0101110?

DATA
AE73F9? REPRESENTATAION

1.1 Number Systems

Binary
System
Why Binary System
• Any form of information needs to be converted into a binary format so that it
can be processed by a computer
• Computer contains millions and millions of tiny switches, which can be turned
on and off.
• Therefore, the binary system is chosen as the way for a computer to represent any
sort of data.

On = 1 Off = 0
Denary System

Eg. 365
102 =100 101 =10 100 =1

3 6 5
Explanation: Multiply the digit value (eg.3) by the place value (eg. 100)

(3x100) + (6x10) + (5x1) = 365

Binary Denary

Denary Binary
Binary Denary

22 =4 21 =2 20 =1

1 1 1

(1x4) + (1x2) + (1x1) = 7 in denary

Binary Denary

Eg. "1011"
23 =8 22 =4 21 =2 20 =1

1 0 1 1
Explanation: Multiply the digit value (eg.1) by the place value (eg. 8).
Then sum it all up!

(1x8) + (0x4) + (1x2) + (1x1) = 11 in denary

Binary Denary

What is the denary form of "11100"?

24 =16 23 =8 22 =4 21 =2 20 =1

1 1 1 0 0
Binary Denary

ANSWER
24 =16 23 =8 22 =4 21 =2 20 =1

1 1 1 0 0
(1x16) + (1x8) + (1x4) + (0x2) + (0x1)
= 28 in denary
Denary Binary Explanation

Convert 5 to binary:

5 2 2 1
remainder
Read the remainder
2 1 remainder 0 from bottom to top
2 0 remainder 1

Answer: 101
Denary Binary Explanation

Convert 39 to binary:

39
2 19 remainder
1

39
2 9 remainder
1
2 4 remainder
1 Read the remainder
from bottom to top
2 2 remainder
0
2 1 remainder
0
2 0 remainder
1

Answer: 100111
Denary Binary

What is the binary form of 42?

25 =32 24 =16 23 =8 22 =4 21 =2 20 =1
Denary Binary

ANSWER
Convert 42 to binary:

42
2 21 remainder
0

42
2 10 remainder
1
2 5 remainder
0 Read the remainder
from bottom to top
2 2 remainder
1
2 1 remainder
0
2 0 remainder
1

Answer: 101010
Denary System RECAP

102 101 100

(7x100) + (6x10)
7 6 5
+ (5x1) = 765
Hundredth Tenth Ones
Denary System RECAP

102 101 100

(7x100) + (6x10)
7 6 5
+ (5x1) = 765
Binary System
22 21 20
(1x4) + (1x2)
1 1 1 + (1x1) = 7
Binary Denary

What is the denary form of "1010"?

23 =8 22 =4 21 =2 20 =1

1 0 1 0
Binary Denary

ANSWER
23 =8 22 =4 21 =2 20 =1

1 0 1 0
(1x8) + (1x2) = 10 in denary
Denary Binary

What is the binary form of 38?

25 =32 24 =16 23 =8 22 =4 21 =2 20 =1
Denary Binary (Method 2)

ANSWER
Convert 38 to binary:

38
2 19 remainder
0

38
2 9 remainder
1
2 4 remainder
1 Read the remainder
from bottom to top
2 2 remainder
0
2 1 remainder
0
2 0 remainder
1

Answer: 100110
PA S T Y EA R Q U ES T I O N
ANSWER
Hexadecimal
System
Hexadecimal System

• It is a base 16 system.
• It uses 16 digits to represent each value

Number System Digits used to represent each value

Denary 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

Binary 0, 1

Hexadecimal 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 , A, B, C, D, E, F
 Explanation
Hexadecimal System
Denary System Binary System

102 =100 101 =10 100 =1 22 =4 21 =2 20 =1

3 6 5 1 0 1
(3x100) + (6x10) + (5x1) = 365 (1x4) + (0x2) + (1x1) = 5

Hexadecimal System

?2 =? ?1 =? ?0 =?

