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17 - Frequency Response Analysis

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20 views

17 - Frequency Response Analysis

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mtmsr2001.1
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Frequency Response of BJT Amplifier

• The frequency response of an amplifier refers to the


frequency range in which the amplifier will operate with
negligible effects from capacitors and device internal
capacitance. This range of frequencies can be called the
mid-range.
• At frequencies above and below the midrange, capacitance
and any inductance will affect the gain of the amplifier.
• At low frequencies the coupling and bypass capacitors
lower the gain.
• At high frequencies stray capacitances associated with the
active device lower the gain.
• Also, cascading amplifiers limits the gain at high and low
frequencies.
Bode Plot
• A Bode plot indicates the frequency response of an amplifier
• Frequencies The mid-range frequency range of an amplifier is
called the bandwidth of the amplifier
• The bandwidth is defined by the lower and upper cutoff
frequencies
• Cutoff–any frequency at which the gain has dropped by 3 dB
DECIBELS:
• The term decibel has its origin in the established fact that
power and audio levels are related on a logarithmic basis
• An increase in power level, say 4 to 16 W, does not result in an
audio level increase by a factor of 16/4 = 4. It will increase by a
factor of 2 as derived from the power of 4 in the following
manner: (4)^2 = 16.
• For a change of 4 to 64 W, the audio level will increase by a
factor of 3 since (4)^3= 64.
• In logarithmic form, the relationship can be written as log4 64 =
3
• The term bel was derived from the surname of Alexander
Graham Bell. For standardization, the bel (B) was defined by the
following equation to relate power levels P1 and P2
• It was found, however, that the bel was too large a unit of
measurement for practical purposes, so the decibel (dB) was
defined such that 10 decibels 1 bel. Therefore,

• The terminal rating of electronic communication equipment


(amplifiers, microphones, etc.) is commonly rated in decibels
• The decibel rating is a measure of the difference in magnitude
between two power levels. For a specified terminal (output)
power (P2) there must be a reference power level (P1).
• There exists a second equation for decibels that is applied
frequently. It can be best described through the system shown
in the following Fig.
• For Vi equal to some value V1 , where Ri, is the input
resistance of the system of Fig. If Vi should be increased (or
decreased) to some other level, V2 , then.

• Now, dB is given by

• Frequently, the effect of different impedances (R1 ≠ R2) is


ignored and above equation is applied simply to establish a
basis of comparison between levels—voltage or current
• One of the advantages of the logarithmic relationship is the
manner in which it can be applied to cascaded stages.
• For example, the magnitude of the overall voltage gain of a
cascaded system is given by

• Applying the proper logarithmic relationship results in

• Decibel gain of the cascaded system is sum of the decibel


gains of each stage and is given by,
Semiliog Sheet
Low Frequency Analysis – Bode Plot
• In the low-frequency region of the single-stage BJT or FET
amplifier, it is the R-C combinations formed by the network
capacitors CC , CE , and Cs and the network resistive parameters
that determine the cutoff frequencies
• An R-C network similar to Fig.1 can be established for each
capacitive element and the frequency at which the output
voltage drops to 0.707 of its maximum value determined.

• Once the cutoff frequencies due to each capacitor are


determined, they can be compared to establish which will
determine the low-cutoff frequency for the system.
• At very high frequencies,

• It is represented as short circuit in the Fig.2

• The result is that Vo ≡ Vi


• At f= 0 Hz ,

• Now Vo = 0 V
• Between the two extremes the gain AV = Vo /Vi will vary as shown
below

• The output and input voltages are related by the voltage-divider


rule in the following manner:

• The magnitude of Vo determined by

• For the special case where XC = R,


• The frequency at which this occurs is determined from

• In terms of logs,

• we recognize that there is a 3-dB drop in gain from the mid


band level when f = f1. In a moment, we will find that an RC
network will determine the low-frequency cutoff frequency
for a BJT transistor and f1 will be determined by the above Eq.
• If the gain equation is written as

• and using the frequency defined above,

• In the magnitude and phase form,

• For the magnitude when f = f1 ,

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