworks/DigitalVision Vectors; Andriy Onufriyenko/Moment; Editorial; British Film Institute/Getty Images/Archive Films: Creative; itsskin/Creatas
Ursula Sander/Moment Open; SDI Productions/E+; Georgijevic/E+; vgajic/E+; Jon Video; slavemotion/Creatas Video; baranozdemir/iStock; NASA/Photolibrary Video;
Feingersh Photography Inc/DigitalVision; Mint Images/Mint Images RF; hocus-focus/E+; WW News/Image Bank Film; kafl/Creatas Video; cloudytronics/Creatas Video; U5:
Fuse/Corbis; Tim Hall/Cultura; Thomas Barwick/DigitalVision; skynesher/E+; Jose Luis AhmetovJRuslan/Creatas Video+; David Hills/Creatas Video; Robert Harding Video/
Pelaez Inc/DigitalVision; Tu xa Ha Noi/Moment; U8: Francesco Carta/Moment Open; Verve+; slavemotion/Creatas Video; ITN; U6: Ahmetov_Ruslan/Creatas Video+; ZU_09/
RichLegg/E+; mikkelwilliam/E+; MirageC/China; AdrianHillman/iStock/Getty Images Plus; DigitalVision Vectors; Witthaya/Creatas Video; real444/Creatas Video; Pavel Gospodinov/
filo/DigitalVision Vectors; A-Digit/DigitalVision Vectors; brianlarson/E+; Photographer DigitalVision; Discovery Access; Anthony Collins/Photodisc; MediaProduction/Creatas
is my life./Moment; Dulin/RooM; U9: Image Source; Chris Rubey/Moment Unreleased; Video; MediaProduction/Vetta; Andrew Geiger/Photodisc; MediaProduction/Creatas
Pekic/E+; SOPA Images/LightRocket; Jobalou/DigitalVision Vectors; LauriPatterson/E+; Video; Peter Adams/Corbis Video; Purplevideos/Creatas Video+; piola666/Vetta;
valentinrussanov/iStock Unreleased; Maria Teijeiro/Photodisc; RelaxFoto.de/E+; Damith Hangar Filmes/Image Bank Film; HOPE PRODUCTIONS/Yann Arthus Bertrand/Getty
Wickramasinghe/500px/500Px Unreleased; ozgurdonmaz/E+; MEDITERRANEAN/E+; Images/Yann Arthus-Bertrand; U7: Ahmetov_Ruslan/Creatas Video+; smart_design/
Marc Wolf/EyeEm; Krissana Porto/EyeEm; Will Grant/Moment; Simone Joyner/EyeEm; Creatas Video; Image Bank Film; ITN; Ariel Skelley/Verve+; Ariel Skelley/Iconica Video:
U10: wundervisuals/E+; pixdeluxe/E+; NicolasMcComber/E+; Getty Images/Getty Images Signature; Sony Pictures Entertainment; SolStock/Creatas Video; Lighthouse Films;
Sport; perrygerenday/E+; Charlotte Wilson/Offside; cyrop/DigitalVision Vectors; Francois Image Source Ltd/Verve+; akiraworks/Creatas Video; ITN; kali9/Vetta; Christian Ender/
Lacasse/National Hockey League; skynesher/E+; Martin Grimes/FilmMagic; zodebala/E+; Image Bank Film; gawrav/Vetta; SDI Productions/Vetta; Easy_Company/Creatas Video;
Atsushi Tomura/Getty Images Sport; Westend61; Brazil Photo Press/LatinContent Editorial; Ariel Skelley/Image Bank Film: Signature; BBC Motion Gallery Editorial/BBC News/
Mint Images/Mint Images RF; Caiaimage RF; Sino Images/500px Asia; Creative Crop/ BBC Editorial; U8: Ahmetov_Ruslan/Creatas Video+; Hal Bergman/Image Bank Film;
Photodisc; franckreporter/E+; BraunS/E+; shapecharge/E+; SDI Productions/E+; BraunS/ Grinberg, Paramount, Pathe Newsreels/Sherman Grinberg Library; Gavin Hellier/Image
E+; U li: FatCamera/E+; SDI Productions/E+; cnythzl/DigitalVision Vectors; DNY59/ Bank Film; Silverwell Films/Archive Films: Creative; The March of Time; BBC Universal/
E+; piranka/E+; svetikd/E+; Raphye Alexius/Image Source; tacojim/E+; Peter Dazeley/ BBC Creative; Angry Alligator Productions/Image Bank Film; Silverwell Films/Archive
The Image Bank; Ariel Skelley/DigitalVision; Image Source; thianchai sitthikongsak/ Films: Creative; Silverwell Films/Archive Films: Creative; A8<E Television Networks/
Moment; MARTIN BUREAU/AFP; U12: PIXOLOGICSTUDIO/SCIENCE PHOTO Image Bank Film; andresr/Vetta; U9: Ahmetov_Ruslan/Creatas Video+; Ming Yeung/Getty
LIBRARY/Science Photo Library; Alain SHRODER/ONOKY; Paul Gilligan/Imagezoo; Images Entertainment Video; Nik Taylor/Moment Open; Leon Neal/Getty Images Editorial
Footage; Roy JAMES Shakespeare/Image Bank Film; SkyworksFootage/Creatas Video;
Gavin Hellier/DigitalVision; BBC Natural History/BBC Creative; Roy JAMES Shakespeare/
DigitalVision; BBC Universal/BBC Creative; OmniMovi Ltd/Corbis Video; Gavin Hellier/
DigitalVision; OmniReelLife/Photolibrary Video; Roy JAMES Shakespeare/DigitalVision;
