Lecture Notes: Compiled by Maqsood Ahmad (A.P. Maths.

) for
students of CUI, Lahore. (FA20-BSM-A, SP20-BSE-A & B).
Change of basis and Transition Matrix:
Exercise 4.8:- Question 1-27; Question 1-15(very simple) ; Question 15 to 19 (similar)
Question 20 to 23 (similar); Question 24, 25, 26, 27 (similar).

𝟏 𝟎 𝟎
Example 1: Given 𝑺 = {𝒆𝟏 = [𝟎] , 𝒆𝟐 = [𝟏] , 𝒆𝟑 = [𝟎]} is set of standard basis for 𝑹𝟑 . Find
𝟎 𝟎 𝟏
𝟗
coordinates of 𝒗 = [𝟐] with respect to 𝑺. OR [𝒗]𝑺 =?
𝟕
Solution:- 𝒗 = 𝒂𝟏 𝒆𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐 𝒆𝟐 + 𝒂𝟑 𝒆𝟑
𝟗 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝒂𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝒂𝟏
[𝟐] = 𝒂𝟏 [𝟎] + 𝒂𝟐 [𝟏] + 𝒂𝟑 [𝟎] = [ 𝟎 ] + [𝒂𝟐 ] + [ 𝟎 ] = [𝒂𝟐 ]
𝟕 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝒂𝟑 𝒂𝟑
 𝒂𝟏 𝟗
Coordinates of 𝒗 w.r.t. 𝑺=[𝒗]𝑺 = [𝒂𝟐 ] = [𝟐]
𝒂𝟑 𝟕
Next example shows the cost we have to bear in absence of standard basis
𝟏 𝟔 𝟒
Examle 2(LC) : Given 𝑻 = {𝒗𝟏 = [ 𝟐 ] , 𝒗𝟐 = [𝟒] , 𝒗𝟑 = [−𝟏]} 𝒃𝒆 𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒊𝒔.
−𝟏 𝟐 𝟖
𝟗
Find coordinates of 𝒗 = [𝟐] with respect to 𝑻. OR [𝒗]𝑻 =?
𝟕
Solution: Consider 𝒗 = 𝒂𝟏 𝒗𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐 𝒗𝟐 + 𝒂𝟑 𝒗𝟑 … … … (𝟏), Our goal is to find scalars 𝒂𝟏 , 𝒂𝟐 and
𝒂𝟑 .
𝟗 𝟏 𝟔 𝟒
(𝟏) ⇒ [𝟐] = 𝒂𝟏 [ 𝟐 ] + 𝒂𝟐 [𝟒] + 𝒂𝟑 [−𝟏]
𝟕 −𝟏 𝟐 𝟖
𝟗 𝒂𝟏 𝟔𝒂𝟐 𝟒𝒂𝟑 𝟗 𝒂𝟏 + 𝟔𝒂𝟐 + 𝟒𝒂𝟑
[𝟐] = [ 𝟐𝒂𝟏 ] + [𝟒𝒂𝟐 ] + [−𝒂𝟑 ] ⇒ [𝟐] = [ 𝟐𝒂𝟏 + 𝟒𝒂𝟐 − 𝒂𝟑 ]
𝟕 −𝒂𝟏 𝟐𝒂𝟐 𝟖𝒂𝟑 𝟕 −𝒂𝟏 + 𝟐𝒂𝟐 + 𝟖𝒂𝟑
Equating both sides we get,
𝒂𝟏 + 𝟔𝒂𝟐 + 𝟒𝒂𝟑 = 𝟗 ; 𝟐𝒂𝟏 + 𝟒𝒂𝟐 − 𝒂𝟑 = 𝟐 ; −𝒂𝟏 + 𝟐𝒂𝟐 + 𝟖𝒂𝟑 = 𝟕
Observe: The problem of linear combination boils down to a problem of non-homogeneous
system of linear equations. I believe you can find scalars using Gauss-Elimination method. Here
we go.
𝟏 𝟔 𝟒 | 𝟗 𝑹 − 𝟐𝑹 𝟏 𝟔 𝟒 | 𝟗
[𝑨|𝒃] = [ 𝟐 𝟒 −𝟏 | 𝟐 ] 𝑹𝟐 + 𝑹 𝟏 ~ [𝟎 −𝟖 −𝟗 | −𝟏𝟔 ]
𝟑 𝟏
−𝟏 𝟐 𝟖 | 𝟕 𝟎 𝟖 𝟏𝟐 | 𝟏𝟔
𝑹𝟐
𝟏 𝟔 𝟒 | 𝟗 𝟏 𝟔 𝟒 | 𝟗
−𝟖
𝑹𝟑 + 𝑹𝟐 ~ [𝟎 −𝟖 −𝟗 | −𝟏𝟔 ] 𝑹 ~ [𝟎 𝟏 𝟗/𝟖 | 𝟐 ]
𝟑
𝟎 𝟎 𝟑 | 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 | 𝟎
𝟑
Now rewrite this equivalent simple system,
𝟗
𝒂𝟑 = 𝟎; 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒂𝟑 = 𝟐 ; 𝒂𝟏 + 𝟔𝒂𝟐 + 𝟒𝒂𝟑 = 𝟗
𝟖
Using backward substitution, we get 𝒂𝟑 = 𝟎 ; 𝒂𝟐 = 𝟐 ; 𝒂𝟏 = −𝟑
𝟗 𝟏 𝟔 𝟒
Hence 𝒗 = [𝟐] = −𝟑 [ 𝟐 ] + 𝟐 [𝟒] + 𝟎 [−𝟏].
𝟕 −𝟏 𝟐 𝟖
 𝟗 −𝟑
[𝒗]𝑻 = [𝟐] = [ 𝟐 ]
𝟕 𝑻 𝟎
Example 3: (a) 𝑺 = {𝒆𝟏 = 𝒕, 𝒆𝟐 = 𝟏} standard basis for vector space 𝑷𝟏 (𝒕).
Find coordinates of 𝒗 = 𝟓𝒕 − 𝟐. OR [𝒗]𝑺 =?
Solution:
𝒗 = 𝟓(𝒕) − 𝟐(𝟏) = 𝒂𝟏 𝒆𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐 𝒆𝟐
𝟓
Coordinates of 𝒗 w.r.t. 𝑺=[𝒗]𝑺 = [ ]
−𝟐
(b) 𝑻 = {𝒗𝟏 = 𝒕 + 𝟏, 𝒗𝟐 = 𝒕 − 𝟏} ordered basis for vector space 𝑷𝟏 (𝒕).
𝒗 = 𝟓𝒕 − 𝟐 ; Find coordinates of 𝒗, OR [𝒗]𝑻 =?
𝒗 = 𝒂𝟏 𝒗𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐 𝒗𝟐 − − − −(𝟏)

