CONCISE MODULE IN

GENERAL
PHYSICS
I Weeks 5-8

Engr. Lawrence B. Leocadio

ODIONGAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Dapawan, Odiongan, Romblon

List of References:
Work-Text in General Physics I for Senior High School: Christopher G. Reyes MAED
Google Images
 LESSON 5: NEWTON'S LAW OF UNIVERSAL GRAVITATION Week 5 – Quarter I 2

FORCE AND MOTION

OBJECTIVES:
1. Define force and describe how it is produced
2. Differentiate contact force from action-at-a distance force
3. Discuss the Newton's laws of motion and relate them to one another
4. Solve problems on Newton's Laws of Motion

THE CONCEPT OF FORCE AND NET FORCE

Force is a push or pull which when applied to an object, tends to
accelerate that object. It is an agent of change in which it alters motion or can make a stationary object to move. Force is a
vector, since the direction of the applied force determines the direction of the acceleration that results.
Whenever a force is exerted on an object, its sha can change. For example, when you squeeze a rubber ball or strike a
punching bag with your fist, the object will deform to some extent. Even more rigid objects such as automobiles, are
deformed under the action of external force. Sometimes, deformation is permanent especially when there is head-on
collision between vehicles.

THE FOUR FUNDAMENTAL FORCES IN THE UNIVERSE

Gravitational — gravity is the weakest of all the interactions but the least selective.
Electromagnetic — gives rise to the short-range inter-atomic interactions.
Strong force — force that binds quarks together to form protons and neutrons, then bind these together to form nuclei.
Weak force — change proton into neutron and is also responsible for the slow decay of radioactive atoms.

THE CONCEPT OF FORCE AND NET FORCE

Net force is the vector sum or the resultant of all forces acting on an object or system. It can also be defined as the
magnitude of force that accelerates an Object or

the magnitude of force that could stop a moving object.

Balanced forces are forces of equal magnitude which are acting on an Object in opposite directions. When forces are
balanced, the net force is zero.

F1 = 10 N F2 = 10 N

Unbalanced force is a nonzero net force which makes an object to accelerate. In some instances, an unbalanced force
deforms an object. A deformation involves change in motion for some part of an object, hence, there is an acceleration.

F1 = 15 N F2 = 10 N
Other examples of contact forces arc the force that a gas exerts on the walls of a container (the results of gas molecules
colliding with the walls) and the force of our feet on the floor

Action-at-a-distance forces (Field forces) are forces that have an inverse square relationship for the separation distance
between interacting particles, and an infinite range. Examples of these forces are gravity, the magnetic force between two
magnets, and the electrical force between two charges.
Early scientists, including Newton himself, were uneasy with the concept of a force acting between two disconnected
objects. To overcome this conceptual problem, Michael Faraday (1791-1867) introduced the concept of afield. According to
this approach, when a mass mI is placed at some point P near a mass my one can say that m1 interacts with the gravitational
field that exists at P produced by m

NEWTON'S LAWS OF MOTION

Sir Isaac Newton (1642 - 1727) is the founder of the science of mechanics. His contributions to mathematics, physics
and the study of natural phenomena have proven extremely far-reaching and valuable. Published in 1687, Newton's two
volume Philosophiae Naturalist Principia Mathematica (Mathematical principles of Natural Philosophy) contains his
important three laws of motion, also called Newton's laws of motion. He formulated the three laws of motion, namely:
• Law of Inertia
• Law of Acceleration
• Law of Interaction
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LAW OF INERTIA

Inertia is the natural tendency of an object to resist any change in its

motion. It is a property of matter which requires that a net force be applied
to change its state of rest or uniform velocity. It is measured by the mass
of the body.
The Law of Inertia states that an object continues in a state of
rest or in a state of uniform motion at constant speed along a straight line,
unless compelled to change that state by a net force. Objects that are at
rest or that are moving with constant velocity are said to be in equilibrium,
and Newton's First law is a statement of one condition that must be true
for equilibrium conditions to prevail. In equation form, this can be
expressed as EF = 0. This statement signifies that the vector sum of all the forces (the net force) acting on an object is zero.
How will you relate the law of Inertia from the system shown in the picture?

LAW OF ACCELERATION

Law of Acceleration states that the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it, and
inversely proportional to its mass.

FORMULA TABLE: NEWTON'S LAW OF UNIVERSAL GRAVITATION

1 where:
𝑎 𝛼 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 or 𝑎𝛼 𝑚
a = acceleration
Combining the above equations, we have now the mathematical expressions
m = mass of the body
for the Law of Acceleration.
𝑭𝒏𝒆𝒕 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = total force
𝒂=
𝒎

Solving for force, the equation becomes Fnet =ma

The units of force are the following:

System of Units Force Mass Acceleration

SI (mks) Newton (N) kg m/s2
SI (cgs) dyne g cm/s2
English pound (lb) slug ft/s2

THINGS TO REMEMBER: ENGLISH SYSTEM CONVERSION FACTORS

1 newton (N) = 1 kg-m/s2 1 kg = 103 g = 0.0685 slug 1 N = 0.225 lb

1 dyne = 1 g-cm/s2 1 pound (lb) = 1 slug-ft/s2 = 44 N 1 slug = 14.6 kg

WEIGHT
Weight (of a body) is the gravitational force with which the earth attracts the body. This
concept falls under Newton's Second Law of Motion. Weight is considered when the body is
accelerating along vertical path due to the pull of gravity. It is calculated by the formula

Weight vanes with its location near the earth (or other astronomical body), whereas its mass is
the same everywhere in the universe. Bodies weigh less at higher altitudes than at sea level. This is because g decreases with
increasing distance from the center of the Earth. Hence, weight, unlike mass, is not an inherent property of a body. If you
want to lose weight without going on diet, move to the top of the mountain or weigh yourself at an altitude of 30,000 ft
during a flight on a jet airplane.
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LAW OF INTERACTION
Law of Interaction states that for every force there is an equal and opposite force.

This law is based on two familiar facts:

• There can never be a force unless two bodies are involved, one exerting the
force and the Other on which it is exerted.
• Forces do not exist singly but in pairs.

It is important to note that action-reaction pairs are always exerted on different objects. You experience Newton's Third
Law when you slam your fist against a wall or kick a football. You should try to identify the action and reaction forces in these
cases.

When a block is lying on the table, the forces acting are the normal force N and the force of gravity, W. The reaction
to the normal force F is the force of the block on the table. The reaction to W' IS the force of the block on the Earth.

