Isabela State University - Echague

College of Engineering
Department of Civil Engineering

AREA
Chapter 2 | CE 121 - Calculus 2

CE 121 | Calculus 2 - Integral Calculus

Estrada, Ralph Hajile B.
Instructor
09285064778| [email protected] | FB: Hajile Estrada
1
 AREA
A3
A4
h A1
A2
b b
1
A = bh A = bh AT = A1 + A2 + A3 + A4
2
‣ The area of a polygon can be de ned as the sum of the areas of triangles into which
it is decomposed, and it can be proved that the area thus obtained is independent
of how the polygon is decomposed into triangles.
‣ In our treatment of area we shall be concerned with the sums of many terms, and so
a notation called the sigma notation is introduced to facilitate writing these sums.

2
fi
 SIGMA NOTATION, ∑
‣ This notation involves the use of the symbol ∑, the capital sigma of the
Greek alphabet.
5
2 2 2 2 2 +(5)2
∑
i = (1) +(2) +(3) +(4)
i=1
2

∑
(3i + 2) = [3(−2) + 2] +[3(−1) + 2]+[3(0) + 2]
i=−2
n
+[3(1) + 2] +[3(2) + 2]
3
∑
j = (1) + (2) + (3) + (4) + (5) + . . . + n
3 3 3 3 3 3

j=1

3
 SIGMA NOTATION, ∑
De nition
n

∑
F(i) = F(m) + F(m + 1) + F(m + 2) + . . . + F(n − 1) + F(n)
i=m
where m and n are integers, and m ≤ n.
‣ m is called the lower limit of the sum.
‣ n is called the upper limit of the sum.
‣ i is called the index of summation. It is a “dummy” symbol because any
other letter can be used for this purpose.
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1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Illustration:
∑k =
3
+
4
+
5
+
6
+
7
+
8
k=3

4
fi
 SIGMA NOTATION, ∑
De nition
n

∑
F(i) = F(m) + F(m + 1) + F(m + 2) + . . . + F(n − 1) + F(n)
i=m
where m and n are integers, and m ≤ n.
8
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Illustration:
∑k =
3
+
4
+
5
+
6
+
7
+
8
k=3
5 5
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
∑ ∑
Illustration: k = (3) + (4) + (5) s = (3) + (4) + (5)
k=3 s=3

5
fi
 SIGMA NOTATION, ∑
2
6
i 3 2
4 5 + 6
2 2 2

∑i+1 3+1 4+1 5+1 6+1

Illustration: = + +
k=3
n
Ai = A1 +A2 +A3 + . . . + An
Illustration: ∑
i=1
9
kbk = 4b4 +5b5 +6b6 +7b7 +8b8 +9b9
Illustration:
∑
k=4
4

∑
Illustration: f(xi)Δx = f(x1)Δx +f(x2)Δx +f(x3)Δx +f(x4)Δx
i=1

6
THEOREM
4.4.2 Theorem
n

∑
c = cn where c is any constant
i=1

∑
Proof: c = c +c +c +c +c +c (n terms)
i=1
= cn

7
THEOREM
4.4.3 Theorem
n n

∑ ∑
c ⋅ F(i) = c F(i), where c is any constant
i=1 i=1
n

∑
Proof: c ⋅ F(i) = c ⋅ F(1) +c ⋅ F(2) +c ⋅ F(3) + . . . + c ⋅ F(n)
i=1
n
c ⋅ F(i) = c ⋅ [F(1) + F(2) + F(3) + . . . + F(n)]
∑
i=1
n n

∑
c ⋅ F(i) = c ⋅
∑
F(i)
i=1 i=1

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THEOREM
4.4.4 Theorem
n n n

∑ [F(i) + G(i)] =
∑
F(i) +
∑
G(i)
i=1 i=1 i=1

4.4.5 Theorem Illustration: Illustration:

b b+c 10 12 10 8
∑ ∑
F(i) = F(i − c)
∑ ∑
F(i) = F(i − 2)
∑ ∑
F(i) = F(i + 2)
i=a i=a+c i=3 i=5 i=3 i=1
b b−c 11 12 11 6

∑ ∑
F(i) = F(i + c) 2 2 2 2
∑ ∑
i = (i − 1)
∑ ∑
i = (i + 5)
i=a i=a−c i=6 i=7 i=6 i=1

