DDC REVIEWER (based on quizzes)

 What is the primary purpose of block coding in digital communication

systems?
To enhance the reliability of data transmission over a noisy channel.

 In convolutional coding, how is the output sequence generated?

By convolving the input sequence with a set of generator polynomials.

 What is a key feature of Adaptive Delta Modulation (ADM)?

It adjusts the quantization step size based on the input signal variations.

 What is the primary function of the source encoder in a digital

communication system?
To compress the data.

 In which application are convolutional codes commonly used?

In satellite and mobile communication systems for error correction.

 What distinguishes Delta Modulation (DM) from other modulation

techniques?
It represents the change in signal as a single bit indicating increase or decrease

 What is the purpose of the channel decoder in a digital communication

system?
To detect and correct errors in the received signal.

 In Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM), how is the current sample

represented?
By the difference from a predicted value based on previous samples.

 What does Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) primarily achieve?

It converts an analog signal into a binary sequence

 What is the purpose of the channel encoder in a digital communication

system?
To add error-correcting bits to the data.

 What is Information Capacity?

maximum information that can be transmitted in a channel

 How does QAM achieve higher bit rates?

bv using both phase and amplitude modulation

 Which of the following are the basis for Hartley's law?

 bandwidth and transmission time

 Which of the following are the basis for Shannon’s Limit?

bandwidth and signal-to-nose ratio

 Which of the following is the reason why QAM is considered complex

compared to other modulation techniques?
because it modifies both amplitude and phase

 What is the Baud Rate

The number of symbols transmitted per second.

 Why is Frequency-Shift Keying (FSK) considered more robust against

noise than ASK?
because it uses constant amplitude

 What does Information Theory study?

The efficient use of bandwidth for data propagation

 Which of the following is the reason why Amplitude-Shift Keying (ASK)

has limited applications?
low noise immunity

 Why is digital modulation generally preferred over analog modulation of

modern communication systems?
better noise immunity
BASED ON PPT

 Digital Communication Overview: It refers to the electronic exchange of

information or messages. It includes data communication over various channels
like point-to-point or point-to-multipoint.
 Key Components:

o Source: Origin of the transmitted information.

o Input Transducer: Converts physical input (e.g., sound) into an electrical

signal via an ADC (Analog-to-Digital Converter).

o Channel Encoder: Adds error-correcting bits to protect data from noise.

o Digital Modulator: Modulates the digital signal onto a carrier wave for
transmission.

o Channel: Medium through which the signal is transmitted.

o Digital Demodulator: Receives and converts the modulated signal back to

digital format.

o Channel Decoder: Detects and corrects errors in the signal.

o Source Decoder: Decompresses and restores the data.

o Output Transducer: Converts the signal back to physical form. (sound

through speaker)

o Data Sink: The destination for the data.

 Modulation Techniques:

o Pulse Code Modulation (PCM): Converts analog signals to a binary

sequence through sampling, quantizing, and encoding.

o Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM): Encodes the difference

between the current and predicted sample values to reduce redundancy.

o Delta Modulation (DM): A simpler method encoding differences between

consecutive samples but may cause quantization errors (slope overload).

o Adaptive Delta Modulation (ADM): An advanced form of DM that adjusts

the quantization step size based on the input signal to reduce errors.

 Channel Coding:

o Block Coding: Divides data into blocks, adding redundant bits for error
detection/correction (e.g., Hamming codes, Reed-Solomon codes).

o Convolutional Coding: Processes data continuously, generating output bits

based on current and previous input bits, providing redundancy.
1. Pulse Modulation Overview: Pulse modulation involves converting an analog
signal into discrete pulses. Types of pulse modulation include:

o Pulse Width Modulation (PWM): Pulse width varies based on the analog
signal's amplitude.

o Pulse Position Modulation (PPM): Pulse position changes according to

the signal amplitude.

o Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM): Pulse amplitude changes with the

analog signal amplitude.

o Pulse Code Modulation (PCM): Samples the analog signal, quantizes it,
and converts it to binary code for transmission.

2. Pulse Code Modulation (PCM):

o Invented by Alec H. Reeves in 1937 but became widely used after the
invention of transistors in the 1960s.

o Converts analog signals to digital format and back, ensuring efficient data
transmission.

3. Components of PCM System:

o Low Pass Filter: Limits the frequency range to prevent aliasing.

o Sampler: Samples the analog signal periodically.

o Quantizer: Converts the sampled signal to a finite number of levels,

introducing quantization noise.

o Encoder: Converts quantized levels into binary code.

o Regenerative Repeater (Optional): Amplifies the digital signal during

transmission.

o Decoder: Reverts binary code to quantized levels.

o Reconstruction Filter: Converts quantized samples back to an analog

signal.

o Output Transducer: Converts the electrical signal to a physical form (e.g.,

sound).

4. Sampling and Nyquist Theorem:

o Sampling: Measuring the continuous signal at regular intervals.

o Nyquist Theorem: The sampling rate must be at least twice the highest
frequency of the analog signal to avoid aliasing errors.

5. Quantization:

o Converts the continuous sampled signal into discrete levels.

 o Quantization Error: Introduced due to rounding to the nearest level, adding
noise to the signal.

6. Encoding:

o Converts quantized values into a binary format for transmission.

1. Digital Modulation:

 Digital modulation allows the transmission of digital information using analog

carriers, improving on traditional analog systems.

 Advantages include noise immunity, ease of processing, multiplexing, and

higher efficiency. However, it introduces complexity, latency, and higher costs.

2. Information Theory:

 Focuses on efficient bandwidth use and information capacity in communication

systems. The information capacity of a channel is tied to its bandwidth and
signal-to-noise ratio (Shannon’s Law).

3. Bit and Baud Rate:

 Bit rate refers to the number of bits transmitted per second, while baud rate
measures signal changes per second. Nyquist’s theorem explains the minimum
bandwidth needed to transmit data.

4. Digital Modulation Techniques:

 Amplitude-Shift Keying (ASK): Modifies the amplitude of a carrier wave

based on binary data. It's simple but noise-sensitive, used in low-speed
systems.

 Frequency-Shift Keying (FSK): Varies the frequency of a carrier wave to

represent binary data. It's noise-immune but bandwidth inefficient.

 Phase-Shift Keying (PSK): Shifts the phase of the carrier signal to convey
information. More bandwidth efficient but sensitive to phase noise.

 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM): Combines amplitude and phase

modulation, allowing higher data rates but with more complexity and power
requirements.

5. Applications:

 The discussed modulation techniques are essential in communication systems,

including broadband internet, cellular communications, and digital television.