SAMPLE PROBLEMS 5.1: NEWTON’s LAW OF MOTION

Problem 1.
(a) What is the weight of an object whose mass is 5 kg? (b) What is the acceleration when a net force of 100 N act on it?
Solutions:
a) W = (5kg) (9.8 m/s2) = 49 N
b) a= (100 N)/(5 kg)=20 m/s2
Problem 2.
A force of 3000 N is applied to a 1500-kg carat rest. (a) What is its acceleration? (b) What will be its velocity 5 s later?
Solutions:
a) a= (3000 N)/ (1500 kg) = 2 m/s2
b) v=(2 m/s2 )(5s) = 10 m/s2

Problem 3.
The brakes of a 1000-kg car exert 3000 N. (a) How long will it take the car to come to a stop from a velocity of 30 m/s?
(b) How far will the car travel during this time?
Solution
a) a= (-3000N)/ (1000 kg) =-3 m/s2 t= ((0-30) m/s)/ (-3 m/s2) = 10 s
b) s= (30 m/s) (10s) + 1/2 (-3m/s2) (10) 2= 150 m

Problem 4.
A 3200-1b elevator car is supported by a cable in which the maximum safe tension is 4000 lb. (a) What is the greatest
upward acceleration the elevator cab can have? (b) What is the greatest downward acceleration?
Solutions:
a) m= 3200lb/ (32 ft/s^2) =100 slug a= (4000-3200) lb/(100 slug)=8 ft/s^2
b) a= 3200lb/ (100 slug) =-3 m/s^2

Problem 5.
A weight of 50 lb and another 30 1b are suspended by a rope on either side of a frictionless pulley. What is the
acceleration of each weight?
Answer: 8ft/s2
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LESSON 6: NEWTON'S LAW OF UNIVERSAL GRAVITATION Week 6 – Quarter I

Planetary motion is a good example of circular motion. From previous example above, a stone tied at the end of a string is
used to illustrate an object in circular motion when it is whirled. But what keeps planets orbit around the Sun or the moon as it
revolves around the Earth? Newton proposed that there must be an inward force that pulls the planets as they revolve around the
Sun. This force is called gravitation.

Gravitation is the mutual attraction force between any two objects in the universe. For the same reason, the earth attracts
objects towards its center. The reason why the moon revolves around the Earth is because of gravitation.

Newton was able to formulate the Law of Universal Gravitation from his analysis of the motion of moon around the Earth
and the motion of planets around the Sun.

Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation states that every object in the universe attracts another object with a force that is
directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of distance between their centers.

FORMULA TABLE: NEWTON'S LAW OF UNIVERSAL GRAVITATION

Mathematically, Newton's Law of Where:

Universal Gravitation can be expressed as: m1 = mass of a body
m2 = mass of another body
𝑚1 𝑚2 d = distance between the centers of two bodies
𝐹𝑔 = 𝛼 G = universal constant whose value is 6.67 x 10-11
𝑟𝑑2
𝑚1 𝑚2 N.m2/kg2
𝐹 = 𝐺𝛼
𝑟2

SAMPLE PROBLEMS 6.1: NEWTON'S LAW OF UNIVERSAL GRAVITATION

Problem: Compute the gravitational force between the earth and the moon.

Given: mass of earth = 5.98 x 1024 kg mass of moon = 7.38 x 1022 kg distance between earth and moon 384,790 km G =
6.67 x 10-11 N.m2/kg2.
Solutions:
Find: F
𝑚 𝑚
1 2
TheSolutions: 𝐹𝑔 earth
mass of the = 𝐺 (and
𝑑 2 other heavenly bodies) is huge but it may be calculated using the equation for Newton's Law
𝑁𝑚2 (or ൫5.98𝑥10 24 ൯(7.38𝑥1022 𝑘𝑔)
of Universal Gravitation. Let us
= consider
ቀ6.67𝑥10a−11
person ቁ ቀ any object), with massቁ m, on the surface of earth, which is being pulled
𝑘𝑔2 (384790 𝑘𝑚)2
by the Earth toward its center. Following 𝟐𝟎
Newton's Second Law, this force is equal to the weight of the person given by the
= 𝟏. 𝟗𝟗𝒙𝟏𝟎 𝑵
equation:

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FORMULA TABLE: NEWTON'S LAW OF UNIVERSAL GRAVITATION

Force = Weight Where:

F = ma or W=mg m1 = mass of the person
m2 = mass of the Earth
If the weight of the person (or any object) is d = distance between the centers of two bodies
equal to the gravitational force, the W=Fg. G = universal constant whose value is 6.67 x 10-11
𝒎𝟏 𝒎𝟐 N.m2/kg2
𝒎𝟏 𝒈 = 𝑮
𝒅𝟐
𝟐
𝒎𝟏 𝒈𝒅 𝒎𝟏 𝒎 𝟐
=𝑮 𝟐
𝒎𝟏 𝒅 𝒎𝟏

Newton's Law said that if a projectile is given enough horizontal velocity

at a certain height, it moves along a path around the earth. Newton was
expressing the principle behind the artificial satellite. On October 4, 1967, 240
years after Newton's death, Sputnik l, a satellite was launched by the
Russians, and it verified
Newton's statements.
Artificial satellites orbit the earth by means of gravitation. For a satellite
to stay on a stable, circular orbit, the speed of projection parallel to the
earth's surface must be 7.9 x 10 m/s or 8 km/s. If the projection is greater
than 7.9 x 103 m/s, the orbit is elliptical. If the projection of the satellite is 41%
more than the minimum orbital speed (greater than 11.2 km/s), the satellite
will escape into outer space permanently. If less than the minimum speed
(between 8 km/s and 11.2 km/s) of projection, it falls back to the earth.

A satellite moving around the Earth has orbiting velocity. Solving for the orbital velocity,
𝑭𝒈 = 𝑭𝒄
𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒉 𝒎𝒔𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒍𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒆 𝒎𝒔𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒍𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒆 𝒗𝟐
𝑮 =
𝒅𝟐 𝒆
𝑮𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒕𝒉
𝒗= √ 𝒅

ACCELERATION DUE TO GRAVITY

The Law of Universal Gravitation may be used to estimate the acceleration due to gravity. We learned that gravity is the most
familiar force in our everyday life. It is the reason why objects fall to the ground. Though gravity is a dominant force in the Universe,
it is the weakest of the four fundamental forces. It depends on how much mass the planet has and how large the planet is. The force
of gravity gets weaker as you go farther away from the Earth. Using the equation for the Law of Universal Gravitation, the
acceleration due to gravity near the earth's surface may be calculated by the formula:

FORMULA TABLE: Acceleration Due to Gravity

Mathematically, Newton's Law of Where:

Universal Gravitation can be expressed as: G = gravitational constant
me = mass of the Object
𝒎𝒆 d = radius of Object
𝒈=𝑮
𝒅𝟐

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Acceleration Due to Gravity of Heavenly Bodies
Acceleration due to Acceleration due to
Heavenly Body Heavenly Body
gravity (m/s2) gravity (m/s2)
Mercury 3.78 Jupiter 25.4
Venus 8.94 Saturn 10.7
Earth 9.8 Uranus 9.2
Earth’s Moon 1.7 Neptune 12
Mars 3.79 Pluto 0.3

SAMPLE PROBLEMS 6.2: NEWTON'S LAW OF UNIVERSAL GRAVITATION

Problem 1.
Two balls have their centers 2.0 meters apart. One has a mass of 8.0 kg while the other has a mass of 6.0 kg. What
is the gravitational force between them?