3 E 5
 Explanation
Hexadecimal System
Denary System Binary System

102 =100 101 =10 100 =1 22 =4 21 =2 20 =1

3 6 5 1 0 1
(3x100) + (6x10) + (5x1) = 365 (1x4) + (0x2) + (1x1) = 5

Hexadecimal System

162 =256 161 =16 160 =1

3 E 5
Conversion

Binary Hexadecimal

Hexadecimal Binary
Binary Hexadecimal Explanation

• Since 16 = 24 this means that FOUR binary digits are equivalent to each
hexadecimal digit.
Binary Hexadecimal Explanation

101111100001

101 1 111 0 0 0 01

B E 1

ANSWER : BE1
Binary Hexadecimal Explanation

10 000111111101

00 10 0001 1111 1101

2 1 F D

ANSWER : 21FD
Binary Hexadecimal

What is the hexadecimal form of

0111010011100?
Binary Hexadecimal

ANSWER

0111010011100

0000 1110 1001 1100

0 E 9 C
Hexadecimal Binary Explanation

F 9 3 5
1111 0011 0101
1001

Answer: 1111 1001 0011 0101

Hexadecimal Binary

What is the binary form of

BF08?
Hexadecimal Binary

B F 0 8
1011 0000 1000
1111

Answer: 1011 1111 0000 1000

Conversion

Hexadecimal Denary

Denary Hexadecimal
Binary Denary

Eg. "111"
22 =4 21 =2 20 =1

1 1 1

(1x4) + (1x2) + (1x1) = 7 in denary

Hexadecimal Denary

Eg. "45A"
162 =256 161 =16 160 =1

4 5 A
Note: A=10

(4x256) + (5x16) + (10x1) = 1114 in denary

Hexadecimal Denary

Eg. "C8F"
162 =256 161 =16 160 =1

C 8 F
Note: C=12, F=15

(12x256) + (8x16) + (15x1) = 3215 in denary

Hexadecimal Denary

What is the denary form of BF08?

163 =4096 162 =256 161 =16 160 =1

B F 0 8
Hexadecimal Denary

ANSWER

163 =4096 162 =256 161 =16 160 =1

B F 0 8

(11x4096) + (15x256) + (0x16) + (8x1) = 48904 in denary

Denary Binary (Method 2)

Convert 5 to binary:

5 2 2 1
remainder
Read the remainder
2 1 remainder
0 from bottom to top

2 0 remainder
1

Answer: 101
Denary Hexadecimal Explanation

Eg. "2004"

2004/16 = 125
remainder = 4 2004
16 125 remainder 4
16 7 remainder
13
125/16 = 7
16 0 remainder 7
remainder = 13
Note: 13=D

Answer: 7D4
Denary Hexadecimal

What is the hexadecimal form of 3179?

3179/16 = ?
3179
16 198 remainder ?
16 ? remainder
?
16 ? remainder ?
Denary Hexadecimal

What is the hexadecimal form of 3179?

3179/16 = 198
remainder = 11 3179
16 198 remainder 11
198/16 = 12 16 12 remainder 6
remainder = 6 16 0 remainder 12

Answer: C6B
PA S T Y EA R Q U ES T I O N
ANSWER
PA S T Y EA R Q U ES T I O N
ANSWER
Use of hexadecimal
system
Use of hexadecimal system

Binary Hexadecimal
110101111110
1AFD39
100111001

Brainstorm time: Why is Hexadecimal used?

Use of hexadecimal system Explanation

• One hex digit represents four binary digits

• The hex number is far easier for humans to
remember, copy and work with
• Four uses of the hexadecimal system
Usage 1: Error Code Explanation

• Error codes are often shown as

hexadecimal values.
• These numbers refer to the memory
location of the error.
• They are generated by the computer.
• The programmer needs to know how to
interpret the hexadecimal error codes.
Usage 1: Error Code Explanation
Usage 2: MAC address Explanation

• Media Access Control (MAC) address refers to

a number which uniquely identifies a device on a network.
• The MAC address refers to the network interface card (NIC)
which is part of the device
• The MAC address is rarely changed so that a particular
device can always be identified no matter where it is.
Usage 2: MAC address Explanation

