Maths project class 10 A,B

Matrices and Digital Images

1. Introduction

- Definition of Digital Images:

- Brief explanation of what digital images are.

- Binary Images:

- Description and example of binary images represented by matrices.

2. Grayscale Images

- Representation:

- Explanation of how grayscale images are represented by matrices.

- Range of pixel intensity values (0-255) and their significance.

3. Color Images

- RGB Representation:

- Description of how color images are represented using three matrices for Red, Green,
and Blue.

- Calculation of the total number of colors represented.

4. Digital Image Processing

- Matrix Operations:

- Transposition: Explanation and example.

- Grayscale Conversion: Process of converting color images to grayscale.

- Image Transition: Method using scalar multiplication and addition to transition

between images.

5. Singular Value Decomposition (SVD)

- Definition and Importance:

- Explanation of SVD and its components (U, S, V).

- Application:

- Use of SVD for efficient image transmission and approximating images.

6. Conclusion

- Summary:
A digital image is an image composed of picture elements, also known as pixels, each
with finite, discrete quantities of numeric representation for its intensity or gray level that is an output
from its two-dimensional functions fed as input by its spatial coordinates denoted with x, y on the x-
axis and y-axis, respectively.[1] Depending on whether the image resolution is fixed, it may be
of vector or raster type. By itself, the term "digital image" usually refers to raster
images or bitmapped images (as opposed to vector images).

A binary image is a digital image that consists of pixels that can have one of exactly two colors,
usually black and white. Each pixel is stored as a single bit — i.e. either a 0 or 1.

A binary image can be stored in memory as a bitmap: a packed array of bits. A binary image of
640×480 pixels has a file size of only 37.5 KiB, and most also compress well with simple run-length
compression. A binary image format is often used in contexts where it is important to have a small file
size for transmission or storage, or due to color limitations on displays or printers.

It also has technical and artistic applications, for example in digital image processing and pixel art.
Binary images can be interpreted as subsets of the two-dimensional integer lattice Z2; the field
of morphological image processing was largely inspired by this view. Binary images are also
called bi-level or two-level. Pixel art made up of two colours is often referred to as 1-bit in reference to
the single bit required to store each pixel.[2] The names black-and-
white, B&W, monochrome or monochromatic are often used, but can also designate other image
types with only one sample per pixel, such as grayscale images. In Photoshop parlance, a binary
image is the same as an image in "Bitmap" color mode.

In digital photography, computer-generated imagery, and colorimetry, a greyscale (more common

in Commonwealth English) or grayscale (more common in American English) image is one in which
the value of each pixel is a single sample representing only an amount of light; that is, it carries
only intensity information. Grayscale images, a kind of black-and-white or gray monochrome, are
composed exclusively of shades of gray. The contrast ranges from black at the weakest intensity
to white at the strongest.[1]

Grayscale images are distinct from one-bit bi-tonal black-and-white images, which, in the context of
computer imaging, are images with only two colors: black and white (also called bilevel or binary
images). Grayscale images have many shades of gray in between.

Grayscale images can be the result of measuring the intensity of light at each pixel according to a
particular weighted combination of frequencies (or wavelengths), and in such cases they
are monochromatic proper when only a single frequency (in practice, a narrow band of frequencies) is
captured. The frequencies can in principle be from anywhere in the electromagnetic
spectrum (e.g. infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, etc.).

A colorimetric (or more specifically photometric) grayscale image is an image that has a defined
grayscale colorspace, which maps the stored numeric sample values to the achromatic channel of a
standard colorspace, which itself is based on measured properties of human vision.

If the original color image has no defined colorspace, or if the grayscale image is not intended to have
the same human-perceived achromatic intensity as the color image, then there is no
unique mapping from such a color image to a grayscale image.
Grayscale images are represented by matrices, where each element in the matrix corresponds to the
intensity or brightness of a pixel in the image. The matrix elements typically range from 0 (black) to
255 (white), with intermediate values representing varying shades of gray.

Matrix Structure

The matrix structure for a grayscale image is typically:

 2D array (rows × columns) with integer values

 Each element represents the intensity or brightness of a pixel
 Values range from 0 (black) to 255 (white)

Pixel intensity values in digital images range from 0 to 255, representing the varying levels of light
absorption or emission at each pixel location. This 8-bit grayscale scale is commonly used in
RGB (Red, Green, Blue) color models.

Significance

 0: Absence of light or pure black, indicating the minimum intensity.

 255: Maximum light or pure white, representing the highest intensity.
 The range of 0 to 255 allows for 256 distinct levels of gray, enabling a wide range of tonal
values and subtle shading in images.

In RGB, each of the three color components (Red, Green, and Blue) has an 8-bit value, resulting in a
total of 256 possible shades for each color. This combination of 256 x 256 x 256 = 16,777,216
possible colors enables a vast range of colors and hues in digital images.

In summary, the range of pixel intensity values (0-255) represents the varying levels of light
absorption or emission, with 0 indicating pure black and 255 indicating pure white, and the
intermediate values allowing for a wide range of grays and subtle shading.

Color images are visual representations that contain a range of colors, created through various
techniques and technologies. These images can be produced using different methods, including:

1. Additive Color Synthesis: RGB (Red, Green, Blue) color model, used in digital displays,
video, and some historical photographic processes. This method combines different intensities
of red, green, and blue light to produce a wide range of colors.
2. Subtractive Color Synthesis: CMY (Cyan, Magenta, Yellow) color model, used in printing
processes, such as offset printing and inkjet printing. This method subtracts different
wavelengths of light (red, green, and blue) by using dyes or pigments to create a range of
colors.
3. Digital Color Encoding: 24-bit color images contain one 8-bit value for each of the red, green,
and blue color channels, allowing for a total of 16,777,216 possible colors.

Characteristics of Color Images

 Color Palette: A set of colors used to represent an image, which can be generated
automatically or manually.
  Color Depth: The number of bits used to represent each color channel, affecting the total
number of possible colors.
 Color Gamut: The range of colors that can be accurately represented by a device or medium.
 Color Accuracy: The degree to which a color image accurately reflects the original colors of
the scene or subject.

Applications and Uses

 Photography: Color images are used in various photographic processes, including film,
digital, and printing.
 Graphic Design: Color images are used in graphic design, advertising, and visual
communication.
 Digital Art: Color images are used in digital art, animation, and special effects.
 Scientific Imaging: Color images are used in scientific applications, such as microscopy,
spectroscopy, and remote sensing.

In summary, color images are visual representations that utilize various techniques and
technologies to create a range of colors, with different characteristics and applications across
various fields.
- Recap of the importance of matrices in digital image processing.