Solutions:
(6.0𝑘𝑔)(8.0𝑘𝑔)
𝐹𝑔 = 6.67𝑥10−11 𝑁𝑚2 /𝑘𝑔2 𝑥 = 8.0 x 10-10 N
(2𝑚)2
Problem 2.
Two spherical objects have masses of 3.1 x 105 kg and 6.5 x 103 kg. The gravitational attraction between them
is 65 N. How far apart are their centers?
𝐺𝑚1 𝑚1
𝐹= , 𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠
𝑟2
Solutions:

−11 𝑁∙ 𝑚2
൰ (3.1 𝑥 105 𝑘𝑔)(6.5 𝑥103 𝑘𝑔)
𝐺𝑚1 𝑚1 ൬6.67 𝑥 10 𝑘𝑔2
𝑟= ඨ = = 𝟒. 𝟓𝟓 𝐱 𝟏𝟎−𝟐 𝐍
𝐹 (65 𝑁)⬚
Problem 3.
Two spherical objects have equal masses and experience a gravitational force of 25 N towards one another. Their
centers are 36 cm apart. Determine each of their masses.

𝐺𝑚1 𝑚1 𝐺𝑚2
𝐹= , 𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠, 𝑚1 = 𝑚 2 = 𝑚; 𝐹 =
𝑟2 𝑟2

NOTE: the given “r” is in “cm” and MUST be converted to meters!!!

Solutions:

36
𝐹 ∙ 𝑟2 25 𝑁 ∙ ቀ 𝑚ቁ
𝑚= ඨ = ඪ 100 𝟓
𝐺 𝑁𝑚 2 = 𝟑. 𝟔𝟕𝟑𝟑 𝒙 𝟏𝟎 𝒌𝒈
6.67 𝑥 10 −11
𝑘𝑔2

Problem 4.
A 1 kg object is located at a distance of 6.4 x106 m from the center of a larger object whose mass is 6.0 x 1024 kg.

a. What is the size of the force acting on the smaller object? (ans. 9.8 N)
b. What is the size of the force acting on the larger object?
Newton’s Third Law – the forces are equal, so the answer is 9.8 N.
c. What is the acceleration of the smaller object when it is released?
d. The force acting on the object is the net force. According to Newton’s Second Law, net force is equal to mass
Frictio times acceleration. (Ans. 9.8 m/s2)
e. What is the acceleration of the larger object when it is released? (Ans. 1.6 x 1024 m/s2)

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PRACTICEE PROBLEMS 6.3: NEWTON'S LAW OF UNIVERSAL GRAVITATION

1. Solve for the unknowns.

Force (N) Mass 1 (kg) Mass 2 (kg) Distance (m)
Trial x 10 36 10
1 200 x 100 50
4 15
2 234 x 10 400 lb 200 x 10 kg x
3 100 x 108 x x 20
12
4 45 x 10 2x x 100 cm
5 1200 kN 30 Gg 12 Mg x

2. Solve for the acceleration due to gravity of the following heavenly bodies and identify their force of attraction with the sun.

Heavenly Body Mass (kg) Radius (km) Distance from the g F

Sun (km)
Sun 1.989 × 10^30 696,340 0
Mercury 3.3011 × 10^23 2,439.7 57.91 million
Venus 4.8675 × 10^24 6,051.8 108.2 million
Earth 5.97237 × 10^24 6,371 149.6 million
Mars 6.4171 × 10^23 3,389.5 227.9 million
Jupiter 1.8982 × 10^27 69,911 778.5 million
Saturn 5.6834 × 10^26 58,232 1.434 billion
Uranus 8.6810 × 10^25 25,362 2.871 billion
Neptune 1.02413 × 10^26 24,622 4.495 billion
Pluto 1.30900 × 10^22 1,188.3 5.906 billion

3. Solve the following and draw their respective free body diagrams.
3.1: Gravitational Force Between Two Masses
Calculate the gravitational force between two masses, 10 kg and 5 kg, separated by a distance of 2 meters.
Answer: 8.34×10−10 N
3.2: Gravitational Acceleration on a Planet
Determine the acceleration due to gravity on the surface of a planet that has a mass of 6×1024 kg and a radius of 6,000
km.
Answer: 11.1 m/s2
3.3: Gravitational Force Exerted by Earth on the Moon
If the distance between the Earth and the Moon is approximately 3.84×108 m, and the mass of the Earth is 5.97×1024 kg
, calculate the gravitational force exerted by the Earth on the Moon (mass 7.35×1022 kg).
Answer: 1.98×1020 N
3.4: Gravitational Force Between Two Masses at a Distance
What is the gravitational force between two 1,000 kg masses separated by 10 meters?
Answer: 6.67×10−8 N
3.5: Gravitational Acceleration on a Celestial Body
Calculate the gravitational acceleration on the surface of a celestial body with mass 1.25×1023 kg and radius 2,000 km.
Answer: 20.8 m/s2
3.6: Escape Velocity
Determine the escape velocity from the surface of Earth. Assume Earth has a
mass of 5.97×1024 kg and a radius of 6,371 km.
Answer: 11.2 km/s

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LESSON 7: FRICTION Week 6 – Quarter I

Frictional force refers to the resistance which opposes every effort to slide or roll one body over another.
Friction is caused by the adhesion of one surface to the other and the interlocking of irregularities of the rubbing surfaces.
Friction is calculated by the formula
Ff = µFN
Friction is advantageous in many cases. Walking would be impossible without it. It prevents belts from slipping off their pulleys.
Friction between tires and road prevents skidding. Without friction you cannot light a matchstick. Although friction is useful, it also
causes wearing out of parts of machine. It results in loss of work thus reducing efficiency. It produces heat which may cause
expansion of the machine.

CLASSES OF FRICTIONAL FORCES

1. Static Friction:
• This is the friction that exists between a stationary object and the surfa
ce on which it rests. It must be overcome to start moving the object.
• Formula: fs ≤ μsN
• Where fs is the static friction, μs is the coefficient of static friction, and
N is the normal force.
2. Kinetic (Sliding) Friction:
• This friction occurs when two objects are sliding over each other.
• Formula: fk = μkN
• Where fk is the kinetic friction, μk is the coefficient of kinetic friction, a
nd N is the normal force.
3. Rolling Friction:
• This occurs when an object rolls over a surface.
• Generally much smaller than static or kinetic friction.
4. Fluid Friction:
• This type of friction occurs when an object moves through a fluid (liquid
or gas).
• It depends on the viscosity of the fluid.