00_1C_B3_4F_25_FE

Message 00_1C_C3_4F_23_AE

Mac address uniquely identify a device on a Local Area Network

Usage 2: MAC address Explanation
Form 1
NN-NN-NN-DD-DD-DD

00-1C-B3-4F-25-FE

Form 2
NN:NN:NN:DD:DD:DD
2
00:1C:B3:4F:25:FE

Mac Address comes with 2 forms

 Usage 2: MAC address Explanation

00-1C-B3 4F-25-FE

Identity number of Serial number of

the manufacturer a device
Eg. 00 – 14 – 22 which identifies devices made by Dell
00 – a0 – c9 which identifies devices made by Intel
 Usage 3: Internet
Protocol Addresses Explanation

• Each device connected to a network is given an address

known as the Internet Protocol address
• An IPv4 address is a 32-bit number written in denary or
hexadecimal form e.g. 109.108.158.1 (or 77.76.9e.01 in hex)
• IPv4 has recently been improved upon by the adoption of
IPv6. An IPv6 address is a 128-bit number broken down into
16-bit chunks, represented by a hexadecimal number.
Eg. a8f b:7a88:fff0:0fff:3d21:2085:66f b:f0fa
 Usage 4: HyperText Markup
Language (HTML) colour code Explanation
• HyperText Mark-up Language (HTML) is used when writing and developing
web pages.
• It is not a programming language, but a markup language.
• A mark-up language is used in the processing, definition and presentation
of text.
 Overview
Explanation

The 4 usages of Hexadecimals - EMIH

1. E - Error Codes
2. M - MAC Address
3. I - Internet Protocol Address
4. H - HTML Colour Code
PA S T Y EA R Q U ES T I O N
ANSWER
PA S T Y EA R Q U ES T I O N
ANSWER
 Addition of
binary number
Addition of binary number Explanation

How do we perform add and carry in denary?

1
0+0=0 9
0+9=9 +1
9+0=9
10
9 + 1 = 10
Addition of binary number

How do we perform add and carry in denary?

1 1
6+9 = 15 (>9)
56
1+5+7 = 13 (>9)
+79
1 35
Addition of binary number Explanation

How do we perform add and carry in binary?

0+0=0
0+1=1
1+0=1
1 + 1 = 10
Addition of binary number Explanation

How do we perform add and carry in binary?

1 1 1
00100111
+01001010
0 1110 001
Addition of binary number

How do we perform add and carry in binary?

Perform

01111110 + 00111110
Addition of binary number Explanation

The overflow condition

1 11 111
01101110
+11011110
1 01 001 100
Addition of binary number Explanation
1 11 111
The overflow condition 01101110
+11011110
1 01 001 100
• The maximum denary of an 8-bit binary number (11111111)
is (28 - 1 ) = 255
• The generation of a 9th bit is a clear indication that the
sum has exceeded this value.
• This is known as an overflow error. The sum is too big to
be stored using 8 bits.
 Addition of binary number Explanation
1 11 111
The overflow condition 01101110
01101110 = 110 +11011110
11011110 = 222
\
1 01 001 100

110 + 222 = 332

322 > 255 (overflow)
The sum is too big to be stored in a 8 bit binary.
Lesson Objectives
Binary Shifting
Last lesson on the binary system

BINARY SHIFTING

Multiplication
and division of
binary numbers
BINARY SHIFTING

• Binary shift is a process that a CPU uses to perform

multiplication and division.
BINARY SHIFTING - MULTIPLICATION

• For a CPU to multiply a binary number, the number

needs to be shifted to the left and will fill the
remaining gaps with zeros.
BINARY SHIFTING - MULTIPLICATION

Examples: 111 (Binary)

64 32 16 8 4 2 1
0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Examples: 1110 (Binary)
64 32 16 8 4 2 1
0 0 0 1 1 1 0

Examples: 11100 (Binary)

64 32 16 8 4 2 1
0 0 1 1 1 0 0
BINARY SHIFTING - MULTIPLICATION

Examples: 111 (Binary)

64 32 16 8 4 2 1
0 0 0 0 1 1 1

Multiply by 2, shift 1 place to the left 1110

Multiply by 4, shift 2 place to the left 11100
Multiply by 8, shift 3 place to the left 111000
Multiply by 2^n, shift n place to the left
BINARY SHIFTING - DIVISION

