Reading and Writing Module 1

27 QUESTIONS

Portable video game consoles and wireless speakers tend to contain batteries that can't be easily ______. Environmental policy
researcher Jean-Pierre Schweitzer warns that because new batteries can't be put in once the old ones no longer work, the
gadgets stop functioning and are usually disposed of as trash.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A) invented

B) prevented

C) rated

D) replaced

The following text is adapted from Kenneth Grahame's 1908 novel The Wind in the Willows. The Mole is dazed after briefly
meeting a stranger while traveling with a friend.

[The] Mole stood still a moment, held in thought. As one wakened suddenly from a beautiful dream, who struggles to recall it,
and can re-capture nothing but a dim sense of the beauty of it, the beauty! Till that, too, fades away in its turn.

As used in the text, what does the word “recall" most nearly mean?

A) Overlook

B) Remember

C) Deny

D) Begin

There is no doubt that Irving Langmuir must have proved himself to be extraordinarily ______ understanding some of the most
advanced concepts in the field of chemistry --- in 1932 his remarkable talent and hard work was recognized when he was
awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for "his discoveries and investigations in surface chemistry.”

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A) modest about

B) dispassionate in

C) adept at

D) lighthearted about

Economists have long observed that firms in related industries tend to cluster in the same area, as is the case in Leeds, UK,
where many thread and yarn spinning firms as well as textile weaving firms are located. The factors causing such clustering are
______ : what drives firms in certain industries to cluster may not be especially relevant among other industries.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A) unknown

B) impressive

C) focused

D) variable

5
 The following text is adapted from Adib Khorram's 2018 novel Darius the Great Is Not Okay. Darius, a teenager from the United
States, is visiting his grandparents, Babou and Mamou, in Iran, They are preparing for a holiday celebration.

I felt like a tourist.

But Babou fussed with my cap a little more, even though Mamou had already gotten it settled, He looked me in the eye from
time to time, like he was looking for something, and thought maybe just maybe-I had it in me after all.

Babou hummed to himself as he smoothed out my shoulder seams and rested his hands on them.

“I am glad you are here to see this, Darioush-jan."

Maybe I wasn't such a tourist.

Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

A) To demonstrate that Babou and Darius aren't very interested in going to new places

B) To emphasize that Darius has been looking forward to an event

C) To suggest that Babou is planning to visit Darius in the United States soon

D) To show that Babou affects the way Darius thinks of himself

The food industry has long used thermal technologies to preserve food in large batches. Recent advancements in infrared
heating were made through research in Mexico on the preservation of bean flour, Infrared heating is generally considered to
be an improvement over more conventional thermal preservation methods: whereas conventional methods transfer energy
from the surface of a food to its interior, infrared heating uses high-intensity infrared light to generate heat within the food
itself, thus reducing industrial cooking times.

Which choice best describes the function of the underlined portion in the text as a whole?

A) It emphasizes the simplicity of infrared heating technologies.

B) It explains why conventional heating methods are popular in commercial applications and proposes a shift away from
these methods.

C) It suggests that there are possible flaws in infrared heating technologies that have not yet been well researched.

D) It identifies an advantage that infrared heating has over conventional thermal preservation methods.

In a large community science effort, biologist Abbigail Merrill and colleagues collaborated with hundreds of students and other
amateur science enthusiasts for more than three years to study how butterfly color and time of day relate to butterfly behavior.
They found that butterfly color might influence behavior more than butterfly size does, and that butterflies were observed to
feed more often in the morning than at any other time of day.

Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

A) Time of day and butterfly color seem to have less influence on butterfly behavior than the location where the butterflies
are studied does.

B) A recent study suggested that butterflies’ coloring seems to be less relevant to their behavior than time of day.

C) Collaboration between professional scientists and members of the public is especially useful when studying the behavior
of butterflies and other flying insects.

D) A large study suggested that butterfly color and time of day might influence the behavior of certain butterflies.

President Richard Nixon is most famous for his participation in the 1970s Watergate political scandal, a convoluted tale of
criminality and eroded ethics involving a constellation of associates such as political operative Jeb Stuart Magruder and Nixon's
secretary Rose Mary Woods. But Nixon's legacy is complex: he has been praised for his role in affirming the sovereignty of
tribal nations, and he once made an attempt at reforming United States health care policy that is arguably a precursor to the
Affordable Care Act, which became law during the Barack Obama administration.

Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

A) Richard Nixon's reputation is primarily due to the actions of his associates.

B) Some of Richard Nixon's policies influenced the policies of later presidential administrations.

C) Jeb Stuart Magruder and Rose Mary Woods were significant figures in the presidency of Richard Nixon.
 D) Richard Nixon is commonly linked with an infamous historical event, but this overshadows some of his notable
achievements.

Argentina, Brazil, and the United States are among the world's leading producers of maize (corn), and each country exports a
certain percentage of maize each marketing year, which runs from March to February in Argentina and Brazil and from
September to August in the United States. A student is researching those percentages and finds that for the marketing
year2012/2013, the percentage of maize exported by ______

Which choice most effectively uses data from the graph to complete the text?

A) Brazil exceeded the percentage exported by Argentina for the first time.

B) Brazil increased from the previous marketing year but remained lower than the percentage exported by the United States.

C) the United States reached its highest point during the five marketing years.

D) Argentina decreased from the previous marketing year but remained the highest among the three countries.

10

A student is writing a research paper on the history of irrigation in the United States, situating the development of Hume Lake
(created in Fresno County, California, in 1908) in a larger historical context. The student claims that California's climate renders
irrigation an essential component of agriculture in some parts of the state but not in others.