FACTORS AFFECTING FRICTION

• Velocity — Friction - is inversely proportional to speed. Friction decreases with increasing speed.
• Normal force— Friction increases with the increasing perpendicular force with which either surface is pressed against the
other.
• Nature and condition of rubbing surfaces— friction is less when the surfaces are hard and smooth.
• Area of contact— Friction is independent of the arca in contact for dry surfaces, but nearly proportional to the area in
contact well-lubricated surfaces.
• Lubrication - Using lubricants lessen friction. Some examples arc synovial fluid, saliva, mucus, oil, grease, wax, paraffin, and
soap.
• Smoothing and polishing the contact surfaces. Jeweled bearings polished to a glasslike smoothness are used in watches
to reduce friction
Using anti friction metals. Babbitt metal (an alloy), diminishes friction
COEFFECIENT OF FRICTION
Coefficient of friction is experimentally discovered that for a given pair of surfaces, the magnitudes of static-friction force fs
(max) and kinetic-friction force fk are proportional to the normal force pressing the normal force together, and independent of the
area in contact or the surfaces relative velocity.

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FORMULA TABLE: Friction

The following are equations for proportionality constants for static and
kinetic friction forces: Where:
𝜇 = coefficient of friction
𝐹𝑓𝑠 ≤ 𝜇𝑠 𝐹𝑁 to 𝐹𝑓𝑠 = 𝜇𝑠 𝐹𝑁 Ff = Frictional Force
𝑭𝒇 FN =Normal Force
Manipulating the equation, it becomes 𝝁= which stands for
𝑭𝑵
coefficient of friction.

Coefficient of friction, also known as frictional coefficient and symbolized by Greek letter µ, is a dimensionless scalar value which
describes the ratio of the force of friction between two bodies and the force pressing them together. The coefficient of friction
depends on the materials used. For example, ice on steel has a low coefficient of friction, while rubber on pavement has a high
coefficient of friction.

The values of the coefficient of friction (µ), is usually, but not necessarily, less than 1.00.

The value of µs ≥ µk since it takes a larger force to set a body in motion than to maintain it in motion at constant speed.

APPROXIMATE FRICTION COEFFICIENTS

MATERIALS µk µs
Steel on steel (dry) 0.6 0.4
Steel on steel (greased) 0.1 0.05
Rope on wood 0.5 0.3
Teflon on steel 0.04 0.04
Shoes on ice 0.1 0.05
Climbing boots on rock 1.0 0.8
Leather-soled shoes on carpet 0.6 0.5
Leather-soled shoes on wood 0.3 0.2
Rubber-soled shoes on wood 0.9 0.7
Auto tires on dry concrete 1.0 0.7 - 0.8
Auto tires on wet concrete 0.7 0.5
Auto tires on icy concrete 0.3 0.02
Rubber on asphalt 0.60 0.40
Teflon on Teflon 0.04 0.04
Wood on wood 0.5 0.3
Ice on ice 0.05 -0.15 0.02

Glass on glass 0.9 0.4

CONCEPTS: Friction

• Normal Force (N): The perpendicular force exerted by a surface on an object resting on it.
• Coefficient of Friction (μ): A dimensionless scalar value that represents the frictional force between two b
odies.
o Static Friction (μs): Higher than kinetic. fs ≤ μsN
o Kinetic Friction (μk): Usually lower than static. fs = μsN
• Frictional Force: Depends on the nature of the surfaces and the normal force.

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SAMPLE PROBLEMS 7.1: FRICTION

Problem 1.
A 10-kg wood crate is being pushed across a wooden floor with a horizontal force of 350 N. What is the net
force acting on the crate given the coefficient of friction, µk between the crate and the wooden floor?
Given:
m = 10 k 𝜇𝑘 = 0.3 Find: 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡
Fapplied = 350 N

Solutions:
a. b. c.
W = mg
𝐹𝑓 = 𝜇𝑘 𝐹𝑁 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝐹𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 − 𝐹𝑓
W = (10kg) (9.81 m/s2)
𝐹𝑓 = (0.3)(98 𝑁) 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 350 𝑁 − 29.4 𝑁
W = 98 N
𝐹𝑓 = 29.4 𝑁 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 320.6 𝑁

SAMPLE PROBLEMS 7.1: FRICTION

Problem 2.
How much force is needed to keep a 3000-lb car moving at constant velocity on a level concrete road?
Assume that the car is moving too slowly for air resistance to be important and use µ= 0.04 for coefficient of rolling
friction.
Given:
m = 3000-lb 𝜇𝑘 = 0.04 Find: 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡

Solutions:
a.
σ 𝐹𝑥 = F- f F = may = 0
𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0 W–N=0
F–f=0 W = N = 3000 lb
F = f =µN F = (0.4) (3000 lb) = 120 lb

Problem 3.
A force of 200 N is just sufficient to start a 50-kg steel trunk moving across a wooden floor. Find the coefficient
of friction.
a. σ 𝐹𝑦 = W - N
200 𝑁
σ 𝐹𝑥 = F- f 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎𝑦 = 0 µ = 490 𝑁 = 0.41
𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0 W- N = 0
F–f=0 W = N = mg
F = f =µN mg = (50kg) (9.8 m/s2)
mg = 490 N

Problem 4.
A 100-1b wooden crate is being pushed across a wooden floor with a force of 40 lb. If a g=0.3, find the
acceleration of the crate.
Solutions:
Answer: a = 3.24 ft/ s2

Problem 5.
A bowling ball with an initial velocity of 3 m/s rolls along a level floor for 50 m before coming to a stop. What is
the coefficient of rolling friction?
Answer: µ= 0.0092

LB Leocadio, 2024
 12

FRICTION ON INCLINED PLANE

Suppose a loaded box rests on an inclined plank with an angle of inclination, such that
the body will just slide down the plank slowly at a constant speed.

Where:
F = force parallel to surface
FN = N = normal force
Fg = W = weight
Ff = friction force at surface
F

Body accelerating down an inclined plane

The force parallel to the plane, F, isjust enough to overcome friction. It tends the
body to move down the plane. This is calculated by the equation
Fx = Wx =Wsin𝜽 or F = Wsin𝜽
The component of the weight normal to plane is called the normal force (F). This is calculated by the equation:

N = Wy (cos 𝜽) or F = Wcos𝜽
The normal force (N) is due to-the weight of the object pressing the surface and it is acting perpendicularly on the
surface.

𝑭𝒓 𝒉𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒆

𝝁𝒌 = 𝝁𝒌 =
𝑭𝑵 𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒆

𝝁𝒌 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽
From the above equations, it follows that regardless of its weight, a block slides down an inclined plane at a constant
speed if the tangent of the angle of inclination equals the coefficient of kinetic friction.