• For a CPU to divide a binary number, the number

needs to be shifted to the right.
BINARY SHIFTING - DIVISION

Examples: 101100 (Binary)

32 16 8 4 2 1
1 0 1 1 0 0
Examples: 10110 (Binary)
32 16 8 4 2 1
0 1 0 1 1 0
Examples: 1011 (Binary)
32 16 8 4 2 1
0 0 1 0 1 1
BINARY SHIFTING - DIVISION

Examples: 101100 (Binary)

32 16 8 4 2 1
1 0 1 1 0 0

Divide by 2, shift 1 place to the right 10110

Divide by 4, shift 2 place to the right 1011
Divide by 8, shift 3 place to the right 101
Divide by 2^n, shift n place to the right
BINARY SHIFTING WITH 8-BIT BINARY NUMBERS

• Registers contained within the CPU often have 8-bits limits

on the amount of data they can hold at any one time.
• The multiplying shifting process can cause bits to be lost at
one end of the register, and zeros added at the opposite end.
• This process is known as losing the most significant bit.
BINARY SHIFTING WITH 8-BIT BINARY NUMBERS

Examples: 10110101 (181 in denary)

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1

10110101 -> 01101010

106 in denary

The bit lost is called the most significant bit, and when it
is shifted beyond the furthest-column the binary data that
is stored loses precision due to overflow.
BINARY SHIFTING WITH 8-BIT BINARY NUMBERS

The same process can happen when dividing an 8-bit

binary number.
Example: 10111101 (189 in denary)
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1
Divide this number by 32 (move 5 places to the right)
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
The division shift produces the 11101
Least
binary number 101 = 5, not Significant
5.9 that arithmetic suggests. bit
Lesson Objectives
Two Complements
Last lesson on the binary system

TWO COMPLEMENTS

Represent
negative
number in
binary
TWO COMPLEMENTS

• A PROCESSOR CAN ALSO REPRESENT NEGATIVE

NUMBERS.
• ONE OF THE METHOD THAT A PROCESS
REPRESENT NEGATIVE NUMBERS IS CALLED
TWO'S COMPLEMENT.
TWO COMPLEMENTS
TWO COMPLEMENTS

• TO REPRESENT NEGATIVE NUMBERS, IT IS IMPORTANT TO THINK

ABOUT THE PLACE VALUE OF THE FURTHEST-LEFT BIT IN A
DIFFERENT WAY.
• PROCESSOR CAN BE SET UP TO SEE THE BIT IN THE EIGHTH
COLUMN AS A SIGN BIT.

0 = POSITIVE
1 = NEGATIVE
CONVERT POSITIVE BINARY INTEGER TO A TWO'S COMPLEMENT 8-BIT INTEGER

Examples:13
Step 1: Convert 13 into binary.
1101 in binary
Step 2: Put the number into the place value column
-128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1

Step 3: Ensure that the the leftmost bit is 0 (+).

Convert 19 into a Two's complement
8-bit Integer
CONVERT POSITIVE BINARY INTEGER TO A TWO'S COMPLEMENT 8-BIT INTEGER

Examples:19
Step 1: Convert 19 into binary.
10011 in binary
Step 2: Put the number into the place value column
-128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
Step 3: Ensure that the the leftmost bit is 0 (+).

Answer: 00010011
CONVERT TWO'S COMPLEMENT 8-BIT INTEGER TO A POSITIVE BINARY INTEGER

Examples: Convert 00010011 (two's complement) to denary

Step 1: Put the number into the place value column
-128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
Step 2: This shows that it is a positive number, we can
just convert the binary into denary directly.
Step 3: Calculate the denary value.

(1x16) + (1x2) + (1x1) = 19

Convert 01010011 (two's complement)
to denary
CONVERT TWO'S COMPLEMENT 8-BIT INTEGER TO A POSITIVE BINARY INTEGER

Examples: Convert 01010011 (two's complement) to denary

Step 1: Put the number into the place value column
-128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1
Step 2: This shows that it is a positive number, we can
just convert the binary into denary directly.
Step 3: Calculate the denary value.

