Physics Reviewer 

Mechanics
-branch of physics that deals with forces acting on bodies

3 branches of mechanics:
1. Statics (no movement)
2. Dynamics (with movement)
3. Kinematics (behavior of movement)

Motion
-continuous change of position in respect to a certain reference point

Reference point / Frame of reference

-standard followed in determining whether a motion occurred or not.
-object or background used for comparing different positions of an object.

3 types of motion:
1. Rectilinear Motion (straight)
- Uniform motion (speed and velocity)
- Uniformly accelerated motion (acceleration)
2. Gravitational Motion (up and down)
- Freefall
- Projectile Motion
3. Curvilinear (Curve)
- Circular Motion
- Rotary Motion

Acceleration due to gravity = 9.8 m/s2

Rectilinear Motion:
Speed – the rate of which an object moves

Note:
speed - total distance
velocity - total displacement

speed = distance / time

ex: distance = 14 m & time = 2sec
speed = 14m/2sec
speed = 7m/sec

velocity = distance (with direction) / time

ex #1:
d1 = 8m, East – 1 SF
d2 = 21m, West – 2 SF
tT (total time) = 18 mins – 2 SF

V=d/t
Since velocity yung hinahanap, we take into consideration yung direction and
we know na east and west are opposite kaya east positive and west is
negative, pero absolute value pa rin yung kalalabasan since wala naming
negative na distance.

8m + (-21m)
= 13meters
= 13 meters / 18 mins
= 0.722…. meters / mins
**FINAL ANSWER SHOULD BE SF BASED!**
Therefore, 0.722 becomes 0.7 meters / mins, West

Ex #2:
10 m North – y – 1 sf
5 m West – x – 1 sf
10 secs

To find distance, use Pythagorean theorem. *Pythagorean theorem only

works when the directions aren’t opposites*
Basically, square root of 10m squared plus 5m squared
= square root of 125
=11.18 m, (to find angle, shift tan (distance x / distance y))
Angle = shift tan (5/10)
= 26.57 degree West of North
=11.18m, 26.57 degree W of N
*this is not the final answer until we divide the distance by the total time*
Therefore this becomes,
1.12 m/sec, 26.57 degree W of N
Then adjust distance by the least SF value which is 1 in this case
Final Answer: 1 m/sec, 26.57 degree W of N

Summarized steps:
Speed:
1. Add up all the distance.
2. Divide that by the time.
3. Change the computed value to follow the SF value and include the
direction that has a longer distance.

Velocity:
 1. If the direction is opposite like west and east or south and north, just
subtract the values and make it absolute.
2. Divide the resulted value by the total time.
3. Change the computed value to follow the SF value.
4. If the direction is complementary like North and east or west, or South
and east or west, use the Pythagorean theorem to find the value of the
distance.
5. To find the angle, shift tan (x/y)
6. Divide the distance by the total time.
7. Change the value of the distance to follow the least SF value of the
givens.

Speedometer- a device that monitors a vehicle’s speed directly in kilometers

per hour.

Acceleration – rate of change in velocity

1. Acceleration – from rest to an increase in speed
2. Deceleration – Decrease in speed or covered distance
3. Change in direction
- equal distance
- constant change in direction with a constant speed

Acceleration = change in velocity (m/s) / elapsed time (s)

a = (vf – vi)/t
d = vit + (at squared / 2)
d = vf squared – vi squared / 2a

Gravitational Motion:
-influenced by gravity

2 types:
1. Freefall Motion – force is gravity only
2. Projectile Motion – force is gravity and another external force that
initiated the motion, ex: serving a volleyball
Note: acceleration (a) changes to gravity (g)
And same lang yung acceleration formula

Freefall
- influenced only by gravity
- one-dimensional along the vertical axis / y-axis
- vi is always 0 as there is no initial force
- object accelerates as it falls because of gravity
- ALL freefalling objects (on earth) accelerate downwards at a rate of
approximately 9.8m/s2
Aristotle’s theories on falling bodies:
-Heavier objects fall faster
-Objects fall faster on air than water
-A fall of an object is it returning to its natural place, basically, kung san yung
natural place ng isang bagay, pag nalaglag sya, dun sya bumabalik.
-However, sometimes, objects move away from its natural place due to an
external force called violent motion or inertia.