𝟓𝒕 − 𝟐 = 𝒂𝟏 (𝒕 + 𝟏) + 𝒂𝟐 (𝒕 − 𝟏)

𝟓𝒕 − 𝟐 = (𝒂𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐 )𝒕 + (𝒂𝟏 − 𝒂𝟐 )

Equating coefficients of like powers

𝒂𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐 = 𝟓 ; 𝒂𝟏 − 𝒂𝟐 = −𝟐

𝒂𝟏 𝟑/𝟐
Coordinates of 𝒗 w.r.t. 𝑻=[𝒗]𝑻 = [𝒂 ] = [ ]
𝟐 𝟕/𝟐

𝑺 = {𝒗𝟏 , 𝒗𝟐 , 𝒗𝟑 } ; 𝑻 = {𝒘𝟏 , 𝒘𝟐 , 𝒘𝟑 }
𝒄𝟏
𝒗 = 𝒄𝟏 𝒘𝟏 + 𝒄𝟐 𝒘𝟐 + 𝒄𝟑 𝒘𝟑 − − − (𝟏); [𝒗]𝑻 = [𝒄𝟐 ]
𝒄𝟑
Write (1) w.r.t. S basis; [𝒗]𝑺 = [𝒄𝟏 𝒘𝟏 + 𝒄𝟐 𝒘𝟐 + 𝒄𝟑 𝒘𝟑 ]𝑺
[𝒗]𝑺 = [𝒄𝟏 𝒘𝟏 ]𝑺 + [𝒄𝟐 𝒘𝟐 ]𝑺 + [𝒄𝟑 𝒘𝟑 ]𝑺
[𝒗]𝑺 = 𝒄𝟏 [𝒘𝟏 ]𝑺 + 𝒄𝟐 [𝒘𝟐 ]𝑺 + 𝒄𝟑 [𝒘𝟑 ]𝑺
 𝒄𝟏
[𝒗]𝑺 = [[𝒘𝟏 ]𝑺 [𝒘𝟐 ]𝑺 [𝒘𝟑 ]𝑺 ] [𝒄𝟐 ] = [? ] [𝒗]𝑻
𝒄𝟑

