STUDY GUIDE

NATIONAL N CERTIFICATE IN
ENGINEERING STUDIES

MATHEMATICS N5
SUBJECT CODE: 16030175

DAMELIN
2020
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Welcome Note 3

Mission and Vision Statement of Damelin 4

Student Support 5

Words you need to know 6

Assessments 7

Course Objectives 8

Prescribed and recommended Books and Websites 9

Module 1: Limits an Continuity 10

Module 2: Differentiation 14

Module 3: Applications of Differentiation 23

Module 4: Integration Techniques 28

Module 5: Partial Fractions 38

Module 6: Applications of Definite Integrals 42

Module 7: Areas and Volumes 45

Module 8: The Secound Moment of Area 51

Module 9: The Moment 53

Module10: Differential Equations 56

Formula Sheet Maths N5 60

Copyright: In terms of the Copyright Act, no 98 of 1978, no part of this manual may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any other information storage and retrieval system without permission in writing from Damelin.

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DAMELIN STUDY GUIDE MATHEMATICS N5 VERSION 6 2020
 WELCOME NOTE

Dear Student,

Damelin Management and Staff take pride in welcoming you as a student of this institution We hope that you find
both your time of studies to be an informative and exciting experience.

This course is developed to prepare you for a future career, equipping you with the necessary competencies
required in your chosen career field. We would like to encourage you to interact with other students and staff as
you can build lasting friendships and future contacts.

This study guide aims at assisting you in and giving you a better understanding all the content and information in
order to grasp the subject. This study guide is not to be used in isolation of a recommended textbook and
recommended reading and research. The study guide was developed with view to assisting you and giving you
a better understanding all the content of your course.

Wishing you all the best for your studies

DAMELIN MANAGEMENT AND STAFF

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DAMELIN STUDY GUIDE MATHEMATICS N5 VERSION 6 2020
 DAMELIN

VISION

To lead and inspire quality private education and training throughout Southern Africa and the African continent

MISSION

We pride ourselves on being the provider of quality learner focused education. It is our mission to deliver
innovative, yet relevant programmes on multiple NQF levels while contributing with integrity and commitment to
the community ideals of skills development and employability. Our mission is to meet regulatory requirements as
they apply to private institutions and exceed the expectations of quality

Our core values are:

• Academic commitment
• Reputable and quality brand
• Innovative relevant programmes
• Skills development and employability
• Integrity
• Entrepreneurial spirit

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DAMELIN STUDY GUIDE MATHEMATICS N5 VERSION 6 2020
 STUDENT SUPPORT
The support systems which we at Damelin have put in place to support to our students, aims to have a
significant influence on how well our students will achieve. Students Support will assist students to achieve
academically, to make the correct programme choices, and be oriented into Further Education and Training
opportunities at Damelin.

Damelin envisages to provide holistic services to students that embraces the full range of any single student’s
interaction with the College.

• Selection and Placement into

Pre-entry appropriate programmes
Admission
• Contract of enrolment
• Orientation and Code of Conduct

• Academic Support
Performance monitoring and
STUDENT On course feedback, Workshops, Study
SUPPORT Academic Guides, Academic Advising
programme Centre
• Personal Support
Life skills, counselling, Health
and Wellness

Exit • Higher Education

• Self-employment
Work
• Employment
readiness • In-service Training

Students are encouraged to make use of the Student Support Services available on each of our campuses. Each
campus has Lecturer consultation times where you will be able to have a consultation with your subject lecturer
should you require additional support.

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DAMELIN STUDY GUIDE MATHEMATICS N5 VERSION 6 2020
WORDS YOU NEED TO KNOW________________________________________
Below is a list of question instruction words that are commonly used in activities and exams. The explanations
below suggest the type of answer you are generally expected to provide for each instruction.
Before answering a question, check the mark allocation to ensure you are providing the right amount of
information.

Instruction word What you need to know

Account for Explain why, give reasons for.
Annotate Add notes to the text or a diagram.
Calculate Work out an answer mathematically using the information provided. Show all
your workings.
Compare Identify similarities (and differences) between two or more things.
Complete Finish.
Construct Draw something accurately using your ruler, pencil, compass and protractor.
Convert Write the quantity in different units.
Define Give the exact meaning of something in a short statement, mathematical
equation or scientific formula.
Describe Give a detailed explanation of how or why something happens.
Determine Find out something by research or calculation.
Discuss Explain, giving several different views on the issue; explore similarities and
differences and draw conclusions on the possible implications as well as
giving your own position on the issue
Distinguish Set something apart as different from the rest.
Draw Make a diagram or picture of something.
Estimate Give an approximate.
Expand Multiply out the bracketed terms of an equation.
Express Show something in words or figures.
Examine Investigate closely.
Explain Give reasons for.
Factorise Divide a number into factors.
Identity Point out and describe.
Indicate Show or point out.
Interpret Explain the meaning of something and show that you understand it.
List Provide an itemised series of parts, reasons or qualities, possibly in a table.
Mathematise Show or point out.
Manipulate Rearrange an expression or equation.
Prove Show that something is true.
Provide Give.
Read off Determine values from a graph and write them down.
Simplify Reduce an expression to a simpler form using the rules of arithmetic.
Sketch Draw something roughly without using instruments.
Solve Work out the solution to a mathematical problem.
State Express something in clear terms using one or two short sentences.
Substitute Replace a variable with its actual value.

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DAMELIN STUDY GUIDE MATHEMATICS N5 VERSION 6 2020
 ASSESSMENTS

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENTS:

These are compulsory internal assessments which are compulsory and contribute towards your Term Mark.
1. NATIONAL TEST
• DURATION OF TEST: 1½ HOURS
• TOTAL MARKS: 50
• WEIGHTING TOWARD TERM MARK: 30%

2. NATIONAL DP EXAMINATION
• DURATION OF DP EXAM: 3 HOURS
• TOTAL MARKS: 100
• WEIGHTING TOWARD TERM MARK: 70%

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENTS:
These are external assessments from the DHET. Students must be registered with the DHET in order to write these
assessments.
ENTRANCE TO SUMMATIVE EXAMINTION REQUIREMENT:
80% ATTENDANCE RATE AND MINIMUM TERM MARK OF 40%
• DURATION OF NATIONAL EXAMINATION: 3 HOURS
• TOTAL MARKS: 100
• WEIGHTING OF FINAL MARKS:
➢ TERM MARK: 40%
➢ EXAMINATION MARK: 60%

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DAMELIN STUDY GUIDE MATHEMATICS N5 VERSION 6 2020
 MATHEMATICS N5

LEARNING OUTCOMES

On completion of this course the students should be able to:

1. Solve limits
2. Solve derivatives
3. Apply differentiation
4. Solve integrals
5. Solve by partial fractions
6. Solve definite integrals
7. Use integration to solve areas and volumes
8. Solve the second moment of area
9. Solve the moment of inertia
10. Solve differential equations.

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DAMELIN STUDY GUIDE MATHEMATICS N5 VERSION 6 2020
 PRESCRIBED BOOK

TITLE AUTHOR/S EDITION ISBN NO PUBLISHER

Mathematics N5 MJJ van Rensburg 978 1 919780 84 9 Macmillan

WEBSITES

1 https://www.khanacademy.org/math/differential-calculus

2 https://www.mathsisfun.com/calculus/integration-introduction.html

3 https://www.khanacademy.org/math/integral-calculus/volume-using-calculus-ic

4 https://www.whitman.edu/mathematics/calculus_online/chapter09.html

5 https://www.khanacademy.org/math/differential-equations

MANDATORY COURSE REQUIREMENTS

Students must meet all internal and external assessment requirements in order to pass this subject. A term mark
of 40% and mandatory class attendance of 80% of all lectures per programme is required to gain entrance into
the Summative Assessment.

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DAMELIN STUDY GUIDE MATHEMATICS N5 VERSION 6 2020
 MODULE 1: LIMITS AND CONTINUITY

LEARNING OUTCOMES

On completion of this module the students should be able to:

0 ∞
1. Apply L ’Hospital’s rule if the quotient is in one of the following forms: ; ; ∞ − ∞
0 ∞
2. Express the conditions for continuity
3. Determine the continuity or discontinuity of a given function at a given point.
1.1 Theorem of limits

The following are the theorems used on limits

1. lim 𝑘(𝑓)𝑥 = 𝑘 lim 𝑓(𝑥)

𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

2. lim [𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥)] = lim 𝑓(𝑥) ± lim 𝑔(𝑥)

𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

3. lim 𝑘 = 𝑘
𝑥→𝑎

4. lim[𝑓(𝑥). 𝑔(𝑥)] = lim 𝑓(𝑥) . lim 𝑔(𝑥)

𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

lim 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑥→𝑎
5. lim = 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 lim 𝑔(𝑥) ≠ 0
𝑥→𝑎 𝑔(𝑥) lim 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑥→𝑎
𝑥→𝑎

𝑛
6. lim √𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑛√ lim 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

𝑐
7. lim =∞
𝑥→0 𝑥𝑛
𝑐
8. lim =0
𝑥→∞ 𝑥 𝑛

From theorems 2 to 6 we can deduce that it does not make any difference whether we:

• First simplify and then take the limit (left-hand side of the theorem); or
• First take the limit and then simplify.