Galileo’s theories on moving bodies:

-Both heavy and light will fall at the same time if they are from the same
height.
-The weight does not affect the speed of the fall.
-The speed of a falling object is uniformly accelerated due to gravity.
- The effect of air resistance is dependent of the size, shape, surface area,
and density of a falling object.

Law on falling bodies:

In the absence of air resistance, both heavy and light objects will fall at the
same rate when released at the same time.

Air resistance – called drag or air friction and this is what slows down the
movement of a falling object.

Previous experiments about freefall and some additional information:

1. Galileo’s inclined plane experiment:

- in the absence of air resistance, heavy and light objects will fall
at the same time
- in the absence of friction, a moving object will maintain its
motion unless acted upon by a retarding force
- the time of fall increases as the height of fall increases
- if there is no air resistance and gravity is the only thing that
affects a falling body, such an object is said to be in free fall
2. Christian Huygens, who invented the pendulum clock in 1656, was the
first to measure g. He showed that g could be calculated from the
swing of the pendulum using only a ruler and a good timepiece.
3. In general, the magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity decreases
as you move farther from the center of the earth: 9.7804m/s2 at the
equator and 9.8321 m/s2 at the North and South poles.
4. For practical purposes, the value of g is 9.8 m/s2
5. In 1971, astronaut David Scott, who was a member of Apollo 15
mission to the moon, simultaneously dropped a geologist’s hammer
and a feather from the height on the (airless) moon and observed that
the hammer and the feather fell at the same rate.
6. One of the most famous stories in science is about Galileo Galilei and
the Leaning Tower of Pisa. Galileo supposedly reached out from an
 upper balcony and let fall two stones of different weights. A remarkable
thing happened: to the gasps and amazement of the crowd below, the
stones hit the ground together. Although doubtless in part apocryphal,
the account does at least have some backing from Galileo's pupil and
amanuensis Viviani, who reported that Galileo had done the
experiment "in front of all the faculty and students assembled."

Terminal Velocity:
- the maximum velocity attained by a falling object
- occurs when the drag force balances the gravitational force on the object
- at this instance, the object has reached its limiting velocity and can no
longer accelerate.

Formulas of free-fall
*same formula lang sa acceleration except walang vi and chinange yung a to
g

https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=BVgemK1Y2wA&pp=ygUfZnJlZWZhbGwgbW90aW9uIHByb2JsZW0gc29sd
mluZw%3D%3D

Projectile Motion:
- a state where an object is thrown with an initial velocity and acted
upon by the earth’s pull of gravity
- objects are called projectiles
- a projectile travel in a curved path called trajectory
Different cases of projectile motion
1. Vertically downward
2. Vertically upward
3. Horizontal projection
4. Projected at an angle

1. Projected vertically
downward
-thrown downward with an
initial velocity

2. Projected vertically upward

-a combination of projectile and free-fall

3. Horizontal Projection
- A combination of the constant horizontal velocity (uniform motion) and
increasing downward velocity (uniformly accelerated motion) due to gravity

4.Projection at an angle

https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=tfItlGfPHyo&pp=ygUZcHJvamVjdGlsZSBtb3Rpb24gc29sdmluZw%3D%3D
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=fflB1Xql6mc&pp=ygUZcHJvamVjdGlsZSBtb3Rpb24gc29sdmluZw%3D%3D
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=8NLzuURxFwY&pp=ygUZcHJvamVjdGlsZSBtb3Rpb24gc29sdmluZw%3D
%3D