(1x64) + (1x16) + (1x2) + (1x1) = 83

CONVERT NEGATIVE BINARY NUMBERS IN TWO'S COMPLEMENT FORMAT AND
CONVERT TO DENARY

Examples: 10010011
Step 1: Put the number into the place value column
-128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
Step 2: The left-most bit is 1, this means that it is a
negative number.
Step 3: Compute the denary value as usual.
(1x -128) + (1x16) + (1x2) + (1x1)
= -128 + 16 + 2 + 1
= -109
Convert 10110011 (Two's Complement)
to denary
CONVERT NEGATIVE BINARY NUMBERS IN TWO'S COMPLEMENT FORMAT AND
CONVERT TO DENARY

Examples: 10110011
Step 1: Put the number into the place value column
-128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
Step 2: The left-most bit is 1, this means that it is a
negative number.
Step 3: Compute the denary value as usual.
(1x -128) (1x32)+ (1x16) + (1x2) + (1x1)
= -128 + 32 + 16 + 2 + 1
= -77
CONVERTING NEGATIVE DENARY NUMBERS INTO BINARY NUMBERS IN TWO’S
COMPLEMENT FORMAT

Examples: -67
Step 1: Convert the number to positive.
67
Step 2: Write the number in binary form (8 bits).
01000011
Step 3: Invert each binary value.
10111100
Step 4: Add 1 to the binary number.
10111100
+ 1
10111101
Step 5: This gives us -67.
-128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1
-128 + 32 + 16 + 8 + 4 + 1 = -67
Convert -65 to 8 bit two's complement
binary number
CONVERTING NEGATIVE DENARY NUMBERS INTO BINARY NUMBERS IN TWO’S
COMPLEMENT FORMAT

Examples: -65
Step 1: Convert the number to positive.
65
Step 2: Write the number in binary form (8 bits).
01000001
Step 3: Invert each binary value.
10111110
Step 4: Add 1 to the binary number.
10111110
+ 1
10111111

Step 5: This gives us -65.

-128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
-128 + 32 + 16 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 1 = -65
Summary: Convert negative denary to two's complement
Examples: -65

65 Convert to (+)

01000001 Convert to binary

10111110 Invert the digit

1 +1

10111111 Final result

1.2 Text, sound and images
A standard ASCII code character set consists of 7-bit codes(0 to 127 in denary or 00 to 7F in hexadecimal)
That represent the letters, numbers abd characters found on a standard keyboard, together with 32 control codes
(that use codes 0 to 31 (denary) or 00 to 19 (hexadecimal). – page no..26
Extended ASCII uses 8-bit codes (0 to 255 in denary or 0 to FF in hexadecimal). This gives
another 128 codes to allow for characters in non-English alphabets and for some graphical
characters to be included: ---Page no 27
Sound waves vary continuously. This means that sound is analogue.
Computers cannot work with analogue data, so sound waves need to be
sampled in order to be stored in a computer. Sampling means measuring
the amplitude of the sound wave. This is done using an analogue to
digital converter (ADC).

To convert the analogue data to digital, the sound waves are sampled at
regular time intervals. The amplitude of the sound cannot be measured
precisely, so approximate values are stored.
The number of bits used to represent sound amplitude in digital
sound recording, as known as bit depth
 Sampling rate is the
number of sound samples
taken per second. This is
measured in hertz (Hz),
where 1Hz means ‘one
sample per second’.
 Activity 1.15
(page no. 31)
 1.3 Measurement of
data storage and
Calculation of file size
Measurement
of Data
• Most computer system have storage which is measured in bytes.
Storage
A byte is a unit of data that is eight binary digit long. A byte can
be used to represent a character, for example a letter, a number
or a symbol.
• A bit is the basic unit of all computing memory storage terms
and is either 1 or 0.
• A byte is a abbreviated with the capital letter ‘B’.(A bit is a one
eighth of a byte and is abbreviated with a lower case ‘b’.
• The byte is the smallest unit of memory in a computer.