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 THEOREM
4.4.6 Theorem
n

∑ [F(i) − F(i − 1)] = F(n) − F(0)

i=1
n n n
Proof: ∑ [F(i) − F(i − 1)] =
∑
F(i) −
∑
F(i − 1)
i=1 i=1 i=1
n−1 n−1

[∑ ]
= F(i) + F(n) − ∑ F [(i + 1) − 1]
i=1 i=1−1
n−1 n−1

∑ ∑
= F(i) + F(n) − F(i)
i=1 i=0

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 THEOREM
4.4.6 Theorem
n

∑ [F(i) − F(i − 1)] = F(n) − F(0)

i=1
n n−1 n−1
Proof: ∑ [F(i) − F(i − 1)] =
∑
F(i) + F(n) −
∑
F(i)
i=1 i=1 i=0

n−1 n−1

∑ [ ]
= F(i) + F(n) − F(0) +
∑
F(i)
i=1 i=1

= F(n) − F(0)

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THEOREM
4.4.6 Theorem Illustration:
n n
i i−1 n 0
[F(i) − F(i − 1)] = F(n) − F(0) ∑
(4 − 4 )=4 −4
∑ i=1 n
i=1 =4 −1
4.4.7 Theorem
If n is a positive integer, then
n n
n(n + 1) 2 n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
∑ ∑
(1) i= (2) i =
i=1
2 i=1
6
n 2 2 n
3 n (n + 1) n(n + 1)(2n + 1)(3n 2
+ 3n − 1)
∑
(3) i = 4
∑
(4) i =
i=1
4 30
i=1

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 THEOREM
4.4.7 Theorem Practice Problem
n n
If n is a positive integer, then 2
∑ ∑
(1) i(3i − 2) = (3i − 2i)
n
n(n + 1) i=1 i=1
∑
(1) i= n n n n
2 2 2
∑ ∑
= 3i − 2i = 3
∑ ∑
i=1 i −2 i
n
2 n(n + 1)(2n + 1) i=1 i=1 i=1 i=1
∑
(2) i = n(n + 1)(2n + 1) n(n + 1)
i=1
6 =3⋅ −2⋅
n 2 2
6 2
3 n (n + 1) 3 2 2
2n + 3n + n − 2n − 2n
∑
(3) i = =
i=1
4 2
n 3 2
n(n + 1)(2n + 1)(3n + 2
3n − 1) 2n + n − n
4 =
∑
(4) i =
30 2
i=1

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 MEASURE OF THE AREA
The region R shaded in the gure is
bounded by the x − axis, the lines
x = a and x = b, and the curve
having the equation y = f(x), where f
is a function continuous on the
closed interval [a, b].
We assign a number A to be the
R
measure of the area of R.

a b

14
fi
 MEASURE OF THE AREA: STEPS
1. Divide the closed interval [a, b]
into n subintervals. For simplicity,
we now take each of these
subintervals as being of equal
length, for instance, Δx.
b−a
Δx =
n
2. Denote the endpoints of these
sub-intervals by x0 , x1 , x2 , x3 , …,
xn−1, xn , w h e r e x0 = a , Δx Δx Δx Δx Δx Δx Δx Δx
x1 = a + Δx, …, xi = a + iΔx, …, a x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x6 x7 b
xn−1 = a+ (n − 1)Δx, xn = b. x0 x8
x1 = a + Δx
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 MEASURE OF THE AREA: STEPS
3. Let the i th subinterval be denoted f(c3) f(ci)
by [xi−1, x1] . By the extreme-value f(c2)
theorem there is a number ci in f(c4)
each subinterval for which f has an f(c1) f(c5)
absolute minimum value f(ci). f(cn)

ci = lower value between xi−1 and xi

f(ci) = value of the function at ci
4. Consider n rectangles, each having
a width Δx units and an altitude f(ci) Δx Δx Δx Δx Δx Δx Δx Δx
units.