Example

4
lim (3𝑥 + )
𝑥→2 𝑥
1
= 3 lim 𝑥 + 4 lim
𝑥→2 𝑥→2 𝑥
1
= 3(2) + 4 ( )
2
=8

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DAMELIN STUDY GUIDE MATHEMATICS N5 VERSION 6 2020
 2.1 Limits of the indeterminate forms

0 ∞
; ; ∞ − ∞; 0 × ∞
0 ∞
𝟎
1.2.1 Factorising or dividing limits of the form
𝟎

𝑥2 − 4 0
lim [𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 ]
𝑥→2 𝑥 − 2 0
(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 2)
= lim
𝑥→2 𝑥−2
= lim 𝑥 + 2
𝑥→2

=2+2
=4
∞
1.2.2 Dividing limits in the form
∞

To eliminate division by ∞ we must divide the numerator and denominator by the highest power 𝑥 in the
denominator. From this we can deduce that this method can only be applied to algebraic expression.

𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 2 − 1
lim
𝑥→∞ 3𝑥 4 − 6
𝑥 4 2𝑥 2 1
4 + 𝑥4 − 𝑥4
= lim 𝑥
𝑥→∞ 3𝑥 4 6
− 4
𝑥4 𝑥
2 1
1+ 2− 4
= lim 𝑥 𝑥
𝑥→∞ 6
3− 4
𝑥
1+0−0
= lim
𝑥→∞ 3 − 0

1
=
3

1.3 L Hospital’s rule

𝒇(𝒙) 𝟎
𝑰𝒇 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = , 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒚𝒐𝒖 𝒄𝒂𝒏 𝒖𝒔𝒆
𝒙→𝒂 𝒈(𝒙) 𝟎

𝒇(𝒙) 𝒇/ (𝒙) 𝒇// (𝒙)

𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 / = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 // =
𝒙→𝒂 𝒈(𝒙) 𝒙→𝒂 𝒈 (𝒙) 𝒙→𝒂 𝒈 (𝒙)

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DAMELIN STUDY GUIDE MATHEMATICS N5 VERSION 6 2020
Example

3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 1 0
lim =
𝑥→−1 4𝑥 2 − 4 0
6𝑥 + 2 −4 1
= lim = =
𝑥→−1 8𝑥 −8 2

1.4 Continuity

Continuous means without interruption. If there is an interruption at a certain point in a graph, the function
becomes discontinuous at that point.

A function 𝑓 is defined as continuous at 𝑎 if the lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑎)

𝑥→𝑎
Therefore 𝑓 is continuous at 𝑎 if

• 𝑓 is defined at 𝑎
• lim 𝑓(𝑥) exists
𝑥→𝑎
• lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑎)
𝑥→𝑎

𝒈(𝒙)
A function of the form is continuous for all cases except, h(x)=0.
𝒉(𝒙)

1. Example

Determine whether 𝑓 with 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 4 at 𝑥 = 2

1. Solution

𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 4
∴ 𝑓(2) = 3(2)2 − 4
=8
lim(3𝑥 2 − 4)
𝑥→2

= 3(2)2 − 4 = 8
∴ 𝑓 is continuous at 𝑥 = 2

2. Example

3𝑥 2 −4
Determine whether 𝑓(𝑥) = is a continuous function?
𝑥 2 +5𝑥+6

2. Solution

𝐼𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 ℎ(𝑥) = 0

𝑖. 𝑒 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 6 = 0
(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 + 2) = 0
∴ 𝐼𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 3

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DAMELIN STUDY GUIDE MATHEMATICS N5 VERSION 6 2020
 TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE
1. Determine the following limits

𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
a. 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝜃→0
𝜃
𝑥
b. 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑥→0
𝑒 2𝑥 −1
c. 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑥→
𝜋 (sec 𝑥 − tan 𝑥)
2
cos 𝑥−1
d. lim
𝑥→0 𝑥 sin 𝑥

2. Determine whether the following functions are continuous or discontinuous at the specified point

𝑙𝑛 𝑥
a. 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 1
𝑥 2 −1
𝑥 𝑛 −𝑎𝑛
b. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑎
𝑥−𝑎
3. Determine the values where the following function is discontinuous.
2𝑥−1
a. 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥 2 +2𝑥−15

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DAMELIN STUDY GUIDE MATHEMATICS N5 VERSION 6 2020
 MODULE 2: DIFFERENTIATION

LEARNING OUTCOMES
On completion of this module the students should be able to:

Determine the differential coefficients (or derivatives) of:

1. Algebraic functions of the form 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 𝑛 where n ∈ R ;

𝑎+𝑏𝑥
2. Algebraic functions of the form 𝑓(𝑥) = where a, b, c and d are constants
𝑐+𝑑𝑥
3. Sin x and Cos x

2.1 Differentiation from first principles

The formula to calculate the gradient of a tangent to a curve or the differential coefficient of a function is given by:

𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
The binomial theorem

This is used when we are calculating the differentiation from first principles of an algebraic function with an
exponent with a negative number or a fraction.

𝑛(𝑛 − 1) 𝑛−2 2 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2) 𝑛−3 3

(𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 + 𝑛𝑎𝑛−1 𝑏 + 𝑎 𝑏 + 𝑎 𝑏 +⋯
2! 3!
2.1.1 Algebraic functions (𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑛 , 𝑛 ∈ ℝ)

Example 1

Differentiate the following from first principles

𝑓(𝑥) = 2√𝑥 3

Solution 1
3
𝑓(𝑥) = 2√𝑥 3 = 2𝑥 2

3 3 3 3 3
3 3 3 1 ( − 1) 3 ( − 1) ( − 2) 3
𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) = 2(𝑥 + ℎ)2 = 2 (𝑥 2 + 𝑥 .ℎ +
2
2 2 −2 2
𝑥 ℎ +
2
2 2 2 𝑥 2−3 ℎ3 + ⋯ )
2 2! 3!

3 3 1 3 1 1 −3 3
= 2 (𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 . ℎ + 𝑥 −2 ℎ2 − 𝑥 2ℎ + ⋯ )
2 8 16
3 1 3 1 1 3
= 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 2 . ℎ + 𝑥 −2 ℎ2 − 𝑥 −2 ℎ3 + ⋯
4 8
3 1 1 3 3
3 1
𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥) = (2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 2 . ℎ + 𝑥 −2 ℎ2 − 𝑥 −2 ℎ3 + ⋯ ) − 2𝑥 2
4 8

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DAMELIN STUDY GUIDE MATHEMATICS N5 VERSION 6 2020
 1 1 3
3 1
= 3𝑥 2 . ℎ + 𝑥 −2 ℎ2 − 𝑥 −2 ℎ3 + ⋯
4 8

1 3 −1 2 1 −3 3
𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥) 3𝑥 2 . ℎ + 4 𝑥 2 ℎ − 8 𝑥 2 ℎ + ⋯
=
ℎ ℎ
1 3 1 1 3
ℎ (3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 −2 ℎ − 𝑥 −2 ℎ2 + ⋯ )
4 8
=
ℎ
1 3 1 1 3
= 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 −2 ℎ − 𝑥 −2 ℎ2
4 8
𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥) 1 3 1 1 3 1
∴ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = lim = lim (3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 −2 ℎ − 𝑥 −2 ℎ2 ) = 3𝑥 2
ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0 4 8
Example 2

Differentiate the following from first principles

2+𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) =
3 − 2𝑥
Solution 2

2+𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) =
3 − 2𝑥
2 + (𝑥 + ℎ)
∴ 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) =
3 − 2(𝑥 + ℎ)

2+𝑥+ℎ
=
3 − 2𝑥 − 2ℎ
∴ 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥)

2+𝑥+ℎ 2+𝑥
= −
3 − 2𝑥 − 2ℎ 3 − 2𝑥
2+𝑥+ℎ 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 − 2ℎ
= × − ×
3 − 2𝑥 − 2ℎ 3 − 2𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 − 2ℎ
6 − 4𝑥 + 3𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 + 3ℎ − 2ℎ𝑥 − (6 − 4𝑥 − 4ℎ + 3𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 − 2ℎ𝑥)
=
(3 − 2𝑥)(3 − 2𝑥 − 2ℎ)

7ℎ
=
(3 − 2𝑥)(3 − 2𝑥 − 2ℎ)

𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓′(𝑥) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
7ℎ
= lim
ℎ→0 ℎ(3 − 2𝑥)(3 − 2𝑥 − 2ℎ)

7 7
= lim =
ℎ→0 (3 − 2𝑥)(3 − 2𝑥 − 2ℎ) (3 − 2𝑥)2

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DAMELIN STUDY GUIDE MATHEMATICS N5 VERSION 6 2020
 2.2 Differentiation techniques

2.2.1 Standard differential coefficients (and rules)

Example

2
𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑒 𝑥 + + 3 sin 𝑥 − ln 𝑥 2
𝑥
= 2𝑒 𝑥 + 2𝑥 −1 + 3 sin 𝑥 − 2 ln 𝑥
1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑒 𝑥 + 2(−1𝑥 −2 ) + 3 cos 𝑥 − 2 ( )
𝑥
𝑥
2 2
= 2𝑒 + 2 + 3 cos 𝑥 −
𝑥 𝑥
2.2.2 The chain rule

If 𝑦 is a function of 𝑢 and 𝑢 is a function of 𝑥, then:

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= ∗
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
Example
𝑑𝑦
Find if 𝑦 = ln(sin √𝑒 2𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥

Solution

𝑦 = ln (sin √𝑒 2𝑥 )

𝑑𝑦 1 1 1
=( ) . (cos √𝑒 2𝑥 ) . ( (𝑒 2𝑥 )−2 ) . (2𝑒 2𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥 sin √𝑒 2𝑥 2

2.2.3 Standard differential coefficients (continued)

𝑑 𝑑
(𝑓𝑥)𝑛 = 𝑛[𝑓(𝑥)]𝑛−1 . 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑
𝑒 = 𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑
𝑎 = 𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) ln 𝑎. 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2.2.4 The product rule and the quotient rule

Definition of the product rule

If 𝑢 and 𝑣 are functions of 𝑥 and𝑦 = 𝑢. 𝑣, then:

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DAMELIN STUDY GUIDE MATHEMATICS N5 VERSION 6 2020
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
=𝑢 +𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Another notation is:

If 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥). 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑑𝑦
Then = 𝑓(𝑥). 𝑔′ (𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥). 𝑓 ′(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

Example

𝑑𝑦
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑓 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 . sin 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Solution

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
∴ =𝑢 +𝑣 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = sin 2𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 = 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= sin 2𝑥(2𝑥) + 𝑥 2 (2cos 2𝑥)

= 2𝑥 sin 2𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 cos 2𝑥

Definition of the quotient rule

𝑢
If 𝑢 and 𝑣 are functions of 𝑥 and 𝑦 = , then:
𝑣

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑦 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑢 𝑑𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑣2
Example

sin 2𝑥
𝑦=
𝑥2
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑦 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑢 𝑑𝑥
∴ =
𝑑𝑥 𝑣2
𝑥 2 . (2cos 2𝑥) − sin 2𝑥. (2𝑥)
=
(𝑥 2 )2
2𝑥 (𝑥 cos 2𝑥 − sin 2𝑥)
=
𝑥4
2
= 3 [𝑥 cos 2𝑥 − sin 2𝑥]
𝑥
NB: When the questions are about differentiation using the product, quotient and/or chain rule, they generally
state that simplification is NOT required. Hence you are NOT supposed to simplify.

2.2.5 Implicit differentiation

A function such as y = x5 + 3x3 − x + 5 is called an explicit function as y is explicitly given in terms of x .

A function such as x + 3x y − xy + 5 y − 3x = 15 is called an implicit function as y is not given explicitly in
5 3 2

terms of x nor x in terms of y .

An implicit function can be differentiated with respect to x as it stands.
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Example 1

𝑑𝑦
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑦 2
𝑑𝑥

Solution 1
𝑑 2 𝑑 𝑑 2
∴ 𝑥 + (𝑥. 𝑦) = 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑
∴ 2𝑥 + 𝑥 (𝑦) + 𝑦 (𝑥) = 2𝑦 [𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 (𝑥. 𝑦) 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑢𝑙𝑒]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
∴ 2𝑥 + 𝑥 ( ) + 𝑦(1) = 2𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
∴𝑥 − 2𝑦 = −2𝑥 − 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
∴ (𝑥 − 2𝑦) = −2𝑥 − 𝑦
𝑑𝑥
−2𝑥 − 𝑦
=
𝑥 − 2𝑦

Example 2
Find the equation of the gradient of the curve 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 10 at the point where x =1

Solution 2

First we need to find the value of y when x =1

Putting x = 1 we get 1 + 2(1)𝑦 − (1) + 3𝑦 = 10 which gives y = 2
2

Differentiating the function gives

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2𝑥 + 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 1 + 3 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑦 1 − 2𝑥 − 2𝑦
=
𝑑𝑥 −2𝑥 − 3

Since the point is (1; 2)

𝑑𝑦 1 − 2(1) − 2(2) 3
= =
𝑑𝑥 −2(1) − 3 5
𝑑𝑦 3
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑚 = 𝑑𝑥 = 5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 1 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑦 = 2, 𝑤𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑐

5 1
2 = 3 (1) + 𝑐 𝑐 = 3

5 1
∴ 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 3

2.2.6 Logarithmic differentiation

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Consider the following four expressions: 𝑥 𝑛 , 𝑒 𝑥 , 𝑎 𝑥 and𝑥 𝑥 . We have already done the first three types. 𝑥 𝑥 differs
because the variable 𝑥 exits in the base and the exponent.

We can easily change the expressions of the form 𝑥 𝑥 to a form that we can differentiate by using logarithms.

Remember:

• log(𝑎. 𝑏) = log 𝑎 + log 𝑏

𝑎
• log = log 𝑎 − log 𝑏
𝑏
• log 𝑎𝑚 = 𝑚 log 𝑎

Example 1

Differentiate 𝑦 = 𝑥 sin 𝑥 with respect to 𝑥

Solution 1

𝑦 = 𝑥 sin 𝑥
∴ ln 𝑦 = ln 𝑥 sin 𝑥 [𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠]
= sin 𝑥 ln 𝑥 [log 𝑎𝑚 = 𝑚 log 𝑎 ]
𝑑 𝑑
∴ ln 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 ln 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑𝑦 1
∴ = sin 𝑥 . + ln 𝑥 . cos 𝑥 [𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑢𝑙𝑒]
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
∴ = 𝑦 [sin 𝑥 . + ln 𝑥 . cos 𝑥]
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
1
= 𝑥 sin 𝑥 [sin 𝑥 . + ln 𝑥 . cos 𝑥]
𝑥
In logarithmic differentiation we simply change expressions that contain variables in the exponents to a form that
we can differentiate.

Example 2

dy sin x
Find given the function y = (i.e. tan x)
dx cos x
Solution 2

Taking logs gives ln y = ln sin x − ln cos x

1 dy cos x − sin x cos 2 x + sin 2 x 1

Differenti ate = − = =
y dx sin x cos x sin x cos x sin x cos x
dy 1 1 sin x 1
= y=  = = sec 2 x
dx sin x cos x sin x cos x cos x cos 2 x

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 2
The result should be known d (tan x ) = sec x
dx
Example 3

dy x sin x
Find given the function y =
dx (x + 1) cos x
Solution

 x sin x 
ln( y ) = ln  = ln(x sin x ) − ln(x + 1) cos x 
 (x + 1) cos x 

= ln(x ) + ln(sin x ) − ln(x + 1) − ln(cos x )

Differentiating gives
1 dy 1 cos x 1 sin x
= + − +
y dx x sin x x + 1 cos x
dy  1 cos x 1 sin x 
= y + − + 
dx  x sin x x + 1 cos x 
x sin x  1 cos x 1 sin x 
= + − +

(x + 1) cos x  x sin x x + 1 cos x 
2.2.7 Differentiating inverse trigonometry functions

sin−1 𝑥 Represents the inverse sine function of 𝑥. It can also be written as 𝑎𝑟𝑐 sin 𝑥.

Generally, we say that the natural trigonometric functions and inverse trigonometric functions “cancel” each other.

