Inheritance

Inheritance is a fundamental Object Oriented concept.

Inheritance is declared using the "extends" keyword.

A class can be defined as a "subclass" of another class.

The subclass inherits all data attributes of its superclass
The subclass inherits all methods of its superclass
The subclass inherits all associations of its superclass

The subclass can:

Add new functionality
Use inherited functionality
Override inherited functionality

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By: Shamama Anwar
Inheritance terms
• Superclass, base class, parent class: terms to describe the parent in the
relationship, which shares its functionality

• Subclass, derived class, child class: terms to describe the child in the
relationship, which accepts functionality from its parent

• Extend, inherit, derive: become a subclass of another class

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By: Shamama Anwar
Types of Inheritance
1. Single Inheritance: One class extends only one class.

Person
superclass: - name: String
Base Class - dob: Date

Child Class Employee

subclass: - employeeID: int
- salary: int
- doj: Date

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By: Shamama Anwar
Types of Inheritance
class Person
{ String name;
Date dob;
[...]
}
class Employee extends Person
{ int employeID;
int salary;
Date doj;
[...]
}
…
…
…

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By: Shamama Anwar
Types of Inheritance
Person Person
superclass: - name: String
name = “ABC"
- dob: Date dob = Jan 13, 1954

subclass: Employee
- employeeID: int
- salary: int
- doj: Date
Employee
name = “XYZ"
dob = Mar 15, 1968
employeeID = 37518
salary = 65000
doj = Dec 15, 2000

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By: Shamama Anwar
Types of Inheritance
2. Multilevel Inheritance: Hierarchy of single level inheritance.
Person
Class A superclass: - name: String
- dob: Date

Class B

Employee
subclass: - employeeID: int
- salary: int
Class C
- doj: Date

Contract_Employee
subclass:
- hrs: int

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By: Shamama Anwar
Types of Inheritance
class Person
{ String name;
Date dob;
[...]
}
class Employee extends Person
{ int employeID;
int salary;
Date doj;
[...]
}
class Contract_Employee extends Employee
{ int hrs;
[...]
}
…
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By: Shamama Anwar
Types of Inheritance Person
name = “ABC"
Person dob = Jan 13, 1954
superclass: - name: String
- dob: Date
Employee
name = “XYZ"
dob = Mar 15, 1968
employeeID = 37518
subclass: Employee salary = 65000
- employeeID: int
- salary: int doj = Dec 15, 2000
- doj: Date

Contract_Employee
name = “DEF"
Contract_Employee
subclass: - hrs: int dob = Mar 21, 1975
employeeID = 37529
salary = 75000
doj = Dec 15, 2002
hrs = 15
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By: Shamama Anwar
Types of Inheritance
3. Multiple Inheritance: One class extending from more than one class.

Class A Class B

Class C

Java does not support multiple inheritance amongst classes.

It can be achieved by using interfaces.

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By: Shamama Anwar
Types of Inheritance
4. Hierarchical Inheritance: More than one class can inherit from a single
class.
Employee
Class A - employeeID: int
- salary: int
- doj: Date

Class B Class C

Teaching Non_Teaching
- semester: int - post: String
- course: String - section: String

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By: Shamama Anwar
Types of Inheritance
class Employee
{ int employeeid;
int salary;
Date doj;
[...]
}
class Teaching extends Employee
{ int semester;
String course;
[...]
}
class Non_Teaching extends Employee
{ String post;
String section;
[...]
}
… Shamama Anwar
By:
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Types of Inheritance
Employee Employee
- employeeID: int employeeID = 37518
- salary: int salary = 65000
- doj: Date doj = Dec 15, 2000

Teaching
employeeID = 37518
salary = 65000
Teaching doj = Dec 15, 2000
- semester: int semester: 3
- course: String course: BE

Non_Teaching
Non_Teaching employeeID = 37518
- post: String salary = 65000
- section: String doj = Dec 15, 2000
post: Lab Incharge
section: Lab1
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By: Shamama Anwar
Types of Inheritance
5. Hybrid Inheritance: Combination of single level, multilevel or hierarchical
inheritance.
Person
- name: String
- dob: Date
Class A