Which quotation from a study of California agriculture best supports the student's claim?

A) “The usefulness of irrigation infrastructure in California today cannot be overstated, since it is the most common means
of conveying water for agricultural purposes.”

B) “Natural humidity, which renders irrigation unnecessary or reduces its importance in the northern reaches of California,
gradually decreases toward the sun-scorched but nonetheless fertile valleys of the southern part of the state.”

C) “Sprinkler irrigation systems are a contemporary way of irrigating that requires machinery to spray water in all directions.
These are currently used throughout the United States and are especially prevalent in California.”

D) “The irrigation system developed by the Hohokam people in the 7thcentury CE in what is now Arizona was simple, but
this system applied hydraulic engineering design features that are in use today throughout California.”

11
 Auxins are a class of hormones that influence plant growth, including leaf orientation (the tendency of leaves to be larger on
one side of their long central axis than the other). University of California, Berkeley biologist Ciera Martinez and colleagues
noted that in certain plants in which leaves grow in pairs, auxins will typically be concentrated in opposite sides of each leaf in
the pair (e.g., on the left side of one leaf in the pair and the right side of the other). Accordingly, they hypothesized that paired
leaves should tend to show opposite-side orientation, and they tested their hypothesis by examining paired leaves from
several species of grapevines.

Which choice best describes data from the graph that support Martinez and colleagues' hypothesis?

A) In the maple-leaf grape, frost grape, and July grape, all the leaf pairs show opposite-side orientation.

B) Although the number of leaf pairs showing same-side orientation is fairly high in the July grape, it is much lower in both
the maple-leaf grape and frost grape.

C) Although the exact ratio varies by species, the maple-leaf grape, frost grape, and July grape all show more leaf pairs with
opposite-side orientations than with same-side orientations.

D) The number of leaf pairs showing opposite-side orientation is fairly high in the maple-leaf grape, but not as high as it is
in the July grape

12

Danijel jug and colleagues found that tilling --- the practice of turning soil with hoes, plows, or other machines before planting
crops --- was associated with an increased yield of winter wheat. But some studies of other crops have found the opposite
effect, raising the question of whether the increase in yield found by Jug and colleagues is specific to their study crop.
However, this doesn't seem to be the case: ______

Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the assertion?
 A) crop yields with tilling have ranged from 2,693 kilograms per hectare for winter barley to 4,860 kilograms per hectare for
winter wheat.

B) Gevan Behnke and colleagues found a similar association in a study using soybeans.

C) a study using winter wheat yielded 4,860 kilograms per hectare with tilling and only 3,910 kilograms per hectare without
tilling.

D) R.K, Jat and colleagues reported an even larger positive effect of tilling on the yield of maize.

13

J.G, Ballard's 1984 novel Empire of the Sun contains elements drawn from Ballard's own life --- there are many parallels
between the experiences of the novel's protagonist, Jim Graham, and those of Ballard --- and as a result Empire of the Sun is
regularly described as an autobiographical novel. This characterization can be useful, but it also presents drawbacks in terms of
how the work is perceived, as it may lead readers to believe that Ballard merely fictionalized true events, which, in an artistic
field where creativity and inventiveness are prized, can suggest that ______

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A) Ballard should not have claimed that Empire of the Sun is based on real events.

B) the real-world counterparts of other characters in Empire of the Sun are hard to identify.

C) Empire of the Sun is less of an imaginative achievement than it actually is.

D) critics disagree about whether Empire of the Sun shows greater originality than works without autobiographical
elements.

14

All stainless steel contains varying amounts of iron, carbon, and corrosion-inhibiting chromium. However, ferritic stainless steel,
often used for induction cookers, contains a higher percentage of chromium (at least 10.5%) than does austenitic stainless
steel and a higher concentration of iron, which is responsible for its magnetic properties. Unlike ferritic stainless steel,
austenitic stainless steel has a face-centered cubic crystalline structure resulting from the addition of nickel to the alloy.
Austenitic stainless steel has two subtypes: the 300 series, often used for aerospace tubing, and the 200 series, which has less
nickel and more manganese than the 300 series and is used for dishwashers. Thus, stainless steel used to manufacture ______

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A) aerospace tubing will have similar magnetic properties to stainless steel used to manufacture induction cookers.

B) both aerospace tubing and dishwashers will have a face-centered cubic crystalline structure, but stainless steel used to
manufacture aerospace tubing will have less nickel than stainless steel used to manufacture dishwashers will.

C) aerospace tubing will have a concentration of manganese greater than 10.5%, while stainless steel used to manufacture
dishwashers will not.

D) aerospace tubing will have less manganese in its composition than stainless steel used to manufacture dishwashers will.

15

In her large-scale sculpture Casa-Isla, artist Edra Soto included references to her childhood in Puerto Rico. For example, the
sculpture's steel panels have a crisscrossing pattern inspired by the iron gates ______

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A) Soto would see in her neighborhood?

B) would Soto see in her neighborhood?

C) would Soto see in her neighborhood.

D) Soto would see in her neighborhood.