[𝒗]𝑺 = 𝑷𝑺←𝑻 [𝒗]𝑻

i.e. [? ] = 𝑷𝑺←𝑻 = [[𝒘𝟏 ]𝑺 [𝒘𝟐 ]𝑺 [𝒘𝟑 ]𝑺 ]
𝒂𝟏
Recall, [𝒗]𝑺 =? = [𝒂𝟐 ] Implies 𝒂𝟏 𝒗𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐 𝒗𝟐 + 𝒂𝟑 𝒗𝟑 = 𝒗 − − − −(∗)
𝒂𝟑
𝒂𝟏
[𝒘𝟏 ]𝑺 =? = [𝒂𝟐 ]Implies 𝒂𝟏 𝒗𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐 𝒗𝟐 + 𝒂𝟑 𝒗𝟑 = 𝒘𝟏 − − − −(𝟏)
𝒂𝟑
𝒃𝟏
[𝒘𝟐 ]𝑺 =? = [𝒃𝟐 ] Implies 𝒃𝟏 𝒗𝟏 + 𝒃𝟐 𝒗𝟐 + 𝒃𝟑 𝒗𝟑 = 𝒘𝟐 − − − −(𝟐)
𝒃𝟑
𝒅𝟏
[𝒘𝟑 ]𝑺 =? = [𝒅𝟐 ] Implies 𝒅𝟏 𝒗𝟏 + 𝒅𝟐 𝒗𝟐 + 𝒅𝟑 𝒗𝟑 = 𝒘𝟑 − − − −(𝟑)
𝒅𝟑
[? ] = 𝑷𝑺←𝑻 = [[𝒘𝟏 ]𝑺 [𝒘𝟐 ]𝑺 [𝒘𝟑 ]𝑺 ]
𝒂𝟏 𝒃𝟏 𝒅𝟏
[? ] = 𝑷𝑺←𝑻 = [𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒅𝟐 ]
𝒂𝟑 𝒃𝟑 𝒅𝟑

𝑷𝑺←𝑻 = [𝒗𝟏 𝒗𝟐 𝒗𝟑 | 𝒘𝟏 | 𝒘𝟐 | 𝒘𝟑 ]
Formula (1) [𝒗]𝑺 = 𝑷𝑺←𝑻 [𝒗]𝑻 (Transition from T to S basis.)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Formula (2) [𝒗]𝑻 = 𝑸𝑻←𝑺 [𝒗]𝑺 (Transition from S to T basis.)
𝑺 = {𝒗𝟏 , 𝒗𝟐 , 𝒗𝟑 } ; 𝑻 = {𝒘𝟏 , 𝒘𝟐 , 𝒘𝟑 }
𝒄𝟏
𝒗 = 𝒄𝟏 𝒗𝟏 + 𝒄𝟐 𝒗𝟐 + 𝒄𝟑 𝒗𝟑 − − − (𝟏); [𝒗]𝑺 = [𝒄𝟐 ]
𝒄𝟑
Write (1) w.r.t. T basis; [𝒗]𝑻 = [𝒄𝟏 𝒗𝟏 + 𝒄𝟐 𝒗𝟐 + 𝒄𝟑 𝒗𝟑 ]𝑻
[𝒗]𝑻 = [𝒄𝟏 𝒗𝟏 ]𝑻 + [𝒄𝟐 𝒗𝟐 ]𝑻 + [𝒄𝟑 𝒗𝟑 ]𝑻
[𝒗]𝑻 = 𝒄𝟏 [𝒗𝟏 ]𝑻 + 𝒄𝟐 [𝒗𝟐 ]𝑻 + 𝒄𝟑 [𝒗𝟑 ]𝑻
 𝒄𝟏
[𝒗]𝑻 = [[𝒗𝟏 ]𝑻 [𝒗𝟐 ]𝑻 [𝒗𝟑 ]𝑻 ] [𝒄𝟐 ] = [? ] [𝒗]𝑺
𝒄𝟑