Employee
- employeeID: int
Class B - salary: int
- doj: Date

Class C Class D

Teaching Non_Teaching
- semester: int - post: String
- course: String - section: String

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By: Shamama Anwar
Types of Inheritance
class Person class Teaching extends Employee
{ String name; { int semester;
Date dob; String course;
[...] [...]
} }
class Employee extends class Non_Teaching extends
Person Employee
{ int employeeid; { String post;
int salary; String section;
Date doj; [...]
[...] }
} …

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By: Shamama Anwar
Types of Inheritance
Person
Person
- name: String name = “XYZ”
- dob: Date Employee
dob = Dec 15, 2000
name = “ABC”
dob = Mar 21, 1980
employeeID = 37518
Employee salary = 65000
- employeeID: int Teaching doj = Dec 15, 2000
- salary: int name = “ABC”
dob = Mar 21, 1980
- doj: Date
employeeID = 37518
salary = 65000
doj = Dec 15, 2000
semester: 3
course: BE
Non_Teaching
Teaching name = “ABC”
dob = Mar 21, 1980
- semester: int
employeeID = 37518
- course: String
salary = 65000
doj = Dec 15, 2000
Non_Teaching post: Lab Incharge
- post: String section: Lab1
- section: String 39
By: Shamama Anwar
Inheritance: Example 1
class Person
{ String name;
Date dob;
void getdata() { Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println(“Enter name:”);
name = sc.next();
System.out.println(“Enter DOB (dd mm yyyy):”);
int dd = sc.nextInt();
int mm = sc.nextInt();
int yy = sc.nextInt();
dob = new Date(yy, mm, dd); }
void display ()
{ System.out.println(“Name:”+name);
System.out.println(“DOB:”+dob);
}
}
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By: Shamama Anwar
Inheritance: Example 1
class Employee extends Person
{ int employeID;
int salary;
Date doj;
void getdata1() { Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println(“Enter employee id:”);
employeID = sc.nextInt();
System.out.println(“Enter DOJ (dd mm yyyy):”);
int dd = sc.nextInt(); int mm = sc.nextInt();
int yy = sc.nextInt(); dob = new Date(yy, mm, dd);
System.out.println(“Enter Salary:”);
salary = sc.nextInt();
}
void display1()
{ System.out.println(“EmployeeID:”+employeID);
System.out.println(“Salary:”+salary);
System.out.println(“DOJ:”+doj);
By: Shamama Anwar } } 41
Inheritance: Example 1
class Test
{ public static void main(String args[])
{ Employee e1 = new Employee();
el.getdata();
e1.getdata1();
e1.display();
e1.display1();
}
}

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By: Shamama Anwar
Inheritance: Method Overriding
• When a method in a subclass has the same name and type signature as a
method in its super class, then the method in the subclass is said to override
the method in superclass.

• This feature supports polymorphism.

class A
{ int i = 0;
void f1(int k) { i = k;
System.out.println(“In Superclass:”+i); }
}
class B extends A
{ void f1(int k) { i = 2*k;
System.out.println(“In Subclass:”+i); }
}
........
B b = new B(); b.f1(3);
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By: Shamama Anwar
Inheritance: super keyword
• Super keyword refers to the parent class.

• It has three purposes:

• For calling the methods of the superclass.
• For accessing the member variables of the superclass.
• For invoking the constructors of the superclass

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By: Shamama Anwar
Inheritance: super keyword
• Calling the methods of the superclass

class A
{ void show()
{ System.out.println(“In Superclass:”); }
}
class B extends A
{ void show()
{ super.show();
System.out.println(“In Subclass:”); }
}
class test
{ public static void main(String args[])
{ B b = new B();
b.f1();
}
}
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By: Shamama Anwar
Inheritance: Example 2
class Person
{ String name;
Date dob;
void getdata() { Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println(“Enter name:”);
name = sc.next();
System.out.println(“Enter DOB (dd mm yyyy):”);
int dd = sc.nextInt();
int mm = sc.nextInt();
int yy = sc.nextInt();
dob = new Date(yy, mm, dd); }
void display ()
{ System.out.println(“Name:”+name);
System.out.println(“DOB:”+dob);
}
}
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By: Shamama Anwar
Inheritance: Example 2
class Employee extends Person
{ int employeID;
int salary;
Date doj;
void getdata() { super.getdata();
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println(“Enter employee id:”);
employeID = sc.nextInt();
System.out.println(“Enter DOJ (dd mm yyyy):”);
int dd = sc.nextInt(); int mm = sc.nextInt();
int yy = sc.nextInt(); dob = new Date(yy, mm, dd);
System.out.println(“Enter Salary:”);
salary = sc.nextInt(); }
void display () { super.display();
System.out.println(“EmployeeID:”+employeID);
System.out.println(“Salary:”+salary);
System.out.println(“DOJ:”+doj);
By: Shamama Anwar } } 47
Inheritance: Example 2
class Test
{ public static void main(String args[])
{ Employee e1 = new Employee();
el.getdata();
e1.display();
}
}