}
a xi−1 xi = ci b
x0 x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x6 x7 x8

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 MEASURE OF THE AREA: STEPS
5. The sum of the areas of these n f(c3) f(ci)
rectangles is given by Sn square f(c2)
units: f(c4)
f(c1) f(c5)
Sn = f(c1)Δx + f(c2)Δx + . . . f(cn)

+f(ci)Δx + . . . + f(cn)Δx

Or, with the sigma notation,

n
Δx Δx Δx Δx Δx Δx Δx Δx
∑
Sn = f(ci)Δx

}
i=1
a xi−1 xi = ci b
x0 x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x6 x7 x8

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MEASURE OF THE AREA: STEPS
f(c3) f(ci)
f(c2)
f(c4)
f(c1) f(c5)
f(cn)

A
Δx Δx Δx Δx Δx Δx Δx Δx

A ≥ Sn =
∑
i=1
f(ci)Δx

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MEASURE OF THE AREA: STEPS
f(ci)
n = 16

a Δx b
n

A ≥ Sn =
∑
i=1
f(ci)Δx

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MEASURE OF THE AREA: STEPS
f(ci)
n = 32

a Δx b
n

A ≥ Sn =
∑
i=1
f(ci)Δx

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MEASURE OF THE AREA: STEPS
n

n→∞ ∑
A = lim f(ci)Δx
i=1

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 Sample Problem 01
Find the area of the region bounded by the
2
curve y = x , the x − axis , and the line x = 3
by taking inscribed rectangles.
Solution:
n

∑
Area: A = lim f(ci)Δx (1)
n→+∞
i=1
Delta x:
b−a 3−0
Δx = =
n n
3
Δx =
n a b

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 Sample Problem 01
Find the area of the region bounded by the
2
curve y = x , the x − axis , and the line x = 3
by taking inscribed rectangles.
Solution:
n

∑
Area: A = lim f(ci)Δx
n→+∞
i=1
f(ci) is always the smaller of the two values
[xi−1, xi].
Therefore: ci = xi−1
n
(2)
n→+∞ ∑
Area: A = lim f(xi−1)Δx
i=1 xi−1 xi

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 Sample Problem 01
Solution:
n
(2)
n→+∞ ∑
Area: A = lim f(xi−1)Δx
i=1
Value of xi−1:
xi−1 = a + (i − 1)Δx
xi−1 = (i − 1)Δx
2
Since f(x) =x ,
2
f(x) = x
f(xi−1) = (xi−1) 2 xi−1 xi
2
f(xi−1) = [(i − 1)Δx]

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 Sample Problem 01
Solution:
n
(2)
n→+∞ ∑
Area: A = lim f(xi−1)Δx
i=1
2
f(xi−1) = [(i − 1)Δx]
Area: n
2
n→+∞ ∑
A = lim [(i − 1)Δx] Δx
i=1
n
2 3
∑
A = lim [(i − 1) (Δx) (3)
n→+∞
i=1

25
 Sample Problem 01
Solution:

(n) ∑ (n )
n n 3 n
2 3 2 3 2 27
= [(i − 2i + 1)] 3
∑
[(i − 1) (Δx) = [(i − 2i + 1)
∑
i=1 i=1 i=1

( n3 ) ∑
n
27 2
= [(i − 2i + 1)]
i=1

( n3 ) [ ∑
n n n

∑ ]
27 2
∑
= i − 2i + 1
i=1 i=1 i=1

( n3 ) [ ]
27 n(n + 1)(2n + 1) n(n + 1)
= − 2 ⋅ + n
6 2

26
 Sample Problem 01
Solution:

( n3 ) [ ]
n
2 3 27 n(n + 1)(2n + 1) n(n + 1)
∑
[(i − 1) (Δx) = − 2 ⋅ + n
i=1
6 2

( n2 ) [ ]
27 (n + 1)(2n + 1)
= − (n + 1) + 1
6

( n2 ) [ ]
2
27 (2n + 3n + 1)
= − n
6

( n2 ) [ 6 ]
27 1
[ ]
2
= 2n + 3n + 1 − 6n

27
 Sample Problem 01
Solution:

( n2 ) [ 6 ]
n
27 1
[ ]
2 3 2
∑
[(i − 1) (Δx) = 2n + 3n + 1 − 6n
i=1

( 2n 2 )
9
[ ]
2
= 2n − 3n + 1

( 2 ) [ n2 n ]
2
9 2n 3n 1
= − +
n 2 2

(2)[ ]
n
2 3 9 3 1
∑
[(i − 1) (Δx) = 2 − +
i=1
n n 2

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 Sample Problem 01
Solution: n
2 3
n→+∞ ∑
Area: A = lim [(i − 1) (Δx)
i=1

(2)[ ]
n
2 3 9 3 1
∑
[(i − 1) (Δx) = 2− + 2
i=1
n n

n→+∞ ( 2 ) [ n n ]
9 3 1
A = lim 2− + 2

(2)
9
A= [2 − 0 + 0]

A = 9 square units

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