[𝒗]𝑻 = 𝑸𝑻←𝑺 [𝒗]𝑺

i.e. [? ] = 𝑸𝑻←𝑺 = [[𝒗𝟏 ]𝑻 [𝒗𝟐 ]𝑻 [𝒗𝟑 ]𝑻 ]
𝒂𝟏
[𝒗𝟏 ]𝑻 =? = [𝒂𝟐 ]Implies 𝒗𝟏 = 𝒂𝟏 𝒘𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐 𝒘𝟐 + 𝒂𝟑 𝒘𝟑 − − − −(𝟏)
𝒂𝟑
𝒃𝟏
[𝒗𝟐 ]𝑻 =? = [𝒃𝟐 ] Implies 𝒗𝟐 = 𝒃𝟏 𝒘𝟏 + 𝒃𝟐 𝒘𝟐 + 𝒃𝟑 𝒘𝟑 − − − −(𝟐)
𝒃𝟑
𝒅𝟏
[𝒗𝟑 ]𝑻 =? = [𝒅𝟐 ] Implies 𝒗𝟑 = 𝒅𝟏 𝒘𝟏 + 𝒅𝟐 𝒘𝟐 + 𝒅𝟑 𝒘𝟑 − − − −(𝟑)
𝒅𝟑
𝑸𝑻←𝑺 = [𝒘𝟏 𝒘𝟐 𝒘𝟑 | 𝒗𝟏 | 𝒗𝟐 | 𝒗𝟑 ]
Alternate formula of Formula (2):- We know

[𝒗]𝑺 = 𝑷𝑺←𝑻 [𝒗]𝑻

𝑷−𝟏 𝑺←𝑻 [𝒗]𝑺 = 𝑷−𝟏 𝑺←𝑻 𝑷𝑺←𝑻 [𝒗]𝑻
𝑷−𝟏 𝑺←𝑻 [𝒗]𝑺 = [𝒗]𝑻 (Transition from S to T basis.)
[𝒗]𝑻 = 𝑸𝑻←𝑺 [𝒗]𝑺
𝑸𝑻←𝑺 = 𝑷−𝟏 𝑺←𝑻
How to find transition matrix , We explain through example
𝟏 𝟔 𝟒
Example 1:- 𝑺 = {𝒗𝟏 , 𝒗𝟐 , 𝒗𝟑 } and 𝑻 = {𝒘𝟏 , 𝒘𝟐 , 𝒘𝟑 }; 𝒗𝟏 = [ 𝟐 ], 𝒗𝟐 = [𝟒], 𝒗𝟑 = [𝟎].
−𝟏 𝟐 𝟖
𝟑 𝟑 −𝟐
𝒘𝟏 = [−𝟐], 𝒘𝟐 = [𝟏], 𝒘𝟑 = [ 𝟒 ] Find transition matrices 𝑷𝑺⇠𝑻 and 𝑸𝑻⇠𝑺 .
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏𝟎
𝟏 𝟔 𝟒 | 𝟑 | 𝟑 | −𝟐
Solution: [𝒗𝟏 𝒗𝟐 𝒗𝟑 | 𝒘𝟏 | 𝒘𝟐 | 𝒘𝟑 ] → [ 𝟐 𝟒 𝟎 | −𝟐 | 𝟏 | 𝟒 ]
−𝟏 𝟐 𝟖 | 𝟏 | 𝟐 | 𝟏𝟎
𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 | −𝟓 | −𝟑/𝟒 | 𝟏𝟐
𝑹𝑹𝑬𝑭~ [𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 | 𝟐 | 𝟓/𝟖 | −𝟓 ]
𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 | −𝟏 | 𝟎 | 𝟒
 −𝟓 −𝟑/𝟒 𝟏𝟐
⇒ 𝑷𝑺⇠𝑻 = [[𝒘𝟏 ]𝑺 [𝒘𝟐 ]𝑺 [𝒘𝟑 ]𝑺 ] = [ 𝟐 𝟓/𝟖 −𝟓 ]
−𝟏 𝟎 𝟒
Now to find 𝑸𝑻⇠𝑺 we proceed as