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By: Shamama Anwar
Inheritance: super keyword
• For accessing the member variables of the superclass

class A
{ int b = 30;
}
class B extends A
{ int b = 12;
void show()
{ System.out.println(“Subclass variable:”+b);
System.out.println(“Superclass variable:”+super.b);
}
}
class test
{ public static void main(String args[])
{ B b = new B();
b.show();
}
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By:
} Shamama Anwar
 Inheritance: super keyword
• For invoking the constructors of the superclass

class A
{ A() { System.out.println(“Constructor A”); } }
class B extends A
{ B() { System.out.println(“Constructor B”); } }
class C extends B
{ C() { System.out.println(“Constructor C”); } }
class test
{ public static void main(String args[])
{ C c = new C();
}
}

super() is added in each class constructor automatically by compiler if there is

no super() written

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By: Shamama Anwar
 Inheritance: super keyword
• For invoking the constructors of the superclass

class A
{ A() { System.out.println(“Constructor A”); } }
class B extends A
{ B() { System.out.println(“Constructor B”); } }
class C extends B
{ C() { System.out.println(“Constructor C”); } }
class test
{ public static void main(String args[])
{ C c = new C();
}
}

super() is added in each class default constructor automatically by compiler if

there is no super() written

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By: Shamama Anwar
 Inheritance: super keyword
• For invoking the constructors of the superclass

class A
{ A() { System.out.println(“Constructor A”); } }
class B extends A
{ B() { System.out.println(“Constructor B”); }
B(int a){ a++; System.out.println(“Constructor B”+a);}}
class C extends B
{ C() { super(1);
System.out.println(“Constructor C”); } }
class test
{ public static void main(String args[])
{ C c = new C();
}
}
It is mandatory for a super statement in a constructor to be the first statement
within the constructor.
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By: Shamama Anwar
 Inheritance: Example 3
class Person
{ String name;
String dob;
Person(){ name = “”; dob = “”; }
Person(String x, String y)
{ name = x; dob = y; }
void display() {……… }
}
class Employee extends Person
{ int employeID;
int salary;
String doj;
Employee() { employeID = 0; salary = 0; doj = “”; }
Employee(String n, String b, int id, int sal, String j)
{ Person(n,b); employeID = id; salary = sal; doj = j;}
void display() {…….}
}By: Shamama Anwar 53
Inheritance: Example 3
class Test
{ public static void main(String args[])
{
//Get the input values from the user
Employee e1 = new Employee(“Abc”, “12/03/1980”, 1034,
70000, “07/12/2010”);
e1.display();
}
}

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By: Shamama Anwar
final keyword
• To declare a constant (used with variable and argument declaration)
• To disallow method overriding (used with method declaration)
• To disallow inheritance (used with class declaration)

class Test
{ final void show()
{ System.out.println(“Superclass show”); }
}
class Test1 extends Test
{ void show() { System.out.println(“Subclass show”); }
}
class demo
{ Test1 obj = new Test1();
obj.show();
}

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By: Shamama Anwar
final keyword
• To disallow inheritance (used with class declaration)
final class Test
{void show()
{ System.out.println(“Superclass show”); }
}
class Test1 extends Test
{ void show() { System.out.println(“Subclass show”); }
}
class demo
{ Test1 obj = new Test1();
obj.show();
}

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By: Shamama Anwar
abstract keyword
• The abstract keyword can be used for defining methods and classes.