For example

• sin(sin−1 𝑥) = 𝑥
• sin−1 (sin 𝑥) = 𝑥

Example

𝑦 = sin−1 𝑥
∴ sin 𝑦 = sin sin−1 𝑥
sin 𝑦 = 𝑥 . . . 1
𝑑 𝑑
∴ sin 𝑦 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
∴ cos 𝑦 =1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
∴ = . . .2
𝑑𝑥 cos 𝑦

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𝑑𝑦 1
=
𝑑𝑥 cos 𝑦
1
= [cos 𝑦 = √1 − sin2 𝑦]
√1 − sin2 𝑦
1
= [𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 1]
√1 − 𝑥 2

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 TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE
dy
1. In the following find in terms of x and y
dx
(i) x 2 + y 2 = 10 (ii) 2 x 2 + 2 y 2 + 3x = 10 + 7 y
(iii) x 2 − y 2 + 3xy = 6 (iv) 2 x3 + 3xy2 − y3 = 0

2. Use logarithmic differentiation to differentiate the following:

a. r = 2 b. y = x x c. s = sin t t = (sin t )
t

xe x + 1
d . v = sin(u u ) e. y = sin 2 x
f. y =
e x (x + 1) 1 + cos x
g. y =
(x + 1)
(2 x + 3)2 (x − 4)

𝑑𝑦
3. Determine from first principles of the following equation
𝑑𝑥

𝑦 = tan 𝑒 2𝑥
−𝟐 𝑑𝑦
4. Given that 𝑦 = determine from first principles
𝒙−𝟐 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
5. Determine of the following equations
𝑑𝑥

a. 𝑦 = ln 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐2𝑥
b. 𝑦 = √1 + √ 𝑥
c. 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑙𝑛 sin 𝑥
d. 𝑦 = [𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 2 )]𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
3−2𝑥
e. 𝑦=
ln √𝑥
f. 𝑦 = √ln(sin 𝑥)
g. 𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 . 102𝑥
𝑑𝑦 −1
6. Prove that if y =arc cosec x, then =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥√𝑥 2 −1

𝑑𝑦
7. Determine with the aid of logarithmic differentiation if:
𝑑𝑥

𝑦 = (cos 𝑥)ln 𝑥

8. Given the implicit function: 𝑥 3 − 𝑦 3 = 3𝑥𝑦 2

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DAMELIN STUDY GUIDE MATHEMATICS N5 VERSION 6 2020
 MODULE 3: APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION

LEARNING OUTCOMES

On completion of this module the students should be able to:

1. Determine an estimated value of any root of a given function from a table and/or a sketch
𝑓(𝑥1 )
2. Use the formulae 𝑒 = − [ ] and 𝑥2 = 𝑥1 + 𝑒 to determine a better estimation of the roots.
𝑓𝑥2
3. Solve problems involving optimisation.
4. Apply differentiation to problems involving rate of change.
5. Apply differentiation to problems involving the rate of change of two related variables with respect to time
where it is not necessary to express any of the variables directly as a function of the time.

3.1 Estimating irrational roots

3.1.1 Use of tables

We can use a table of values to determine where an irrational root lies. When there is a change of sign on the y-
value (from + to – or vice versa), then there is a root between the corresponding x-values.

Example 1

Use the table method (with x ranging from -3 to 3) to determine where the roots of the following equation lie: 𝑦 =
𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 2

Solution 1

x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

y -22 -2 4 2 -2 -2 8

Since there is a change of sign in y (-2 to 4), it means there is a root between x = -2 and x = -1

Also, there is a root between x = 0 and x = 1(as there is a sign change in y from 2 to -2)

There is a 3rd root between x = 2 and x = 3.

3.1.2 Use of sketch

When you sketch a graph, the point when the graph cuts the x- axis is where a root lies.

Example 2

Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 2 and estimate the roots of the equation: 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 = 4𝑥 − 2

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Solution 2

Since the graph cuts the x-axis very close to -2, first estimate can be ≈ -1,9.

2nd and 3rd estimates can be 0,5 and 2,1 respectively.

3.1.3 Taylor/Newton method

A better approximation can be obtained by using the Taylor/Newton method

𝑓(𝑥𝑛 )
𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑥𝑛 − 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑛 = 1,2,3 …
𝑓 ′(𝑥𝑛 )

3.2 Maxima and minima

The following steps represent a possible procedure for solving this type of problem.

1. Allocate symbols to the variable involved

2. Determine a formula for the required variable
3. Use conditions in the problem to reduce the problem to two variables
4. Determine the interval of possible values for the variable from physical restrictions
5. Use the techniques of maximum and minimum values to solve the equation.

Example

Divide 80 into two parts such that the product of the one and the square of the other is a maximum.

Solution

Let one part be 𝑥.

Then the other part is 80 − 𝑥

Product = (80 − 𝑥)𝑥 2

∴ 𝑃 = 80𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3

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For a maximum or minimum product:

𝑑𝑃
=0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
∴ (80𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 ) = 0
𝑑𝑥
∴ 160𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 = 0
∴𝑥=0 𝑜𝑟 160 − 3𝑥 = 0
∴ 3𝑥 = 160
∴ 𝑥 = 53.333

Test for maximum or minimum:

𝑑2𝑃 𝑑
2
= 160𝑥 − 3𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∴ 𝑓′′(𝑥) = 160 − 6𝑥
∴ 𝑓′′(0) = 160 − 0
> 0 ∴ a minimum product
And 𝑓 ′′ (53.333) = 160 − 6(53.333)
< 0 ∴ a maximum product

∴ 𝑥 = 53.333
And 80 − 𝑥 = 80 − 53.333
= 26.667

3.3 Rate of change and related ratios

If 𝑠 = displacement, 𝑣 = velocity, 𝑎 = acceleration and 𝑡 = time, then:

𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑣 𝑑2 𝑠
= 𝑣 And 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑𝑡 2 = 𝑎
𝑑𝑡

Example

An object is projected vertically upwards (against gravity). Its displacement (𝑠) in meters during a time (𝑡) in
seconds is given by:

𝑠 = 40𝑡 − 5𝑡 2

Calculate

1. The velocity after 2 s.

2. The acceleration after 2 s.
3. The maximum height
4. The time taken to reach a maximum height.
5. The displacement after 6 s.
6. The distance travelled during 6 s.

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Solution

1. 𝑠 = 40𝑡 − 5𝑡 2
∴ 𝑓(𝑡) = 40𝑡 − 5𝑡 2
∴ 𝑓′(𝑡) = 40 − 10𝑡
∴ 𝑓′(2) = 40 − 10(2)
= 20 𝑚/𝑠

2. 𝑓 ′(𝑡) = 40 − 10𝑡
∴ 𝑓 ′′(𝑡) = −10
∴ 𝑓 ′′(2) = −10 𝑚/𝑠

3. For a maximum height

𝑓 ′(𝑡) = 0
∴ 40 − 10𝑡 = 0
∴ 𝑡 = 4𝑠

4. 𝑓(𝑡) = 40𝑡 − 5𝑡 2
∴ 𝑓(4) = 40(4) − 5(4)2
= 160 − 80
= 80 𝑚

5. 𝑓(𝑡) = 40𝑡 − 5𝑡 2
∴ 𝑓(6) = 40(6) − 5(6)2
= 240 − 180
= 60 𝑚

6. Distance = 80 + 20

= 100 𝑚

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DAMELIN STUDY GUIDE MATHEMATICS N5 VERSION 6 2020
 TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE
1. The top a 2.6m pipe rest against a vertical wall. The lower end is pulled away at a rate of 0,2 m/s
a. How fast is the top of the pipe descending when the lower end is 0.6 m from the wall?
b. When will the top of the pipe descend at a rate 0.3m/s?
c. When will the top and lower end move at same rate?
d. At what rate is the area formed by the pipe, the wall and the ground changing if the bottom end
is 1m from the wall?
2. A weight on the ground is attached to a 15 m length of rope. One end of the rope passes over a pulley
5m above weight. The other end of the rope is attached to a tractor’s tow bar 1m above the ground. How
fast will weight rise if it is 2m above the ground and the tractor moves at 2 m/s?
3. The length of the two equal sides of a rectangle increases by 0.2 m/s while the length of the other two
sides decrease at a constant rate to keep the figure a rectangle with a constant area 6 m² . Calculate the
rate of change of the perimeter when the length of the increasing sides is 2.4m.
4. Let the volume of a cylinder be V, its radius be r and height be h. Assume that r and h vary with time.
CALCULATE the rate at which the volume of the cylinder will be changing at an instant when the radius
is 20 cm and increasing at a rate of 1 cm/s while the height is 15 cm and decreasing at a 0, 5 cm/s.

Hint: 𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
5. The sum of the diameter and height of a cylinder is 6 cm.
CALCULATE the dimensions of the cylinder to ensure maximum volume.
Let the height be h and radius r.