𝟑 𝟑 −𝟐 |𝟏 | 𝟔 | 𝟒
[𝒗𝟏 𝒗𝟐 𝒗𝟑 | 𝒘𝟏 | 𝒘𝟐 | 𝒘𝟑 ] → [ −𝟐 𝟏 𝟒 | 𝟐 | 𝟒 | −𝟏 ]
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏𝟎 |−𝟏 | 𝟐 | 𝟖
𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 | −𝟏𝟎/𝟏𝟏 | −𝟏𝟐/𝟏𝟏 | 𝟏𝟓/𝟏𝟏
𝑹𝑹𝑬𝑭~ [𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 | 𝟏𝟐/𝟏𝟏 | 𝟑𝟐/𝟏𝟏 | 𝟒/𝟏𝟏 ]
𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 | −𝟓/𝟐𝟐 | −𝟑/𝟏𝟏 | 𝟏𝟑/𝟐𝟐
−𝟏𝟎/𝟏𝟏 −𝟏𝟐/𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟓/𝟏𝟏
𝑸𝑻⇠𝑺 = [[𝒗𝟏 ]𝑻 [𝒗𝟐 ]𝑻 [𝒗𝟑 ]𝑻 ] = [ 𝟏𝟐/𝟏𝟏 𝟑𝟐/𝟏𝟏 𝟒/𝟏𝟏 ]
−𝟓/𝟐𝟐 −𝟑/𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟑/𝟐𝟐
−𝟑 = 𝒂𝟏 𝟐 = 𝒃𝟏
Example2:- Let 𝑸𝑻⇠𝑺 = [ ] = [[𝒗𝟏 ]𝐓 [𝒗𝟐 ]𝐓 ]
𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 −𝟏 = 𝒃𝟐
𝑻 = {𝒘𝟏 = 𝒕 − 𝟏, 𝒘𝟐 = 𝒕 + 𝟏}. Find 𝑺{𝒗𝟏 , 𝒗𝟐 }.
𝒂𝟏
Solution: 𝒗𝟏 = 𝒂𝟏 𝒘𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐 𝒘𝟐 then [𝒗𝟏 ]𝑻 = [𝒂 ]
𝟐

𝒗𝟏 = −𝟑𝒘𝟏 + 𝟐𝒘𝟐 = −𝟑(𝒕 − 𝟏) + 𝟐(𝒕 + 𝟏) = −𝒕 + 𝟓

𝒃𝟏
𝒗𝟐 = 𝒃𝟏 𝒘𝟏 + 𝒃𝟐 𝒘𝟐 then [𝒗𝟐 ]𝑻 = [ ]
𝒃𝟐
𝒗𝟐 = 𝟐𝒘𝟏 − 𝟏𝒘𝟐 = 𝟐(𝒕 − 𝟏) − 𝟏(𝒕 + 𝟏) = 𝒕 − 𝟑
Solution Part(b):

𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 | 𝟏 | 𝟎 | 𝟎 | 𝟏
𝟎 𝟏 𝟐 𝟎 | 𝟏 | 𝟎 | 𝟎 | 𝟎
[𝒗𝟏 𝒗𝟐 𝒗𝟑 𝒗𝟒 | 𝒘𝟏 | 𝒘𝟐 | 𝒘𝟑 | 𝒘𝟒 ] = [ ]
𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 | 𝟎 | 𝟏 | 𝟎 | 𝟎
𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 𝟏 | 𝟎 | 𝟎 | 𝟏 | 𝟎
 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 | 𝟏 | 𝟎 | 𝟎 | 𝟏
𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 | 𝟏/𝟑 | 𝟐/𝟑 | −𝟐/𝟑 | 𝟎
𝑹𝑹𝑬𝑭~ [ ]
𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 | 𝟏/𝟑 | −𝟏/𝟑 | 𝟏/𝟑 | 𝟎
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 | −𝟏/𝟑 | 𝟏/𝟑 | 𝟐/𝟑 | 𝟎
𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏
𝟏/𝟑 𝟐/𝟑 −𝟐/𝟑 𝟎
𝑷𝑺⇠𝑻 =[ ]
𝟏/𝟑 −𝟏/𝟑 𝟏/𝟑 𝟎
−𝟏/𝟑 𝟏/𝟑 𝟐/𝟑 𝟎
𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 | 𝟏 | 𝟎 | 𝟎 | 𝟎
𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 | 𝟎 | 𝟏 | 𝟐 | 𝟎
Part (d): [ ]
𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 | 𝟎 | 𝟏 | 𝟎 | 𝟏
𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 | 𝟎 | 𝟎 | 𝟏 | 𝟏
𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 | 𝟎 | 𝟏 | 𝟐 | 𝟎
𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 | 𝟎 | 𝟏 | 𝟎 | 𝟏
𝑹𝑹𝑬𝑭~ [ ]
𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 | 𝟎 | 𝟎 | 𝟏 | 𝟏
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 | 𝟏 | −𝟏 | −𝟐 | 𝟎
𝟎 𝟏 𝟐 𝟎
𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝟏
𝑸𝑻⇠𝑺 =[ ]
𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 𝟏
𝟏 −𝟏 −𝟐 𝟎
HOME WORK part (Complete question 19)

