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Numerical Analysis Theory

Numerical analysis theory

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richardson3842
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19 views

Numerical Analysis Theory

Numerical analysis theory

Uploaded by

richardson3842
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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What is Numerical Method?

 A numerical method is a complete and definite set of procedures for the solution of a
problem, together with computable error estimates. The study and implementation of such
methods is the province of numerical analysis.
 Numerical methods are techniques used to find quantitative solutions to mathematical
problems.
 In numerical analysis, a numerical method is a mathematical tool designed to solve numerical
problems.
 Solving practical technical problems using scientific and mathematical tools when available,
and using experience and intuition otherwise.
 Using numerical analysis we will be able, for instance, to handle large systems of equations,
non-linearities, complicated geometries and solving engineering problems which have no
analytical solution.
 The numerical methods deal with engineering problems that can be solved by hand or
computers.
 The numerical methods can be effectively demonstrated in cases dealing with complex
problems for which analytical solutions cannot be obtained or hand calculations cannot be
made.
 In this course, common engineering problems are used to demonstrate the computational
procedures.
 The examples are intentionally selected with traceable solutions so that students can
reproduce them.
 Programming considerations for selected methods are provided.
 These of any computational method, analytically or numerical, without the proper
understanding of the limitations and shortcomings can have serious consequences.

Difference between analytical and numerical method.


Analytical methods
 Produce exact solutions
 Not always feasible
 May require mathematical sophistication

Numerical methods
 Produce an approximate solution
 The time to solve a numerical problem is a function of the desired accuracy of the
approximation

Why are Numerical Methods so Widely Used in Engineering?


 Engineers use mathematical modeling (equations and data) to describe and predict the
behavior of systems.
 Closed-form (analytical) solutions are only possible and complete for simple problems
(geometry, properties, etc.).
 Computers are widely available, powerful, and (relatively) cheap.
 Powerful software packages are available (special or general purpose).
 Exact answers are sometimes hard or impossible to achieve in practice
 Numerical Methods provide an approximation that is generally good enough.
 Useful in all fields of engineering and physical sciences.
Why use Numerical Methods?
1) To solve problems that cannot be solved exactly.
2) To solve problems that are intractable!

Applications of Numerical Methods in Engineering


 Structural/mechanical analysis, design, and behavior.
 Communication/power: (i) Network simulation and (ii) Train and traffic networks.
 Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD): (i) Weather prediction and (ii) Groundwater & pollutant
movement.
 Estimation of ocean currents
 Usually used in computer science for root algorithm.
 It is used to determine profit and loss in the company.
 Used for Multidimensional root finding.
 Solving practical technical problems using scientific and mathematical tools.
 Airflow patterns in the respiratory tract (and different equations).
 Modelling combustion flow in a coal power plant.
 Transport and disposition of chemicals through the body (and ODEs + PDEs)
 Molecular and cellular mechanisms of toxicity (and ODEs + PDEs).
 Re-entry simulations for the Space Shuttle.
 Modelling of airflow over airplane bodies.
 Electromagnetics analysis for detection by radar.
 Design and analysis of control systems for aircraft.
 Electromagnetics.
 Large scale shock wave physics code development.

What are the methods for solving systems of linear equations?


A linear equation is an equation where each variable has a degree of one. An example of a linear
equation is 4x + 3y = 10.
The 6 most common methods of solving a linear equation are:
 Graphical Method
 Elimination Method
 Substitution Method
 Cross Multiplication Method
 Matrix Method
 Determinants Method
Frequently used to solve systems of linear equations –
 Gauss-Jordan Method
 Gauss-Jacobi Method
 Gauss-Seidal Method
What is the condition of using Newton Raphson method?
1. When f’(x) very large is when the slops is large, then h will be small (as assumed) and hence,
the root can be calculated in even less time.
2. If we choose the initial approximation x0 close to the root then we get the root of the equation
very quickly.
3. The process will evidently fail if f’(x) = 0 is in the neighborhood of the root. In such cases the
regula falsi method should be used.
4. If the initial approximation to the root is not given, choose to say, a and b such that f(a) and
f(b) are of the opposite signs. If |f(a)| < |f(b)| then take a as the initial approximation.
5. Newton’s Raphson method is also referred to as the method of tangents.
What is augmented matrix? How to form it?
An augmented matrix is a way of representing a system of linear equations in matrix form. It
combines the coefficient matrix and the constants from the right-hand side of the equations into a
single matrix.

To form a matrix into an equation the following steps should be taken -

1. Write the coefficients of the x-terms as the numbers down the first column.
2. Write the coefficients of the y-terms as the numbers down the second column.
3. If there are z-terms, write the coefficients as the numbers down the third column.
4. Draw a vertical line and write the constants to the right of the line.

What do you mean by Linear and Non-linear equation?


Linear equation:
 A linear equation forms a straight line on a graph.
 The slope of a linear equation is constant and equal to m.
 A linear equation has a maximum of one degree. This means you can only raise a variable in
the equation to the power of 1.
 The common representation of a linear equation is y = mx + c where x and y are variables, m
is the slope of the line and c is a constant.
Non-linear equation:
 A nonlinear equation forms an S-curve, bell curve or another nonlinear shape on a graph.
 The slope of a nonlinear equation is variable.
 A nonlinear equation has two or more degrees. This means you can only raise a variable in
the equation to the power of 2 or higher.
 The common representation of a nonlinear equation is ax2 + by2 = c where x and y are
variables and a, b and c are constants.

What is the difference between gauss seidel and Jacobi?


1. The difference between the Gauss-Seidel method and the Jacobi method is that, in the
Jacobi method, all equations are solved using the same set of data input, whereas, in the
Gauss-Seidel method, each equation is solved using all data available at the time of its
solution.
2. Convergence in Jacobi’s method is faster.
3. Computations in Jacobi’s can be done in parallel but not in Gauss-seidal.
4. Seidal is for large systems and Jacobi is for small systems.
5. Deviation from the correct answer is more in gauss seidal.

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