16

By analyzing the level of radioactive decay within a fossil specimen, scientists can establish the age of that fossil with a high
degree of precision. When radioactive elements aren't present, scientists turn to ______ analysis of Earth's sediment layers
(strata) --- to estimate how old a fossil is based on the age of the strata in which the fossil is found.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A) stratigraphy --- the

B) stratigraphy, the
 C) stratigraphy: the

D) stratigraphy (the

17

As an object-oriented computer programming language, Perl is used by coders like Black Girls Code founder Kimberly Bryant
______ programs by manipulating “objects" (that is, specifically defined variables or combinations of variables) into interacting
with each other. Conversely, Pascal, used in software development and educational instruction, is not an object-oriented
language.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A) create

B) to create

C) created

D) is creating

18

Many of the cities and ______ are known by nicknames that correspond to one of their notable features, like landscape, climate,
famous residents, or chief exports. For example, the Puerto Rican municipality of Hatillo has also been called “the Blue Coast of
Puerto Rico," a nickname that alludes to what the area is well known for: the pristine blue ocean that surrounds it.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A) towns, that dot the island of Puerto Rico,

B) towns that dot the island of Puerto Rico

C) towns that dot the island of Puerto Rico,

D) towns, that dot the island of Puerto Rico

19

Anthony van Dyck, a Flemish mannerist painter whose works are distinctive for their precise yet exaggerated details, ______
frequently included in the seventeenth-century art movement the Antwerp School, whose members were known for depicting
rural life in the Low Countries.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A) have been

B) are

C) were

D) is

20

Recognized as a National Heritage Area by the United States Congress in 1996, the Rivers of Steel National Heritage Area
______ a region of Pennsylvania that has long been known for its unique natural, cultural, and historical attributes.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A) was

B) will have been

C) had been

D) is

21

As a behavioral economist, Francesca Gino of Harvard Business School examines human economic behavior through a lens
that, ______ elements of psychology and economics, illuminates how and why (and to what effect) people make particular
choices.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A) combines

B) combine
 C) combining

D) is combining

22

In his essay “of Smells," French philosopher Michel de Montaigne explores a relatively light subject, but he addresses heavier
fare in “Of the Punishment of Cowardice." Regardless of subject matter, Montaigne works to question his own perspective
throughout his essays. ______ his personal motto was "What do l know?"

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A) Nowadays,

B) Still,

C) Conversely,

D) Fittingly,

23

The World Cup of men's soccer, one of the biggest sporting events on the planet, brought 32 national teams from six
continents to the host country, Brazil, in2014. The event, which is held every four years, has expanded greatly since it was
played in Italy in 1934. ______ the World Cup included only 16 teams, most from Europe and the Americas.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A) On the other hand,

B) Similarly,

C) Then,

D) As a result,

24

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

- In 1897, twenty Black US Army infantrymen rode bicycles from Montana to Missouri.

- The 1,900-mile journey took forty-one days.

- The goal was to test the idea of forming a military bicycle corps.

- In 2022, Erick Cedeño, a Black long-distance cyclist, reenacted the journey.

- Cedeño wanted to honor the infantrymen on the journey's 125th anniversary.

The student wants to emphasize how far the infantrymen traveled. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information
from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) The 125th anniversary of the infantrymen's journey was in 2022.

B) The US infantrymen rode their bicycles from Montana to Missouri-traveling a total of 1,900 miles.

C) The goal of the 1897 journey was to test the idea of forming a military bicycle corps.

D) Over a century later, Erick CedeÃo honored the infantrymen by reenacting their 1897 journey.

25

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

- Mary Kang is a Korean American portrait photographer.

- She is based in New York City and in Austin, Texas.

- One of Kang's photographs features artist Dominique Fung.

- In the portrait, Fung is seated on the floor.

- Five of Fung's paintings are resting against the wall behind her

The student wants to describe where Fung is in the photograph to an audience already familiar with Kang and Fung. Which
choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Dominique Fung is in a photograph by Mary Kang, a portrait photographer based in New York City and Austin, Texas.
 B) Mary Kang is a photographer based in both New York City and Austin, Texas.

C) In Kang's portrait of her, Fung is seated on the floor, with five of her paintings resting against the wall behind her

D) Five paintings by artist Dominique Fung can be seen in the background of Mary Kang's photograph.

26

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

- Somalia is a country in East Africa.

- A high percentage of Somalia's population (46.4 percent) is under fifteen years old.

- It has the sixth-largest under-fifteen population in the world.

- Roughly 40 percent of Africa's population is under fifteen years old --- the highest of any continent.

- According to the United Nations (UN), Africa's “high number of young people is an opportunity for the continent's growth ---
but only if these new generations are fully empowered to realise their best potential."

The student wants to emphasize the global rank of Somalia's youth population. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Africa's high population of young people is due in part to the high percentage of young people in Somalia.

B) With 46.4 percent of its population under fifteen years of age, Somalia has the sixth-largest population for that age range
in the world.

C) Making up roughly 40 percent of the continent's total population, Africa's under-fifteen population offers "an
opportunity for the continent's growth," according to the UN.

D) “Only if these new generations are fully empowered to realise their best potential," says the UN, will Africa's high
percentage of young people lead to the continent's growth.

27

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

- The Future of Nostalgia is a scholarly book by literary theorist Svetlana Boym.

- The book explores the concept of nostalgia from various angles.

- Chapter 3 explores nostalgia in the 1993 sci-fi action movie Jurassic Park.

- Chapter 16 discusses the nostalgic home décor of Russian émigrés.

- In chapter 16, Boym writes, "Their rooms filled with diasporic souvenirs are not altars to their unhappiness, but rather places
for communication."

The student wants to explain what Svetlana Boym writes about in chapter 3.Which choice most effectively uses relevant
information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) After exploring nostalgia in the 1993 sci-f action movie Jurassic Park, Svetlana Boym goes on to discuss the nostalgic
home décor of Russian émigrés.

B) Literary theorist Svetlana Boym explores nostalgia in the 1993 sci-faction movie Jurassic Park in chapter 3 of her book.

C) As Svetlana Boym writes in the sixteenth chapter of her book, “Their rooms filled with diasporic souvenirs are not altars to
their unhappiness, but rather places for communication.”