BBC Motion Gallery Editorial/BBC News/BBC Editorial; OmniReelLife/Photolibrary
Video; U10: Ahmetov_Ruslan/Creatas Video+; Sky News/DigitalVision; Peter Adams
Photography Ltd./Verve+; xijian/Creatas Video; Andrew Holt/Photodisc; Peopleimages/
Creatas Video; GetMyStock/Creatas Video+; Purplevideos/Vetta; Wavebreakmedia/Creatas
Video+; Purplevideos/Creatas Video+; ImagesBazaar/Verve+; RaptTv/Creatas Video+;
simonkr/Creatas Video; Wavebreakmedia/Creatas Video+; Wavebreakmedia/Creatas
Video+; purplevideos/Creatas Video+; haizon/Vetta; Roy JAMES Shakespeare/Photodisc;
Roy JAMES Shakespeare/DigitalVision; simonkr/Creatas Video; CRC_Studio/Creatas
Video; Aristine/Creatas Video; U 11: Ahmetov_Ruslan/Creatas Video+; simonkr/Creatas
Video; Pekic/Vetta; ersen_cira/Creatas Video; evandrorigon/Creatas Video; JohnJLamb/
Creatas Video; tawattiw/Creatas Video; Laurence Dutton/Creatas Video; Peopleimages/
Creatas Video; SimonSkafar/Creatas Video; FG Trade/Creatas Video; querbeet/Creatas
Video; Andrew_Howe/Creatas Video; Laurence Dutton/Vetta; tawattiw/Creatas Video;
KLH49/Creatas Video; Vadim_Key/Creatas Video+; Purplevideos/Vetta; THRE3/
Creatas Video; gilaxia/Vetta; blackdovfx/Creatas Video; gradyreese/Creatas Video; Hilo/
DigitalVision; U12: Ahmetov_Ruslan/Creatas Video+; Yuri_Arcurs/Vetta; Jay Yuno/
Creatas Video; PetroglyphFilms/Image Bank Film; RealisticFilm/Creatas Video; simonkr/
Creatas Video; simonkr/Vetta; Just2shutter/Creatas Video; ri4istock/Vetta; Footage
of the World/Image Bank Film; lshot Production/Creatas Video; Kapaopae/Creatas
Video; RealisticFilm/Creatas Video; Image Source Ltd/Photodisc; Universal Studios/
DigitalVision; Geoff Tompkinson/one80; Cassidy Inc./Image Bank Film; Osathank/Creatas
Video; FilmColoratStudio/Vetta; simonkr/Creatas Video; SimonSkafar/Creatas Video;
visualspace/Creatas Video; Verve; basketman23/Creatas Video; BjelicaS/Creatas Video;
ferrantraite/Vetta; U13: Ahmetov_Ruslan/Creatas Video+; Discovery Access; slavemotion/
Creatas Video; Revelation/DigitalVision; Wild Shutter Imaging/Moment Video RF; Wild
Shutter Imaging/Moment Video RF; Photo and Co/DigitalVision; Wild Shutter Imaging/
Moment Video RR; Copyright Unscripted Films/DigitalVision; robertharding/Verve+;
BBC Natural History/BBC Creative; Constantinis/Creatas Video; natleek/Creatas Video;
Mutlu Kurtbas/Vetta; Mutlu Kurtbas/Vetta; BBC Universal/BBC Creative; maczkus/Creatas
Video; Mike Johnson, Michael Johnson Entertainment/Moment Video RF; Spotmatik/
Verve+; Mike Johnson, Michael Johnson Entertainment/Moment Video RF; SVPhilon/
Vetta; VideoQuestProductions/Creatas Video; Assembly/Image Bank Film: Signature;
U14: Samuel Chiovitti Alexandre/Moment Video RF; Scott Mcpartland/Photodisc; Chris
Beavon/Moment Video RF; Chris Beavon/Moment Video RF; Betsie Van Der Meer/
DigitalVision; BSPC/Creatas Video; KreangchaiRungfamai/Creatas Video+; Patsanab/
Creatas Video; luckpics/Creatas Video; sayoesso/Creatas Video; staticnakl983/Creatas
Video; staticnakl983/Creatas Video; lamnee/Creatas Video; onuroner/Creatas Video;
Multi-bits/DigitalVision; uuoott/Creatas Video; Multi-bits/DigitalVision; Multi-bits/
DigitalVision; Juanmonino/Creatas Video; Multi-bits/DigitalVision; MesquitaFMS/Creatas
Video; GCShutter/Creatas Video; mustafasen/Creatas Video; MediaNation/Creatas Video+;
Studio DB/DigitalVision; zoranm/Creatas Video; mladn61/Creatas Video.
The following audio clips are sourced from Getty Images.
U l: The California Sunshine/SoundExpress; U2: Anthony Brown/SoundExpress;
U3: Brentin Davis/Sound Express; U4: Vitaliy Arkhanhelski/SoundExpress; U5: StockXL/
SoundExpress; U6 & U10: Ladislav Weyrostek/SoundExpress; U7: ColourTunes/
SoundExpress; U8: Michael Panasuk/SoundExpress; U8 & 14 : Diego Martinez/
SoundExpress; U9: Crypt of Insomnia/SoundExpress; U li: Mark Preston/SoundExpress.
Audio
Audio Produced and recorded by Leon Chambers.
Grammar on the move and Real world documentary audio produced and recorded by
Dan Strauss.
Page make up
EMC Design Ltd.
Grammar on the Move animations and Real World videos
QBS