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DAMELIN STUDY GUIDE MATHEMATICS N5 VERSION 6 2020
 MODULE 4: INTEGRATION TECHNIQUES
LEARNING OUTCOMES

On completion of this module the students should be able to:

𝑓 ′(𝑥)
1. Use the rules ∫[𝑓(𝑥)]𝑛 𝑓 ′(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 and ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑓(𝑥)
2. Integrate fractions where the degree of the numerator is higher than the degree of the denominator
3. Integrate by using algebraic substitution
4. Integrate basic trigonometric functions

4.1 Basic integration and algebraic substitutions

4.1.1 Application

 dx = x + C  sin xdx = − cos x + C

 a f ( x) dx = a f ( x) dx + C  cos xdx = sin x + C

 u( x)  v( x)dx =  u( x)dx   v( x)dx + C  tan xdx = − ln cos x + C = ln sec x + C

x n +1
 x dx = +C
n

n +1 1
 sec(ax)dx = a ln sec(ax) + tan( ax) + C

 u dv = u v −  v du + C  cot xdx = − ln csc x + C = ln sin x + C

dx 1
 ax + b = a ln ax + b + C  sec
2
axdx =
1
tan( ax) + C
a

ax
 a dx = +C
x

ln a  sec(x) tan( x)dx = sec(x) + C

e ax
 e dx = a + C
ax

 csc(x) cot(x)dx = − csc(x) + C

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Example

∫ √2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
= √2 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 [𝑟𝑢𝑙𝑒 2]
1
𝑥 2+1
= √2 +𝐶 [𝑟𝑢𝑙𝑒 3]
1
+1
2
1 3 2
= 22 . 𝑥 2 . + 𝐶
3
3
(2𝑥)2
= +𝐶
3
Application of:
[𝑓(𝑥)]𝑛+1
∫[𝑓(𝑥)]𝑛 𝑓 ′(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
𝑛+1

Example

∫ √2𝑥 + 4 𝑑𝑥

1
= ∫(2𝑥 + 4)4 𝑑𝑥 ...1

1
𝑛= , 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓 ′(𝑥) = 2
2
If we sub the above into

∫[𝑓(𝑥)]𝑛 𝑓 ′(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 , we get:

1
∫(2𝑥 + 4)4 . 2 𝑑𝑥 ...2

If …1 differs from the only by a constant, we can use the rule. In this case the constant is 2

If we compare …2 and …1, we see that …2 are multiplied by 2. So, we must allow for it by dividing by 2.
1
∫(2𝑥 + 4)4 𝑑𝑥
1 1
= ∫(2𝑥 + 4)4 . 2
2
1
1 [2𝑥 + 4]2+1
= +𝐶
2 1
+1
2
3
1 [2𝑥 + 4]2
= +𝐶
2 3
2
1 2 3
= × [2𝑥 + 4]2 + 𝐶
2 3

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 1 3
= [2𝑥 + 4]2 + 𝐶
3
If 𝑛, 𝑓(𝑥), 𝑓 ′(𝑥), differ from the rule by more than a constant, we cannot use the rule.

Application of:

𝑓 ′(𝑥)
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ln 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝐶
𝑓(𝑥)

1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥
2𝑥
1 2
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥 ∴ 𝑓 ′(𝑥) = 2
2 2𝑥
1
= ln 2𝑥 + 𝐶
2
4.1.2 Algebraic substitution

We can also integrate by using substitution, in this method we let 𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑥)and then change everything to 𝑢 ,
which will normally be an easier integral.

Example

∫(2𝑥 2 − 4)5 𝑥. 𝑑𝑥 Let 𝑢 = 2𝑥 2 − 4

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
= ∫ 𝑢5 . 𝑥. Then = 4𝑥
4𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑𝑢
= ∫ 𝑢5 𝑑𝑢 ∴ = 𝑑𝑥
4 4𝑥
1 𝑢6
= +𝐶
4 6
1
= (2𝑥 2 − 4)6 + 𝐶
24
4.1.3 Fractions where the degree of the numerator is higher than or equal to the degree of the
denominator

If the highest power in the numerator is greater than or equal to the highest power in the denominator, we must
first divide.

Example

𝑥+3
∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥+1

1
𝑥+1 𝑥+3
𝑥+1
. 2

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 2
= ∫ (1 + ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥+1
1
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥+1
= 𝑥 + 2 ln(𝑥 + 1) + 𝐶

4.1.4 Integration as the inverse of differentiation

It is easier to do some problems by using this method, rather than other methods or rules.

Example

∫ 2𝑥 sin 2𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

From ∫ 𝑓 ′(𝑥) sin 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = − cos 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝐶

It follows that: 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2

∴ 𝑓 ′(𝑥) = 4𝑥

1
∴ ∫ 2𝑥 sin 2𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 4𝑥 sin 2𝑥 2 . 𝑑𝑥
2
1
= − cos 2𝑥 2 + 𝐶
2

4.2 Trigonometric functions

4.2.1𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒂𝒙; 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒂𝒙 ;𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝒂𝒙 ; and 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐 𝒂𝒙

We use the following identities:
1 1
• sin2 𝑥 = − cos 2𝑥
2 2
1 1
• cos 2 𝑥 = + cos 2𝑥
2 2
• tan2 𝑥 = sec 2 𝑥 − 1
• cot 2 𝑥 = cosec 2 𝑥 − 1

Example

1. Find ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥𝑑𝑥

1 1 sin 2𝑥 𝑥 sin 2𝑥
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫(1 − cos 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥 − )+𝑐 = − +𝑐
2 2 2 2 4

2. Find ∫ tan2 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

∫ tan2 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

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= ∫(sec 2 2𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥

= ∫ sec 2 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
tan 2𝑥
= −𝑥+𝐶
2
4.2.2 sin ax and cos bx

We use the following identities

1
• sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 = [sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) + sin(𝐴 − 𝐵)]
2
1
• cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵 = [sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) − sin(𝐴 − 𝐵)]
2
1
• cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 = [cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) + cos(𝐴 − 𝐵)]
2
1
• sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 = [cos(𝐴 − 𝐵) − cos(𝐴 − 𝐵)]
2

Example

Find
 sin 4x cos3x dx
1
∫ sin 4𝑥 cos 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ sin(4𝑥 + 3𝑥) + sin(4𝑥 − 3𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
2
1
= ∫ sin(7𝑥) + sin(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
2
1 cos 7𝑥
= ( + cos 𝑥) + 𝑐
2 7
cos 7𝑥
= + cos 𝑥 + 𝑐
14

4.2.3 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝒎 𝒙. 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒏 𝒙 Where m and n are uneven and ≤ 𝟓

Examples

2. Find
 cos x dx
3
.

∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥. cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥) cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑢 = cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑢3 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥
= ∫(1 − 𝑢2 ) 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑢 − + 𝑐 = sin 𝑥 − +𝑐
3 3

4.2.4 sin and tan substitution

We use the following substitutions:

𝑑𝑥 𝑎
• For ∫ , 𝑥 = 𝑏 sin 𝛼
√𝑎 2 −𝑏2 𝑥 2
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 𝑑𝑥 𝑎
• For ∫ , 𝑥 = 𝑏 tan 𝛼
√𝑎 2 +𝑏2 𝑥 2
𝑎
• For ∫ √𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑏 sin 𝛼

4.3 Integration by parts

Formula used:

∫ 𝑢𝑣′ = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑢′𝑣
As we have u, to get u’ we differentiate u. As we have v’, to get v, we integrate v’.

Priority List for u

You choose u depending on this priority list:

1. ln 𝑥
2. 𝑥 𝑛
3. 𝑒 𝑥 /𝑎 𝑥
4. 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑔 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠

Example 1

Find
 x ln xdx .

Solution 1
1 𝑥2
∫ 𝑥 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = ln 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 ′ = 𝑥 ∴ 𝑢′ = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 = ∫ 𝑢𝑣 ′
𝑥 2
= 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑢′ 𝑣
𝑥2 1 𝑥2
= (ln 𝑥) () − ∫ ( ) ( ) 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑥 2
𝑥2 𝑥
= ln 𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
2 2
𝑥2 𝑥2
= ln 𝑥 − + 𝑐
2 4

Example 2:

Find
 x sin x dx .

Solution 2
∫ 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 ′ = sin 𝑥 ∴ 𝑢′ = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 = − cos 𝑥

∫ 𝑢𝑣 ′

= 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑢′ 𝑣

= (𝑥)(− cos 𝑥) − ∫(1)(− cos 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

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= −𝑥. cos 𝑥 + ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= −𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 + 𝑐

Sometimes it is necessary to introduce a v’ when it is not there. That is let v’=1

Example 3 will show this.

Example 3:

Find
 ln x dx .

Solution 3

1
∫ ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 1 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = ln 𝑥 𝑣 ′ = 1 ∴ 𝑢′ = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 = 𝑥
𝑥
∫ 𝑢𝑣 ′

= 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑢′ 𝑣
1
= (ln 𝑥)(𝑥) − ∫ ( ) (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
= −𝑥𝑙𝑛 𝑥 − ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥
= −𝑥. ln 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑐

Sometimes, it is necessary to use integration by parts more than once.

Example 4:

Find
 x cos x dx
2
.