D) Svetlana Boym's The Future of Nostalgia explores the concept of nostalgia from various angles.

Reading and Writing Module 2

27 QUESTIONS

The following text is from Charles Chesnutt's 1905 novel The Colonel's Dream. Mr. French and Mr. Kirby work together.
 Mr.French, the senior partner, who sat opposite Kirby, was an older man --- a safe guess would have placed him somewhere in
the debatable ground between forty and fifty; of a good height, as could be seen even from the seated figure, the upper part
of which was held erect with the unconscious ease which one associates with military training.

As used in the text, what does the word “placed" most nearly mean?

A) Estimated

B) Modified

C) Contracted

D) Arranged

The results of randomized clinical trials testing the efficacy of common medical interventions sometimes fail to ______
conclusions that practitioners reach based on their real-world observations of patients. While there are several possible reasons
for this, one is that practitioners may overlook confounding variables that account for the results they attribute to the
interventions in question.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A) implement

B) disseminate

C) circumvent

D) corroborate

Dervla Murphy, who cycled solo through Europe, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India, undoubtedly accomplished much, but
her place in our historical memory is perhaps more ______ than that of a noteworthy “first" such as Ynes Mexia, who was the
first to discover the botanical genus Mexianthus, a deed for which she will always be remembered.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A) enduring

B) uncertain

C) deserving

D) conspicuous

In the 2010s, the price of vintage My Little Pony figures rose dramatically, which had the counterintuitive effect of ______
demand: buyers who hadn't previously wanted to purchase old toys suddenly thronged the market, believing prices would
continue to rise and the toys could be resold later at a profit.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A) exploiting

B) stabilizing

C) monetizing

D) precipitating

In 2011 Brynn M. Devine and colleagues published a study concluding that ocean acidification has a strong effect on the
behavior of Cheilodipterus quinquelineatus, a species of fish. However, Devine and colleagues' study relied on a mean sample
size of only about 25 fish. In a 2022 review of various scientists' conclusions about the impacts of ocean acidification on fish
behavior Timothy D. Clark and colleagues caution that relying on such a relatively small sample size can increase the potential
for biased analysis. Such analysis, in turn, can contribute to reports of exaggerated effects.

Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

A) To note a potential concern about the findings of a scientific study

B) To discuss an aspect of ocean acidification that is frequently overlooked

C) To present a debate between two research teams about a cause of ocean acidification
 D) To explain how the behavior of a fish species has changed over time

Historians have argued that a crucial component of the Civil Rights Movement's success in the 1960s was the Southern
Christian Leadership Conference's Citizen Education Program (CEP), which invited promising activists from across the South to
its one-week training sessions in Dorchester, Georgia. Led by experienced organizers such as Dorothy Cotton and Septima
Clark, CEP attendees --- more than 7,000 in all --- participated in workshops on topics ranging from public speaking to legal
doctrine before returning home and using their newly acquired knowledge to spearhead local civil rights initiatives.

Which choice best describes the function of the underlined portion in the text as a whole?

A) It establishes that criticism of the CEP was limited to a few individuals in the Southern Christian Leadership Conference.

B) It underscores the extent of the CEP's impact on the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s.

C) It illustrates the CEP organizers' efforts to educate participants on a wide variety of topics.

D) It suggests that CEP attendees held a diverse array of opinions about the Southern Christian Leadership Conference's
political philosophy.

Asteroid 6478 Gault has experienced intermittent mass loss since at least 2013, but in contrast to some other asteroids with
repeated mass-loss episodes, 6478 Gault has not lost mass at its perihelion (the closest point of its orbit to the Sun), and thus
the loss is not attributable to solar energy-driven ice vaporization. And as Jane X, Luu et al. point out, the singular nature of
impact ejection makes it untenable as an account of multiple loss episodes of similar duration over several years. Instead, Luu
et al. are likely correct that 6478 Gault is shedding mass due to rotational instability.

Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?

A) It presents a scientific observation, describes a contrast between that observation and other observations, and then
explains why those other observations should not be considered credible.

B) It describes an astronomical finding, discusses competing theories about that finding that the author regards as flawed,
and then describes new evidence that supports an alternative theory.

C) It discusses a physical process, evaluates possible causes of that process, and then states that a persuasive account of the
process has yet to be put forward.

D) It introduces a natural phenomenon, refutes two potential explanations for that phenomenon, and then presents a third
explanation for that phenomenon that the author regards as plausible.

Text 1

Toni Morrison's 1973 novel Sula, a tale of two women's lives set in small-town Ohio from the 1910s to the 1960s, has been
described as historical fiction. While it's inarguable that Morrison's book takes place in the past rather than in her own time,
Sula is much richer and more complicated than the mere re-creation of the past suggested by the term “historical fiction."

Text 2

Some literary critics dismiss historical fiction as a shallow genre in which writers show off their knowledge of period details
rather than tell meaningful stories. But historical fiction can be used to explore profound themes and complex characters-in
fact, many writers find that writing about the past gives them a creative freedom they'd lack if they wrote about the present.

Based on the texts, how would the author of Text 2 most likely respond to the claim about Sula advanced by the author of Text
1?