8 bits = 1 byte
4 bits = 1 nibble
Measurement
of Data
Storage
Memory
Size
System

Based on the SI (base 10) system of units where

1 kilo is equal to 1000.
Memory
Size As memory size is actually measured in terms of powers of 2...
System

Based on the IEC (base 2) system of units where

1 kilo is equal to 1024 (2^10).
Memory
Size
System
Converting Bytes into KiB, MiB and GiB

68719476736 Bytes
= 68719476736 Bytes / 1024 = 67108864 KiB
= 67108864 KiB / 1024 = 65536 MiB
= 65536 MiB / 1024 = 64 GiB
Memory
Size
System
Converting Gib, Mib, Kib into bytes

64 GiB
= 64 x 1024 = 65536 MiB
= 65536 x 1024 = 67108864 KiB
= 67108864 x 1024 = 68719476736 Bytes
DIY

Convert the size of GTA-V to bytes

72 GiB
= 72 x 1024 = 73728 MiB
= 65536 x 1024 = 75497472 KiB
= 75497472 x 1024 = 77309411328 Bytes
Calculation
of file
size

Image Audio
Calculation
of file
size - Image

Image Resolution - The number of pixels

that make up an image.

The higher the image resolution, the higher

the quality of the image.
Calculation
of file
size - Image

Formula

image resolution (pixels) x colour depths (bits)

 Example
Calculation
of file
size - Image 2px

2px
00 01
10 11
Total pixels = 2 x 2 = 4 Colour depth = 2

Calculation = (2x2) x 2
= 8 bits = 1 byte
Calculation Example 2
of file
size - Image
Formula : image resolution (pixels) x colour depths (bits)

Question:
Image Resolution = 1024 x 1080
Colour depth = 32

Calculate the size of this image in Bytes.

Workings:

1024 x 1080 = 1105920 pixels

1105920 x 32 = 35389440 bits
Answer in byte: 35389440/8 = 4423680 bytes
 Example 1 from Book
Formula : image resolution (in pixels) x colour depths (in bits)
A photograph is 1024 × 1080 pixels and uses a colour depth of 32 bits. How
many photographs of this size would fit onto a memory stick of 64GiB?

1 Multiply number of pixels in vertical and horizontal directions to find total

number of pixels = (1024 × 1080) = 1 105 920 pixels

2 Now multiply number of pixels by colour depth then divide by 8 to give the
number of bytes = 1105920 × 32 = 35389440/8 bytes = 4423680 bytes

3 64 GiB = 64 × 1024 × 1024 × 1024 = 68719476736 bytes

4 Finally divide the memory stick size by the files size = 68 719 476 736/4 423
680 = 15 534 photos.
 Example 2 from Book
Formula : image resolution (in pixels) x colour depths (in bits)
A camera detector has an array of 2048 by 2048 pixels and uses a colour depth of 16. Find the
size of an image taken by this camera in MiB.
1 Multiply number of pixels in vertical and horizontal directions to find total number
of pixels = (2048 × 2048) = 4194304pixels

2 Now multiply number of pixels by colour depth = 4 194 304 × 16 = 67 108 864 bits

3 Now divide number of bits by 8 to find the number of bytes in the file = (67 108 864)/8
= 8 388 608 bytes

4 Now divide by 1024 × 1024 to convert to MiB = (8 388 608)/(1 048 576) = 8 MiB.
Calculation
of file Example
size - Image
Question:
Image Resolution = 1024 x 1080
Colour depth = 32

Calculate the size of this image in Bytes. How many photograph of

this size would fit onto a memory stick of 64Gib.
Each image = 4423680 bytes
First convert 64 Gib into bytes:
64 x 1024 = 65536 MiB
65536 x 1024 = 67108864 KiB
67108864 x 1024 = 68719476736 bytes
Calculation
of file
Example
size - Image
Question:
Image Resolution = 1024 x 1080
Colour depth = 32

Calculate the size of this image in Bytes. How many photograph of

this size would fit onto a memory stick of 64Gib.
Each image = 4423680 bytes
First convert 64 Gib into bytes = 68719476736 bytes

68719476736/4423680 = 15534 photos.

