Heat conduction

𝑘 The variation of heat transfer rate with the outer radius of the insulation r2
𝐸𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑛 𝑉, 𝛼 = 𝑘
when r1 < rcr 𝑟𝑐𝑟 , 𝑐𝑦𝑙 = ℎ 𝑟𝑐𝑟 , 𝑠𝑝ℎ =
2𝑘
𝑟𝑐𝑟 , max = (𝑘𝑚𝑎𝑥 , 𝑖𝑛𝑠)/ (ℎmin )
𝞺𝒄𝒑 ℎ

q= h(Ti-Tinf)
Plane wall
Fins
(

2 Negligible Heat Loss from the Tip (Adiabatic fin tip, Qfin tip = 0)

Cylinder 1
△ 𝑇 = 𝑄̇ 𝑅 (°𝐶), 𝑄̇ = 𝑈𝐴 △ 𝑇 = △𝑇
𝑅𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙

INSULATED
BC 3 Specified temp tip

Sphere

BC 4 Convection from tip

The thermal contact resistance can be minimized by applying: • A

thermal grease such as silicon oil. • A better conducting gas such
as helium or hydrogen. • A soft metallic foil such as tin, silver,
copper, nickel, or aluminum.
Any plane wall
normal to the x-
axis is
isothermal Any
plane
parallel to insulated tip case, Corrected
𝐴𝑐
the x-axis is length, 𝐿𝑐 = 𝐿 + ,
𝑝
adiabatic
𝑡(𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘)
Sphere and 𝐿𝑐 , 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑓𝑖𝑛 = 𝐿 +
Boundary conditions 2
cylinder
Dirchett specified temp boundsary 𝐷
𝐿𝑐 , 𝑐𝑦𝑙 𝑓𝑖𝑛 = 𝐿 +
4
𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 = 𝐴𝑓𝑖𝑛 + 𝐴𝑡𝑖𝑝

Specified heat flux

insultation

Heat convection boundary Ab = area of base of fin p – perimeter = pi d . Ac = corrected

The thermal conductivity k of the fin should be as high as possible. Use aluminum, copper,
iron. • The ratio of the perimeter to the cross-sectional area of the fin p/Ac should be as high
as possible. Use slender pin fins. • Low convection heat transfer coefficient h. Place fins on
gas (air) side A fin is the total surface area of the fin
The overall
effectiveness is a better
measure of the
performance of a
finned surface than the
effectiveness of the
individual fins

Area of surface = a of
no finTo get a sense of the proper length of a fin, we compare heat transfer from a
fin of finite length to heat transfer from an infinitely long
fin

The fin efficiency decreases

with increasing fin length
because the temperature
difference between the fin and
its surroundings diminishes
along the fin's length.
Choose fin length based on a balance
between maximizing heat transfer and
minimizing material cost.
Increasing the fin length beyond a certain
point isn't justified unless the extra heat
transfer exceeds the added material and
manufacturing costs.
Fin lengths that reduce efficiency below
60% are usually not economically viable.
Most fins used in practice have an efficiency above 90%.
Heat Transfer in Common Configurations 1
The steady rate of heat transfer between these two surfaces is expressed as, 𝑄 = 𝑆𝑘(𝑇1 − 𝑇2 )
S: conduction shape factor k: the thermal conductivity of the medium between the surfaces.
The conduction shape factor depends on the geometry of the system only. Conduction shape
factors are applicable only when heat transfer between the two surfaces is by conduction.
1 1
𝑆= 𝑅=
𝑘𝑅 𝑘𝑆

On circular ones

A large value of b indicates that thebody approaches the environment temperature in a short
time. The larger the value of the exponent b, the higher the rate of decay in temperature.
b is proportional to the surface area but inversely proportional
to the mass and the specific heat of the body.takes longer to heat or cool a larger mass,
especially when it has a large specific heat. Small bodies with high thermal conductivities
and low convection coefficients are most likely to satisfy the criterion for lumped system
analysis.
Assumption
Const property,
Uniform heat
transfer
coefficient,
No radiation