A) By arguing that Morrison displays a thorough knowledge of historical details in Sula

B) By asserting that dissatisfaction with describing Sula as historical fiction reflects a misunderstanding of the genre

C) By conceding that the genre of historical fiction contains many works that are less sophisticated than Sula is

D) By claiming that the author of Text 1 has underestimated the richness and complexity of Sula

Text 1

In southern and central Georgia, many buildings and other structures rest on soil that is expansive, meaning that it swells or
shrinks as its moisture level changes. Civil engineer jay X. Wang has noted that the effects of expansive soil appear slowly in the
form of gradually growing cracks in foundations, walls, and pavements. Because these effects are incremental and can
generally be repaired (though at some cost), structures in southern and central Georgia are typically not built to resist them.
 Text 2

In a 2021 study, Rubayet Bin Mostafiz and colleagues calculated that in the state of Louisiana alone, the annual cost of damage
caused by expansive soils reaches nearly $90 million. But they note that this damage can be mitigated: building vapor barriers
between structural foundations and the soil can significantly reduce the effects of soil swelling and shrinking.

Based on the texts, how would Rubayet Bin Mostafiz and colleagues (Text 2) most likely respond to the information presented
in Text 1?

A) They would encourage engineers in southern and central Georgia to insert vapor barriers between new structures'
foundations and the surrounding soil.

B) They would argue that engineers in southern and central Georgia have misjudged the effectiveness of the techniques
they use to reduce the effects of expansive soil.

C) They would suggest that engineers in southern and central Georgia consider the cost of reinforcing the vapor barriers
between existing structural foundations and the soil.

D) They would recommend that engineers in southern and central Georgia measure the moisture level in the soil beneath
proposed structures before beginning construction.

10

Fernand Braudel and other historians of capitalism rarely discuss domestic capitalism in Africa before the period of European
colonization, implicitly presenting capitalism as external to and imposed on Africa. John Iliffe and other Africanist scholars have
shown, however, that in parts of Africa, institutionally protected private land ownership, the existence of salaried labor, and
other features of capitalism predated colonization. One reason for this discrepancy is that historians of capitalism tend to focus
on longitudinal economic data drawn from archival records, which do not exist for much of precolonial Africa.

Which statement about Iliffe and other Africanist scholars is best supported by information in the text?

A) They likely make use of different types of evidence than historians of capitalism typically rely on.

B) They likely have a different view about which activities should be considered capitalist in nature than historians of
capitalism do.

C) They likely differ from historians of capitalism in the methods they use to derive longitudinal economic data from archival
records.

D) They likely view capitalism as having been more beneficial for Africa than historians of capitalism do.

11

Geneticist Elaine Ostrander led an international collaboration in which Norbert Benecke and other researchers investigated the
evolutionary history of size variation in modern dogs, The researchers identified multiple versions of the gene regulating the
production of IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor 1) in dogs and found that dogs of the same breed consistently share the same
version of the gene. In a discussion of the study, a student hypothesizes that small breeds of dogs (for example, Havaneses)
must share a version that represses IGF-1production that would otherwise confer larger body size.

Which finding, if true, would most directly weaken the student's claim?

A) The majority of the most prevalent dog breeds have limited activity in the gene that regulates IGF-1 production.

B) The degree of size variation among dogs is greater than that of any other land-based mammal.

C) Some breeds with small body sizes and low IGF-1 concentrations have a different version of the gene regulating IGF-1
production than do Havaneses

D) The gene that regulates IGF-1 production is not the only gene that influences body size in dogs but is the only such gene
that shows within-breed version consistency.

12

Scholars cite Pedro Paramo, the 1955 novel by Mexican author Juan Rulfo, as a foundational text of magical realism, the Latin
American style of fiction in which antirealistic plot devices --- often borrowed from the folkloric traditions of Indigenous and
colonial societies in the Americas --- are deployed in another wise realistic mode of representation typical of the modern
novel. This style has exerted a decisive influence on authors around the world, including Orhan Pamuk, whose 2001 novel My
Name Is Red resembles classic magical realist novels in its juxtaposition of literary realism with folklore namely, that of Turkey.

Which quotation from a literary scholar would most directly support the claim in the underlined portion of the text?

A) “The logic of the realistic plot of My Name Is Red is repeatedly and productively disrupted by the presence of imagery
and situations drawn from Turkish folklore.
 B) “While My Name Is Red alternates between realistic and antirealistic modes of representation, details suggesting the
influence of Turkish folklore nevertheless occur throughout the novel.”

C) “Although Turkish folklore clearly informs the style and occasionally antirealistic plot of My Name Is Red, the novel also
shows the inarguable influence of the magical realist tradition of Latin America.”

D) “Like many works in the Latin American magical realist tradition, My Name Is Red is indebted to antirealistic elements in
the folkloric tradition of Turkey.”

13

Indigenous songs are an important resource for ecological information. Songs of the Warlpiri people in Yuendumu, Australia,
convey information about wild edible seeds, and the songs of the Sakha people in Siberia, Russia, address the effects of climate
change on local ecosystems. There have been efforts made to preserve Indigenous languages over the years e.g., the United
Nations' International Decade of Indigenous Languages (2022-2032). However, such attempts have typically focused on spoken
language despite the fact that some expressions in these languages appear only in songs. Therefore, if those involved in such
efforts want to ensure that a comprehensive range of information is secured, they must ______

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A) recognize that Indigenous languages likely have more unique expressions that represent ecological knowledge than
represent other types of information.

B) acknowledge that Indigenous songs are largely but not entirely composed using phrases taken from spoken language.

C) incorporate the preservation of songs into their broader efforts to protect Indigenous languages.

D) analyze musical similarities in the songs of the Warlpiri and Sakha people.