Question:
Image Resolution = 2048 x 2048
Colour depth = 16

Calculate the size of this image in Bytes.

Question:
Image Resolution = 2048 x 2048
Colour depth = 16

Calculate the size of this image in Bytes.

Answer:

2048 x 2048 x 16 = 67108864 bits

= 67108864/8
= 8388608 bytes
Question:
Image Resolution = 2048 x 2048
Colour depth = 16

Calculate the size of this image in Bytes (Answer: 8388608 bytes).

What is the size of the image in MiB.
Question:
Image Resolution = 2048 x 2048
Colour depth = 16

Calculate the size of this image in Bytes (Answer: 8388608 bytes).

What is the size of the image in MiB.
8388608 / 1024 = 8192 KiB
8192 / 1024 = 8 MiB
 Formula

Sample Rate (in Hz) x Sample Resolution (in bits) x length of sample (in seconds)

Calculation
of file
size - Sound
 Example 3 from Book
Formula : sample rate (in Hz) × sample resolution (in bits) × length
An audio CD has a sample rate of 44100 and a sample resolution of 16bits. The
music being sampled uses two channels to allow for stereo recording. Calculate the
file size for a 60-minute recording.
1 Size of file =

sample rate (in Hz) × sample resolution (in bits) × length of sample (in seconds)

2 Size of sample = (44100 × 16 × (60 × 60)) = 2540160000bits

3 Multiply by 2 since there are two channels being used = 5 080 320 000 bits

4 Divide by 8 to find number of bytes = (5 080 320 000)/8 = 635 040 000

5 Divide by 1024 × 1024 to convert to MiB = 635 040 000 / 1 048 576 = 605MiB.
Calculation
of file
size - Sound

Mono Sound vs Stereo Sound

Comparison
Calculation Example 1 - Mono Sound
of file
size - Sound
Question:
Sample Rate: 44100
Sample Resolution: 8 bits
Length of the music: 20 seconds

Calculate the size of the audio in KiB.

44100 x 8 x 20 = 7056000 bits
7056000/8 = 882000 bytes
882000 / 1024 = 861.328 KiB
Calculation
of file
Example 1 - Stereo Sound
size - Sound

An audio CD has a sample rate of 44100 and a sample resolution of 16 bits. The
music being sampled uses two channels to allow for stereo recording. Calculate the
file size for a 60-minute recording.

44100 x 16 x 3600 = 2540160000 bits

2540160000 x 2 = 5080320000 bits
5080320000 / 8 = 635040000 bytes

635040000 / 1024 = 620156.25 KiB

620156.25 / 1024 = 605.62 MiB
An audio CD has a sample rate of 44100 and a sample resolution of 8 bits. The
music being sampled uses two channels to allow for stereo recording. Calculate the
file size for a 25-minute recording.
An audio CD has a sample rate of 44100 and a sample resolution of 8 bits. The
music being sampled uses two channels to allow for stereo recording. Calculate the
file size for a 25-minute recording in MiB.
44100 x 8 x 1500 = 529200000 bits
529200000 x 2 = 1058400000 bits

1058400000 / 8 = 132300000 bytes

132300000 / 1024 = 129199.218 KiB

129199.218 / 1024 = 126.17 MiB

PA S T Y EA R Q U ES T I O N
ANSWER
 DATA
COMPR E S S IO N
1.3
DATA COMPRESSION
DATA COMPRESSION
 DATA
COMPRESSION

• FILE SIZE OF IMAGES AND SOUND CAN BE VERY LARGE.