SOLVED PROBLEMS:

SAMPLE PROBLEMS 7.2: FRICTION

Problem 1.
How much force is required to push a 48-lb wooden block up a frictionless plane that is inclined at an angle of
20° with the horizontal so that it has an acceleration along the plane of 10 ft/s 2.
Solutions:
a. max=F- Wx
∑Fx = F- f F = max+ Wx
F=ma F = (W/g) (ax) +Wx
F = ((48 lb)/ (32 ft/s2 ))(10 ft/s2 )+(48 lb)(sin20°) = 31.4 lb

Problem 2.
A 1500-kg car is ascending the ramp of a garage inclined at 10° with constant speed when the
force is applied, P. Determine the magnitude of force P, if µ = 0.70.

∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 𝑃 − 𝑊𝑥 − 𝑓 ∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 𝑁 = 𝑊𝑦

F= ma 𝑁 = 𝑊𝑦 = 𝑊𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

0 = 𝑃 − 𝑊𝑥 − 𝑓
𝑃 = 𝑊𝑥 + 𝑓 = 𝑊𝑥 + 𝜇𝑁 = 𝑊𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝜇𝑊𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑚 𝑚
P = (1500 𝑘𝑔) ቀ 9.8 𝑠2 ቁ ( 𝑠𝑖𝑛10°) + (0.70)(1500𝑘𝑔)(9.8 𝑠2 )(𝑐𝑜𝑠10°)
𝑃 = 12.686 𝑁

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PPRACTICEE PROBLEMS 7.3: FRICTION

Directions: Solve the following and draw their respective diagrams and free body diagrams.

Exercise 1: Static Friction

A 10 kg box rests on a horizontal floor. The coefficient of static friction between the box and the floor is 0.5.
What is the maximum static frictional force that can act on the box?
Answer: Frictional force is 49 N.

Exercise 2: Kinetic Friction

A 15 kg sled is moving on a horizontal surface with a coefficient of kinetic friction of 0.3. What is the friction
al force acting on the sled?
Answer: Kinetic frictional force is 44.1 N.

Exercise 3: Rolling Friction

A car of mass 1000 kg is rolling with a rolling friction coefficient of 0.02. Calculate the rolling frictional force.
Answer: The rolling frictional force is 196 N.

Problem 4: Static Friction on a Horizontal Surface

A 12 kg box rests on a horizontal floor. The coefficient of static friction between the box and the floor is 0.4
5. Calculate the maximum static frictional force that can act on the box.
Answer: The maximum static frictional force is 52.92 N.

Problem 5: Kinetic Friction on a Horizontal Surface

A 20 kg sled is moving on a horizontal surface with a coefficient of kinetic friction of 0.25. Calculate the fricti
onal force acting on the sled.
Answer: The kinetic frictional force is 49 N.

Problem 6: Static Friction on an Inclined Plane

A 15 kg box is placed on an inclined plane that makes an angle of 30 degrees with the horizontal. The coeffic
ient of static friction between the box and the plane is 0.5. Determine whether the box will stay in place or s
lide down.
Answer: Force Pulling down = 73.5 N. Since f parallel>fs, the box will slide down the plane.

Problem 7: Kinetic Friction on an Inclined Plane

A 10 kg block slides down an inclined plane with an angle of 25 degrees. The coefficient of kinetic friction b
etween the block and the plane is 0.35. Calculate the frictional force acting on the block.
Answer: The kinetic frictional force is 31.05 N.

Problem 8: Kinetic Friction on an Inclined Plane

A box slides down a plane 8 m long that is inclined at an angle of 30° with the horizontal. If the box starts from rest
and uk = 0.25. Find (a) the acceleration of the box, (b) its velocity at the bottom of the plane, and (c) the time required
for it to reach the bottom.
Answers: a. a= 2.78 m/s2 b. v = 6.72 m/s c. t = 2.38 s

RESOURCE PANEL

1. You can watch a video about Kinematics on YouTube; or specifically, watch physics videos (kinematics)
on Crash Course or KhanAcademy Channels.
a. Go to link: https://youtu.be/RIBeeW1DSZg?si=G5GZ9ZHzuoKkbpXF
2. You can also download other supplementary materials from google classroom.

LB Leocadio, 2024
 14
LESSON 8: LINEAR MOMENTUM Week 8 – Quarter I

LINEAR MOMENTUM
OBJECTIVES:
a. Define momentum
b. Differentiate impulse from momentum
c. Define conservation of momentum
d. Enumerate and differentiate the types of
collision
e. Define coefficient of restitution
LINEAR MOMENTUM
Linear momentum is a quantity associated with how a mass moves along a straight path. A force can change the linear
momentum of a mass. If you hit a hockey puck with a stick, the puck will move forward and there is a linear momentum associated
with it. If no forces are acting on the puck, it keeps moving in the same path with the same velocity forever or until it runs out of
ice; in this case, the linear momentum stays the same.
𝑭
𝒂=
𝒎

The concept of momentum and impulse arises from Newton's laws of motions. Let us go back to the object moving along a
straight line at a constant acceleration, We describe its velocity by the equation v = v o + a t . The constant acceleration a is
proportional to the force and inversely proportional to the mass expressed by the equation
𝑭
𝒗 = 𝒗𝒐 + 𝒕
𝒎
By substitution we obtain the equation
Hence, we can have the following equations after manipulation:
F t = mv or Ft = mv - mvo

The right side of the equation, which is the product of the mass and the difference of its velocities at two different times, is
what we call technically as momentum more specifically linear momentum to distinguish it from angular momentum.

p = mv
Where: p = momentum m = mass v = velocity

The momentum of an object is a measure of how hard it is to stop a moving object, and it depends on the object's velocity
and mass which are directly proportional to each other.
In SI system, mass is measured in kilograms (kg) and velocity in meter per second (m/s), so momentum has units of kilograms
multiplied by meter per second (kg-m/s). Other units are gram-centimeter per second = g-cm/s and slug-feet per second = slug-
ft/s.

Since velocity is a vector, which includes a direction, momentum has a direction and the same as the direction of the velocity.

SAMPLE PROBLEMS 8.1: Momentum

Problem 1.
Rich Gossage set a fastball record by hurling a 0.14-kg baseball at •a speed of 46.3 m/s. What was the
magnitude of the ball's momentum as it left his hand?