14

In a 2014 study that took place in Laos, Stéphane Guédron, Delphine Tisserand, and colleagues found a negative association
between levels of dissolved organic carbon and mercury in bodies of fresh water. It may seem reasonable to be skeptical of
this finding, since most other studies, such as research conducted in2015 in Canada by Stéphanie Hamelin and colleagues,
have found that dissolved organic carbon and mercury levels rise together. Like the latter study, however, most studies of the
topic have been conducted in North America, and many of those study sites have similar characteristics to one another,
suggesting that ______

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A) few of the studies conducted in North America have been able to measure dissolved organic carbon and mercury levels
with the same level of precision as in Guédron, Tisserand, and colleagues' study.

B) the mercury levels reported in Guédron, Tisserand, and colleagues study were much higher than those reported in the
study by Hamelin and colleagues even though the dissolved organic carbon levels reported in the two studies were
approximately the same.

C) Guédron, Tisserand, and colleagues' study may have inadvertently measured a different characteristic of bodies of fresh
water than their levels of dissolved organic carbon and mercury.

D) Guédron, Tisserand, and colleagues finding may differ from the findings of other studies due to a difference in
environmental circumstances that affects the relationship between dissolved organic carbon and mercury in fresh water.

15

As complex life cycle parasites, Opechona sp. and Cucullanellus kanabus require multiple host species throughout their
development. Extrapolating from parasite counts on Pacific herring and seven other fish species collected from Puget Sound
from 1880 to 2019, Chelsea Wood et al. found that the abundance of three-host parasites, such as Opechona sp., negatively
correlated with rising average annual sea temperatures, the abundance of two-host parasites, such as C. kanabus, was largely
stable. Noting that fish and other marine vertebrates are especially vulnerable to climate change, Wood et al, observed that all
three-host parasites in the study depend on at least two vertebrate species, while all two-host parasites depend on only one,
suggesting that ______

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A) although Opechona sp.and C, kanabus both require Pacifc herring as a host, C, kanabus was more adversely affected by
warming-driven changes in the Pacific herring population than Opechona sp.was.

B) a parasite's sensitivity to warming temperatures is negatively correlated with the number of unique vertebrate species it
depends on throughout its life cycle.

C) warming-induced population changes among Puget Sound vertebrates may have suppressed some parasite populations,
but there were no changes among the eight studied host species that affected two-host parasite abundance.
 D) population size and density of the eight fish species examined in the study were likely largely unaffected by rising sea
temperatures.

16

Entomologists Yash Sondhi and Samuel Fabian have tried to explain why moths fly erratically around light sources at night,
Knowing that flying insects keep their backs pointed toward sunlight during the day, ______

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A) the researchers theorize that moths, mistaking nighttime lights for the Sun, continually try to reorient their bodies while
flying near such lights.

B) the researchers' theory is that moths mistake nighttime lights for the Sun, continually trying to reorient their bodies while
flying near such lights.

C) moths continually try to reorient their bodies while flying near nighttime lights, the researchers theorize, mistaking such
lights for the Sun.

D) moths mistake nighttime lights for the Sun and continually try to reorient their bodies while flying near such lights, the
researchers theorize.

17

In Antarctica, the Syowa East observatory site monitors activity in the upper atmosphere of the southern ______ in Finland,
another observatory site, Hankasalmi, monitors the sky of the northern hemisphere. Together, they are part of the Super Dual
Auroral Radar Network --- or Super DARN, as space physicists like Mark Lester call it.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A) hemisphere,

B) hemisphere;

C) hemisphere and

D) hemisphere

18

Butterfly is a 1988 painting by the Japanese artist Ay-O. Like many of Ay-O's paintings, Butterfly, which portrays a swimmer
performing the butterfly stroke, attempts to make use of the entire visual light ______ sporting rainbow-striped goggles, the
rainbow-hued swimmer splashes through a wavy rainbow of water.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A) spectrum while

B) spectrum, while

C) spectrum:

D) spectrum

19

The 20th century saw the founding of many Latino advocacy ______ to protect and advance the rights of Latino Americans, both
the Orden Hijos de América(1921) and the Partido Nacional de La Raza Unida (1970) contributed to the history of US civil
rights.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A) groups and established

B) groups established

C) groups, established

D) groups.Established

20

Albania, Hungary, and the other member nations of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, or NATO, share a commitment to
the principle of collective defense, each NATO member ______ to defend the others if necessary.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A) has pledged
 B) pledges

C) is pledging

D) pledging

21

The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) tracks comparative price list data for its thirty-eight
member countries. For instance, in July 2021, a hypothetical basket of goods priced at 100 Us dollars (USD) in the United States
would have cost 54 USD and 110 USD in fellow OECD ______ and Luxembourg, respectively.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A) nations; Hungary

B) nations: Hungary

C) nations Hungary

D) nations, Hungary

22

Modernista architects championed nature in their designs. ______ the dramatic archways and botanical glasswork of Palau
Mornau, a Modernista private home designed by Manuel Raspall, couldn't exactly grow in a forest. Still, one sees natural
influences in Raspall's penchant for curves (rather than right angles)and plant-and animal-inspired flourishes.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A) Granted,

B) Furthermore,

C) Thus,

D) Similarly,

23

In a 2005 study by Mellado et al, the researchers determined the ratio of three different plant subtypes within the diet of
sheep: graminoids, forbs, and browse. ______ the researchers determined the relative quantities of the plants the animal
consumed.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A) By contrast,

B) Next,

C) In addition,

D) That is,

24

- Richard Serra is an American artist.

- He is known for his large metal sculptures.

- His sculpture Gutter Corner Splash: Night Shift is roughly 2 feet wide and 9 feet tall.

- It is made from lead.

Which choice most effectively uses information from the given sentences to emphasize the size of the sculpture?

A) Richard Serra is an American artist known for his large metal sculptures.

B) Richard Serra's Gutter Corner Splash: Night Shift is made of lead.