• A method that has been declared but not defined is called an abstract method.
public abstract void show();

• Any class containing an abstract method is an abstract class.

abstract class MyClass {...}

• An abstract class is incomplete and hence cannot be instantiated.

• An abstract class can be extended but

• If the subclass defines all the inherited abstract methods, it is “complete”
and can be instantiated
• If the subclass does not define all the inherited abstract methods, it too
must be abstract

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By: Shamama Anwar
abstract keyword
• A class can be made abstract even if it does not contain any abstract
methods. This prevents the class from being instantiated.

• Abstract classes are good for defining a general category (template) containing
specific functions.

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By: Shamama Anwar
abstract keyword: Example 1
abstract class Shape{ abstract void draw(); }
class Rectangle extends Shape{
void draw(){System.out.println("drawing rectangle");}
}
class Circle extends Shape{
void draw(){System.out.println("drawing circle");}
}

class TestAbstraction1{
public static void main(String args[]){
Circle s=new Circle();
s.draw();
}
}

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By: Shamama Anwar
abstract keyword: Example 2
public abstract class Employee
{ private String name, address;
private int number;
public Employee( ) {. . . . }
public Employee(String n, String add, int num)
{ . . . }
public double computePay()
{ System.out.println("Inside Employee computePay");
return 0.0; }
public void mailCheck()
{ System.out.println("Mailing to " + this.name +
" " + this.address); }
public String getName() { return name; }
public String getAddress() { return address; }
public void setAddress(String newAddress)
{ address = newAddress; }
public int getNumber() { return number; } }

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By: Shamama Anwar
abstract keyword: Example 2
public class AbstractDemo
{ public static void main(String [] args)
{ Employee e = new Employee(“Abc”, “Ranchi”, “2314”);
System.out.println("\n Call mailCheck using Employee
reference--");
e.mailCheck(); } }

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By: Shamama Anwar
abstract keyword: Example 3
public abstract class Employee
{ private String name, address;
private int number;
public Employee( ) {. . . . }
public Employee(String n, String add, int num)
{ . . . }
public double computePay()
{ System.out.println("Inside Employee computePay");
return 0.0; }
public void mailCheck()
{ System.out.println("Mailing to " + this.name +
" " + this.address); }
public String getName() { return name; }
public String getAddress() { return address; }
public void setAddress(String newAddress)
{ address = newAddress; }
public int getNumber() { return number; } }

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By: Shamama Anwar
 abstract keyword: Example 3
public class Salary extends Employee
{ private double sal;
Salary(String n, String add, int num, double sal)
{ super(n, add, num);
setSalary(salary); }
public void mailCheck()
{System.out.println("Within mailCheck of Salary class ");
System.out.println("Mailing to " + getName() + " with
salary " + sal); }
public double getSalary() { return sal; }
public void setSalary(double newSal)
{ if(newSal >= 0.0) { sal = newSal; } }

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By: Shamama Anwar
abstract keyword: Example 3
public class AbstractDemo
{ public static void main(String [] args)
{ Salary s = new Salary(“Abc", "UP", 1243, 3600.00);
System.out.println("Call mailCheck using Salary
reference --");
s.mailCheck();
} }

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By: Shamama Anwar
Program
Create an abstract class Accounts with the following details:
• Data members: balance, accountNumber accountName,
address
• Methods: withdrawl( ) – abstract, deposit( ) – abstract
display( ) – to show the balance of the account
Create a subclass of this class SavingAccount and add the following details:
• Data members: rateOfInterest
• Methods: calulateAmount(),
display() – to display rate of interest with new balance and full
account holder details
Create another subclass of the Accounts class, CurrentAccount with the
following:
• Data Members: overdraftlimit
• Methods: display() – to show overdraft limit along with the full account
holder details.
Create objects of both the classes and use appropriate constructors.

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By: Shamama Anwar
Interfaces
• In Java, only single inheritance is permitted. However, Java provides a construct
called as an interface which can be implemented by a class.

• Interfaces are similar to abstract classes .

• A class can implement any number of interfaces. In effect using interfaces gives
us the benefit of multiple inheritance.

• Interfaces are compiled into bytecode just like classes.

• Interfaces cannot be instantiated.