−1 0 −2
Solution: (Alternate solution ) Since 𝑅3 ≅ 𝑅 3; 𝑆 = {𝑣1 = [ 2 ] , 𝑣2 = [1] , 𝑣3 = [ 2 ] };
1 1 1
−1 0 0
𝑇 = {𝑤1 = [ 1 ] , 𝑤2 = [1] , 𝑤3 = [1] }
0 0 1
2 𝑎1
[𝑣]𝑆 = [0] = [𝑎2 ]
1 𝑎3
We know coordinates of 𝑣 w.r.t. S basis can be written as

𝑎1 𝑣1 + 𝑎2 𝑣2 + 𝑎3 𝑣3 = 𝑣
−1 0 −2
2 [ 2 ] + 0 [ 1] + 1 [ 2 ] = 𝑣
1 1 1
−4
[ 6 ]=𝑣
3
[𝑣] 𝑇 =? = coordinates of 𝑣 w. r. t. T basis
𝑏1 𝑤1 + 𝑏2 𝑤2 + 𝑏3 𝑤3 = 𝑣 − − − −(1)

−1 0 0 | −4 1 0 0 | 4
[𝐴|𝑏] = [ 1 1 1 | 6 ] 𝑅𝑅𝐸𝐹 [0 1 0 | −1]
0 0 1 | 3 0 0 1 | 3
4
RREF …. [𝑣] 𝑇 = [−1]
3

𝒂𝟏 𝒃𝟏 𝒄𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
Solution: 𝑷𝑺←𝑻 = [[𝒘𝟏 ]𝑺 [𝒘 𝟐 ]𝑺 [𝒘𝟑 ]𝑺 ] = [𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟐 ] = [ 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏]
𝒂𝟑 𝒃𝟑 𝒄𝟑 −𝟏 −𝟏 𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟎 𝟑
𝒂𝟏 𝒗𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐 𝒗𝟐 + 𝒂𝟑 𝒗𝟑 = 𝒘𝟏 ⇒ 𝟏 [𝟎] + 𝟐 [𝟏] − 𝟏 [𝟎] = 𝒘𝟏 ⇒ [𝟐] = 𝒘𝟏
𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎
𝟏 𝟏 𝟎 𝟐
𝒃𝟏 𝒗𝟏 + 𝒃𝟐 𝒗𝟐 + 𝒃𝟑 𝒗𝟑 = 𝒘𝟐 ⇒ 𝟏 [𝟎] + 𝟏 [𝟏] − 𝟏 [𝟎] = 𝒘𝟐 ⇒ [𝟏 ] = 𝒘 𝟐
𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎
𝟏 𝟏 𝟎 𝟑
𝒄𝟏 𝒗𝟏 + 𝒄𝟐 𝒗𝟐 + 𝒄𝟑 𝒗𝟑 = 𝒘𝟑 ⇒ 𝟐 [𝟎] + 𝟏 [𝟏] + 𝟏 [𝟎] = 𝒘𝟑 ⇒ [𝟏] = 𝒘𝟑 .
𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟑
Solution: Recall 𝑷𝒏 (𝒕) ≅ 𝑹𝒏+𝟏 , implies 𝑷𝟏 (𝒕) ≅ 𝑹𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
Given 𝑻 = {𝒘𝟏 = [ ] , 𝒘𝟐 = [ ]} and 𝑷𝑺←𝑻 = [ ].
−𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
To determine basis set 𝑺 = {𝒗𝟏 , 𝒗𝟐 } we need 𝑸𝑻←𝑺 .
We know 𝑸𝑻←𝑺 = 𝑷−𝟏
𝑺←𝑻 .

−𝟑 𝟐
𝑷−𝟏
𝑺←𝑻 = [ ]
𝟐 −𝟏
𝒂𝟏 𝒃𝟏 −𝟑 𝟐
𝑸𝑻←𝑺 = [[𝒗𝟏 ]𝑻 [𝒗𝟐 ]𝑻 ] = [𝒂 𝒃𝟐
] =[ ]
𝟐 𝟐 −𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 −𝟏
𝒂𝟏 𝒘𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐 𝒘𝟐 = 𝒗𝟏 ⇒ −𝟑 [ ] + 𝟐 [ ] = 𝒗𝟏 ⇒ [ ] = 𝒗𝟏 = −𝒕 + 𝟓
−𝟏 𝟏 𝟓
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒃𝟏 𝒘𝟏 + 𝒃𝟐 𝒘𝟐 = 𝒗𝟐 ⇒ 𝟐 [ ] − 𝟏 [ ] = 𝒗𝟏 ⇒ [ ] = 𝒗𝟏 = 𝒕 − 𝟑
−𝟏 𝟏 −𝟑