C) Gutter Corner Splash: Night Shift a large metal sculpture by artist Richard Serra-stretches roughly 2 feet wide and 9 feet
tall.

D) American artist Richard Serra creates large sculptures from metals such as lead.

25

- While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

- Artist Pablo Picasso of Spain won a Carnegie Prize gold medal in 1930.
 - The Carnegie Prize is an international art competition.

- It is administered by the Carnegie Museum of Art in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

- Picasso's winning artwork was a painting entitled Portrait of Mme. Picasso.

The student wants to identify the painting for which Picasso won a Carnegie Prize gold medal. Which choice most effectively
uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Picasso won a Carnegie Prize gold medal for the painting Portrait of Mme. Picasso.

B) The Carnegie Museum of Art awarded Picasso a gold medal in 1930.

C) The Carnegie Prize is an international art competition administered by the Carnegie Museum of Art in Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania.

D) In 1930, an artist from Spain won a Carnegie Prize gold medal for a painting.

26

- While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

- Onomatopoeias are words that imitate the sounds they represent.

- Onomatopoeias used to represent the same sound often vary fromlanguage to language.

- This variation is due in part to differences in how languages are structured.

- “Ba-dumm" is a German onomatopoeia that represents the sound of a heartbeat.

-“Doki doki" is a Japanese onomatopoeia that represents the sound of a heartbeat.

- The term “onomatopoeia" combines the Greek words for “name” (onoma) and “to make" (poiein).

The student wants to provide a specific example of onomatopoeia. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information
from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Differences in how languages are structured can cause variations in the words used in different languages to represent
the same sound.

B) The Japanese word “doki doki" both imitates and represents the sound of a heartbeat.

C) The languages of German and Japanese use different words to represent the sound of a heartbeat.

D) The term "onomatopoeia," which refers to words that imitate the sound they represent, combines the Greek words for
“name" and “to make.”

27

- Vexillology is the study of flags.

- The flags of many countries include symbols like animals, plants, or landforms.

- These symbols often represent an aspect of the region's history, culture, or landscape.

- The flag of Papua New Guinea includes a raggiana bird-of-paradise.

- The flag of El Salvador includes a palm branch.

Which choice most effectively uses information from the given sentences to make and support a generalization about symbols
on flags?

A) Papua New Guinea's flag includes a raggiana bird-of-paradise, a symbol that is important to that country's national
identity.

B) The flags of some countries include symbols of animals; Papua New Guinea's, for example, includes a raggiana bird-of-
paradise.

C) Many countries feature symbols on their flags, and the study of these designs is known as vexillology.

D) Vexillology is the study of flags; accordingly, vexillologists are interested in flags from around the world.

Reading and Writing Module 1 Answers

1. D
2. B
3. C
4. D
5. D
6. D
7. D
8. D
9. D
10. B
11. C
12. B
13. C
14. D
15. D
16. A
17. B
18. B
19. D
20. D
21. C
22. D
23. A
24. B
25. C
26. B
27. B

Reading and Writing Module 2 Answers

1. A
2. D
3. B
4. D
5. A
6. B
7. D
8. B
9. A
10. A
11. C
12. A
13. C
14. D
15. B
16. A
17. B
18. C
19. D
20. D
21. C
22. A
23. D
24. C
25. A
26. B
27. B
 Math Module 1
22 QUESTIONS

In the figure, line n intersects lines r and s. Line r is parallel to line s. What is the value of x?

During a portion of a flight, a small airplane's cruising speed varied between 180 miles per hour and 190 miles per hour. Which
inequality best represents this situation, where s is the cruising speed, in miles per hour, during this portion of the flight?

A) s ≤ 10

B) s ≤ 180

C) s ≤ 190

D) 180 ≤ s ≤ 190

If 4x = 6, what is the value of 12x?

A) 3

B) 9

C) 18

D) 27

A) 18

B) 36

C) 72

D) 144

5
 A)

B)

C)

D)

The function g is defined by g(x) = x /2. For what value of x does g(x)=244?

A) y = 0.8 + 8.7x

B) y = 0.8- 8.7x

C) y = 8.7 + 0.8x

D) y = 8.7- 0.8x

5x – 4y = - 20

For the given equation, which table gives three values of x and their corresponding values of y?

A)

B)
 C)

D)

10

A chemist combines water and isopropanol to make a mixture with a volume of 52 milliliters (mL). The volume of isopropanol
in the mixture is 10 mL. What is the volume of water, in ml, in the mixture? (Assume that the volume of the mixture is the sum
of the volumes of water and isopropanol before they were mixed.)

11

y = - (1/3) x

y= (1/5) x

The solution to the given system of equations is (x, y). What is the value of x?

A) -3

B) 0

C) 2

D) 3

12

A company has a customer loyalty program, In January 2018, there were 900 customers enrolled in the loyalty program. For the
next 24 months after January 2018, the total number of customers enrolled in the loyalty program each month was 2% greater
than the total number enrolled the previous month. Which equation gives the total number of customers, c, enrolled in the
company's loyalty program m months after January 2018where m ≤ 24?

A)

B)

C)

D)

13

14

y = (3/8)x + 7

One of two equations in a system of linear equations is given. The system has infinitely many solutions. What is the slope of
the graph of the second equation?

A) -8/3
 B) -3/8

C) 3/8

D) 8/3

15

A) 9

B) 6

C) 4

D) 0

16

The function f is defined by f(x) = (x-5) (x-8) (x + k), where k is a constant. In the xy-plane, the graph of y= f(x) passes through
the point (-2, 0). What is the value of f(0)?