• Interfaces can contain only abstract public methods. (by default)

• Interfaces can contain only public, final and static variables. (by
default)

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By: Shamama Anwar
Interfaces
• An interface is similar to an abstract class with the following exceptions:
• All methods defined in an interface are abstract. Interfaces can contain no
implementation.
• Interfaces cannot contain instance variables. However, they can contain
public static final variables (ie. constant class variables)

• Interfaces are declared using the "interface" keyword

• Interfaces are more abstract than abstract classes

• Interfaces are implemented by classes using the "implements" keyword.

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By: Shamama Anwar
Interface – Example 1
interface calculator
{
int add(int a, int b);
int sub(int a, int b);
int mult(int a, int b);
int div(int a, int b);
}
class demo implements calculator
{
public int add(int a, int b){ return a+b; }
public int sub(int a, int b){ return a-b; }
public int mult(int a, int b){ return a+b; }
public int div(int a, int b){ return a/b; }
}

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By: Shamama Anwar
Interface – Example 2
interface area
{ double PI = 3.14;
int sq(int a);
int rect(int a, int b);
double cir(double r);
}
class demo implements area
{
public int sq(int a){ return a*a; }
public int rect(int a, int b){ return a*b; }
public double cir(double r){ return area.PI*r*r; }
}

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By: Shamama Anwar
Extending Interfaces
• Just like normal classes, interfaces can also be extended.

• An interface can inherit another interface using the keyword extends (not
implements)
interface A { void showA(); }

interface B extends A { void showB(); }

class demo implements B

{public void showA()
{System.out.ptintln(“Overriden method of Interface A”); }
public void showB()
{System.out.println(“Overriden method of Interface B”); }
public static void main(String args[])
{ demo d = new demo();
d.showA();
d.showB();
} }
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By: Shamama Anwar
Interfaces
interface A { . . . . }

interface B { . . . . . }

interface C extends B {. . . . }

interface D extends A, B { . . . . }

class A { . . . . }

interface B extends A { . . . . }

interface A { . . . . }

class B extends A { . . . . }

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By: Shamama Anwar
 Interfaces
interface A { . . . . }

class B implements A { . . . . . }

interface A { . . . . }

interface B { . . . . }

class C implements A, B { . . . . .}

interface A { . . . . }

class B { . . . . .}

class C extends B implements A { . . . . .}

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By: Shamama Anwar
Interfaces
interface A { . . . . }

interface B { . . . . . }

class C { . . . . }

class D extends C implements A, B { . . . . .}

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By: Shamama Anwar
Interfaces ‐ Example
1. Design an interface Queue with the following methods:
• Add elements
• Delete elements
• Check if queue is empty

2. Design an interface with a method reversal. This method takes a string as its
input and returns the reversed string.

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By: Shamama Anwar
Interface vs. Abstract Class

Interface Abstract Class

A class can inherit any number of A class can inherit only one class
interfaces
implements keyword is used extends keyword is used
All methods are public and No restriction
abstract
All variables are public, static No restrictions
and final
Interfaces has no method Abstract classes may have
implementation at all implementation of methods.
No constructors Can have constructors

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By: Shamama Anwar
Packages
• Packages are a way to organize files into different directories according to
their functionality, usability as well as category.

• A Java package is a Java programming language mechanism for organizing

classes.

• Java source files belonging to the same category or providing similar

functionality can include a package statement at the top of the file to
designate the package for the classes the source file defines.

• Packaging also help us to avoid class name collision when we use the same
class name as that of others.

package My;
class A
{ . . . . }
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By: Shamama Anwar
 Packages
package My;
public class example
{ public int fact(int a)
{ if(a==1)
return 1;
else
return a*fact(a-1); } }

package My1;
import My.*;
class demo
{ public static void main(String args[])
{ example e = new example();
System.out.println(“Factorial =”+e.fact(6));
}
}

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By: Shamama Anwar
Access Modifiers
Private Default Protected Public
Same class

Same package sub class

Same package non subclass

Different package subclass

Different package non subclass

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By: Shamama Anwar
 X A
void abc()
private void def()
protected void xyz()
public void pqr()

B C
abc(), xyz(), pqr() abc(), xyz(), pqr()

Y
D E
xyz(), pqr() pqr()

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By: Shamama Anwar