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Lecture7a 0919

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Krishna Pathak
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12 views18 pages

Lecture7a 0919

Uploaded by

Krishna Pathak
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Sampling Distribution

Sampling Distribution of the Mean


• The sampling distribution of the mean is the (probability) distribution of all possible sample means
calculated from all possible samples of a given size.
• Consider population of 4 observations: x=1, x=2, x=3, x=4

• List all the samples of size 2 (with replacement)


Find the sample mean of each sample
Find the mean of the all the sample means
• Mean of the sample means =

• Compare with population mean


Find the variance of the sample means
• Variance of the sample means

• Compare to population variance


Two important results
• If the population has mean 𝜇 and variance 𝜎 2 , then

the distribution of the sample means will have a mean of 𝜇 and


𝜎2 𝜎
variance of (and standard error ).
𝑛 𝑛
Special results for normal distribution
• If underlying population is normal with 𝑁(𝜇, 𝜎), then

𝜎
the mean is also normally distributed with 𝑁(𝜇, ).
𝑛
Application
• You are the operations manager of a large factory producing
breakfast cereal. The packaged boxes of cereal contain an average
of 368 grams of cereal, with 15 grams standard deviation. The
weight of boxes is normally distributed.
• Naturally, you want most of the boxes to have around 368 grams.
However, it is not possible for you to check all boxes. So, you
instead collect a random sample of the boxes and calculate the
average weight of the sample.
• If a random sample of 25 boxes is selected, what is the probability
that the average of that sample is less than 365?
• What percentage of all samples will have less than 365 gm of product?
Analysis
• Weight of all packed cereal boxes is normal => sample mean is
also normally distributed
• Weight of all boxes is 368 on average, with std deviation 15 =>
sample mean’s distribution has mean 368 and std deviation
• Parameters of normal distribution are known: use normal tables to
find the required probability (after standardization)
Calculations
•Z

• P (Z < ) =

• Interpretation: ________of all samples will have less than 365 gm


average.
Extra questions
• If you select a sample of 100 boxes, what is the probability that the sample mean is below 365 grams?

• Find the interval symmetrically distributed around the population mean that will include 95% of the sample
means, based on samples of 25 boxes.
Central Limit Theorem
As the sample size gets large enough, the sampling distribution of the mean is
approximately normally distributed. This theorem applies regardless of the shape
of the underlying population distribution.

Thumb rule: When the sample size is at least 30, the sampling distribution of the
mean is approximately normal
Practice questions
• IQs are normally distributed with mean of 107.1 and standard
deviation of 5.23. A random sample of 50 people is selected.

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