Solution 4

∫ 𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 ′ = cos 𝑥 ∴ 𝑢′ = 2𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 = sin 𝑥

∫ 𝑢𝑣 ′

= 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑢′ 𝑣

= (𝑥 2 )(sin 𝑥) − ∫(2𝑥)(sin 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 2𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 ′ = sin 𝑥 ∴ 𝑢′ = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 = − cos 𝑥

= 𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 − [𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑢′ 𝑣] [Integration by parts is applied again for the 2nd time]
= 𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 − [(2𝑥)(− cos 𝑥) − ∫ 2. −cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥]

= 𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 − [(−2𝑥 cos 𝑥) + 2 ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥]

= 𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 − [(−2𝑥 cos 𝑥) + 2(sin 𝑥)] + 𝑐
= 𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 + 2𝑥 cos 𝑥 − 2 sin 𝑥) + 𝑐

When the two functions are an exponential function and a sin or cos function, the “I-method”

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Example 5

Find
 e sin x dx
x
.

Solution 5

𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝐼 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑣 ′ = sin 𝑥 ∴ 𝑢′ = 𝑒 𝑥 ; 𝑣 = − cos 𝑥

= 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑢′ 𝑣

= (𝑒 𝑥 )(− cos 𝑥) − ∫(𝑒 𝑥 )(− cos 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

= −𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + ∫(𝑒 𝑥 )(cos 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 ′ = cos 𝑥 ∴ 𝑢′ = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 = sin 𝑥

= −𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + [𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑢′ 𝑣]
= −𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + [(𝑒 𝑥 )(sin 𝑥) − ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥]

= −𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 − ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= −𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 − 𝐼
2𝐼 = −𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥
−𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥
𝐼 =
2
𝑥
−𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥
∫ 𝑒 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
2

TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE

1.
 3 x ln x dx =

2.
 arcsin x dx =


ln x
3. dx =
x3

4.
 x arcsec x dx =

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DAMELIN STUDY GUIDE MATHEMATICS N5 VERSION 6 2020
 5.
 e x cos x dx =

4
6.

0
cos2 (2 x) dx =


8

7.

0
sin(5 x) cos(3x) dx =

 tan
3
8. x dx =

 sin x cos
3
9. x dx =
10. Determine the integrals in each of the following cases:

10.1 x
y=
2x 3 − 6
10.2 y = cot 4 x
10.3 y = cos3 x

10.4 1
y=
4 + 16x 2

11 Determine  cos 2 x. cos x.dx by using the following techniques:

Integration by parts
11.1
11.2 u -substitution

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DAMELIN STUDY GUIDE MATHEMATICS N5 VERSION 6 2020
 MODULE 5: PARTIAL FRACTIONS
LEARNING OUTCOMES

On completion of this module the students should be able to:

Integrate integrals of the following forms:

𝑓(𝑥)
1. ∫ (𝑎𝑥±𝑏)(𝑐𝑥±𝑑) 𝑑𝑥
𝑓(𝑥)
2. ∫ (𝑎𝑥±𝑏)2 𝑑𝑥
𝑓(𝑥)
3. ∫ (𝑎𝑥±𝑏)3 𝑑𝑥

5.1 Introduction

When we add fractions, they are reduced to a single fraction.

For example

𝑎 𝑏
+
𝑥 𝑦
𝑎𝑦 + 𝑏𝑥
=
𝑥𝑦

When we break up a fraction into two or more fractions, we get partial fractions. It is very important to remember
that if the highest power in the numerator is greater than or equal to the highest power in the denominator, we
must first divide.

5.2 Different linear factors in the denominator

Integrating Proper Rational Functions

𝑓(𝑥) 𝐴 𝐵
= +
(𝑎𝑥 ± 𝑏)(𝑐𝑥 ± 𝑑) 𝑎𝑥 ± 𝑏 𝑐𝑥 ± 𝑑

Example 1


3x − 17
Find dx .
x − 2x − 3
2

Solution 1

3𝑥 − 17 3𝑥 − 17 𝐴 𝐵
= = +
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 3 (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 − 3 𝑥 + 1

3𝑥 − 17 𝐴 𝐵
∴ = +
(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 − 3 𝑥 + 1

𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑏𝑦 (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 1)

3𝑥 − 17 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 1) + 𝐵(𝑥 − 3)

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Let x = 3
3(3) − 17 = 𝐴(3 + 1) + 𝐵(3 − 3)
−8 = 𝐴(4) ≫ 𝐴 = −2
Let x = -1
3(−1) − 17 = 𝐴(−1 + 1) + 𝐵(−1 − 3)
−20 = 𝐵(−4) ≫𝐵=5
3𝑥 − 17 −2 5
∴∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ + 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 1) 𝑥−3 𝑥+1
= −2 ln(𝑥 − 3) + 5 ln(𝑥 + 1) + 𝑐
Repeated Linear Factors

𝑓(𝑥) 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
= + +
(𝑎𝑥 ± 𝑏)3 𝑎𝑥 ± 𝑏 (𝑎𝑥 ± 𝑏)2 (𝑎𝑥 ± 𝑏)3

Example 2


3x − 4
Find dx .
x − 4x + 4
2

Solution 2

3𝑥 − 4 3𝑥 − 4 𝐴 𝐵
= = +
𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4 (𝑥 − 2)2 𝑥 − 2 (𝑥 − 2)2

𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑏𝑦 (𝑥 − 2)2

3𝑥 − 4 = 𝐴(𝑥 − 2) + 𝐵
Let x = 2
3(2) − 4 = 𝐴(2 − 2) + 𝐵 ∴𝐵=2
Let x = 3 (or any other number)
3(3) − 4 = 𝐴(3 − 2) + 𝐵 ∴𝐵=2
5=𝐴+𝐵 ∴𝐴=3
3𝑥 − 4 3 2
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ + 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 − 2)2 𝑥−2 (𝑥 − 2)2
3
=∫ + 2(𝑥 − 2)−2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥−2
2(𝑥 − 2)−1
= 3 ln(𝑥 − 2) + +𝑐
−1
2
= 3 ln(𝑥 − 2) − +𝑐
𝑥−2
Quadratic Factors

𝑓(𝑥) 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷
= 2 + + +⋯
(𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)(𝑑𝑥 ± 𝑒) 𝑛 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 (𝑑𝑥 ± 𝑒) 𝑛 (𝑑𝑥 ± 𝑒)𝑛−1

Example 3


7x2 + x + 2
Find dx
( x − 1)(x 2 + 1)
Solution 3
7𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 2 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵 𝐶
2
= 2 +
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1) (𝑥 + 1) (𝑥 − 1)
𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑏𝑦 (𝑥 2 + 1)(𝑥 − 1)

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7𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 2 = (𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵)(𝑥 − 1) + 𝐶(𝑥 2 + 1)
Let x = 1
7(1)2 + 1 + 2 = (𝐴(1) + 𝐵)(1 − 1) + 𝐶(12 + 1) ∴𝐶=5
Let x = 0
7(0)2 + 0 + 2 = (𝐴(0) + 𝐵)(0 − 1) + 𝐶(02 + 1) 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝐶 = 5
∴ 2 = −𝐵 + 5 ∴𝐵=3
Let x = 2 (or any other number)
7(2)2 + 2 + 2 = (𝐴(2) + 𝐵)(2 − 1) + 𝐶(22 + 1) 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝐶 = 5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = 3
32 = 2𝐴 + 𝐵 + 5𝐶 ∴𝐴=2
7𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 2 2𝑥 + 3 5
∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2 + 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1) (𝑥 + 1) (𝑥 − 1)

2𝑥 3 5
=∫ + + 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 2 + 1) (𝑥 2 + 1) (𝑥 − 1)

= ln(𝑥 2 + 1) + 3 tan−1 𝑥 + 5 ln(𝑥 − 1) + 𝑐

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DAMELIN STUDY GUIDE MATHEMATICS N5 VERSION 6 2020
 TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE


− x 2 + 3x + 4
(1) dx
x( x + 2) 2


4x + 2
(2) dx
( x − 1)( x 2 + 1)


x−6
(3) dx
x 2 − 2x


3x 2 + x + 1
(4) dx
( x − 1)( x 2 + 4)
5. Determine  y.dx by resolving the integrand into partial fractions:
x +1
y= 2 .dx
x − 10x + 25

Page 40 of 59
DAMELIN STUDY GUIDE MATHEMATICS N5 VERSION 6 2020
 MODULE 6: APPLICATIONS OF DEFINITE INTEGRALS
LEARNING OUTCOMES

On completion of this module the students should be able to:

Evaluate the following definite integrals:

𝑏
1. ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑏) − 𝐹(𝑎)
𝑥 𝑢
2. ∫𝑥 2 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑢 2 𝑔(𝑢)𝑑𝑢
1 1
∞
3. ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 . 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡

6.1 Solving definite integrals

6.1.1 Introduction

Definition of a definite integral

𝑏
∫ 𝑔 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑏) − 𝑔(𝑎)
𝑎

𝑎 is called the lower limit and 𝑏 the upper limit. When integrating with respect to 𝑥, 𝑎 will always be the limit on
the left hand side of a graphical representation of 𝑔 ′(𝑥).