Given:
m = 0.14 kg v = 46.3 m/s Find: p
Solutions:
𝑝 = 𝑚𝑣
𝑚
𝑝 = (0.14 𝑘𝑔)(46.3 ) 𝑠
𝒑 = 𝟔. 𝟓 𝒌𝒈 ∙ 𝒎/ 𝒔

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 15

IMPULSE
When you catch an object, i.e., a ball, you try to move backward or move your hand in the direction of the ball. As you
move farther the effect of force due to the momentum of the ball becomes less. Why is this so?
The force acting on an object for a given amount of time will change its momentum. Recall according to the Second Law of
motion an unbalanced force always accelerates an object cither speeding it up or slowing it down. If the force acts opposite the
object's motion, it slows the object down. If a force acts in the same direction as the object's motion, then the force speeds the
object up. Either way, a force will change the velocity of an object. And if the velocity of the object is changed, then the
momentum of the object is changed.
The law of Acceleration states that the acceleration is directly proportional to the force and inversely proportional to the
mass. Upon manipulation of the formula for force, the equation becomes F = ma.

When combined with the definition of acceleration, a = ∆v/t, the formula becomes
∆𝒗
𝑭=
𝒕
The product of force and time during which it acts is called impulse of the force.
In symbols,
I = Ft
More generally, if the time interval during which the force acts is from t J to t? then impulse is defined as
impulse (I) = F (t2 — t1)
From the above equation, we can see that momentum is the product of mass and velocity, F t = m∆v , so the formula really
says
Impulse = change in momentum
In symbols, I =∆p
A given impulse will produce a specific change in momentum no matter what the mass of the recipient body. This means that
an object originally at rest will take off in the direction of the applied force.

Impulse is a vector quantity whose direction is that of its force. The units of impulse are: Newton-second (N.s) in mks
system, dyne-second (dyne-s) in cgs system, and pound-second (lb.s) in fps system.

SAMPLE PROBLEMS 8.2: Momentum

Problem 1:
A 15-kg mass moves along with an initial velocity of 2.5 m/s. A force of 30 N is applied for 2.75 seconds. What is its final
velocity?
Given: m = 15 kg vo = 2.5 m/s F = 30 N t = 2.75 s Find: v
Solutions:
Ft = m(v-vo)
𝑚
(30 𝑁)(2.75 𝑠) = 15 𝑘𝑔 (𝑣 − 2.5 )
𝑠
82.5 𝑁 ∙ 𝑠
𝑣= + 2.5 𝑚/𝑠
15 𝑘𝑔
𝑚
𝑣 = 8 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝑠
Problem 2:
A hammer head, with a mass of 10.0 kg, strikes a nail at a horizontal velocity of 12.2 m/s and comes to rest in a time
interval of 0.004 s. find the impulse imparted to the nail and the average force the hammer exerted on the nail?
Given: m = 10 kg v=0 Find: I (impulse), F-Fh
Vo = 2.2 m/s t = 0.004 s FN
Answers:
a. Impulse = -122 kg-m/s or 122 kg-m/s

b. Solving for the average force exerted by the hammer upon the nail.
F = -30 500 N

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 16

CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM
The Conservation of Momentum is one of the most important and universal of the conservation laws of Physics. It holds true
even in the situations where modern theories of physics apply.
The Law of Conservation of (Linear) Momentum states that the net momentum of an isolated system cannot be changed.

A particle or a group of particles constitutes a system.

If there are no external forces, the total momentum of the system

remains the same. This means that when the resultant of all the external forces
acting on a system is zero, the linear momentum of the system remains
constant in magnitude and direction. This is one of the most fundamental and
most important principles of mechanics.
Since momentum before and after interaction is the same
pi = pf The ball and the floor form a system which
mivi = mfvf exhibits conservation of momentum
Then,
But momentum is conserved from interacting objects, i.e., colliding bodies, so
𝒎𝟏 𝒗𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 𝒗𝟐 = 𝒎𝟏 𝒗𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 𝒗𝟐
Where 𝑚1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣1 are masses and velocities of interacting bodies before impact

SAMPLE PROBLEMS 8.3: Momentum

SOLVED PROBLEMS
Problem 1.
Find the momentum of a 50-kg boy moving at 6 m/s.
Solution:
p = (50 kg) (6 m/s) = 300 kg-m/s

Problem 2.
Calculate the momentum of a baseball which has a mass of 0.2 kg and is moving at the rate of 30 m/s to the right.
Solution:
p = mv
Answer: 6 kg-m/s to the right

Problem 3.
A 1500-kg car and a 5000-kg bus are both moving at a speed of 75 km/hr on a southward highway. Calculate the
momentum of each vehicle.
Solutions:
pcar = (1500 kg) (20.83 m/s) = 31 250 kg-m / s, south
pbus = __________________ = 104 150 kg-m / s, south

Problem 4.
A golf ball with a mass of 0.06 kg is subjected to an impulse that causes it to move with a velocity of 50 m/s. If the golf
club and the ball are in contact for 5 x 10-3 second, what average net force acts on the ball?
Solutions:
a.) (I) = F (t2 — t1)
F= I/t= (m (v-vo))/t
F= ((0.06 kg) (50-0) m/s)/(5x 10^(-3) s) = 600 N

Problem 5.
A 2400-1b car strikes a force of 30 ft/s and comes to a stop in 1 second. What average force acted on the car?
Answer: - 2235.9 lb

LB Leocadio, 2024
 17

PRACTICE PROBLEMS 8.4 : Impulse and Momentum

Directions: Solve the following problems and draw their respective diagrams and free body diagrams.

Problem 1: Jeepney Brake Time

A jeepney with a mass of 1,500 kg is moving at 10 m/s. It suddenly applies its brakes and comes to a
complete stop in 5 seconds. Find the impulse imparted to the jeepney and the average force applied by the
brakes.
Answer: -3000 N
Problem 2: Carabao Pull
A carabao pulls a wooden cart with a force of 200 N for 3 seconds. The cart has a mass of 400 kg and is
initially at rest. Find the cart's velocity after 3 seconds of being pulled by the carabao.
Answer: 1.5 m/s
Problem 3: Basketball Shot
A basketball player throws a ball with a mass of 0.62 kg at a speed of 15 m/s towards the ring. If the ball
comes to a stop after hitting the backboard in 0.05 seconds, find the impulse delivered to the ball and the
average force exerted by the backboard.
Answer: -186 N
Problem 4: Tricycle Ride
A tricycle (including passengers) has a total mass of 250 kg and is moving at 7 m/s. The driver suddenly
stops the tricycle by applying the brakes, and it comes to a complete stop in 4 seconds. What is the average
force applied by the brakes to bring the tricycle to rest?
Answer: -437.5 N
Problem 5: Romblon Marble Transport
A marble block from Romblon, known for its marble quarries, weighs 1,200 kg. It is loaded onto a truck and
moves at a speed of 12 m/s. Find the momentum of the marble block.
Problem 6: Bangka in Motion
A fisherman in Romblon pushes his small bangka (a traditional Filipino boat) with a mass of 400 kg. He
applies a force of 150 N for 5 seconds. If the boat is initially at rest, what is its final velocity after being
pushed?

Problem 7: Jeepney Stop

A fully-loaded jeepney in Romblon with a mass of 3,000 kg is moving at 8 m/s when it applies the brakes
and comes to a stop in 4 seconds. What is the average force applied by the brakes to bring the jeepney to
rest?