• THEREFORE, DATA COMPRESSION IS NEEDED TO REDUCE
THE SIZE OF A FILE.
 DATA
COMPRESSION

WHAT ARE SOME BENEFITS OF REDUCING

THE FILE SIZE?
 Benefits of
Data
Compression REDUCE
STREAMING
TIME REDUCE
COST
SAVE
STORAGE REDUCE
SPACE TIME TAKEN TO
UPLOAD AND
DOWNLOAD
MEDIA
 DATA
COMPRESSION

LOSSY LOSSLESS
FILE FILE
COMPRESSION COMPRESSION
 LOSSY FILE
COMPRESSION
• FILE COMPRESSION ALGORITHM ELIMINATES
UNNECESSARY DATA FROM THE FILE.
• ORIGINAL FILE CANNOT BE RECONSTRUCTED ONCE IT HAS
BEEN COMPRESSED.
• IMAGE - REDUCE THE RESOLUTION // COLOUR DEPTH
• SOUND - REDUCE THE SAMPLING RATE // SAMPLING
RESOLUTION
• SOME LOSSY FILE COMPRESSION ALGORITHMS ARE:
MPEG-3 MPEG-4 JPEG
 LOSSY FILE
• A COMPRESSION TECHNOLOGY THAT
COMPRESSION
REDUCES THE SIZE OF A NORMAL MUSIC
FILE BY ABOUT 90%.

SECRET
MPEG-3 • REMOVE SOUNDS
OUTSIDE THE
HUMAN EAR RANGE
• ELIMINATE THE
SOFTER SOUND -
PERCEPTUAL MUSIC
SHAPING
 LOSSY FILE
COMPRESSION ALLOWS STORAGE OF MULTIMEDIA FILES
RATHER THAN JUST SOUND.

SECRET
MPEG-4 • MOVIES CAN BE
STREAMED
USING THE MP4
FORMAT
WITHOUT
LOSING ANY
REAL
DISCERNIBLE
QUALITY
 LOSSY FILE
A LOSSY COMPRESSION ALGORITHM USED
COMPRESSION
FOR BITMAP IMAGES. ORIGINAL FILE CAN NO
LONGER BE CONSTRUCTED

SECRET
JPEG • REMOVE
COLOUR
SHADES
(HUMAN CAN'T
NOTICE THEM)
 LOSSY FILE
COMPRESSION
 LOSSY FILE
COMPRESSION
 DATA
COMPRESSION

• ALL THE DATA FROM THE ORIGINAL

UNCOMPRESSED FILE CAN BE
RECONSTRUCTED
LOSSLESS • THIS IS IMPORTANT FOR FILES WHERE LOSS
FILE OF DATA WOULD BE DISASTROUS
(COMPLEX SPREADSHEET).
COMPRESSION
• LOSSLESS FILE COMPRESSION IS DESIGNED
SO THAT NONE OF THE ORIGiNAL DETAIL
FROM THE FILE IS LOST.
 LOSSLESS
FILE
COMPRESSION

1. CAN BE USED FOR LOSSLESS COMPRESSION OF A NUMBER OF

DIFFERENT FILE FORMATS.
RUN-
LENGTH 2. IT REDUCES THE SIZE OF A STRING OF ADJACENT, IDENTICAL DATA.
ENCODING

3. A REPEATED STRING IS ENCODED INTO TWO VALUES.

NUMBER OF DATA ITEM

IDENTICAL
DATA
 LOSSLESS
FILE RUN-
COMPRESSION LENGTH
ENCODING
IN
ACTION

16
bytes
 LOSSLESS
FILE Does not work well when no repeated data! RUN-LENGTH
COMPRESSION ENCODING
IN
ACTION

Each digit - 1 byte

Total size = 8 bytes (50% reduction in size)
 LOSSLESS
FILE
3,2,5,2,4
COMPRESSION
2,4,3,4,3
1.6.1.6.2
0, 15,1

TO BE
CONTINUE
REDUCE REDUCE
COLOUR IMAGE
DEPTH RESOLUTION
 LOSSY FILE
A LOSSY COMPRESSION ALGORITHM USED
COMPRESSION
FOR BITMAP IMAGES. ORIGINAL FILE CAN NO
LONGER BE CONSTRUCTED

SECRET
JPEG • REMOVE
COLOUR
SHADES
(HUMAN CAN'T
NOTICE THEM)
PA S T Y EA R Q U ES T I O N
ANSWER
PA S T Y EA R Q U ES T I O N
ANSWER
 51
127
153
116
255
15
143
179
112
238

41-00101001
6C-01101100
6B-107 00011101 + 01100110
98-62 =10000011
2634-A4A Decimal value:29 + 102
= 131