We integrate with respect to 𝑦 from the bottom to the top, so 𝑎 will always be the lowest limit on the graph.

Example

2
∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑥2
= + 𝐶12
2
22 12
= + 𝐶 − ( + 𝐶)
2 2
1
=2−
2
= 1.5

6.2 Laplace transforms

Definition of Laplace transform

The Laplace transform 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] of a function 𝑓(𝑡) is:

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DAMELIN STUDY GUIDE MATHEMATICS N5 VERSION 6 2020
 ∞
𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 𝐹(𝑠), whenever the integral exits
0
∞
𝐿(𝑡) = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 . 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0
∞
𝐿(𝐴) = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 . 𝐴 𝑑𝑡
0

Example
∞
𝐿(𝐴) = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 . (𝐴) 𝑑𝑡
0
𝑘
= lim 𝐴 ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑘→∞ 0
𝑘
𝑒 −𝑠𝑡
= 𝐴 lim ( )
𝑘→∞ −𝑠
0
𝑒 −𝑠𝑘 𝑒 −0
= 𝐴 lim ( − )
𝑘→∞ −𝑠 −𝑠
−1 1
= 𝐴 lim ( 𝑠𝑘 + )
𝑘→∞ 𝑠𝑒 𝑠
1
= 𝐴 [0 + ]
𝑠
𝐴
=
𝑠
5
∴ 𝐿(5) =
𝑠

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DAMELIN STUDY GUIDE MATHEMATICS N5 VERSION 6 2020
 TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE

11
1.
0 x
dx

1 1
2.  3 dx
−1 x
2 𝑥
3. ∫0 𝑑𝑥
(6+𝑥 2 )2
𝜋
4. ∫0 tan 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
4

5. 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎)𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑡 𝑏) 𝑓(𝑡) = −6

3 𝑥
6. ∫1 1+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
3 4 1
7. Determine  1
x2.
5x
3
.dx

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DAMELIN STUDY GUIDE MATHEMATICS N5 VERSION 6 2020
 MODULE 7: AREAS AND VOLUMES
LEARNING OUTCOMES

On completion of this module the students should be able to:

Use integration to calculate

1. The area bounded by a curve and one of the reference axes.

2. The area bounded by two curves
3. The volume generated when an area bounded by a curve and a reference axis is rotated about that
axis.
4. The volume generated when the area bounded by two curves is rotated about a reference axis. The
reference strip is perpendicular to the reference axis.

7.1 Areas

7.1.1 The area bounded by a curve and a reference axis

Area in the x-axis

y
∆𝐴 = 𝑦∆𝑥
y = f (x)
𝑏
𝐴 = ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝑎

0 a Δx b x

Area in the y-axis

y
x = f (y)
d ∆𝐴 = 𝑥∆𝑦

𝑏
Δy 𝐴 = ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑎

c
x
0

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7.1.2 The area bounded by two curves

Area in the x-axis

y
∆𝐴 = (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )∆𝑥
y1
𝑏
y2
𝐴 = ∫ (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )𝑑𝑥
𝑎

0 a Δx b x

Area in the y-axis

d
∆𝐴 = (𝑥1 − 𝑥2 )∆𝑦
x2 x1
Δy 𝑏
𝐴 = ∫ (𝑥1 − 𝑥2 )𝑑𝑦
𝑎

c
x
0

Example

Calculate the area bounded by 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 2 and 𝑦 = 𝑥 2

Solution

Points of intersection:

𝑥2 = 𝑥 + 2
2
∴ 𝑥 −𝑥−2=0
∴ (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 1) = 0
∴ 𝑥 = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = −1
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 2
∴ 𝑓(2) = 2 + 2 = 4
And 𝑓(−1) = −1 + 2 = 1

∴ The points of intersection are (2; 4) and (−1; 1)

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 𝑑 = (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )𝑑𝑥
= [𝑥 + 2 − 𝑥 2 ]𝑑𝑥
2
∴ 𝐴 = ∫ (𝑥 + 2 − 𝑥 2 )
−1
2
𝑥2 𝑥3
= [ + 2𝑥 − ]
2 3 −1
22 23 −12 −13
= + 2(2) − − ( + 2(−1) − )
2 3 2 3
8 1 1
= 2+4− − +2−
3 2 3
= 4.5 units 2

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DAMELIN STUDY GUIDE MATHEMATICS N5 VERSION 6 2020
 7.2 Volume

7.2.1 The volume of the area bounded by a curve and a reference axis

Area rotating in the x-axis

∆𝑉 = 𝜋𝑦 2 ∆𝑥

𝑏
∴ 𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑎

Area rotating in the y-axis

∆𝑉 = 𝜋𝑥 2 ∆𝑦

𝑏
∴ 𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦
𝑎

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7.2.1 The volume of the area bounded by two curves and a reference axisArea rotating in the x-axis

∆𝑉 = 𝜋(𝑦1 2 − 𝑦2 2 )∆𝑥

𝑏
∴ 𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ (𝑦1 2 − 𝑦2 2 )𝑑𝑥
𝑎

Area rotating in the y-axis

∆𝑉 = 𝜋(𝑥1 2 − 𝑥2 2 )∆𝑦

𝑏
∴ 𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ (𝑥1 2 − 𝑥2 2 )𝑑𝑦
𝑎

Example
𝑥
Determine the volume generated when the area bounded by 𝑦 = ln , 𝑦 = 0 and 𝑦 = 2 is rotated about the
3
𝑦-axis.

Solution

y 𝑥
𝑦 = ln
2 3

Δy

x
0

𝑥
𝑦 = ln ∴ 𝑥 = 3𝑒 𝑦
3
∆𝑉 = 𝜋𝑥 2 ∆𝑦
2
∴ 𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦
0

2 2
9 2 9
= 𝜋 ∫ (3𝑒 𝑦 )2 𝑑𝑦 = 𝜋 ∫ 9𝑒 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = [ 𝑒 2𝑦 ] = (54,598 − 1) = 241,192
0 0 2 0 2
 TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE
1. Calculate the area bound by

a) 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 6, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 4

b) 𝑥 = ln 𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑦 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 4
c) 𝑦 = 1 − 𝑥 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 2 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

2. Calculate the volume generated when the area bound by

a) 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 1 , 𝑥 = 0 , 𝑦 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 3 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

2
b) 𝑦 = −𝑥 + 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑦 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
𝑥
3. Given the curves: x + y = 49 and xy = 4
2 2

a) Draw the curves in the ANSWER BOOK and show on the sketch the enclosed area
and the representative strip, as well as the lower and upper limits.
b) Calculate the magnitude of the bounded area in the first quadrant of QUESTION
5.2.1 above.

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DAMELIN STUDY GUIDE MATHEMATICS N5 VERSION 6 2020
 MODULE 8: THE SECOUND MOMENT OF AREA
LEARNING OUTCOMES

On completion of this module the students should be able to:

Calculate the second moment of area of:

1. A rectangular lamina with respect to a reference axis in the same plane as the lamina and parallel
to one side of the lamina. (through the centroid or a side, or outside the lamina)
2. A circular lamina with respect to a reference axis perpendicular to the lamina and through its
centre.

8.1 Introduction

Definition of the second moment of area

The second moment of area is the product of the area and the square of the perpendicular distance of its
centroid from the axis of rotation.

8.2 Laminas

A lamina is a thin plate where the thickness is negligible, that is we can ignore it

8.2.1 The second moment of area of a rectangular lamina

a) Determine the second moment area of a rectangular lamina about an axis parallel to one side of the
lamina

y
b

0 Δx a x

∆𝐴 = 𝑏. ∆𝑥

∆𝐼𝑦 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 × (𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒)2 = 𝑏∆𝑥. 𝑥 2 = 𝑏𝑥 2 ∆𝑥

𝑎
𝑏𝑥 3 𝑎 𝑎3 𝑏
𝐼𝑦 = ∫ 𝑏𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = [ ] =
0 3 0 3

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DAMELIN STUDY GUIDE MATHEMATICS N5 VERSION 6 2020
b) Determine the second moment area of a rectangular lamina with respect to a reference axis parallel to
one side of the lamina that bisects the lamina

−
𝑎 0 Δx 𝑎 x
2 2

∆𝐴 = 𝑏. ∆𝑥

∆𝐼𝑦 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 × (𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒)2 = 𝑏∆𝑥. 𝑥 2 = 𝑏𝑥 2 ∆𝑥

𝑎 𝑎
2
2
𝑏𝑥 3 2 𝑎3 𝑏
𝐼𝑦 = ∫ 𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [ ] 𝑎=
−
𝑎 3 − 12
2
2

c) Determine the second moment area of a uniform circular lamina with a radius R about an axis through
its centre and perpendicular to the plane of the lamina.