Problem 8: Carabao and Cart

A carabao pulls a cart carrying harvested coconuts weighing 500 kg at a velocity of 1.5 m/s. If the carabao
increases the velocity to 3 m/s by applying a force for 10 seconds, what is the impulse imparted to the cart?

RESOURCE PANEL

1. You can watch a video about Kinematics on YouTube; or specifically, watch physics videos (kinematics)
on Crash Course or KhanAcademy Channels.
a. What are momentum and impulse? : https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/linear-
momentum/momentum-tutorial/a/what-are-momentum-and-impulse
b. Momentum Change and Impulse : https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/momentum/Lesson-
1/Momentum-and-Impulse-Connection
c. Impulse and Momentum : https://youtu.be/FYKoU0sb9ks?si=IXGjpRDQqo2KQzML
LB Leocadio, 2024
d. Impulse and Momentum Conservation: https://youtu.be/FfaEbqmvKQA?si=Cu4B1hpsZ4r9D6-j
 18

COLLISION
A collision occurs when two objects come in direct contact. It is the event in which two or more bodies exert forces on
each other in about a relatively short time. There are two types of collisions, namely. Problems involving collisions are usually
solved using conservation of momentum and conservation of energy.

Types of Collisions
1. Elastic Collisions
In an elastic collision, both momentum and kinetic energy are
conserved.
Characteristics:
o No energy is lost to sound, heat, or deformation.
o Objects bounce off each other without any lasting de
formation or heat generation.
Examples:
o Collisions between billiard balls.
o Atomic and molecular collisions in gases.
2. Inelastic Collisions
In an inelastic collision, momentum is conserved, but kinetic e
nergy is not.
Characteristics:
o Some energy is converted into other forms like heat, s
ound, or deformation.
o Objects may stick together or deform after collision.
Examples:
o A car crash where vehicles crumple and stick together.
o A clay ball hitting the ground and deforming.
3. Perfectly Inelastic Collisions
A type of inelastic collision where the colliding objects stick
together after impact. 𝑚1 𝑣1 + 𝑚2 𝑣2 = (𝑚1 + 𝑚1 )vf
Characteristics:
o Maximum possible kinetic energy is lost.
o Objects move together as a single mass after colli
sion.
Examples:
o A tackle in football where the players stick together and move as one.
o A bullet embedding itself in a wooden block.

SAMPLE PROBLEMS 8.5: Collisions

SOLVED PROBLEMS
Problem 1.
A body of mass 1kg travelling with a speed 3ms−1 collides with a stationary body of mass 0.5kg, and they stick together.
What speed do the two bodies have after the collision?
Solution:
Total initial momentum=Total final momentum Continuation:
𝑚1 𝑣1 + 𝑚2 𝑣2 = 𝑚1 𝑣1 + 𝑚2 𝑣2 3𝑘𝑔 ⋅ 𝑚/𝑠 = (1.5𝑘𝑔) × vf
𝑚1 𝑣1 + 𝑚2 𝑣2 = (1𝑘𝑔)(3𝑚/𝑠) + (0.5𝑘𝑔)(0𝑚/𝑠) = 3𝑘𝑔 ⋅ 𝑚/𝑠 3𝑘𝑔 ⋅ 𝑚/𝑠
vf = = 𝟐 𝒎/𝒔
m𝑇 = m1 + m2 = 1kg + 0.5kg = 1.5kg 1.5𝑘𝑔
Final momentum = m𝑇 × vf = (1.5kg) × vf

RESOURCE PANEL
View more examples in these links:
1. Collisions — Isaac Physics : https://isaacphysics.org/concepts/cp_collisions?stage=all
2. Elastic Collision -: https://byjus.com/physics/elastic-collision/

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 19
Summary

1. Impulse
• Definition: Impulse is the product of the force applied to an object and the time duration over which
the force is applied.
• Formula: Impulse (J) = F⋅Δt
• Relationship:
o Impulse is equal to the change in momentum of an object: J=Δp=m⋅Δv
o Impulse causes a change in the object's momentum, influencing its velocity.
2. Momentum
• Definition: Momentum is the measure of the quantity of motion an object has, which depends on its
mass and velocity.
• Formula: Momentum(p) = m⋅v
• Relationship:
o Momentum is a vector quantity, meaning it has both magnitude and direction.
o The greater the mass or velocity of an object, the greater its momentum.
3. Law of Conservation of Momentum
• Definition: The Law of Conservation of Momentum states that in a closed system, the total moment
um before an interaction is equal to the total momentum after the interaction, provided no external
forces act on the system.
• Formula: σ𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 = σ𝑝𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 or Total initial momentum=Total final momentum
• Relationship:
o This principle is crucial for analyzing collisions and explosions.
o It implies that momentum lost by one object is gained by another, ensuring the total momen
tum of the system remains constant.
Important Relationships:
1. Impulse-Momentum Theorem:
• The impulse applied to an object equals the change in momentum of the object: J=Δp
• It bridges the concept of force and momentum through the application of time.
2. Conservation in Collisions:
• Elastic Collisions: Both momentum and kinetic energy are conserved.
• Inelastic Collisions: Only momentum is conserved, while kinetic energy is not necessarily
conserved.
• Perfectly Inelastic Collisions: In a perfectly inelastic collision, kinetic energy is not
conserved.

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 20

Worksheet 5: Forces and Newton’s Three Laws of Motion Week 5 – Quarter I

General Physics I-STEM Grade 12

Name: _____________________________________________ Date: _______________

Strand and Block: ____________________________________ Score: _____________
SOLVING PROBLEMS
DIRECTIONS: Read, analyze, and solve the following problems carefully. Write the given or diagram, solution, and your final answer
in the space provided (boxes and lines) --- you can also use the back part of this paper. Erasures, alterations, or superimpositions
are not allowed. Pencils and/ or friction pens are prohibited in this part. Answer this activity individually and with honesty.
A.
1. Find the weight of a 1-gram object at the earth's surface? Ans. ___________
2. Boku No Hero. Deku while activating 10% of his quirk, punches an object with an unknown mass by a force of 80 N and gives
it an acceleration of 20 m/s2? What is the mass of the object? Ans. ___________
3. Major. Goro Shigeno hit a 0.53-kg baseball ball and give it a speed of 12 m/s over a time interval of 4.0 ms. During this time,
what was the average force acting on the ball? Ans. ___________
Solution:

B.
4. Transformers. Starscream—an F-15 Eagle Air Commander Decepticon— lands and begins to slow to a stop as it moves along the
runway. If its mass is 3.50 x 105 kg, its speed is 27.0 m/s, and the net braking force is 4.30 x 105 N, (a) what is its speed 7.50 s later?
(b) How far has it traveled in this time? a. Ans.___________ b. Ans.___________
Diagram