A) -140

B) -2

C) 11

D) 80

17

A) y = (2/3) x-11

B) y = (2/3) x-27

C) y = (3/2) x-11

D) y = (3/2) x-27

18

12, 12, 18, 24, 29

What is the median of the data set shown?

19

In right triangle ABC, angles A and B are acute, side AC has a length of 21.7, and tan B= 1/8. What is the length of side BC,
rounded to the nearest tenth?

A) 470.9

B) 173.6

C) 4.7

D) 2.7

20
 A rectangular banner has an area of 2,500 square inches. A copy of the banner is made in which the length and width of the
original banner are each increased by 40%. What is the area of the copy, in square inches?

A) 2,540

B) 2,580

C) 3,500

D) 4,900

21

A) 2

B) 7

C) 9

D) 11

22

Point F lies on a unit circle in the xy-plane and has coordinates (1, 0). Point G is the center of the circle and has coordinates (0,
0). Point H also lies on the circle and has coordinates (-1, y), where y is a constant. Which of the following could be the positive
measure of angle FGH, in radians?

A) 27π/ 2

B) 29π/ 2

C) 24π

D) 25π

Math Module 2
22 QUESTIONS

Which of the following is a graph of a decreasing exponential function?

A)
 B)

C)

D)

A) (0, 2)

B) (0,3)

C) (0,6)

D) (0,9)

The product of a positive number x and the number that is 1 less than x is equal to 342. What is the value of x?

A) 0.5

B) 19

C) 341

D) 343
4

A cylinder has a diameter of 14 inches and a height of 8 inches. What is the volume, in cubic inches, of the cylinder?

A) 49π

B) 112π

C) 392π

D) 1,568π

A) -8

B) -6

C) 6

D) 8

A) 14°

B) 19°

C) 24°

D) 38°

Eli used wax to make candles. The function f()=-152 + 60 approximates the weight, in ounces, of wax Eli had remaining after
making a candles. Which statement is the best interpretation of the y-intercept of the graph of y = f(x) in the xy-plane in this
context?

A) Eli had approximately 15 ounces of wax when he began to make the candles.

B) Eli used approximately 15 ounces of wax for each candle.

C) Eli had approximately 60 ounces of wax when he began to make the candles.

D) Eli used approximately 60 ounces of wax for each candle.

ak = (b/12) (7+m)

The given equation relates the positive variables a, b, k, and m. Which equation correctly expresses m in terms of a, b, and k?

A) m = 12(ak-7) / b

B) m = ak-7-b/12

C) m = ak-7b /12

D) m = 12ak / b- 7

9
 A) 4/3

B) 5/3

C) 3

D) 4

10

If x/y =3 and 5x / ty = 135, what is the value of t?

A) 1/9

B) 3/5

C) 5/3

D) 9

11

A piece of string with a length of 35 inches is cut into two parts. One part has a length of x inches, and the other part has a
length of y inches. The value of x is 5 more than 2 times the value of y. What is the value of x?

12

Which equation has no solution?

A) -19x-1/7 = -19x-1/7

B) -19x-1/7 = -19x + 1/7

C) -19x-1/7 = 19x-1/7

D) -19x-1/7 = 19x + 1/7

13

F(x) = 9/5 (x-273.15) + 32

The function F gives the temperature, in degrees Fahrenheit, that corresponds to a temperature of x kelvins. If a temperature
increased by 8.80 kelvins, by how much did the temperature increase, in degrees Fahrenheit?

A) 15.84

B) 47.84

C) 475.83

D) 507.83

14

An environmental scientist is investigating the volatility of 175 organic compounds by finding the boiling point of each
compound. The mean boiling point of all 175 compounds is 167 degrees Celsius. The scientist classifies each of these
compounds as either semi-volatile or volatile. Of the 175 compounds, 50 compounds were classified as semi-volatile, and
these 50 compounds have a mean boiling point of 327 degrees Celsius. The remaining 125 compounds were classified as
volatile. What is the mean boiling point, in degrees Celsius, of the 125 compounds classified as volatile compounds?

15

Line k is defined by y = 6x + 5. Line j is parallel to line k in the xy-plane and passes through the point (0, 11). Which equation
defines line j?

A) y = 6x + 11

B) y = 11x + 5

C) y =- 6x + 11
 D) y =- 11x + 5

16

A) 30

B) 41

C) 60

D) 69

17

A carpenter charges a flat rate of $234 for the first 3 hours of work and $65 for each additional hour of work. Which equation
gives the total amount y, in dollars, that the carpenter charges for w hours of work, where x>3?

A) y = 65x +39

B) y =234x + 65

C) y = 65x +234

D) y =234x + 429

18

19

A) 2/7

B) 3/7

C) 19/35

D) 6/7

20

A) (0,-8)
 B) (0,5)

C) (0,8)

D) (0,40)

21

The mass of object A is 483% of the mass of object B, and the mass of object A is 0.069% of the mass of object C. If the mass
of object C is p% of the mass of object B, what is the value of p/1,000 ?

22

1 / cx = x/152 + 1/c

In the given equation, c is a constant. If the equation has exactly one solution, what is the value of c?

Math Module 1 Answers

1. 164
2. D
3. C
4. C
5. B
6. 25
7. 488
8. D
9. A
10. 42
11. B
12. B
13. 330
14. C
15. A
16. D
17. A
18. 18
19. B
20. D
21. C
22. D

Math Module 2 Answers

1. B
2. B
3. B
4. C
5. C
6. C
7. C
8. D
9. B
10. A
11. 25
12. B
13. A
14. 103
15. A
16. D
17. A
18. 4/225
19. A
20. D
21. 700
22. -38