∆𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑟∆𝑟

∆𝐼𝑦 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 × (𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒)2 = 2𝜋𝑟∆𝑟. 𝑟 2 = 2𝜋𝑟 3 ∆𝑟

𝑅
𝜋𝑟 4 𝑅 𝜋𝑅4
𝐼𝑦 = ∫ 2𝜋𝑟 3 𝑑𝑟 = [ ] =
0 2 0 2

TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE

1. Calculate the second moment of area of a washer with inside diameter 20mm and outside
diameter 30mm if the washer rotates about and axis through its centre and perpendicular to the
washer.
2. Calculate the second moment of area of a 6 cm by 4 cm rectangular lamina about an axis parallel
to, and 2cm away from a 4cm side. The axis is outside the lamina.
3. Determine the second moment of mass of a rectangular lamina of mass m about an axis parallel
to ONE side of the lamina

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DAMELIN STUDY GUIDE MATHEMATICS N5 VERSION 6 2020
 MODULE 9: THE MOMENT OF INERTIA
LEARNING OUTCOMES

On completion of this module the students should be able to:

Calculate the moment of inertia of:

A uniform circular disc of mass 𝑚 with respect to a reference axis through the centre of
the disc perpendicular to the plane of the disc.

A uniform rectangular prism of mass, 𝑚 with respect to reference axis parallel to one
side of the prism. The axis could be drawn through the centroid or outside the prism.

9.1 The relationship between the moment of inertia and energy

Definition of the moment of inertia (second moment of mass)

The moment of inertia is the product of the mass and the square of its rotation radius.

𝐼 = 𝑟 2 𝑚 , where 𝐼 = moment of inertia; 𝑚 = mass and 𝑟 = rotation radius

9.2 The parallel axis theorem of laminas

9.2.1 The second moment of area of a rectangular lamina

a) Determine the moment of inertia of a rectangular lamina of mass, m, about an axis parallel to one side
of the lamina

y
b

0 Δx a x

𝑚
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 =
𝑎𝑏
𝑚 𝑚
∆𝑚 = 𝑏. ∆𝑥 × = ∆𝑥
𝑎𝑏 𝑎
𝑚 𝑚𝑥 2
∆𝐼𝑦 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 × (𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒)2 = ∆𝑥. 𝑥 2 = ∆𝑥
𝑎 𝑎

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 𝑎
𝑚𝑥 2 𝑚𝑥 3 𝑎 𝑚𝑎2
𝐼𝑦 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = [ ] =
0 𝑎 3𝑎 0 3

b) Determine the second moment area of a rectangular lamina with respect to a reference axis parallel to
one side of the lamina that bisects the lamina

−
𝑎 0 Δx 𝑎 x
2 2

𝑚
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 =
𝑎𝑏
𝑚 𝑚
∆𝑚 = 𝑏. ∆𝑥 × = ∆𝑥
𝑎𝑏 𝑎
𝑚 𝑚𝑥 2
∆𝐼𝑦 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 × (𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒)2 = ∆𝑥. 𝑥 2 = ∆𝑥
𝑎 𝑎
𝑎 𝑎
2 𝑚𝑥 2 𝑚𝑥 3 2 𝑚𝑎2
𝐼𝑦 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = [ ] 𝑎=
𝑎 𝑎 3𝑎 − 12
−
2
2
c) Determine the second moment area of a uniform circular lamina with a radius R about an axis through
its centre and perpendicular to the plane of the lamina.

𝑚
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 =
𝜋𝑅2
𝑚 2𝑚𝑟∆𝑟
∆𝑚 = 2𝜋𝑟∆𝑟 × 2
=
𝜋𝑅 𝑅2

2𝑚𝑟∆𝑟 2 2𝑚𝑟 3
∆𝐼𝑦 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 × (𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒)2 = .𝑟 = ∆𝑟
𝑅2 𝑅2
𝑅
2𝑚𝑟 3 𝑚𝑟 4 𝑅 𝑚𝑅2
𝐼𝑦 = ∫ 𝑑𝑟 = [ ] =
0 𝑅2 2𝑅2 0 2

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DAMELIN STUDY GUIDE MATHEMATICS N5 VERSION 6 2020
 TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE
1. Calculate the moment of inertia of a rectangular lamina of dimensions 12cm by 8 cm about an
axis 2cm from an 8cm side outside the lamina and parallel to the 8cm side
2. Calculate the moment of inertia of a flywheel of radius 50cm and a thick ness of 10cm about an
axis through its centre and perpendicular to the flywheel. The mass of the flywheel is 8 kg.

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DAMELIN STUDY GUIDE MATHEMATICS N5 VERSION 6 2020
 MODULE 10: DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
LEARNING OUTCOMES

On completion of this module the students should be able to:

The general and particular solutions of:

1. First order differential equations by direct integration or by separating the variables

2. Second order differential equations of the form:

𝑑2𝑦
= 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥 2

10.1 Introduction

A differential equation is an equation involving derivatives or differentials. The order of a differential

equation is determined by the order of the highest derivative.

𝑑𝑦
• = 𝑎𝑥 [first order]
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2𝑦
• = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 [second order]
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑3𝑦 𝑑2𝑦
• + = 𝑓(𝑥) [third order]
𝑑𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 2

A general solution has a constant of integration as part of the solution.

In a particular solution, more information is given, which will enable the constant of integration to be
calculated.

10.2 First Order Differential Equations

a) Solve by direct integration

Example

𝑑𝑦
Solve the differential equation = 3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 2, 𝑦 = 4, 𝑥 = 2
𝑑𝑥

Solution

𝑑𝑦
= 3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 2
𝑑𝑥
∴ 𝑑𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 2 𝑑𝑥
∴ ∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 2 𝑑𝑥
∴ 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 𝑐 (general solution)
But since we have more info (y = 4 when x = 2), we can find the particular solution.
∴ 4 = 23 − 2(2)2 − 2(2) + 𝑐 ≫𝑐=8

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∴ 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 8 This is the particular solution

b) Solve by separating the variables

This is done by taking all x variables to one side that has dx and all y variables to another side with dy
and then integrate both sides.

Example

Solve the following differential equations

𝑑𝑦
a. 𝑥 = 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑥
b. 𝑦 ln 𝑥 ln 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 2

Solution
𝑑𝑦
a. 𝑥 = 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑥 = 𝑦(1 + 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 + 𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
= ( + 1) 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
∫ = ∫ ( + 1) 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 𝑥
ln 𝑦 = ln 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑐

b. 𝑦 ln 𝑥 ln 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 2
𝑥𝑑𝑦 = −𝑦 ln 𝑥 ln 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 ln 𝑥
=− 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 ln 𝑦 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 ln 𝑥
∫ = ∫− 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 ln 𝑦 𝑥
2
𝑥
ln(ln 𝑦) = − + 𝑐
2
𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 2 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑦 = 2
22
ln(ln 2) = − + 𝑐 ∴ 𝑐 = 1.633
2
2
𝑥
ln(ln 𝑦) = − + 1.633
2

10.3 Second order differential equations

Second-order linear differential equation has the following basic equation (for N5):

𝑑2 𝑦
= 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥 2

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Example

Solve the following:

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1; = 2; 𝑦 = 1; 𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

Solution

𝑑2 𝑦
= 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1
𝑑𝑥 2

Integrate both sides with respect to x

𝑑𝑦
= 𝑥3 − 𝑥2 + 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
But = 2; 𝑥 = 0;
𝑑𝑥

2 = 03 − 02 + 0 + 𝑐 ∴𝑐=2

𝑑𝑦
= 𝑥3 − 𝑥2 + 𝑥 + 2
𝑑𝑥

Again, integrate both sides with respect to x

𝑥4 𝑥3 𝑥2
𝑦= − + + 2𝑥 + 𝑑
4 3 2
𝐵𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 1; 𝑥 = 0
04 03 02
1= − + + 2(0) + 𝑑 ∴𝑑=1
4 3 2
4 3 2
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑦= − + + 2𝑥 + 1
4 3 2

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DAMELIN STUDY GUIDE MATHEMATICS N5 VERSION 6 2020
 TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE
1. Calculate the general solution of the following
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥 2
1.1
𝑑𝑥
= 5𝑦 3
𝑑2 𝑦
1.2 = 𝑥2 +4
𝑑𝑥 2
2. Calculate the particular solution of
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2.1
𝑑𝑥 2
= 𝑥 2 − 𝑥, 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑥 = 2 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 1 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑦
2.2
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = −4 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 =2

3. Solve the differential equation:

dy
= e y−x
dx
1 d2y dy
4 Determine the particular solution of − . 2
= 5 − 18x , given that = −1, y = 4 and x = 1.
2 dx dx

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DAMELIN STUDY GUIDE MATHEMATICS N5 VERSION 6 2020
 Page 59 of 59
DAMELIN STUDY GUIDE MATHEMATICS N5 VERSION 6 2020