5. Courage the Cowardly Dog. Courage—while shopping with Muriel at a grocery store in Nowhere—was attacked by Catzzz as he
pushes a 7.5-kg shopping cart full of groceries up a 13° inclined ramp. Find the magnitude of the horizontal force, F, needed to give
the cart an acceleration of 21.41 m/s if he decided to run away safely while carrying in the cart a 60-kg Muriel. Ans.___________
Diagram

LB Leocadio, 2024
 Worksheet 6: Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation Week 6 – Quarter I 21

General Physics I-STEM Grade 12

Name: _____________________________________________ Date: _______________
Strand and Block: ____________________________________ Score: _____________
SOLVING PROBLEMS
DIRECTIONS: Read, analyze, and solve the following problems carefully. Write the given or diagram, solution, and your final answer
in the space provided (boxes and lines) --- you can also use the back part of this paper. Erasures, alterations, or superimpositions
are not allowed. Pencils and/ or friction pens are prohibited in this part. Answer this activity individually and with honesty.
A.
1. Demon Slayer. Inosuke saw two floating ball-liked objects, which are located 5 meters away. If he wants to brag to Gonpachiro
and determine their masses, knowing that the force of attraction between them is 2.5 x 10 -18 N, what should he say?
(neglect planetary gravitation) Ans. A. ________ Ans. B. ________
2. Gundam OO. Setsuna—a Gundam Meister—releases two masses of sphere-shaped dual-mode bombs which are 5600 kg and
2500 kg in the space between Earth and Mars, with centers being separated by a distance of 0.015 km, respectively. If a
gravitational nullifier is needed to detonate the bombs, what is the gravitational attraction needed for nullification? Ans. ________
Solutions:

B. 3. An asteroid named Apotheosis mini with a mass of 1-kg revolves around a satellite which is located at a distance of 7.0 x108
m from its center whose mass is 2.0 x 1030 kg.
a. What is the size of the force acting on the smaller object? Ans. _______________
b. What is the size of the force acting on the larger object? Ans. _______________
c. What is the acceleration of the smaller object when it is released? Ans. _______________
d. What is the acceleration of the larger object when it is released? Ans. _______________

C. 4. What is the difference in the acceleration due to the gravity of a body with a mass of 5.68x1026 kg and a radius of 58,232 km
to…? a. Jupiter? Ans. _______________ c. Mars? Ans. _______________
b. Earth? Ans. _______________ Clue: They are constants.

LB Leocadio, 2024
 Worksheet 7: Friction Week 7 – Quarter I 22

General Physics I-STEM Grade 12

Name: _____________________________________________ Date: _______________
Strand and Block: ____________________________________ Score: _____________
SOLVING PROBLEMS
DIRECTIONS: Read, analyze, and solve the following problems carefully. Write the given or diagram, solution, and your final answer
in the space provided (boxes and lines) --- you can also use the back part of this paper. Erasures, alterations, or superimpositions
are not allowed. Pencils and/ or friction pens are prohibited in this part. Answer this activity individually and with honesty.
A.
1. Tom and Jerry. Tom the cat pushed a 6 kg box of flour on a horizontal table with a horizontal force of 17 N to crush Jerry. If the
coefficient of friction is 0.3, will the box move and squish Jerry to oblivion? Ans. ________ : __________________________
Explanation

2. League of Legends. Corki placed his 350-gram package and let it lie on a horizontal surface, then attached it to a horizontal
string that passes over a smooth pulley. When Teemo attached a 0.20 kg mushroom at the other end of the string, the package
is on the point of moving. Find 𝜇, the coefficient of friction. Ans. _______________
3. Oggy and the Cockroaches. Dee Dee the cockroach is riding a 1200-kg broken down car—while ascending the concrete ramp of
the garage inclined at 8°—using Oggy and Jack as the alternative engine. Calculate the magnitude of the force needed by the
two cats in order to push the car at a constant speed. Ans. _______________

1. Diagram: 2. Diagram: 3. Diagram:

1. Solution 2. Solution 3. Solution

.
4. We Bare Bears. Ice bear is pushing with a 15 N force the side of a 10 000 g wooden crate lying on a wooden-tiled floor with the
sleeping 85 kg Panda on the top. If the crate experiences a frictional force against the force that is applied.
a. What is the weight of Panda? Ans. _______________
b. What is the Normal Force applied to the crate? Ans. _______________
c. If the coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.20, what is the frictional force on the crate (Ff)? Ans. _______________
d. What is the net force on the crate? Ans. _______________
e. What is the acceleration of the crate from the net force? Ans. _______________
f. What would be the minimum value of the coefficient of static friction for the crate to remain motionless? Ans. ________
4. Diagram: 4. Solution

LB Leocadio, 2024
 Worksheet 8: Linear Momentum Week 8 – Quarter I 23

General Physics I-STEM Grade 12

Name: _____________________________________________ Date: _______________
Strand and Block: ____________________________________ Score: _____________
SOLVING PROBLEMS
DIRECTIONS: Read, analyze, and solve the following problems carefully. Write the given or diagram, solution, and your final answer
in the space provided (boxes and lines) --- you can also use the back part of this paper. Erasures, alterations, or superimpositions
are not allowed. Pencils and/ or friction pens are prohibited in this part. Answer this activity individually and with honesty.
A.
1. If the truck has a mass of 1,250 kg, what is its momentum? (v = 45 m/s) Express your answer in kg•m/sec.
2. An 90-pounds bowling ball is rolling in a straight line toward you. If its momentum is 14 kg•m/sec, how fast is it traveling?
3. A beach ball is rolling in a straight line toward you at a speed of 0.7 m/sec. Its momentum is 0.35 kg m/sec. What is the mass of
the beach ball?
4. A 2300-pounds car is also traveling in a straight line. Its momentum is equal to that of the truck in the previous question. What
is the velocity of the car?
1. Solution Final Answer: ___________________________ 2. Solution Final Answer: ___________________________

3. Solution Final Answer: ___________________________ 4. Solution Final Answer: ___________________________

B.
5. Initial D. Takumi Fujiwara drives his 1500 kg, Toyota Sprinter Trueno GT, West at 90.0 km/h when it collides with a 1400 kg
truck traveling North at 72.0 km/h. The two vehicles entangle after the collision and head off as one. What is the velocity of the
wreckage immediately after the collision? Final Answer: ___________________________
6. HunterXHunter. While playing dodgeball at Grid Island, Gon used his Jack’N Punch to propel a 5.00 kg ball and hits a 75.0 kg
receiver with it. If the receiver catches the ball, how fast does the ball need to be moving in order to send him off at a speed of
3.00 m/s and be out of the line? Final Answer: ___________________________

5. Solution 6. Solution

LB Leocadio, 2024