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14 views

Genmath q1 Mod23 Representingreallifesituationsusinglogarithmicfunctions V2-Compressed

Uploaded by

collynecamacam14
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© © All Rights Reserved
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General Mathematics

Quarter 1 – Module 23:


Representing Real-Life
Situations Using Logarithmic
Functions

CO_Q1_General Mathematics SHS


Module 23
What is It

There are exponential equations that are not easy to solve. For instance, the
equation
2𝑥 = 3
cannot be easily solved, but for sure, it has a solution. Since 21 < 3 < 22, therefore,
1 < x < 2. The solution to 2𝑥 = 3 can be written as 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 3. This is read as “x is
equal to the logarithm of 3 to the base 2.” This suggests that 2𝑥 = 3 is equivalent to
𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 3.

From the activity earlier, you noticed the transformation of exponential equations
to logarithmic equations. The said activity leads to the description of the logarithm
as follows.
The Logarithm of a Number
Let a, b and c be positive real numbers such that 𝑏 > 0 and b ≠ 1.
The logarithm of a with base b is denoted by 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑎, and is defined as 𝑐 =
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑎 if and only if 𝑎 = 𝑏 𝑐 .

Note:
1. Logarithmic functions are the inverses of exponential functions.
2. In logarithmic form 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑎, b cannot be negative.
3. The value of 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑎 can be negative.

Examples 1. Rewrite the following exponential equations in logarithmic form


whenever possible.
a. 72 = 49
1
( )
b. 27 3 = 3
c. (𝑚 − 2)3 = 𝑥
d. 𝑒 𝑥 = 3
1 −2
e. (2) =4
2
f. (√7) = 7
5 −2 4
g. (2) = 25
1
h. 812 = 9

Solutions:

a. 72 = 49 ⟹ 𝑙𝑜𝑔7 49 = 2
1
( ) 1
b. 27 3 = 3 ⟹ 𝑙𝑜𝑔27 3 = 3
c. (𝑚 − 2)3 = 𝑥 ⟹ 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑚−2) 𝑥 = 3

7 CO_Q1_General Mathematics SHS


Module 23
d. 3𝑦 = 𝑥 ⟹ 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 𝑥 = 𝑦
1 −2
e. (2) = 4 ⟹ 𝑙𝑜𝑔1 4 = −2
2
2
f. (√7) = 7 ⟹ 𝑙𝑜𝑔√7 7 = 2
5 −2 4 4
g. (2) = 25 ⟹ 𝑙𝑜𝑔5 25
= −2
2
1
1
h. 812 = 9 ⟹ 𝑙𝑜𝑔81 9 = 2

Examples 2. Rewrite the following logarithmic equations in exponential forms


whenever possible.
a. 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 81 = 4
b. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑚𝑛 = 𝑝
c. 𝑙𝑜𝑔 5 = 𝑚
1
d. 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 16
= −4
e. 𝑙𝑜𝑔 0.00001 = −5
f. 𝑙𝑛 7 = 𝑎
1
g. 𝑙𝑜𝑔169 13 =
2
h. 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 3 = 1

Solutions:
a. 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 81 = 4 ⟹ 34 = 81
b. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑚𝑛 = 𝑝 ⟹ 𝑥𝑝 = 𝑚𝑛
𝑚
c. 𝑙𝑜𝑔 5 = 𝑚 ⟹ 10 = 5
1 1
d. 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 16 = −4 ⟹ 2−4 = 16
e. 𝑙𝑜𝑔 0.00001 ⟹ 10−5 = 0. 00001
f. 𝑙𝑛 7 = 𝑎 ⟹ 𝑒𝑎 = 7
1
1
g. 𝑙𝑜𝑔169 13 = 2 ⟹ 1692 = 13
h. 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 3 = 1 ⟹ 31 = 3

Note: If the base is not written, it is understood to be in the base 10. The next
examples illustrate how to evaluate logarithms.
Examples 3. Find the value of each logarithm.
a. 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 64
b. 𝑙𝑜𝑔4 256
c. 𝑙𝑜𝑔1 32
2
d. 𝑙𝑜𝑔1 3
9
e. 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 81
f. 𝑙𝑜𝑔 1000
1
g. 𝑙𝑜𝑔 1000
h. 𝑙𝑜𝑔0.5 16

8 CO_Q1_General Mathematics SHS


Module 23
Solution:

a. 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 64 What should be the exponent of 2 to get 64? Since 26 = 64,


then, 𝑙𝑜𝑔 2 64 = 6 .
b. 𝑙𝑜𝑔4 256 What should be the exponent of 4 to get 256? Since 44 = 256,
then, 𝑙𝑜𝑔4 256 = 4 .
1 −5
c. 𝑙𝑜𝑔1 32 What should be the exponent of ½ to get 32? Since ( ) = 32
2 2
then, 𝑙𝑜𝑔1 32 = −5 .
2
1
1 1− 2
d. 𝑙𝑜𝑔1 3 What should be the exponent of 9
to get 3” Since 9
= 3, then,
9
1
𝑙𝑜𝑔1 3 = − 2.
9
e. 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 81 What should be the exponent of 3 to get 81? Since 34 = 81,

then, 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 81 = 4.
f. 𝑙𝑜𝑔 1000 What should be the exponent of 10 to get 1000? Since

103 = 1000, then, 𝑙𝑜𝑔 1000 = 3.


1 1
g. 𝑙𝑜𝑔 1000 What should be the exponent of 10 to get 1000
? Since
1 1
10−3 = , then, 𝑙𝑜𝑔 1000 = −3.
1000
h. 𝑙𝑜𝑔0.5 16 What should be the exponent of 0.5 to get 16? Since 0.5−4 = 16,
then, 𝑙𝑜𝑔0.5 16 = −4.
From the brief discussion of finding the value of each logarithm, you are now
ready to represent logarithmic functions to real-life situations.

Here are some of the real-life applications of logarithms.

Richter Scale
The Richter magnitude scale was developed in 1935 by Charles F. Richter of the
California Institute of Technology as a mathematical device to compare the size of
earthquakes. The magnitude of an earthquake is determined from the logarithm of
the amplitude of waves recorded by seismographs.

2 𝐸
The magnitude R of an earthquake is given by 𝑅 = 3 𝑙𝑜𝑔 104.40 where E (in joules is
the energy released by the earthquake (the quantity 104.40 joules is the energy
released by a very small reference earthquake).

The formula indicates that the magnitude of an earthquake is based on the


logarithm of the ration between the energy it releases and the energy released by a
reference earthquake.

9 CO_Q1_General Mathematics SHS


Module 23

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